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Cutaneous Melanoma versus Vulvovaginal Melanoma—Risk Factors, Pathogenesis and Comparison of Immunotherapy Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205123. [PMID: 36291906 PMCID: PMC9600893 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma of the vulva and vagina is a relatively rare neoplasm, unlike melanoma of the skin. Its prognosis is poor, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Immunotherapy is one of the rapidly developing cancer treatment methods. In this article, we focus on the pathogenesis of lower genital tract melanomas and related risk factors and compare the effectiveness of two groups of drugs—anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies—in the treatment of this condition. This type of immunotherapy is a relatively common treatment method for cutaneous melanoma but not for the rare vulvovaginal melanoma. For vulvovaginal melanoma, the effects of these treatments appear to be limited; however, this requires further research. Abstract Cutaneous melanoma is a relatively common neoplasm, with fairly well understood pathogenesis, risk factors, prognosis and therapeutic protocols. The incidence of this disease is increasing every year. The situation is different for rare malignancies such as vulvar melanomas and for the even rarer vaginal melanomas. The risk factors for vulvovaginal tumors are not fully understood. The basis of treatment in both cases is surgical resection; however, other types of treatments such as immunotherapy are available. This paper focuses on comparing the pathogenesis and risk factors associated with these neoplasms as well as the efficacy of two groups of drugs—anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 inhibitors—against both cutaneous melanoma and melanoma of the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina). In the case of cutaneous melanoma, the situation looks more optimistic than for vulvovaginal melanoma, which has a much worse prognosis and, as it turns out, shows a poorer response to immune therapy.
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Farabi B, Bostanci S, Akay BN, Caliskan D, Atak MF. Comparison of phenotypic features in patients with single vs multiple primary cutaneous melanomas: a prospective single-center study. Int J Dermatol 2022; 62:66-72. [PMID: 36254676 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is sparse data regarding total body nevus count (TBNC), nevus count in specific locations, phenotypic factors, anthropometric indices, sunburn, and the relation to multiple primary cutaneous melanomas (MPCM) development. We aim to compare these variables in a cohort of patients diagnosed with single primary melanoma (SPM) and MPCM with histologic diagnoses of melanoma in situ, superficial spreading, and nodular melanoma in our clinic. METHODS Prospective observational studies for the evaluation of nevus counts in biopsy-proven melanoma patients from 2017 to 2020 at Ankara University were conducted. Age, gender, family history of melanoma, increased sun exposure, nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), height, sunburn history, TBNC, and nevi count in specific anatomical locations were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total number of 156 patients consisting of 22 MPCM and 134 SPM were included. Mean TBNC for SPM vs MPCM patients were 96.87 (SD ± 124.71) vs 247.00 (SD ± 261.58), respectively (P < 0.0001). TBNC was correlated to the left arm, trunk, lower extremity, and head and neck nevus counts but not with the right arm nevus count. Multiple regression analysis showed that having more than 10 nevi on the head and neck area is associated with MPCM (OR, 3.882 [95% CI, 1.084-13.899]). TBNC and nevus count in specific locations were found to be significantly higher in MPCM. CONCLUSION The risk of MPCM was associated with having ≥10 nevi on the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Farabi
- Dermatology Department, New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seher Bostanci
- Dermatology Department, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bengu Nisa Akay
- Dermatology Department, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Caliskan
- Public Health Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Atak
- Dermatology Department, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Yang M, Johnsson P, Bräutigam L, Yang XR, Thrane K, Gao J, Tobin NP, Zhou Y, Yu R, Nagy N, Engström PG, Tuominen R, Eriksson H, Lundeberg J, Tucker MA, Goldstein AM, Egyhazi-Brage S, Zhao J, Cao Y, Höiom V. Novel loss-of-function variant in DENND5A impedes melanosomal cargo transport and predisposes to familial cutaneous melanoma. Genet Med 2022; 24:157-169. [PMID: 34906508 PMCID: PMC10617683 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE More than half of the familial cutaneous melanomas have unknown genetic predisposition. This study aims at characterizing a novel melanoma susceptibility gene. METHODS We performed exome and targeted sequencing in melanoma-prone families without any known melanoma susceptibility genes. We analyzed the expression of candidate gene DENND5A in melanoma samples in relation to pigmentation and UV signature. Functional studies were carried out using microscopic approaches and zebrafish model. RESULTS We identified a novel DENND5A truncating variant that segregated with melanoma in a Swedish family and 2 additional rare DENND5A variants, 1 of which segregated with the disease in an American family. We found that DENND5A is significantly enriched in pigmented melanoma tissue. Our functional studies show that loss of DENND5A function leads to decrease in melanin content in vitro and pigmentation defects in vivo. Mechanistically, harboring the truncating variant or being suppressed leads to DENND5A losing its interaction with SNX1 and its ability to transport the SNX1-associated vesicles from melanosomes. Consequently, untethered SNX1-premelanosome protein and redundant tyrosinase are redirected to lysosomal degradation by default, causing decrease in melanin content. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence of a physiological role of DENND5A in the skin context and link its variants to melanoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyi Yang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Johnsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Bräutigam
- Comparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kim Thrane
- Department of Gene Technology, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiwei Gao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas P Tobin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rong Yu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär G Engström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, SciLifeLab, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Eriksson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Department of Gene Technology, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Russo I, Fagotto L, Colombo A, Sartor E, Luisetto R, Alaibac M. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy for the treatment of skin disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 22:509-517. [PMID: 34860146 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2012147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a novel molecularly targeted phototherapy. This technique is based on a conjugate of a near-infrared photo-inducible molecule (antibody-photon absorber conjugate, APC) and a monoclonal antibody that targets a tumor-specific antigen. To date, this novel approach has been successfully applied to several types of cancer. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the possible use of NIR-PIT for the management of skin diseases, with special attention given to squamous cell carcinomas, advanced melanomas, and primary cutaneous lymphomas. EXPERT OPINION NIR-PIT may be an attractive strategy for the treatment of skin disorders. The main advantage of NIR-PIT therapy is its low toxicity to healthy tissues. Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a potential molecular target for NIR-PIT for both cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Fagotto
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Colombo
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Emma Sartor
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Luisetto
- DISCOG-Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Alaibac
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Höhn J, Hekler A, Krieghoff-Henning E, Kather JN, Utikal JS, Meier F, Gellrich FF, Hauschild A, French L, Schlager JG, Ghoreschi K, Wilhelm T, Kutzner H, Heppt M, Haferkamp S, Sondermann W, Schadendorf D, Schilling B, Maron RC, Schmitt M, Jutzi T, Fröhling S, Lipka DB, Brinker TJ. Integrating Patient Data Into Skin Cancer Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e20708. [PMID: 34255646 PMCID: PMC8285747 DOI: 10.2196/20708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent years have been witnessing a substantial improvement in the accuracy of skin cancer classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). CNNs perform on par with or better than dermatologists with respect to the classification tasks of single images. However, in clinical practice, dermatologists also use other patient data beyond the visual aspects present in a digitized image, further increasing their diagnostic accuracy. Several pilot studies have recently investigated the effects of integrating different subtypes of patient data into CNN-based skin cancer classifiers. Objective This systematic review focuses on the current research investigating the impact of merging information from image features and patient data on the performance of CNN-based skin cancer image classification. This study aims to explore the potential in this field of research by evaluating the types of patient data used, the ways in which the nonimage data are encoded and merged with the image features, and the impact of the integration on the classifier performance. Methods Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect were screened for peer-reviewed studies published in English that dealt with the integration of patient data within a CNN-based skin cancer classification. The search terms skin cancer classification, convolutional neural network(s), deep learning, lesions, melanoma, metadata, clinical information, and patient data were combined. Results A total of 11 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All of them reported an overall improvement in different skin lesion classification tasks with patient data integration. The most commonly used patient data were age, sex, and lesion location. The patient data were mostly one-hot encoded. There were differences in the complexity that the encoded patient data were processed with regarding deep learning methods before and after fusing them with the image features for a combined classifier. Conclusions This study indicates the potential benefits of integrating patient data into CNN-based diagnostic algorithms. However, how exactly the individual patient data enhance classification performance, especially in the case of multiclass classification problems, is still unclear. Moreover, a substantial fraction of patient data used by dermatologists remains to be analyzed in the context of CNN-based skin cancer classification. Further exploratory analyses in this promising field may optimize patient data integration into CNN-based skin cancer diagnostics for patients’ benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Höhn
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group (DBO), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Hekler
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group (DBO), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Krieghoff-Henning
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group (DBO), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Sven Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedegund Meier
- Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre and National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich Gellrich
- Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre and National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Justin Gabriel Schlager
