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Reduced MHC Class I and II Expression in HPV-Negative vs. HPV-Positive Cervical Cancers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233911. [PMID: 36497170 PMCID: PMC9741043 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-associated death in women. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with nearly all CC, it has recently become clear that HPV-negative (HPV-) CC represents a distinct disease phenotype with increased mortality. HPV-positive (HPV+) and HPV- CC demonstrate different molecular pathology, prognosis, and response to treatment. Furthermore, CC caused by HPV α9 types (HPV16-like) often have better outcomes than those caused by HPV α7 types (HPV18-like). This study systematically and comprehensively compared the expression of genes involved in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II presentation within CC caused by HPV α9 types, HPV α7 types, and HPV- CC. We observed increased expression of MHC class I and II classical and non-classical genes in HPV+ CC and overall higher expression of genes involved in their antigen loading and presentation apparatus as well as transcriptional regulation. Increased expression of MHC I-related genes differs from previous studies using cell culture models. These findings identify crucial differences between antigen presentation within the tumor immune microenvironments of HPV+ and HPV- CC, as well as modest differences between HPV α9 and α7 CC. These differences may contribute to the altered patient outcomes and responses to immunotherapy observed between these distinct cancers.
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2
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Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Increases the Levels of Soluble Immune Checkpoint Proteins in Patients with Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9621466. [PMID: 35419462 PMCID: PMC9001122 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9621466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has been widely applied to locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients, inducing the massive release of antigen and systematic immunomodulatory effects. However, its effect on the soluble immune checkpoint proteins (sICPs) remains unclear, which might play a key role in the immune response. Therefore, the current study explored changes in the levels of 16 sICPs in LACC patients during CCRT. Methods We prospectively enrolled fifty-one LACC patients treated with CCRT and collected patients' blood before, during and after CCRT. The levels of 16 sICPs were measured using the Luminex platform, and the changes were measured using Friedman test with Bonferroni's posttest. One month after CCRT, the tumor response was evaluated according to the RECIST 1.1 guidelines. Results The levels of soluble T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (sTIM-3) significantly increased during CCRT (P = 0.041), while those of the soluble B and T lymphocyte attenuator (sBTLA), sCD40, soluble glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor ligand (sGITRL), sCD80, sCD86, sPD-1, sPD-L1, sCTLA-4, and soluble inducible T-cell costimulator (sICOS) significantly increased after CCRT (all P < 0.05). Other sICPs showed no significant changes throughout the CCRT (all P > 0.05). 41 (80%), 8 (16%), and 2 (4%) patients showed complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and stable disease (SD) after CCRT, respectively. Interestingly, the level of soluble lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (sLAG-3) was significantly higher among the PR/SD patients as compared to the CR after CCRT (P = 0.009). Conclusions This study revealed that CCRT might elevate the serum levels of sTIM-3, sBTLA, sCD40, sGITRL, sCD80, sCD86, sPD-1, sPD-L1, sCTLA-4, and sICOS in the patients with LACC. The sLAG-3 level was higher in the patients with poor response to CCRT. These findings revealed the dynamic changes in the sICPs levels during CCRT, which might be helpful in designing optimal treatment strategies for LACC patients.
