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Liu YL, Weigelt B. A tale of two pathways: Review of immune checkpoint inhibitors in DNA mismatch repair-deficient and microsatellite instability-high endometrial cancers. Cancer 2024; 130:1733-1746. [PMID: 38422006 PMCID: PMC11058027 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway is critical for correcting DNA mismatches generated during DNA replication. MMR-deficiency (MMR-D) leads to microsatellite instability (MSI) associated with an increased mutation rate, driving cancer development. This is particularly relevant in endometrial cancer (EC) as 25%-30% of tumors are of MMR-D/MSI-high (MSI-H) phenotype. Comprehensive assessment using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and sequencing-based techniques are necessary to fully evaluate ECs given the importance of molecular subtyping in staging and prognosis. This also influences treatment selection as clinical trials have demonstrated survival benefits for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) alone and in combination with chemotherapy for MMR-D/MSI-H EC patients in various treatment settings. As a portion of MMR-D/MSI-H ECs are driven by Lynch syndrome, an inherited cancer predisposition syndrome that is also associated with colorectal cancer, this molecular subtype also prompts germline assessment that can affect at-risk family members. Additionally, heterogeneity in the tumor immune microenvironment and tumor mutation burden (TMB) have been described by MMR mechanism, meaning MLH1 promoter hypermethylation versus germline/somatic MMR gene mutation, and this may affect response to ICI therapies. Variations by ancestry in prevalence and mechanism of MMR-D/MSI-H tumors have also been reported and may influence health disparities given observed differences in tumors of Black compared to White patients which may affect ICI eligibility. These observations highlight the need for additional prospective studies to evaluate the nuances regarding MMR-D heterogeneity as well as markers of resistance to inform future trials of combination therapies to further improve outcomes for patients with EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying L Liu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Li B, Xu X, Zheng L, Jiang X, Lin J, Zhang G. MiR-590-5p promotes cisplatin resistance via targeting hMSH2 in ovarian cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6819-6827. [PMID: 37392283 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms of ovarian cancer generate chemotherapy resistance are still unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of microRNA (miR)-590-5p in regulating hMSH2 expression and cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. METHODS MiR-590-5p was identified as a regulator of hMSH2 with miRDB database and Target Scan database. Then cisplatin sensitive cell line (SKOV3) and resistant cell line (SKOV3-DDP) of ovarian cancer were cultured for cell functional assay and molecular biology assay. The expression levels of MiR-590-5p and hMSH2 were compared between the two cell lines. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the targeted regulatory relationship between miR-590-5p and hMSH2. CCK-8 assay and cell apoptosis assay were utilized to assess the role of MiR-590-5p and hMSH2 in cell viability under cisplatin. RESULTS The expression of hMSH2 was significantly decreased, and miR-590-5p was significantly up-regulated in SKOV3-DDP. Up-regulation of hMSH2 weakened the viability of SKOV3 and SKOV3-DDP cell under cisplatin. Transfection with miR‑590-5p mimics reduced the expression of hMSH2 and enhanced the viability of ovarian cancer cells under cisplatin, whereas inhibition of miR‑590-5p increased the expression of hMSH2, and decreased ovarian cancer cells' viability under cisplatin. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay showed that hMSH2 was a direct target of miR-590-5p. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that miR‑590-5p promotes cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer via negatively regulating hMSH2 expression. Inhibition of miR‑590-5p decreases ovarian cancer cells' viability under cisplatin. Thus miR‑590-5p and hMSH2 may serve as therapeutic targets for cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian province, China
| | - Xuejie Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian province, China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian province, China
| | - Xiaojie Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian province, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian province, China.