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tabea Wilhelm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Kutzner
- Dermatopathology Laboratory, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sondermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roman C Maron
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group (DBO), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Schmitt
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group (DBO), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Jutzi
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group (DBO), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel B Lipka
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Titus Josef Brinker
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group (DBO), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Hult J, Merdasa A, Pekar-Lukacs A, Tordengren Stridh M, Khodaverdi A, Albinsson J, Gesslein B, Dahlstrand U, Engqvist L, Hamid Y, Larsson Albèr D, Persson B, Erlöv T, Sheikh R, Cinthio M, Malmsjö M. Comparison of photoacoustic imaging and histopathological examination in determining the dimensions of 52 human melanomas and nevi ex vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4097-4114. [PMID: 34457401 PMCID: PMC8367235 DOI: 10.1364/boe.425524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Surgical excision followed by histopathological examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis and staging of melanoma. Reoperations and unnecessary removal of healthy tissue could be reduced if non-invasive imaging techniques were available for presurgical tumor delineation. However, no technique has gained widespread clinical use to date due to shallow imaging depth or the absence of functional imaging capability. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a novel technology that combines the strengths of optical and ultrasound imaging to reveal the molecular composition of tissue at high resolution. Encouraging results have been obtained from previous animal and human studies on melanoma, but there is still a lack of clinical data. This is the largest study of its kind to date, including 52 melanomas and nevi. 3D multiwavelength PA scanning was performed ex vivo, using 59 excitation wavelengths from 680 nm to 970 nm. Spectral unmixing over this broad wavelength range, accounting for the absorption of several tissue chromophores, provided excellent contrast between healthy tissue and tumor. Combining the results of spectral analysis with spatially resolved information provided a map of the tumor borders in greater detail than previously reported. The tumor dimensions determined with PA imaging were strongly correlated with those determined by histopathological examination for both melanomas and nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hult
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aboma Merdasa
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Magne Tordengren Stridh
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Azin Khodaverdi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
| | - John Albinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bodil Gesslein
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Dahlstrand
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linn Engqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yousef Hamid
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Douglas Larsson Albèr
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Persson
- Department of Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Erlöv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Rafi Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Cinthio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Malin Malmsjö
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Osmani S, Chao Z, Barnhill R, Berwick M. Not every age is created equal: risk factors for melanoma differ by age. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:e74-e76. [PMID: 33934340 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Osmani
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zefr Chao
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Raymond Barnhill
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Berwick
- University of New Mexico Department of Internal Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Sarbu M, Clemmer DE, Zamfir AD. Ion mobility mass spectrometry of human melanoma gangliosides. Biochimie 2020; 177:226-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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The Clinical Trial Landscape for Melanoma Therapies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030368. [PMID: 30884760 PMCID: PMC6463026 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Despite many years of research, melanoma still remains a big challenge for modern medicine. The purpose of this article is to review publicly available clinical trials to find trends regarding the number of trials, their location, and interventions including the most frequently studied drugs and their combinations. (2) We surveyed clinical trials registered in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), one of the largest databases on clinical trials. The search was performed on 30 November 2018 using the term “melanoma”. Data have been supplemented with the information obtained from publicly available data repositories including PubMed, World Health Organization, National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Cancer Information System, and many others to bring the historical context of this study. (3) Among the total of 2563 clinical trials included in the analysis, most have been registered in the USA (1487), which is 58% of the total. The most commonly studied drug in clinical trials was ipilimumab, described as applied intervention in 251 trials. (4) An increase in the number of melanoma clinical trials using immunomodulating monoclonal antibody therapies, small molecule-targeted therapies (inhibitors of BRAF, MEK, CDK4/6), and combination therapies is recognized. This illustrates the tendency towards precision medicine.
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Müller C, Wendt J, Rauscher S, Sunder-Plassmann R, Richtig E, Fae I, Fischer G, Okamoto I. Risk Factors of Subsequent Primary Melanomas in Austria. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 155:188-195. [PMID: 30566178 PMCID: PMC6439543 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Importance Information on risk factors of subsequent melanomas would be helpful to identify patients at risk after the diagnosis of their first melanomas. Objective To determine risk factors of subsequent melanomas. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective case-control study, 1648 participants with histologically verified cutaneous melanoma diagnosed from January 1, 1968, though March 16, 2015, were recruited from a tertiary referral center as part of the Molecular Markers of Melanoma study. CDKN2A was sequenced in 514 and MC1R in 953 participants. Data were analyzed from March 7, 2008, through March 25, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Phenotypic traits and internal and external risk factors for the development of a second, third, or fourth melanoma. Results In total, 1648 patients (53.6% men; mean [SD] age, 54 [15] years) were enrolled, including 1349 with single and 299 with multiple primary melanoma. Mean (SD) age at recruitment was 57 (15) years for the single-melanoma and 62 (14) years for the multiple-melanoma groups. From the internal risk factors, family history (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.22-2.55; P = .006), CDKN2A high-risk mutations (OR, 4.03; 95% CI, 1.28-12.70; P = .02), and high numbers of nevi as a phenotypic risk factor (ORs, 2.23 [95% CI, 1.56-3.28, P < .001] for 20-30 smaller nevi and 2.56 [95% CI, 1.50-4.36; P = .003] for 20-30 larger nevi) were significantly associated with the risk of developing a subsequent primary melanoma using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Nonmelanoma skin cancer (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.84-3.58; P < .001) and signs of actinic skin damage, particularly on the back (ORs, 1.91 [95% CI, 1.12-3.25; P = .04] for freckling and 1.92 [95% CI, 1.29-3.08; P = .007] for solar lentigines), additionally increased risk of a subsequent melanoma. All those factors were also associated with an earlier development of the second melanoma. Patients with 3 melanomas developed their second melanoma earlier than patients with only 2 melanomas (mean [SD] age, 55 [15] years for those with 2 primary melanomas; 52 [15] years for those with 3 primary melanomas). Time spent outdoors, solarium use, outdoor occupation, and hair color had no significant associations in these models. Conclusions and Relevance According to the results of this study, internal factors (family history and genetic variants), number of nevi, and actinic damage on the back are more relevant for the development of subsequent melanomas than skin phototype or hair color. Patients with many nevi were younger at the time of the diagnosis of their first melanoma. This finding could help to identify persons at increased risk of developing multiple primary melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Wendt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Rauscher
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raute Sunder-Plassmann
- Clinical Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Richtig
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Fae
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Fischer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ichiro Okamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Stratigos AJ, Fargnoli MC, De Nicolo A, Peris K, Puig S, Soura E, Menin C, Calista D, Ghiorzo P, Mandala M, Massi D, Rodolfo M, Del Regno L, Stefanaki I, Gogas H, Bataille V, Tucker MA, Whiteman D, Nagore E, Landi MT. MelaNostrum: a consensus questionnaire of standardized epidemiologic and clinical variables for melanoma risk assessment by the melanostrum consortium. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:2134-2141. [PMID: 30098061 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many melanoma observational studies have been carried out across different countries and geographic areas using heterogeneous assessments of epidemiologic risk factors and clinical variables. AIM To develop a consensus questionnaire to standardize epidemiologic and clinical data collection for melanoma risk assessment. METHODS We used a stepwise strategy that included: compilation of variables from case-control datasets collected at various centres of the MelaNostrum Consortium; integration of variables from published case-control studies; consensus discussion of the collected items by MelaNostrum members; revision by independent experts; addition of online tools and image-based charts; questionnaire testing across centres and generation of a final draft. RESULTS We developed a core consensus questionnaire (MelanoQ) that includes four separate sections: A. general and demographic data; B. phenotypic and ultraviolet radiation exposure risk factors and lifestyle habits; C. clinical examination, medical and family history; and D. diagnostic data on melanoma (cases only). Accompanying online tools, informative tables, and image-based charts aid standardization. Different subsections of the questionnaire are designed for self-administration, patient interviews performed by a physician or study nurse, and data collection from medical records. CONCLUSIONS The MelanoQ questionnaire is a useful tool for the collection and standardization of epidemiologic and clinical data across different studies, centres, cultures and languages. This will expedite ongoing efforts to compile high-quality data for pooled analyses or meta-analyses and offer a solid base for the design of clinical, epidemiologic and translational studies on melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Stratigos
- First Department of Dermatology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Arcangela De Nicolo
- Cancer Genomics Program, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Ketty Peris
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Efthymia Soura
- First Department of Dermatology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chiara Menin
- Immunology and Diagnostic Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Donato Calista