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de Sousa E, Lérias JR, Beltran A, Paraschoudi G, Condeço C, Kamiki J, António PA, Figueiredo N, Carvalho C, Castillo-Martin M, Wang Z, Ligeiro D, Rao M, Maeurer M. Targeting Neoepitopes to Treat Solid Malignancies: Immunosurgery. Front Immunol 2021; 12:592031. [PMID: 34335558 PMCID: PMC8320363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.592031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful outcome of immune checkpoint blockade in patients with solid cancers is in part associated with a high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and the recognition of private neoantigens by T-cells. The quality and quantity of target recognition is determined by the repertoire of ‘neoepitope’-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), or peripheral T-cells. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), produced by T-cells and other immune cells, is essential for controlling proliferation of transformed cells, induction of apoptosis and enhancing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, thereby increasing immunogenicity of cancer cells. TCR αβ-dependent therapies should account for tumor heterogeneity and availability of the TCR repertoire capable of reacting to neoepitopes and functional HLA pathways. Immunogenic epitopes in the tumor-stroma may also be targeted to achieve tumor-containment by changing the immune-contexture in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Non protein-coding regions of the tumor-cell genome may also contain many aberrantly expressed, non-mutated tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) capable of eliciting productive anti-tumor immune responses. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and/or RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of cancer tissue, combined with several layers of bioinformatic analysis is commonly used to predict possible neoepitopes present in clinical samples. At the ImmunoSurgery Unit of the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown (CCU), a pipeline combining several tools is used for predicting private mutations from WES and RNA-Seq data followed by the construction of synthetic peptides tailored for immunological response assessment reflecting the patient’s tumor mutations, guided by MHC typing. Subsequent immunoassays allow the detection of differential IFN-γ production patterns associated with (intra-tumoral) spatiotemporal differences in TIL or peripheral T-cells versus TIL. These bioinformatics tools, in addition to histopathological assessment, immunological readouts from functional bioassays and deep T-cell ‘adaptome’ analyses, are expected to advance discovery and development of next-generation personalized precision medicine strategies to improve clinical outcomes in cancer in the context of i) anti-tumor vaccination strategies, ii) gauging mutation-reactive T-cell responses in biological therapies and iii) expansion of tumor-reactive T-cells for the cellular treatment of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric de Sousa
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana R Lérias
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Carolina Condeço
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Kamiki
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Figueiredo
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Carvalho
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Zhe Wang
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Applied Adaptome Immunology Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Dário Ligeiro
- Lisbon Centre for Blood and Transplantation, Instituto Português do Sangue e Transplantação (IPST), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,I Medical Clinic, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Balhorn R, Balhorn MC. Therapeutic applications of the selective high affinity ligand drug SH7139 extend beyond non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to many other types of solid cancers. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3315-3349. [PMID: 32934776 PMCID: PMC7476732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SH7139, the first of a series of selective high affinity ligand (SHAL) oncology drug candidates designed to target and bind to the HLA-DR proteins overexpressed by B-cell lymphomas, has demonstrated exceptional efficacy in the treatment of Burkitt lymphoma xenografts in mice and a safety profile that may prove to be unprecedented for an oncology drug. The aim of this study was to determine how frequently the HLA-DRs targeted by SH7139 are expressed by different subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and by other solid cancers that have been reported to express HLA-DR. Binding studies conducted with SH7129, a biotinylated analog of SH7139, reveal that more than half of the biopsy sections obtained from patients with different types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma express the HLA-DRs targeted by SH7139. Similar analyses of tumor biopsy tissue obtained from patients diagnosed with eighteen other solid cancers show the majority of these tumors also express the HLA-DRs targeted by SH7139. Cervical, ovarian, colorectal and prostate cancers expressed the most HLA-DR. Only a few esophageal and head and neck tumors bound the diagnostic. Within an individual’s tumor, cell to cell differences in HLA-DR target expression varied by only 2 to 3-fold while the expression levels in tumors obtained from different patients varied as much as 10 to 100-fold. The high frequency with which SH7129 was observed to bind to these cancers suggests that many patients diagnosed with B-cell lymphomas, myelomas, and other non-hematological cancers should be considered potential candidates for new therapies such as SH7139 that target HLA-DR-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Balhorn
- SHAL Technologies Inc., Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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5
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Ma J, Cheng P, Chen X, Zhou C, Zheng W. Mining of prognosis-related genes in cervical squamous cell carcinoma immune microenvironment. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9627. [PMID: 32904067 PMCID: PMC7450998 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to explore the effective immune scoring method and mine the novel and potential immune microenvironment-related diagnostic and prognostic markers for cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSSC). Materials and Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data was downloaded and multiple data analysis approaches were initially used to search for the immune-related scoring system on the basis of Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumour tissues using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm. Afterwards, the representative genes in the gene modules correlated with immune-related scores based on ESTIMATE algorithm were further screened using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and network topology analysis. Gene functions were mined through enrichment analysis, followed by exploration of the correlation between these genes and immune checkpoint genes. Finally, survival analysis was applied to search for genes with significant association with overall survival and external database was employed for further validation. Results The immune-related scores based on ESTIMATE algorithm was closely associated with other categories of scores, the HPV infection status, prognosis and the mutation levels of multiple CSCC-related genes (HLA and TP53). Eighteen new representative immune microenvironment-related genes were finally screened closely associated with patient prognosis and were further validated by the independent dataset GSE44001. Conclusion Our present study suggested that the immune-related scores based on ESTIMATE algorithm can help to screen out novel immune-related diagnostic indicators, therapeutic targets and prognostic predictors in CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Pu Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Chunxia Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou, China