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3
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Roy S, Chakraborty N, Maiti B, Muniyappa K, Bhattacharya S. Design and Synthesis of Xanthone Analogues Conjugated with Aza-aromatic Substituents as Promising G-Quadruplex Stabilizing Ligands and their Selective Cancer Cell Cytotoxic Action. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200609. [PMID: 36455103 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the stabilization of higher-order noncanonical G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures formed by the G-rich sequences in the promoter region of oncogenes such as c-MYC, c-KIT, VEGF and BCl2 by newly synthesized, novel nitrogen-containing aromatics conjugated to xanthone moiety. Compounds with N-heterocyclic substituents such as pyridine (XNiso), benzimidazole (XBIm), quinoxaline (XQX) and fluorophore dansyl (XDan) showed greater effectiveness in stabilizing the G4 DNA as well as selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells (mainly A549) over normal cells both in terms of UV-Vis spectral titrations and cytotoxicity assay. Both fluorescence spectral titrimetric measurements and circular dichroism (CD) melting experiments further substantiated the G4 stabilization phenomenon by these small-molecular ligands. In addition, these compounds could induce the formation of parallel G4 structures in the absence of any added salt condition in Tris⋅HCl buffer at 25 °C. In a polymerase stop assay, the formation of stable G4 structures in the promoter of oncogenes and halting of DNA synthesis in the presence of the above-mentioned compounds was demonstrated by using oncogene promoter as the DNA synthesis template. Apoptosis-mediated cell death of the cancer cells was proved by Annexin V-PI dual staining assay and cell-cycle arrest occurred in the S phase of the cell cycles. The plausible mode of binding involves the stacking of the xanthone core on the G4 DNA plane with the possibility of interaction with the 5'-overhang as indicated by molecular dynamics simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Roy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Nirmal Chakraborty
- School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Bappa Maiti
- School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Kalappa Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
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4
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Ran X, Jing H, Li Z. The clinical features and management of Lynch syndrome-associated ovarian cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:1538-1545. [PMID: 35478369 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Lynch syndrome (LS) is one of the most common hereditary cancer syndromes, characterized by mutations in mismatch repair genes and autosomal dominant inheritance. Women with LS have an additional increased risk of gynecologic malignancies, including endometrial cancer (EC) and ovarian cancer (OC). Compared with EC, OC is relatively under investigation. This review thoroughly summarizes the current clinical evidence of surveillance, screening, and prevention strategies, and describes the molecular and clinical characteristics of LS-associated OC. METHODS An electronic search from databases of PubMed and Google Scholar was carried out using key words pertaining to Lynch syndrome and ovarian cancer. A review of the literatures including review articles, experimental, and observational studies published between 2000 and 2021 was conducted. RESULTS The lifetime risk of OC in women with LS of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 mutations is approximately 7%, with the median age at onset being 46 years, 10-15 years earlier than that in sporadic cases. Histologically, LS-associated OCs are primarily endometrioid (40%), high-grade (25%), and low-grade (11%) serous, or clear cell (6%) in nature. Eighty-five percent of patients are diagnosed at an early stage, presenting with a good prognosis at 84% 5-year survival. Optimal screening strategies for OC in LS are controversial; combined screening of patients' clinical and family history, immunohistochemical analysis, and microsatellite instability testing for mismatch repair deficiency have been proven efficient. CONCLUSION The clinical features were different between ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome and sporadic cases. More research are needed for a greater understanding of the prevention and medical treatment of LS-associated OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuting Ran
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Huining Jing
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P.R. China
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5
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Landscape of Immunotherapy Options for Colorectal Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives beyond Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020229. [PMID: 35207516 PMCID: PMC8878674 DOI: 10.3390/life12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent malignancy in Western countries and a major cause of death despite recent improvements in screening programs and early detection methods. In the last decade, a growing effort has been put into better understanding how the immune system interacts with cancer cells. Even if treatments with immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CTLA4) were proven effective for several cancer types, the benefit for colorectal cancer patients is still limited. However, a subset of patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR)/microsatellite-instability-high (MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer has been observed to have a prolonged benefit to immune checkpoint inhibitors. As a result, pembrolizumab and nivolumab +/− ipilimumab recently obtained the Food and Drug Administration approval. This review aims to highlight the body of knowledge on immunotherapy in the colorectal cancer setting, discussing the potential mechanisms of resistance and future strategies to extend its use.
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6
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Nouri R, Hasani A, Shirazi KM, Aliand MR, Sepehri B, Sotoodeh S, Hemmati F, Rezaee MA. Escherichia coli and colorectal cancer: Unfolding the enigmatic relationship. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1257-1268. [PMID: 34514986 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210910094827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Specific strains of intestinal Escherichia coli (E. coli) may influence the initiation and development of CRC by exploiting virulence factors and inflammatory pathways. Mucosa-associated E. coli strains are more prevalent in CRC biopsies in comparison to healthy controls. Moreover, these strains can survive and replicate within macrophages and induce a pro-inflammatory response. Chronic exposure to inflammatory mediators can lead to increased cell proliferation and cancer. Production of colobactin toxin by the majority of mucosa-associated E. coli isolated from CRC patients is another notable finding. Colibactin-producing E. coli strains, in particular, induce double-strand DNA breaks, stop the cell cycle, involve in chromosomal rearrangements of mammalian cells and are implicated in carcinogenic effects in animal models. Moreover, some enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains are able to survive and replicate in colon cells as chronic intracellular pathogens and may promote susceptibility to CRC by downregulation of DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) proteins. In this review, we discuss current evidence and focus on the mechanisms by which E. coli can influence the development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogayeh Nouri
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Kourosh Masnadi Shirazi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aliand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Bita Sepehri
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Simin Sotoodeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hemmati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
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From Laboratory Studies to Clinical Trials: Temozolomide Use in IDH-Mutant Gliomas. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051225. [PMID: 34067729 PMCID: PMC8157002 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the use of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of IDH-mutant gliomas. We describe the challenges associated with TMZ in clinical (drug resistance and tumor recurrence) and preclinical settings (variabilities associated with in vitro models) in treating IDH-mutant glioma. Lastly, we summarize the emerging therapeutic targets that can potentially be used in combination with TMZ.