- Dermatology Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa and Genetics of Rare Cancers, University Hospital Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Mandala
- Unit of Melanoma, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Irene Stefanaki
- First Department of Dermatology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Whiteman
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, València, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Wu W, Liu H, Song F, Chen LS, Kraft P, Wei Q, Han J. Associations between smoking behavior-related alleles and the risk of melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47366-47375. [PMID: 27344179 PMCID: PMC5216947 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that cigarette smoking is inversely associated with the risk of melanoma. This study further tested whether incorporating genetic factors will provide another level of evaluation of mechanisms underlying the association between smoking and risk of melanoma. We investigated the association between SNPs selected from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on smoking behaviors and risk of melanoma using 2,298 melanoma cases and 6,654 controls. Among 16 SNPs, three (rs16969968 [A], rs1051730 [A] and rs2036534 [C] in the 15q25.1 region) reached significance for association with melanoma risk in men (0.01 < = P values < = 0.02; 0.85 < = Odds Ratios (ORs) <= 1.20). There was association between the genetic scores based on the number of smoking behavior-risk alleles and melanoma risk with P-trend = 0.005 among HPFS. Further association with smoking behaviors indicating those three SNPs (rs16969968 [A], rs1051730 [A] and rs2036534 [C]) significantly associated with number of cigarettes smoked per day, CPD, with P = 0.009, 0.011 and 0.001 respectively. The SNPs rs215605 in the PDE1C gene and rs6265 in the BDNF gene significantly interacted with smoking status on melanoma risk (interaction P = 0.005 and P = 0.003 respectively). Our study suggests that smoking behavior-related SNPs are likely to play a role in melanoma development and the potential public health importance of polymorphisms in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster. Further larger studies are warranted to validate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fengju Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Li-Shiun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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13
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Grassmann F, Kiel C, Zimmermann ME, Gorski M, Grassmann V, Stark K, Heid IM, Weber BHF. Genetic pleiotropy between age-related macular degeneration and 16 complex diseases and traits. Genome Med 2017; 9:29. [PMID: 28347358 PMCID: PMC5368911 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common condition of vision loss with disease development strongly influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Recently, 34 loci were associated with AMD at genome-wide significance. So far, little is known about a genetic overlap between AMD and other complex diseases or disease-relevant traits. METHODS For each of 60 complex diseases/traits with publicly available genome-wide significant association data, the lead genetic variant per independent locus was extracted and a genetic score was calculated for each disease/trait as the weighted sum of risk alleles. The association with AMD was estimated based on 16,144 AMD cases and 17,832 controls using logistic regression. RESULTS Of the respective disease/trait variance, the 60 genetic scores explained on average 4.8% (0.27-20.69%) and 16 of them were found to be significantly associated with AMD (Q-values < 0.01, p values from < 1.0 × 10-16 to 1.9 × 10-3). Notably, an increased risk for AMD was associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular diseases, increased risk for autoimmune diseases, higher HDL and lower LDL levels in serum, lower bone-mineral density as well as an increased risk for skin cancer. By restricting the analysis to 1824 variants initially used to compute the 60 genetic scores, we identified 28 novel AMD risk variants (Q-values < 0.01, p values from 1.1 × 10-7 to 3.0 × 10-4), known to be involved in cardiovascular disorders, lipid metabolism, autoimmune diseases, anthropomorphic traits, ocular disorders, and neurological diseases. The latter variants represent 20 novel AMD-associated, pleiotropic loci. Genes in the novel loci reinforce previous findings strongly implicating the complement system in AMD pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a substantial overlap of the genetics of several complex diseases/traits with AMD and provide statistically significant evidence for an additional 20 loci associated with AMD. This highlights the possibility that so far unrelated pathologies may have disease pathways in common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Kiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina E Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Grassmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Evangelou E, Stratigos AJ. Lessons from genome-wide studies of melanoma: towards precision medicine. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1240586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ma S. Racial differences in six major subtypes of melanoma: descriptive epidemiology. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:691. [PMID: 27576582 PMCID: PMC5004333 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma accounts for the majority of skin cancer deaths. It has over thirty different subtypes. Different races have been observed to differ in multiple aspects of melanoma. METHODS SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) data on six major subtypes, namely melanoma in situ (MIS), superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), nodular melanoma (NM), lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM), acral lentiginous melanoma malignant (ALM), and malignant melanoma NOS (NOS), were analyzed. The racial groups studied included NHW (non-Hispanic white), HW (Hispanic white), Black, and Asian/PI (Pacific Islanders). Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted to quantify racial differences in patients' characteristics, incidence, treatment, and survival. RESULTS Significant racial differences are observed in patients' characteristics. For all subtypes except for ALM, NHWs have the highest incidence rates, followed by HWs, while Blacks have the lowest. For ALM, HWs have the highest rate, followed by NHWs. In stratified analysis, interaction between gender and race is observed. For the first five subtypes and localized and regional NOS, the dominating majority of patients had surgery, while for distant NOS, the distribution of treatment is more scattered. Significant racial differences are observed for distant ALM and NOS. For MIS, SSM, NM, LMM, and ALM, there is no significant racial difference in survival. For NOS, significant racial differences in survival are observed for the localized and regional stages, with NHWs having the best and Blacks having the worst five-year survival rates. CONCLUSIONS Racial differences exist for the six major melanoma subtypes in the U.S. More data collection and analysis are needed to fully describe and interpret the differences across racial groups and across subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Statistics and The center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China, 59 Zhongguancun Ave., Beijing, 100872 China
| | - Yinjun Zhao
- School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College ST, LEPH 206, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- School of Statistics and The center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China, 59 Zhongguancun Ave., Beijing, 100872 China
- School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College ST, LEPH 206, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, CT USA
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16
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Kamath S, Miller KA, Cockburn MG. Current Data on Risk Factor Estimates Does Not Explain the Difference in Rates of Melanoma between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites. J Skin Cancer 2016; 2016:2105250. [PMID: 27092276 PMCID: PMC4820624 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
United States Hispanics have seven times lower melanoma incidence rates than non-Hispanic whites (NHW). It is unclear whether this difference can be explained solely by phenotypic risk factors, like darker skin, or whether modifiable risk factors, like sun exposure, also play a role. The purpose of this paper is to summarize what is currently known about melanoma risk factors among Hispanics and NHWs, and whether or not those differences could explain the difference in melanoma incidence. Through literature review, relative risks and prevalence of melanoma risk factors in Hispanics and NHWs were identified and used to calculate the expected rate in Hispanics and rate ratio compared to NHWs. We found that melanoma risk factors either have similar frequency in Hispanics and NHWs (e.g., many large nevi) or are less frequent in Hispanics but do not explain a high proportion of disease variation (e.g., red hair). Considering current knowledge of risk factor prevalence, we found that melanoma incidence rates in the two groups should actually be similar. Sun exposure behavior among Hispanics may contribute to the explanation for the 7-fold difference in melanoma rates. Currently, limited data exist on sun exposure behavior among Hispanics, but possibilities for improving primary prevention by further studying these practices are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kamath
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), 1200 N State Street, Room 3250, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Miller
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2001 N. Soto Street, Suite 318-A, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Myles G. Cockburn
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), 1200 N State Street, Room 3250, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2001 N. Soto Street, Suite 318-A, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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17
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Law MH, Bishop DT, Lee JE, Brossard M, Martin NG, Moses EK, Song F, Barrett JH, Kumar R, Easton DF, Pharoah PDP, Swerdlow AJ, Kypreou KP, Taylor JC, Harland M, Randerson-Moor J, Akslen LA, Andresen PA, Avril MF, Azizi E, Scarrà GB, Brown KM, Dȩbniak T, Duffy DL, Elder DE, Fang S, Friedman E, Galan P, Ghiorzo P, Gillanders EM, Goldstein AM, Gruis NA, Hansson J, Helsing P, Hočevar M, Höiom V, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Chen WV, Landi MT, Lang J, Lathrop GM, Lubiński J, Mackie RM, Mann GJ, Molven A, Montgomery GW, Novaković S, Olsson H, Puig S, Puig-Butille JA, Qureshi AA, Radford-Smith GL, van der Stoep N, van Doorn R, Whiteman DC, Craig JE, Schadendorf D, Simms LA, Burdon KP, Nyholt DR, Pooley KA, Orr N, Stratigos AJ, Cust AE, Ward SV, Hayward NK, Han J, Schulze HJ, Dunning AM, Bishop JAN, Demenais F, Amos CI, MacGregor S, Iles MM. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies five new susceptibility loci for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Nat Genet 2015; 47:987-995. [PMID: 26237428 PMCID: PMC4557485 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen common susceptibility loci have been reproducibly associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). We report the results of an international 2-stage meta-analysis of CMM genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This meta-analysis combines 11 GWAS (5 previously unpublished) and a further three stage 2 data sets, totaling 15,990 CMM cases and 26,409 controls. Five loci not previously associated with CMM risk reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)), as did 2 previously reported but unreplicated loci and all 13 established loci. Newly associated SNPs fall within putative melanocyte regulatory elements, and bioinformatic and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data highlight candidate genes in the associated regions, including one involved in telomere biology.