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6
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Lérias JR, Paraschoudi G, de Sousa E, Martins J, Condeço C, Figueiredo N, Carvalho C, Dodoo E, Castillo-Martin M, Beltrán A, Ligeiro D, Rao M, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Microbes as Master Immunomodulators: Immunopathology, Cancer and Personalized Immunotherapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:362. [PMID: 32039196 PMCID: PMC6989410 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between the immune system and microbes is an essential part of the physiological homeostasis in health and disease. Immunological recognition of commensal microbes, such as bacterial species resident in the gut or lung as well as dormant viral species, i.e., cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in combination with a balanced immune regulation, is central to achieve immune-protection. Emerging evidence suggests that immune responses primed to guard against commensal microbes may cause unexpected pathological outcomes, e.g., chronic inflammation and/or malignant transformation. Furthermore, translocation of immune cells from one anatomical compartment to another, i.e., the gut-lung axis via the lymphatics or blood has been identified as an important factor in perpetrating systemic inflammation, tissue destruction, as well as modulating host-protective immune responses. We present in this review immune response patterns to pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic microbes and how these immune-recognition profiles affect local immune responses or malignant transformation. We discuss personalized immunological therapies which, directly or indirectly, target host biological pathways modulated by antimicrobial immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R. Lérias
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Eric de Sousa
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Condeço
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Figueiredo
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Carvalho
- Digestive Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Antonio Beltrán
- Department of Pathology, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dário Ligeiro
- Lisbon Centre for Blood and Transplantation, Instituto Português do Sangue e Transplantação, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Zhou C, Tuong ZK, Frazer IH. Papillomavirus Immune Evasion Strategies Target the Infected Cell and the Local Immune System. Front Oncol 2019; 9:682. [PMID: 31428574 PMCID: PMC6688195 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) initiates ~5% of all human cancers, and particularly cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV vaccines prevent HPV infection, but do not eliminate existing HPV infections. Papillomaviruses induce hyperproliferation of epithelial cells. In this review we discuss how hyperproliferation renders epithelial cells less sensitive to immune attack, and impacts upon the efficiency of the local immune system. These observations have significance for the design of therapeutic HPV cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Hector Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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8
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Alifu M, Fan P, Kuerban G, Yao X, Peng Y, Dong T, Wang R. Frequency distribution of HLA alleles and haplotypes in Uyghur women with advanced squamous cell cervical cancer and relation to HPV status and clinical outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 297:757-766. [PMID: 29356954 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and haplotypes in Uyghur women with advanced squamous cell cervical cancer (SCC). METHODS A total of 131 Uyghur patients with advanced SCC (IIb-IVa) and 91 healthy subjects from Xinjiang province were genotyped for HLA-I and II genes using Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Based Typing. The different frequencies of HLA alleles and haplotypes between patients and controls were compared and the correlations were analyzed between HLA distribution and HPV status and prognosis. RESULTS (1) The frequencies of B*51:01, DRB1*07:01, DQB1*02:01, A*01:01-C*06:02, A*01:01-DRB1*07:01, C*06:02-DQB1*02:01, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and C*06:02-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 in cancer group were higher than control group whereas the frequencies of B*44:02, B*58:01, C*05:01, DRB1*04:01, DRB1*12:01, DRB1*13:01, DQB1*02:02, DQB1*05:02, DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:02 and DRB1*04:01-DQB1*03:02 in cancer group were lower than control group (P < 0.05). (2) The frequencies of A*01:01-C*06:02, A*01:01-DRB1*07:01, C*06:02-DQB1*02:01, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and C*06:02-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 in HPV positive group were lower than HPV negative group, differences of which were statistically significant (P < 0.05). (3) B*44:02 and B*58:01 were associated with reduced disease-specific survival (DSS) (P = 0.010 and 0.007). (4) Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models revealed that age, International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, tumor differentiation and allele B*58:01 as independent predictors for DSS while FIGO stage and tumor differentiation as independent factors for DFS. CONCLUSIONS In the development and progression of advanced SCC among Uyghur population, the HLA alleles and its haplotypes play an important role. B*58:01 allele may act as an independent predictor for DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayinuer Alifu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Peiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Ürümqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gulina Kuerban
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of MolecularMedicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of MolecularMedicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, CAMS Oxford Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK. .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of MolecularMedicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Ruozheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Ürümqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China.