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18
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Barón AE, Asdigian NL, Gonzalez V, Aalborg J, Terzian T, Stiegmann RA, Torchia EC, Berwick M, Dellavalle RP, Morelli JG, Mokrohisky ST, Crane LA, Box NF. Interactions between ultraviolet light and MC1R and OCA2 variants are determinants of childhood nevus and freckle phenotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 23:2829-39. [PMID: 25410285 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocytic nevi (moles) and freckles are well known biomarkers of melanoma risk, and they are influenced by similar UV light exposures and genetic susceptibilities to those that increase melanoma risk. Nevertheless, the selective interactions between UV exposures and nevus and freckling genes remain largely undescribed. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study from ages 6 through 10 years in 477 Colorado children who had annual information collected for sun exposure, sun protection behaviors, and full body skin exams. MC1R and HERC2/OCA2 rs12913832 were genotyped and linear mixed models were used to identify main and interaction effects. RESULTS All measures of sun exposure (chronic, sunburns, and waterside vacations) contributed to total nevus counts, and cumulative chronic exposure acted as the major driver of nevus development. Waterside vacations strongly increased total nevus counts in children with rs12913832 blue eye color alleles and facial freckling scores in those with MC1R red hair color variants. Sunburns increased the numbers of larger nevi (≥2 mm) in subjects with certain MC1R and rs12913832 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Complex interactions between different UV exposure profiles and genotype combinations determine nevus numbers and size, and the degree of facial freckling. IMPACT Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing sun-protective behavior in childhood regardless of genetic make-up, although children with particular genetic variants may benefit from specifically targeted preventive measures to counteract their inherent risk of melanoma. Moreover, we demonstrate, for the first time, that longitudinal studies are a highly powered tool to uncover new gene-environment interactions that increase cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Barón
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nancy L Asdigian
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jenny Aalborg
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tamara Terzian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Regan A Stiegmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Enrique C Torchia
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Division of Epidemiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joseph G Morelli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Lori A Crane
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Neil F Box
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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Goldenberg A, Vujic I, Sanlorenzo M, Ortiz-Urda S. Melanoma risk perception and prevention behavior among African-Americans: the minority melanoma paradox. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:423-9. [PMID: 26346576 PMCID: PMC4531028 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s87645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Melanoma is the most deadly type of skin cancer with 75% of all skin cancer deaths within the US attributed to it. Risk factors for melanoma include ultraviolet exposure, genetic predisposition, and phenotypic characteristics (eg, fair skin and blond hair). Whites have a 27-fold higher incidence of melanoma than African-Americans (AA), but the 5-year survival is 17.8% lower for AA than Whites. It is reported continuously that AA have more advanced melanomas at diagnosis, and overall lower survival rates. This minority melanoma paradox is not well understood or studied. Objective To explore further, the possible explanations for the difference in melanoma severity and survival in AA within the US. Methods Qualitative review of the literature. Results Lack of minority-targeted public education campaigns, low self-risk perception, low self-skin examinations, intrinsic virulence, vitamin D differences, and physician mistrust may play a role in the melanoma survival disparity among AA. Conclusion Increases in public awareness of melanoma risk among AA through physician and media-guided education, higher index of suspicion among individuals and physicians, and policy changes can help to improve early detection and close the melanoma disparity gap in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Goldenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine/Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor Vujic
- Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Dermatology, The Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Sanlorenzo
- Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA ; Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Susana Ortiz-Urda
- Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Davies JR, Chang YM, Bishop DT, Armstrong BK, Bataille V, Bergman W, Berwick M, Bracci PM, Elwood JM, Ernstoff MS, Green A, Gruis NA, Holly EA, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Karagas MR, Lee TK, Le Marchand L, Mackie RM, Olsson H, Østerlind A, Rebbeck TR, Reich K, Sasieni P, Siskind V, Swerdlow AJ, Titus L, Zens MS, Ziegler A, Gallagher RP, Barrett JH, Newton-Bishop J. Development and validation of a melanoma risk score based on pooled data from 16 case-control studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:817-24. [PMID: 25713022 PMCID: PMC4487528 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report the development of a cutaneous melanoma risk algorithm based upon seven factors; hair color, skin type, family history, freckling, nevus count, number of large nevi, and history of sunburn, intended to form the basis of a self-assessment Web tool for the general public. METHODS Predicted odds of melanoma were estimated by analyzing a pooled dataset from 16 case-control studies using logistic random coefficients models. Risk categories were defined based on the distribution of the predicted odds in the controls from these studies. Imputation was used to estimate missing data in the pooled datasets. The 30th, 60th, and 90th centiles were used to distribute individuals into four risk groups for their age, sex, and geographic location. Cross-validation was used to test the robustness of the thresholds for each group by leaving out each study one by one. Performance of the model was assessed in an independent UK case-control study dataset. RESULTS Cross-validation confirmed the robustness of the threshold estimates. Cases and controls were well discriminated in the independent dataset [area under the curve, 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73-0.78]. Twenty-nine percent of cases were in the highest risk group compared with 7% of controls, and 43% of controls were in the lowest risk group compared with 13% of cases. CONCLUSION We have identified a composite score representing an estimate of relative risk and successfully validated this score in an independent dataset. IMPACT This score may be a useful tool to inform members of the public about their melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Davies
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Yu-mei Chang
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Sax Institute and Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St. Thomas' Campus, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom. Dermatology Department, West Herts NHS Trust, Hemel Hempstead General Hospital, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Wilma Bergman
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Paige M Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - J Mark Elwood
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth University, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Adele Green
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Holly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Tim K Lee
- B.C. Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Rona M Mackie
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Peter Sasieni
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Siskind
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Division of Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Titus
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Michael S Zens
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany. Center for Clinical Trials, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer H Barrett
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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21
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A Possible Association between Melanoma and Prostate Cancer. Results from a Case-Control-Study. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:670-8. [PMID: 25884238 PMCID: PMC4491677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma and prostate cancer are the fifth and first most common cancers in men within the United States, respectively. The association between the two cancers lies in the mutual androgen-dependence. However, the relationship between prostate cancer history and melanoma development remains to be further elucidated. We aim to determine the odds of history of prostate cancer among men with melanoma as compared to time-frame, clinic, and provider-matched controls without melanoma within a single academic surgical center. We present a case-control study comparing men treated for melanoma and non-melanoma cancer by a single provider between 2010 and 2014 within an academic dermatologic surgical center. Overall, there were nine cases of prostate cancer among the melanoma group and two cases amongst the controls—a statistically significant difference in both uni- and multivariable analyses (p = 0.057 [95% CI 1, 23.5], p = 0.042 [95% CI 1.1, 129], respectively). Body mass index, alcohol use, and skin type II were significant risk factors for melanoma (p = 0.011 [95% CI 1, 1.3], 0.005 [95% CI 1.4, 7], 0.025 [95% CI 1.1, 3.3], respectively). There were more immunosuppressed controls (p = 0.002); however, the melanoma patients had a significantly longer duration of immunosuppression (11.6 vs. 1.9 years, p < 0.001 [95% CI 0.03, 0.5]). Melanoma screenings for men should include questions on prostate cancer history. Prostate cancer patients may benefit from more frequent and comprehensive melanoma screening.
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Jang HS, Kim JH, Park KH, Lee JS, Bae JM, Oh BH, Rha SY, Roh MR, Chung KY. Comparison of Melanoma Subtypes among Korean Patients by Morphologic Features and Ultraviolet Exposure. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:485-90. [PMID: 25143678 PMCID: PMC4135104 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.4.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic alterations have been identified in melanomas according to different levels of sun exposure. Whereas the conventional morphology-based classification provides a clue for tumor growth and prognosis, the new classification by genetic alterations offers a basis for targeted therapy. Objective The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the biological behavior of melanoma subtypes and compare the two classifications in the Korean population. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on patients found to have malignant melanoma in Severance Hospital from 2005 to 2012. Age, sex, location of the tumor, histologic subtype, tumor depth, ulceration, lymph node invasion, visceral organ metastasis, and overall survival were evaluated. Results Of the 206 cases, the most common type was acral melanoma (n=94, 45.6%), followed by nonchronic sun damage-induced melanoma (n=43, 20.9%), and mucosal melanoma (n=40, 19.4%). Twenty-one patients (10.2%) had the chronic sun-damaged type, whereas eight patients (3.9%) had tumors of unknown primary origin. Lentigo maligna melanoma was newly classified as the chronic sun-damaged type, and acral lentiginous melanoma as the acral type. More than half of the superficial spreading melanomas were newly grouped as nonchronic sun-damaged melanomas, whereas nodular melanoma was rather evenly distributed. Conclusion The distribution of melanomas was largely similar in both the morphology-based and sun exposure-based classifications, and in both classifications, mucosal melanoma had the worst 5-year survival owing to its tumor thickness and advanced stage at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hung Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun Park
- Yonsei Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seok Lee
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Bae
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Yonsei Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Ryung Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Colantonio S, Bracken MB, Beecker J. The association of indoor tanning and melanoma in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:847-57.e1-18. [PMID: 24629998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tanning beds are associated with increased risk of melanoma. OBJECTIVE We sought to update the evidence of the association of melanoma and indoor tanning focusing on frequency of use and exposure to newer tanning beds. METHODS We searched Scopus, MEDLINE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature on August 14, 2013. We included all observational studies that included patients with melanoma who had indoor tanned. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted and combined using generic inverse variance methods assuming a random effects model. RESULTS In all, 31 studies were included with data available on 14,956 melanoma cases and 233,106 controls. Compared with never using, the OR for melanoma associated with ever using indoor tanning beds was 1.16 (95% CI 1.05-1.28). Similar findings were identified in recent studies with enrollment occurring in the year 2000 onward (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.45) and in subjects attending more than 10 tanning sessions (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.05-1.71). LIMITATIONS The quality of evidence contributing to review results ranges from poor to mediocre. CONCLUSION Using tanning beds is associated with a subsequent melanoma diagnosis. Exposure from more than 10 tanning sessions is most strongly associated and there was no statistically significant difference in this association before and after 2000, suggesting that newer tanning technology is not safer than older models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Bracken
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Jennifer Beecker
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Praetorius C, Sturm RA, Steingrimsson E. Sun-induced freckling: ephelides and solar lentigines. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:339-50. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Praetorius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Biomedical Center; Faculty of Medicine; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Richard A. Sturm
- Melanogenix Group; Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre; School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Princess Alexandra Hospital; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Biomedical Center; Faculty of Medicine; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
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25
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Qian J, Liu H, Wei S, Liu Z, Li Y, Wang LE, Chen WV, Amos CI, Lee JE, Iles MM, Law MH, Cust AE, Barrett JH, Montgomery GW, Taylor J, Bishop JAN, Macgregor S, Bishop DT, Mann GJ, Hayward NK, Wei Q. Association between putative functional variants in the PSMB9 gene and risk of melanoma--re-analysis of published melanoma genome-wide association studies. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:392-401. [PMID: 23360169 PMCID: PMC3721546 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To mine possibly hidden causal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of melanoma, we investigated the association of SNPs in 76 M/G1 transition genes with melanoma risk using our published genome-wide association study (GWAS) data set with 1804 melanoma cases and 1026 cancer-free controls. We found multiple SNPs with P < 0.01 and performed validation studies for 18 putative functional SNPs in PSMB9 in two other GWAS data sets. Two SNPs (rs1351383 and rs2127675) were associated with melanoma risk in the GenoMEL data set (P = 0.013 and 0.004, respectively), but failed in validation using the Australian data set. Genotype-phenotype analysis revealed these two SNPs were significantly correlated with mRNA expression level of PSMB9. Further experiments revealed that SNP rs2071480, which is in high LD with rs1351383 and rs2127675, may have a weak effect on the promoter activity of PSMB9. Taken together, our data suggested that functional variants in PSMB9 may contribute to melanoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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26
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Liu F, Wen B, Kayser M. Colorful DNA polymorphisms in humans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:562-75. [PMID: 23587773 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review article we summarize current knowledge on how variation on the DNA level influences human pigmentation including color variation of iris, hair, and skin. We review recent progress in the field of human pigmentation genetics by focusing on the genes and DNA polymorphisms discovered to be involved in determining human pigmentation traits, their association with diseases particularly skin cancers, and their power to predict human eye, hair, and skin colors with potential utilization in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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A variant in FTO shows association with melanoma risk not due to BMI. Nat Genet 2013; 45:428-32, 432e1. [PMID: 23455637 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of an association study of melanoma that is based on the genome-wide imputation of the genotypes of 1,353 cases and 3,566 controls of European origin conducted by the GenoMEL consortium. This revealed an association between several SNPs in intron 8 of the FTO gene, including rs16953002, which replicated using 12,313 cases and 55,667 controls of European ancestry from Europe, the USA and Australia (combined P = 3.6 × 10(-12), per-allele odds ratio for allele A = 1.16). In addition to identifying a new melanoma-susceptibility locus, this is to our knowledge the first study to identify and replicate an association with SNPs in FTO not related to body mass index (BMI). These SNPs are not in intron 1 (the BMI-related region) and exhibit no association with BMI. This suggests FTO's function may be broader than the existing paradigm that FTO variants influence multiple traits only through their associations with BMI and obesity.
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Titus LJ, Clough-Gorr K, Mackenzie TA, Perry A, Spencer SK, Weiss J, Abrahams-Gessel S, Ernstoff MS. Recent skin self-examination and doctor visits in relation to melanoma risk and tumour depth. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:571-6. [PMID: 22897437 PMCID: PMC3579004 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the potential benefit of skin self-examination for melanoma prevention and early detection. OBJECTIVES To determine whether skin self-examination is associated with reduced melanoma risk, self-detection of tumours, and reduced risk of deeper melanomas. METHODS We used data from a population-based case-control study (423 cases, 678 controls) to assess recent skin self-examination in relation to self-detection, melanoma risk and tumour depth ( ≤1 mm; > 1 mm). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for associations of interest. RESULTS Skin self-examination conducted 1-11 times during a recent year was associated with a possible decrease in melanoma risk (OR 0·74; 95% CI 0·54-1·02). Melanoma risk was decreased for those who conducted skin self-examination and saw a doctor (OR 0·52; 95% CI 0·30-0·90). Among cases, those who examined their skin were twice as likely to self-detect the melanoma (OR 2·23; 95% CI 1·47-3·38), but self-detection was not associated with shallower tumours. Tumour depth was reduced for those who conducted skin self-examination 1-11 times during a recent year (OR 0·39; 95% CI 0·18-0·81), but was not influenced by seeing a doctor, or by conducting skin self-examination and seeing a doctor. CONCLUSIONS Risk of a deeper tumour and possibly risk of melanoma were reduced by skin self-examination 1-11 times annually. Melanoma risk was markedly reduced by skin self-examination coupled with a doctor visit. We cannot, however, exclude the possibility that our findings reflect bias or confounding. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the potential benefits of skin self-examination for melanoma prevention and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Titus
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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29
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Stefanaki I, Panagiotou OA, Kodela E, Gogas H, Kypreou KP, Chatzinasiou F, Nikolaou V, Plaka M, Kalfa I, Antoniou C, Ioannidis JPA, Evangelou E, Stratigos AJ. Replication and predictive value of SNPs associated with melanoma and pigmentation traits in a Southern European case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55712. [PMID: 23393597 PMCID: PMC3564929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic association studies have revealed numerous polymorphisms conferring susceptibility to melanoma. We aimed to replicate previously discovered melanoma-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a Greek case-control population, and examine their predictive value. Methods Based on a field synopsis of genetic variants of melanoma (MelGene), we genotyped 284 patients and 284 controls at 34 melanoma-associated SNPs of which 19 derived from GWAS. We tested each one of the 33 SNPs passing quality control for association with melanoma both with and without accounting for the presence of well-established phenotypic risk factors. We compared the risk allele frequencies between the Greek population and the HapMap CEU sample. Finally, we evaluated the predictive ability of the replicated SNPs. Results Risk allele frequencies were significantly lower compared to the HapMap CEU for eight SNPs (rs16891982 – SLC45A2, rs12203592 – IRF4, rs258322 – CDK10, rs1805007 – MC1R, rs1805008 - MC1R, rs910873 - PIGU, rs17305573- PIGU, and rs1885120 - MTAP) and higher for one SNP (rs6001027 – PLA2G6) indicating a different profile of genetic susceptibility in the studied population. Previously identified effect estimates modestly correlated with those found in our population (r = 0.72, P<0.0001). The strongest associations were observed for rs401681-T in CLPTM1L (odds ratio [OR] 1.60, 95% CI 1.22–2.10; P = 0.001), rs16891982-C in SCL45A2 (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34–0.76; P = 0.001), and rs1805007-T in MC1R (OR 4.38, 95% CI 2.03–9.43; P = 2×10−5). Nominally statistically significant associations were seen also for another 5 variants (rs258322-T in CDK10, rs1805005-T in MC1R, rs1885120-C in MYH7B, rs2218220-T in MTAP and rs4911442-G in the ASIP region). The addition of all SNPs with nominal significance to a clinical non-genetic model did not substantially improve melanoma risk prediction (AUC for clinical model 83.3% versus 83.9%, p = 0.66). Conclusion Overall, our study has validated genetic variants that are likely to contribute to melanoma susceptibility in the Greek population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Orestis A. Panagiotou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elisavet Kodela
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina P. Kypreou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Chatzinasiou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Nikolaou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Michaela Plaka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Iro Kalfa
- Blood Donation Unit, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Antoniou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - John P. A. Ioannidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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30