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Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR Expression is Significantly Related to an Increased Disease-Free and Disease-Specific Survival in Patients With Cervical Adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 26:1503-1509. [PMID: 27654088 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II antigens are expressed on antigen-presenting cells, that is, macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes. Under the influence of IFN-γ, HLA class II molecules can also be expressed on T lymphocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells. In addition, HLA class II antigens can be expressed in a variety of malignancies; however, the link with prognosis and ultimately patient survival is controversial. METHODS The pattern of HLA-DRA expression in cervical carcinoma was studied using immunohistochemistry. In total, 124 cervical carcinomas were examined, of which 60 (48.4%) were squamous cell carcinomas and 64 (51.6%) were adenocarcinomas. RESULTS In squamous cell carcinoma, HLA-DRA was expressed in 41 (68.3%) of 60 tumors, whereas in adenocarcinoma, HLA-DRA was expressed in 60 (93.8%) of 64 tumors (P < 0.001). In adenocarcinoma, HLA-DRA expression was associated with an increased disease-free survival (211.0 ± 13.0 vs 53.3 ± 30.5 months; P = 0.004) and disease-specific survival (226.45 ± 11.5 vs 75.8 ± 27.6 months; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of HLA-DRA is significantly related to an increased disease-free and disease-specific survival in cervical adenocarcinoma. These data warrant further analysis of the functional role of HLA-DRA in these tumors.
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Phipps-Yonas H, Cui H, Sebastiao N, Brunhoeber PS, Haddock E, Deymier MJ, Klapper W, Lybarger L, Roe DJ, Hastings KT. Low GILT Expression is Associated with Poor Patient Survival in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Immunol 2013; 4:425. [PMID: 24409177 PMCID: PMC3885809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted antigen processing pathway presents antigenic peptides acquired in the endocytic route for the activation of CD4(+) T cells. Multiple cancers express MHC class II, which may influence the anti-tumor immune response and patient outcome. Low MHC class II expression is associated with poor survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common form of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Therefore, we investigated whether gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), an upstream component of the MHC class II-restricted antigen processing pathway that is not regulated by the transcription factor class II transactivator, may be important in DLBCL biology. GILT reduces protein disulfide bonds in the endocytic compartment, exposing additional epitopes for binding to MHC class II and facilitating antigen presentation. In each of four independent gene expression profiling cohorts with a total of 585 DLBCL patients, low GILT expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival. In contrast, low expression of a classical MHC class II gene, HLA-DRA, was associated with poor survival in one of four cohorts. The association of low GILT expression with poor survival was independent of established clinical and molecular prognostic factors, the International Prognostic Index and the cell of origin classification, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of GILT expression in 96 DLBCL cases demonstrated variation in GILT protein expression within tumor cells which correlated strongly with GILT mRNA expression. These studies identify a novel association between GILT expression and clinical outcome in lymphoma. Our findings underscore the role of antigen processing in DLBCL and suggest that molecules targeting this pathway warrant investigation as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Phipps-Yonas
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona , Phoenix, AZ , USA ; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | - Haiyan Cui
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | | | | | - Ellen Haddock
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Martin J Deymier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel , Germany
| | - Lonnie Lybarger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | - Denise J Roe
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA ; Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| | - Karen Taraszka Hastings
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona , Phoenix, AZ , USA ; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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11
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Näsman A, Andersson E, Marklund L, Tertipis N, Hammarstedt-Nordenvall L, Attner P, Nyberg T, Masucci GV, Munck-Wikland E, Ramqvist T, Dalianis T. HLA class I and II expression in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in relation to tumor HPV status and clinical outcome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77025. [PMID: 24130830 PMCID: PMC3794938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HPV-DNA positive (HPVDNA+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has better clinical outcome than HPV-DNA negative (HPVDNA-) OSCC. Current treatment may be unnecessarily extensive for most HPV+ OSCC, but before de-escalation, additional markers are needed together with HPV status to better predict treatment response. Here the influence of HLA class I/HLA class II expression was explored. Pre-treatment biopsies, from 439/484 OSCC patients diagnosed 2000-2009 and treated curatively, were analyzed for HLA I and II expression, p16(INK4a) and HPV DNA. Absent/weak as compared to high HLA class I intensity correlated to a very favorable disease-free survival (DFS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) in HPVDNA+ OSCC, both in univariate and multivariate analysis, while HLA class II had no impact. Notably, HPVDNA+ OSCC with absent/weak HLA class I responded equally well when treated with induction-chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) or radiotherapy (RT) alone. In patients with HPVDNA- OSCC, high HLA class I/class II expression correlated in general to a better clinical outcome. p16(INK4a) overexpression correlated to a better clinical outcome in HPVDNA+ OSCC. Absence of HLA class I intensity in HPVDNA+ OSCC suggests a very high survival independent of treatment and could possibly be used clinically to select patients for randomized trials de-escalating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Näsman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Emilia Andersson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Marklund
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Tertipis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lalle Hammarstedt-Nordenvall
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Attner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nyberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Munck-Wikland
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Ramqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina Dalianis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Xiao X, Liu L, Li WJ, Liu J, Chen DJ. HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Cervical Squamous Epithelial Cell Carcinoma: A Population Study in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:4427-33. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.7.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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13
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Cassandri F, Tozetti IA, Fernandes CEDS, Almeida FGD, Falcão GR, Scapulatempo IDL, Prata TTM, Padovani CTJ, Alves DB, Ferreira AT, Abdo MAGS. S100, CD68, and MHC class II molecule expression in cervical high- and low-grade HPV-induced lesions. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:3-8. [PMID: 22370820 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some human papillomavirus (HPV) types are involved in malignant processes in the cervical epithelium, with 99% of cases attributed to oncogenic HPV infection. This study aimed to detect S100, CD68, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules in cervical uterine epithelial samples in patients with high- and low-grade lesions induced by HPV. METHODS Fifty-eight samples from patients who were confirmed positive or negative for high-risk oncogenic HPV DNA, had histopathological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of grades I, II, or III, or were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy were subjected to immunohistochemistry reaction to S100 protein, CD68, and MHC-II (HLA-DR alpha chain). RESULTS The presence of MHC-II predominated in samples exhibiting histopathological alterations (p < 0.05). S100 detection was more numerous in carcinoma samples (CIN III) (75%). Presence of this protein correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with histopathological findings and viral load. CONCLUSIONS A small expression of CD68 was observed, which may be explained by the observation in our study having been made on random microscopic fields and not on specific areas. The findings, such as the presence of S100 protein and MHC-II expression in samples with histological alterations, could suggest that the immune system fails to control HPV replication at the early stages of infection. Further studies with larger prospective data are necessary to confirm this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cassandri
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS
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14
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Bhat P, Mattarollo SR, Gosmann C, Frazer IH, Leggatt GR. Regulation of immune responses to HPV infection and during HPV-directed immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:85-98. [PMID: 21198666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of vaccines prophylactic against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer globally by up to 70% over the next 40 years, if universal immunization is adopted. As these prophylactic vaccines do not alter the natural history of established HPV infection, immunotherapies to treat persistent HPV infection and associated precancers would be of benefit to assist with cervical cancer control. Efforts to develop immuno-therapeutic vaccines have been hampered by the relative non-immunogenicity of HPV infection, by immunoregulatory processes in skin, and by subversion of immune response induction and immune effector functions by papillomavirus proteins. This review describes HPV-specific immune responses induced by viral proteins, their regulation by host and viral factors, and highlights some conclusions from our own recent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Bhat
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Haque A, Banik NL, Ray SK. Emerging Role of Combination of All-trans Retinoic Acid and Interferon-gamma as Chemoimmunotherapy in the Management of Human Glioblastoma. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:2203-9. [PMID: 17676389 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant and common type of brain tumor with devastating outcome. Because current treatment modalities are mostly ineffective in controlling and curing glioblastoma, new and innovative therapeutic strategies must be developed. This article describes recent advances in chemoimmunotherapy, which is combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, against glioblastoma. We provide an overview of available treatment options for glioblastomas, gaps in our knowledge of immune recognition of these malignant tumors, and chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents that need to be further explored for designing novel chemoimmunotherapeutic strategy for the management of human glioblastomas. Our recent study demonstrated that combination of the chemotherapeutic agent all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and the immunotherapeutic agent interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) could concurrently induce differentiation, apoptotic death, and immune components in two different human glioblastoma cell lines. We propose that combination of ATRA and IFN-gamma can become an efficacious chemoimmunotherapy for the treatment of human glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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16