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Zhang X. Genome-wide association study of skin complex diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:89-97. [PMID: 22480995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex diseases are caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Over decades, scientists endeavored to uncover the genetic myth of complex diseases by linkage and association studies. Since 2005, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been proved to be the most powerful and efficient study design thus far in identifying genetic variants that are associated with complex diseases. More than 230 complex diseases and traits have been investigated by this approach. In dermatology, 10 skin complex diseases have been investigated, a wealth of common susceptibility variants conferring risk for skin complex diseases have been discovered. These findings point to genes and/or loci involved in biological systems worth further investigating by using other methodologies. Certainly, as our understanding of the genetic etiology of skin complex diseases continues to mature, important opportunities will emerge for developing more effective diagnostic and clinical management tools for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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31
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A novel recurrent mutation in MITF predisposes to familial and sporadic melanoma. Nature 2011; 480:99-103. [PMID: 22080950 PMCID: PMC3266855 DOI: 10.1038/nature10630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing identifies a novel germline variant in the oncogene MITF, which is associated with the development of melanoma. Two papers in this issue of Nature demonstrate that missense substitutions in the gene encoding for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) are associated with susceptibility to melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Functional analysis shows that the variant has impaired sumoylation that leads to differential regulation of several MITF targets, and promotes tumour cell clonogenicity, migration and invasion. So far, two genes associated with familial melanoma have been identified, accounting for a minority of genetic risk in families. Mutations in CDKN2A account for approximately 40% of familial cases1, and predisposing mutations in CDK4 have been reported in a very small number of melanoma kindreds2. Here we report the whole-genome sequencing of probands from several melanoma families, which we performed in order to identify other genes associated with familial melanoma. We identify one individual carrying a novel germline variant (coding DNA sequence c.G1075A; protein sequence p.E318K; rs149617956) in the melanoma-lineage-specific oncogene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Although the variant co-segregated with melanoma in some but not all cases in the family, linkage analysis of 31 families subsequently identified to carry the variant generated a log of odds (lod) score of 2.7 under a dominant model, indicating E318K as a possible intermediate risk variant. Consistent with this, the E318K variant was significantly associated with melanoma in a large Australian case–control sample. Likewise, it was similarly associated in an independent case–control sample from the United Kingdom. In the Australian sample, the variant allele was significantly over-represented in cases with a family history of melanoma, multiple primary melanomas, or both. The variant allele was also associated with increased naevus count and non-blue eye colour. Functional analysis of E318K showed that MITF encoded by the variant allele had impaired sumoylation and differentially regulated several MITF targets. These data indicate that MITF is a melanoma-predisposition gene and highlight the utility of whole-genome sequencing to identify novel rare variants associated with disease susceptibility.
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32
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Barrett JH, Iles MM, Harland M, Taylor JC, Aitken JF, Andresen PA, Akslen LA, Armstrong BK, Avril MF, Azizi E, Bakker B, Bergman W, Bianchi-Scarrà G, Paillerets BBD, Calista D, Cannon-Albright LA, Corda E, Cust AE, Dębniak T, Duffy D, Dunning A, Easton DF, Friedman E, Galan P, Ghiorzo P, Giles GG, Hansson J, Hocevar M, Höiom V, Hopper JL, Ingvar C, Janssen B, Jenkins MA, Jönsson G, Kefford RF, Landi G, Landi MT, Lang J, Lubiński J, Mackie R, Malvehy J, Martin NG, Molven A, Montgomery GW, van Nieuwpoort FA, Novakovic S, Olsson H, Pastorino L, Puig S, Puig-Butille JA, Randerson-Moor J, Snowden H, Tuominen R, Van Belle P, van der Stoep N, Whiteman DC, Zelenika D, Han J, Fang S, Lee JE, Wei Q, Lathrop GM, Gillanders EM, Brown KM, Goldstein AM, Kanetsky PA, Mann GJ, MacGregor S, Elder DE, Amos CI, Hayward NK, Gruis NA, Demenais F, Newton Bishop JA, Bishop DT. Genome-wide association study identifies three new melanoma susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2011; 43:1108-13. [PMID: 21983787 PMCID: PMC3251256 DOI: 10.1038/ng.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association study for melanoma that was conducted by the GenoMEL Consortium. Our discovery phase included 2,981 individuals with melanoma and 1,982 study-specific control individuals of European ancestry, as well as an additional 6,426 control subjects from French or British populations, all of whom were genotyped for 317,000 or 610,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our analysis replicated previously known melanoma susceptibility loci. Seven new regions with at least one SNP with P < 10(-5) and further local imputed or genotyped support were selected for replication using two other genome-wide studies (from Australia and Texas, USA). Additional replication came from case-control series from the UK and The Netherlands. Variants at three of the seven loci replicated at P < 10(-3): an SNP in ATM (rs1801516, overall P = 3.4 × 10(-9)), an SNP in MX2 (rs45430, P = 2.9 × 10(-9)) and an SNP adjacent to CASP8 (rs13016963, P = 8.6 × 10(-10)). A fourth locus near CCND1 remains of potential interest, showing suggestive but inconclusive evidence of replication (rs1485993, overall P = 4.6 × 10(-7) under a fixed-effects model and P = 1.2 × 10(-3) under a random-effects model). These newly associated variants showed no association with nevus or pigmentation phenotypes in a large British case-control series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Barrett
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark Harland
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - John C Taylor
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Joanne F Aitken
- Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, The Cancer Council, Queensland, Spring Hill, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Per Arne Andresen
- Pathology Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars A Akslen
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Dept. of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | | | - Esther Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Bert Bakker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Bergman
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Bianchi-Scarrà
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, V. le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Brigitte Bressac-de Paillerets
- INSERM, U946, Fondation Jean-Dausset–CEPH, 75010 Paris, France
- Département de Biopathologie, Service de Génétique, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Donato Calista
- Dermatology Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47023 Cesena, Italy
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eve Corda
- INSERM, U946, Fondation Jean-Dausset–CEPH, 75010 Paris, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Anne E Cust
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic (MEGA) Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Services Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - David Duffy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Alison Dunning
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eitan Friedman
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Pilar Galan
- UMR U557 Inserm; U1125 Inra; Cnam; Paris 13, CRNH Idf, 74 rue Marcel Cachin F-93017 Bobigny
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, V. le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic (MEGA) Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marko Hocevar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic (MEGA) Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Lund, Barngatan 2B, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bart Janssen
- ServiceXS, Plesmanlaan 1d, 2333 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic (MEGA) Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Lund, Barngatan 2B, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard F Kefford
- Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Giorgio Landi
- Dermatology Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47023 Cesena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-7236, USA
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rona Mackie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, UK
- Public Health and Health Policy, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Anders Molven
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Dept. of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | | | - Srdjan Novakovic
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Lund, Barngatan 2B, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lorenza Pastorino
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, V. le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliette Randerson-Moor
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Snowden
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Van Belle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David C Whiteman
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Diana Zelenika
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shenying Fang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Department of Epidemiology Unit 1365, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - G Mark Lathrop
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75010, Paris, France
- Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Elizabeth M Gillanders
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-7236, USA
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, 219 Blockley Hall, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Graham J Mann
- Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - David E Elder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Section of Computational and Genetic Epidemiology, Epidemiology, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Demenais
- INSERM, U946, Fondation Jean-Dausset–CEPH, 75010 Paris, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75010, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot Paris 7, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologied'Hémtologie, Paris, France
| | - Julia A Newton Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Hull PR, Piemontesi NG, Lichtenwald J. Compliance with Self-Examination Surveillance in Patients with Melanoma and Atypical Moles: An Anonymous Questionnaire Study. J Cutan Med Surg 2011; 15:97-102. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2011.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Regular skin self-examination is suggested as a means to detect melanomas at an early stage and thus improve prognosis. Compliance, however, has seldom been assessed in a routine clinical setting and anonymously. Objectives: To assess compliance with self-examination in patients with either a previous melanoma or atypical moles (dysplastic nevi) and to examine the perceived utility of supplied photographs. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to all patients seen with either a melanoma or atypical moles between the years 1995 and 2005. The melanoma cohort consisted of 143 patients. There were 440 patients with atypical moles. Results: Replies to the questionnaire were received from 94 of the melanoma patients and from 185 patients in the atypical mole cohort. Only 22% (12) in the melanoma group performed a total skin examination monthly. Fewer than 10% of those with atypical moles did a monthly skin examination, but about half of the patients examined their entire skin more than once a year. Conclusion: Self-examination is practiced in the majority of patients with either a previous melanoma or atypical moles. Those doing this on a regular monthly basis are a small minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Hull
- From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK
| | - Nicholas G. Piemontesi
- From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK
| | - Jessica Lichtenwald
- From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK
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Olsen CM, Carroll HJ, Whiteman DC. Estimating the attributable fraction for melanoma: a meta-analysis of pigmentary characteristics and freckling. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2430-45. [PMID: 20143394 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic research has demonstrated convincingly that certain pigmentary characteristics are associated with increased relative risks of melanoma; however there has been no comprehensive review to rank these characteristics in order of their importance on a population level. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to quantify the contribution of pigmentary characteristics to melanoma, estimated by the population-attributable fraction (PAF). Eligible studies were those that permitted quantitative assessment of the association between histologically confirmed melanoma and hair colour, eye colour, skin phototype and presence of freckling; we identified 66 such studies using citation databases, followed by manual review of retrieved references. We calculated summary relative risks using weighted averages of the log RR, taking into account random effects, and used these to estimate the PAF. The pooled RRs for pigmentary characteristics were: 2.64 for red/red-blond, 2.0 for blond and 1.46 for light brown hair colour (vs. dark); 1.57 for blue/blue-grey and 1.51 for green/grey/hazel eye colour (vs. dark); 2.27, 1.99 and 1.35 for skin phototypes I, II and III respectively (vs. IV); and 1.99 for presence of freckling. The highest PAFs were observed for skin phototypes 1/II (0.27), presence of freckling (0.23), and blond hair colour (0.23). For eye colour, the PAF for blue/blue-grey eye colour was higher than for green/grey/hazel eye colour (0.18 vs. 0.13). The PAF of melanoma associated with red hair colour was 0.10. These estimates of melanoma burden attributable to pigmentary characteristics provide a basis for designing prevention strategies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Olsen
- Cancer Control Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, QLD 4029, Australia.