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Zehbe I, Kaufmann AM, Schmidt M, Hohn H, Maeurer MJ. Human Papillomavirus 16 E6-specific CD45RA+ CCR7+ High Avidity CD8+ T Cells Fail to Control Tumor Growth Despite Interferon-γ Production in Patients With Cervical Cancer. J Immunother 2007; 30:523-32. [PMID: 17589293 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31803240fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We defined the nature of the cellular immune response in 5 women with human papillomavirus (HPV) 16+cervical carcinoma at a single time point when surgery was performed for treatment. To monitor the differences in T-cell recognition, 2 approaches of tetramer-guided technology were employed: (i) the in situ localization of major histocompatibility complex class I peptide complexes in the tumor lesions and (ii) the ex vivo sorting of HLA-A*0201-restricted and HPV16 E6-reactive T cells. CD8 T cells from the periphery (peripheral blood lymphocytes), the tumor (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes), and T cells harvested from draining lymph nodes (T-LN) were analyzed. HPV16 E6 tetramer-sorted lymphocytes from the different anatomic sites recognized an HLA-A*0201-restricted E6 peptide irrespective of the type of antigen-presenting cells used for stimulation as determined by interferon-gamma production: autologous tumor cells, HLA-A*0201 surrogate antigen-presenting cells pulsed with the nominal peptide, and an HLA-A*0201-matched human dendritic cell line transgenic for HPV16 E6. Further analysis showed that the HPV16 E6-reactive CD8 T cells were of high avidity defined by blocking with an anti-CD8-alpha specific monoclonal antibody. We found that HPV16 E6-reactive T cells reside preferentially within the CD45RA+ CCR7+ T-cell subpopulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, peripheral blood lymphocyte, and T-LN in cervical cancer patients, suggesting that successful immune surveillance of HPV16+ tumor cells in cervical cancer patients is impaired. The CD45RA+/CCR7+ phenotype of HPV antigen-reactive T cells may serve as an indicator of dysfunctional T cells, despite effective interferon-gamma production in response to HPV antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Zehbe
- Cancer Center Research Laboratory, Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Center, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Chan PKS, Cheung JLK, Cheung TH, Lin CK, Siu SSN, Yu MMY, Tang JW, Lo KWK, Yim SF, Wong YF, To KF, Ng HK, Chung TKH. HLA-DQB1 polymorphisms and risk for cervical cancer: A case-control study in a southern Chinese population. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 105:736-41. [PMID: 17379283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS HLA II DQB1 polymorphisms have been shown to associate with cervical cancer risk, but results varied among different populations. In this study, the HLA DQB1 alleles among 221 southern Chinese women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III (CIN III)/invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC) were compared to 191 controls. RESULTS The frequency of DQB1*03 was significantly lower among ICC overall as compared to controls (65.4% vs. 79.1%, odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.50 [0.28-0.88], corrected p-value: 0.04). The protective association of DQB1*03 remained significant for human papillomavirus (HPV) 16-positive ICC, but not for HPV16-negative cases. This is in contrast to studies on European populations where DQB1*03 was associated with an increased risk for ICC. In the current study, 70.1% of the HPV16 isolates were Asian variants, and 28.0% were European variants. However, no significant association between HPV16 variant and DQB1*03 distribution was observed. HPV52 and HPV58 were found respectively in 16.3% and 10.0% of CIN III/ICC, which were higher compared to that of Europe and North America. Further analyses revealed a positive risk association between DQB1*06 and HPV58-positive CIN III/ICC (3.68 [1.37-9.92], corrected p-value: 0.012). CONCLUSION The host genetics and the distribution of HPV types/variants may account for the observed differences among southern Chinese and other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K S Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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18
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Haque A, Das A, Hajiaghamohseni LM, Younger A, Banik NL, Ray SK. Induction of apoptosis and immune response by all-trans retinoic acid plus interferon-gamma in human malignant glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:615-25. [PMID: 16947022 PMCID: PMC11030588 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and highly malignant brain tumor. It is also one among the most therapy-resistant human neoplasias. Patients die within a year of diagnosis despite the use of available treatment strategies such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Thus, there is a critical need to find a novel therapeutic strategy for treating this disease. Here, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms for induction of apoptosis as well as for activation of immune components in human malignant glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells following treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Treatment of glioblastoma cells with ATRA alone prevented cell proliferation and induced astrocytic differentiation, while IFN-gamma alone induced apoptosis and modulated expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules such as HLA-DRalpha, HLA-DR complex, invariant chain (Ii), HLA-DM (an important catalyst of the class II-peptide loading), and gamma interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol-reductase (GILT). Interestingly, both T98G and U87MG cells showed more increase in apoptosis with expression of the HLA class II components for an effective immune response following treatment with ATRA plus IFN-gamma than with IFN-gamma alone. Apoptotic mode of cell death was confirmed morphologically by Wright staining and biochemically by measuring an increase in caspase-3 activity. While conversion of tumor cells into HLA class II+/Ii- cells by stimulation with the helper CD4+ T cells is thought to be challenging, this study reports for the first time that treatment of glioblastoma cells with ATRA plus IFN-gamma can simultaneously enhance apoptosis and expression of the HLA class II immune components with a marked suppression of Ii expression. Taken together, this study suggests that induction of apoptosis and immune components of the HLA class II pathway by ATRA plus IFN-gamma may be a promising chemoimmunotherapeutic strategy for treatment of human malignant glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 323K, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Laela M. Hajiaghamohseni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Austin Younger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 323K, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 323K, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
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Cardoso CS, Araújo HC, Cruz E, Afonso A, Mascarenhas C, Almeida S, Moutinho J, Lopes C, Medeiros R. Haemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutations in viral-associated neoplasia: Linkage to cervical cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:232-8. [PMID: 16414021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the frequency of the two main HFE mutations (C282Y and H63D) in a randomly selected population of 346 individuals including 201 DNA samples from women with cervical neoplasia (including high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive squamous cell carcinoma) and a control population of 146 women from the same geographical area. We found a significantly lower risk of development of cervical neoplasia in H63D carriers (OR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.35-0.92; p = 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirms this observation (OR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.35-0.88, p = 0.01). Regarding the C282Y mutation no association was found (OR = 1.32; 95% CI 0.53-3.33; p = 0.52). In addition, a significant difference between H63D carrier and non-carrier women on the time-to-onset of cervical lesions was observed (log-rank test: p = 0.0012). These results indicate that HFE could be considered a candidate modifier gene of viral-related neoplasia such as cervical carcinoma possibly by a dual role on iron metabolism and immunological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Iron Genes and Immune System (IRIS), Porto, Portugal
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20
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Facoetti A, Nano R, Zelini P, Morbini P, Benericetti E, Ceroni M, Campoli M, Ferrone S. Human Leukocyte Antigen and Antigen Processing Machinery Component Defects in Astrocytic Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8304-11. [PMID: 16322289 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the frequency of abnormalities in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and antigen processing machinery (APM) component expression in malignant brain tumors. This information may contribute to our understanding of the immune escape mechanisms used by malignant brain tumors because HLA antigens mediate interactions of tumor cells with the host's immune system. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eighty-eight surgically removed malignant astrocytic tumors, classified according to the WHO criteria, were stained in immunoperoxidase reactions with monoclonal antibody recognizing monomorphic, locus-specific, and allospecific determinants of HLA class I antigens, beta2-microglobulin, APM components (LMP2, LMP7, TAP1, TAP2, calnexin, calreticulin, and tapasin), and HLA class II antigens. RESULTS HLA class I antigens were lost in approximately 50% of the 47 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) lesions and in approximately 20% of the 18 grade 2 astrocytoma lesions stained. Selective HLA-A2 antigen loss was observed in approximately 80% of the 24 GBM lesions and in approximately 50% of the 12 grade 2 astrocytoma lesions stained. HLA class I antigen loss was significantly (P < 0.025) correlated with tumor grade. Among the APM components investigated, tapasin expression was down-regulated in approximately 20% of the GBM lesions analyzed; it was associated, although not significantly, with HLA class I antigen down-regulation and tumor grade. HLA class II antigen expression was detected in approximately 30% of the 44 lesions analyzed. CONCLUSION The presence of HLA antigen defects in malignant brain tumors may provide an explanation for the relatively poor clinical response rates observed in the majority of the T cell-based immunotherapy clinical trials conducted to date in patients with malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Facoetti
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia and Center of Study for Histochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
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