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Olsen CM, Carroll HJ, Whiteman DC. Estimating the attributable fraction for cancer: A meta-analysis of nevi and melanoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:233-45. [PMID: 20086181 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic research has shown convincingly that certain phenotypic attributes are associated with increased relative risks of melanoma. Although such findings have intrinsic utility, there have been few attempts to translate such knowledge into estimates of disease burden suitable for framing public health policy. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) for melanoma associated with melanocytic nevi using relative risk estimates derived from a systematic review and meta-analysis. We identified eligible studies using citation databases, followed by manual review of retrieved references. Of 49 studies identified, 25 and 23, respectively, were included in meta-analyses of atypical and common nevi. For people with > or =1 atypical nevi, the summary relative risk was 3.63 (95% confidence interval, 2.85-4.62), with a PAF of 0.25. The relative risk increased by 1.017 (95% confidence interval, 1.014-1.020) for each common nevus; however, significant heterogeneity in risk estimates was observed. We estimated that 42% of melanomas were attributable to having > or =25 common nevi (PAF 25-49 nevi = 0.15; PAF > or =50 nevi = 0.27), whereas PAFs for low nevus counts were modest (PAF 0-10 nevi = 0.04; PAF 11-24 nevi = 0.07). We modeled PAF under scenarios of varying nevus prevalence; the highest melanoma burden was always among those with high nevus counts (PAF range of 0.31-0.62 for > or =25 common nevi). Patients with > or =25 common nevi and/or > or =1 atypical nevi are a high-risk group, which might be targeted for identification, screening, and education. This work is the necessary first step in designing targeted preventive strategies for melanoma, which must now be overlaid with information about cost and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Olsen
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia.
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Veierød MB, Adami HO, Lund E, Armstrong BK, Weiderpass E. Sun and Solarium Exposure and Melanoma Risk: Effects of Age, Pigmentary Characteristics, and Nevi. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:111-20. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Insights into the Role of GILT in HLA Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation by Melanoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2009:142959. [PMID: 20016802 PMCID: PMC2792950 DOI: 10.1155/2009/142959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is one of the deadliest of skin cancers and is increasing in incidence. Since current treatment regimens are ineffective at controlling and/or curing the disease, novel approaches, such as immunotherapy, for treating this malignant disease are being explored. In this review, we discuss potential melanoma antigens (Ags) and their role in utilizing the HLA class II pathway to elicit tumor Ag-specific CD4+ T cell responses in order to effectively induce long-lasting CD8+ antitumor memory. We also discuss the role of endolysosomal cathepsins and Gamma-Interferon-inducible Lysosomal Thiol reductase (GILT) in Ag processing and presentation, and at enhancing CD4+ T cell recognition of melanoma cells. This review also summarizes our current knowledge on GILT and highlights a novel mechanism of GILT-mediated immune responses against melanoma cells. At the end, we propose a strategy employing GILT in the development of a potential whole cell vaccine for combating metastatic melanoma.
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Bishop DT, Demenais F, Iles MM, Harland M, Taylor JC, Corda E, Randerson-Moor J, Aitken JF, Avril MF, Azizi E, Bakker B, Bianchi-Scarrà G, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Calista D, Cannon-Albright LA, Chin-A-Woeng T, Debniak T, Galore-Haskel G, Ghiorzo P, Gut I, Hansson J, Hocevar M, Höiom V, Hopper JL, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Kefford RF, Landi MT, Lang J, Lubiński J, Mackie R, Malvehy J, Mann GJ, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, van Nieuwpoort FA, Novakovic S, Olsson H, Puig S, Weiss M, van Workum W, Zelenika D, Brown KM, Goldstein AM, Gillanders EM, Boland A, Galan P, Elder DE, Gruis NA, Hayward NK, Lathrop GM, Barrett JH, Bishop JAN. Genome-wide association study identifies three loci associated with melanoma risk. Nat Genet 2009; 41:920-5. [PMID: 19578364 PMCID: PMC2741419 DOI: 10.1038/ng.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association study of melanoma conducted by the GenoMEL consortium based on 317K tagging SNPs for 1,650 selected cases and 4,336 controls, with replication in an additional two cohorts (1,149 selected cases and 964 controls from GenoMEL, and a population-based case-control study in Leeds of 1,163 cases and 903 controls). The genome-wide screen identified five loci with genotyped or imputed SNPs reaching P < 5 x 10(-7). Three of these loci were replicated: 16q24 encompassing MC1R (combined P = 2.54 x 10(-27) for rs258322), 11q14-q21 encompassing TYR (P = 2.41 x 10(-14) for rs1393350) and 9p21 adjacent to MTAP and flanking CDKN2A (P = 4.03 x 10(-7) for rs7023329). MC1R and TYR are associated with pigmentation, freckling and cutaneous sun sensitivity, well-recognized melanoma risk factors. Common variants within the 9p21 locus have not previously been associated with melanoma. Despite wide variation in allele frequency, these genetic variants show notable homogeneity of effect across populations of European ancestry living at different latitudes and show independent association to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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Chang YM, Barrett JH, Bishop DT, Armstrong BK, Bataille V, Bergman W, Berwick M, Bracci PM, Elwood JM, Ernstoff MS, Gallagher RP, Green AC, Gruis NA, Holly EA, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Karagas MR, Lee TK, Le Marchand L, Mackie RM, Olsson H, Østerlind A, Rebbeck TR, Sasieni P, Siskind V, Swerdlow AJ, Titus-Ernstoff L, Zens MS, Newton-Bishop JA. Sun exposure and melanoma risk at different latitudes: a pooled analysis of 5700 cases and 7216 controls. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:814-30. [PMID: 19359257 PMCID: PMC2689397 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma risk is related to sun exposure; we have investigated risk variation by tumour site and latitude. Methods We performed a pooled analysis of 15 case–control studies (5700 melanoma cases and 7216 controls), correlating patterns of sun exposure, sunburn and solar keratoses (three studies) with melanoma risk. Pooled odds ratios (pORs) and 95% Bayesian confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Bayesian unconditional polytomous logistic random-coefficients models. Results Recreational sun exposure was a risk factor for melanoma on the trunk (pOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.4–2.2) and limbs (pOR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1–1.7), but not head and neck (pOR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.8–1.4), across latitudes. Occupational sun exposure was associated with risk of melanoma on the head and neck at low latitudes (pOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.0–3.0). Total sun exposure was associated with increased risk of melanoma on the limbs at low latitudes (pOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0–2.2), but not at other body sites or other latitudes. The pORs for sunburn in childhood were 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3–1.7), 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3–1.7) and 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1–1.7) for melanoma on the trunk, limbs, and head and neck, respectively, showing little variation across latitudes. The presence of head and neck solar keratoses was associated with increased risk of melanoma on the head and neck (pOR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.7–9.1) and limbs (pOR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.9–8.4). Conclusion Melanoma risk at different body sites is associated with different amounts and patterns of sun exposure. Recreational sun exposure and sunburn are strong predictors of melanoma at all latitudes, whereas measures of occupational and total sun exposure appear to predict melanoma predominately at low latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-mei Chang
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK.
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Chang YM, Newton-Bishop JA, Bishop DT, Armstrong BK, Bataille V, Bergman W, Berwick M, Bracci PM, Elwood JM, Ernstoff MS, Green AC, Gruis NA, Holly EA, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Karagas MR, Le Marchand L, Mackie RM, Olsson H, Østerlind A, Rebbeck TR, Reich K, Sasieni P, Siskind V, Swerdlow AJ, Titus-Ernstoff L, Zens MS, Ziegler A, Barrett JH. A pooled analysis of melanocytic nevus phenotype and the risk of cutaneous melanoma at different latitudes. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:420-8. [PMID: 18792098 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal nevus phenotype is associated with an increased risk of melanoma. We report a pooled analysis conducted using individual nevus data from 15 case-control studies (5,421 melanoma cases and 6,966 controls). The aims were to quantify the risk better and to determine whether relative risk is varied by latitude. Bayesian unconditional logistic random coefficients models were employed to study the risk associated with nevus characteristics. Participants with whole body nevus counts in the highest of 4 population-based categories had a greatly increased risk of melanoma compared with those in the lowest category (pooled odds ratio (pOR) 6.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4, 11.2) for those aged<50 years and pOR 5.1 (95% CI: 3.6, 7.5) for those aged>or=50). The pOR for presence compared with absence of any clinically atypical nevi was 4.0 (95% CI: 2.8, 5.8). The pORs for 1-2 and >or=3 large nevi on the body compared with none were 2.9 (95% CI: 1.9, 4.3) and 7.1 (95% CI: 4.7, 11.6), respectively. The relative heterogeneities among studies were small for most measures of nevus phenotype, except for the analysis of nevus counts on the arms, which may have been due to methodological differences among studies. The pooled analysis also suggested that an abnormal nevus phenotype is associated most with melanomas on intermittently sun-exposed sites. The presence of increased numbers of nevi, large nevi and clinically atypical nevi on the body are robust risk factors for melanoma showing little variation in relative risk among studies performed at different latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-mei Chang
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Exposure to sunlamps, tanning beds, and melanoma risk. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19:659-69. [PMID: 18273687 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the separate effects of sunlamp and tanning bed device use on melanoma risk. METHODS Population-based case-control study of 423 cases of melanoma and 678 controls in the state of New Hampshire. Exposure data, including sunlamp and tanning bed use, were collected by telephone interview. Associations were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS About 17% of participants ever used a sunlamp, and most use (89%) occurred before 1980. The OR was 1.39 (95% CI 1.00-1.96) for ever using a sunlamp, 1.23 (95% CI 0.81-1.88) for those starting sunlamp use <20 years, and 1.71 (95% CI 1.00-2.92) for those starting >/=20 years. Data suggested increasing risk with number of sunlamp uses and with duration of use (tests of trend p = 0.02). The overall prevalence of tanning bed use was 22% and most use (83%) occurred after 1980. The OR was 1.14 (95% CI 0.80-1.61) for ever using a tanning bed; there was no evidence that risk increased with frequency or duration of use. The OR was 1.96 (95% CI 1.06-3.61) for having used both devices. CONCLUSION Results suggest a modest association between sunlamp use and melanoma risk, and increasing risk with greater frequency and duration of use. No association with tanning bed use was found, but sufficient lag time may not have elapsed to assess a potential effect.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) results in a darkening of the skin known as tanning. Recently, it has been shown that tanning is a response to UVR-induced DNA damage and represents the skin's efforts to protect itself against further injury. Despite the link between UVR and cutaneous malignancy, people continue to pursue tanning from natural and artificial sources. This trend is reflected in the exponential rise in skin cancer incidence. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review our current understanding of the factors controlling the tanning response and the relationship to cutaneous carcinogenesis, as well as the impact that the multibillion dollar tanning industry has had on the practice of dermatology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extensive literature review was conducted in subjects related to tanning and the relationship to cutaneous malignancy. RESULTS Our knowledge of tanning and its effects on the skin has increased tremendously. It is clear that tanning contributes to the development of skin cancer. Despite this information, the incidence of skin cancer continues to increase exponentially. CONCLUSIONS Skin cancer poses a major public health concern and tanning remains the most modifiable risk factor in its etiology. Social, economic, and legislative issues have become tightly intertwined with the complex nature of human behavior in the continued pursuit of an activity that clearly has detrimental effects on one's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrif F Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 60612-7300, USA.
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Ortiz P, Vanaclocha F, López-Bran E, Esquivias JI, López-Estebaranz JL, Martín-González M, Arrue I, García-Romero D, Ochoa C, González-Perez A, Ruiz A, Real LM. Genetic analysis of the GRM1 gene in human melanoma susceptibility. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:1176-82. [PMID: 17609672 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Data obtained from a mouse model indicated that the ectopic expression of the Grm1 gene is sufficient for transforming melanocytes and causing malignant melanoma in vivo. In addition, it has also been documented that the GRM1 gene is aberrantly expressed in human melanomas. Here we have performed a genetic association study to elucidate whether the GRM1 gene contributes to human melanoma susceptibility. To carry out this study, we initially genotyped 250 melanoma patients and 329 nonselected and nonrelated controls with three single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs854145, rs362962 and rs6923492, located in the intron 1, intron 4 and exon 10 of the GRM1 gene, respectively. To perform sample genotyping, we used pyrosequencing techniques. Regarding rs854145 and rs6923492, there were no differences in genotypic distribution or allelic frequency between patients and controls. However, we observed (i) a higher frequency of patients carrying the C allele of rs362962 than in controls (OR=1.40, CI=[1.01-1.95], P=0.045), and (ii) that difference became greater in a subgroup of patients with a low level of sun exposure and tumours located on the trunk and extremities (OR=2.10, CI=[1.26-3.51], P=0.0039). To confirm these observations, the sample size of both patient and control groups was increased. In total, 464 patients and 561 controls were genotyped for the rs362962 polymorphism. Only the second observation was confirmed (OR=1.69, CI=[1.16-2.47], P=0.0064). Our results suggest that the GRM1 gene may contribute to melanoma susceptibility in that specific group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ortiz
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Turrisi R, Hillhouse J, Robinson JK, Stapleton J. Mediating Variables in a Parent Based Intervention to Reduce Skin Cancer Risk in Children. J Behav Med 2007; 30:385-93. [PMID: 17453328 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-007-9107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined theoretical mediators of a parent-based intervention on sunbathing tendencies and sunburn frequencies based on the work of Turrisi et al. [Turrisi, R., Hillhouse, J., Heavin, S., Robinson, J., Adams, M., & Berry, J. (2004). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 393-412.]. Three hundred and forty parents in two regions of the United States were educated about the dangers of risky sun behavior and how to convey information about skin cancer prevention to their children. Attitudes toward sunbathing, health beliefs, appearance beliefs, and social normative beliefs were examined and found to be significant mediators of program effects on sunbathing tendencies and sunburn frequencies. The findings are discussed with respect to maximizing the effectiveness of future skin cancer interventions with children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Turrisi
- Biobehavioral Health and Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 109 Henderson South Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Malignant Melanoma in the 21st Century, Part 1: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, Prevention, and Diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2007. [PMID: 17352373 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-6196(11)61033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Markovic SN, Erickson LA, Rao RD, Weenig RH, Pockaj BA, Bardia A, Vachon CM, Schild SE, McWilliams RR, Hand JL, Laman SD, Kottschade LA, Maples WJ, Pittelkow MR, Pulido JS, Cameron JD, Creagan ET. Malignant melanoma in the 21st century, part 1: epidemiology, risk factors, screening, prevention, and diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82:364-80. [PMID: 17352373 DOI: 10.4065/82.3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an aggressive, therapy-resistant malignancy of melanocytes. The incidence of melanoma has been steadily increasing worldwide, resulting in an increasing public health problem. Exposure to solar UV radiation, fair skin, dysplastic nevi syndrome, and a family history of melanoma are major risk factors for melanoma development. The interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors that promote melanomagenesis are currently the subject of ongoing research. Avoidance of UV radiation and surveillance of high-risk patients have the potential to reduce the population burden of melanoma. Biopsies of the primary tumor and sampling of draining lymph nodes are required for optimal diagnosis and staging. Several clinically relevant pathologic subtypes have been identified and need to be recognized. Therapy for early disease is predominantly surgical, with a minor benefit noted with the use of adjuvant therapy. Management of systemic melanoma is a challenge because of a paucity of active treatment modalities. In the first part of this 2-part review, we discuss epidemiology, risk factors, screening, prevention, and diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Part 2 (which will appear in the April 2007 issue) will review melanoma staging, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetomir N Markovic
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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