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8
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Mismatch Repair Proteins in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Observational Study. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 15:803-816. [PMID: 33501557 PMCID: PMC8384930 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cases of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma are on the rise and the disease now ranks as the most common human papillomavirus-related cancer. Although risk factors have been extensively discussed in the literature, the role of the DNA mismatch repair system remains unanswered. To evaluate the impact of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein immunostaining on the tumor progression and prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). This retrospective observational study comprised 50 cases of OPSCC. Immunohistochemistry for MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, MLH1, Ki67, p16 and caspase-3 was performed. The expression of these proteins was assessed in surgical resection margins, primary tumor (PT), and lymph node metastasis (LNM) of p16+ and p16- OPSCC. Clinical-pathological involvement in immunostaining was evaluated with Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn or Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon test and Spearman's correlation. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed with Log-Rank Mantel-Cox and Cox regression. MSH6 and caspase-3 showed high expression in PT (p16+ and p16 -) and in LNM (p16+ and p16-), and high levels of MSH2 were found in LNM (p16+ and p16 -). An imbalance in MutSα also was observed. PMS2 and caspase-3 expression was associated with poor survival in p16- OPSCC and, in multivariate analysis, MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1 had the poorest prognostic impact in p16+ OPSCC. MMR protein immunostaining is involved in OPSCC progression, dissemination and prognosis. The overexpression of MMR proteins as a response to increased DNA mismatch caused by cell proliferation and MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1 proteins might constitute a prognostic marker in p16+ OPSCC.
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9
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Jiang W, Sui QQ, Li WL, Ke CF, Ling YH, Liao LE, Zhu Z, Cai MY, Luo J, Mao LL, Zhang HZ, Wan DS, Pan ZZ, Ju HX, Ding PR. Low prevalence of mismatch repair deficiency in Chinese colorectal cancers: a multicenter study. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 8:399-403. [PMID: 33163196 PMCID: PMC7603866 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although universal testing for mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) has been recommended to all colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, related evidence for the Chinese population is lacking. Here, we investigated the prevalence and clinicopathological features of dMMR patients in a large Chinese CRC cohort. METHODS We included 7,373 CRC patients treated at four Chinese medical centers between August 2010 and September 2016. Patients' baseline characteristics and pathological features were recorded. The clinicopathological features were compared between patients with MLH1/PMS2 deficiency (dMLH1/PMS2) and MSH2/MSH6 deficiency (dMSH2/MSH6). RESULTS Among the investigated patients, 654 (8.9%) were identified with dMMR CRCs and, of them, 401 (61.3%) were males, with a median age of 55 years (range, 22-87 years); 355 (54.3%) had stage II CRC based on American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition. The prevalence of the dMLH1/PMS2 group and the dMSH2/MSH6 group were 51.5% (337/654) and 25.1% (164/654), respectively. Compared with dMSH2/MSH6 patients, those with dMLH1/PMS2 were older (57 vs 52 years, P < 0.001), more likely to be female (45.7% vs 31.5%, P = 0.004), prone to having tumors located in the right-hand side of the colon (59.0% vs 47.6%, P = 0.015), and less likely to have a family history of tumors (29.7% vs 43.3%, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of dMMR in Chinese CRC patients was low, especially in the dMLH1/PMS2 group. The clinicopathological features were different between dMMR subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Qi Sui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Liang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Feng Ke
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hong Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Le-En Liao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Mao
- Department of Clinical Genome Center, Guangzhou KingMed Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - De-Sen Wan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xing Ju
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Rong Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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10
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Fischer J, Walker LC, Robinson BA, Frizelle FA, Church JM, Eglinton TW. Clinical implications of the genetics of sporadic colorectal cancer. ANZ J Surg 2019; 89:1224-1229. [PMID: 30919552 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common and at least 80% of cases are sporadic, without any significant family history. Prognostication and treatment have been relatively empirical for what has become increasingly identified as a genetically heterogeneous disease. There are three main genetic pathways in sporadic CRC: the chromosomal instability pathway, the microsatellite instability pathway and the CpG island methylator phenotype pathway. There is significant overlap between these complex molecular pathways and this limits the clinical application of CRC genetics. Recent Australian and New Zealand guidelines recommend routine testing of mismatch repair (MMR) status for new cases of CRC and selective KRAS and BRAF testing on the basis of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. It is important that all clinicians treating CRC have an understanding of the importance of and basis for identifying key genetic features of CRC. It is likely that in the future better molecular characterization such as that allowed by the consensus molecular subtype classification will allow improved prognostication and targeted therapy in order to deliver more personalized treatment for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fischer
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Logan C Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bridget A Robinson
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Oncology Service, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Frank A Frizelle
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - James M Church
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tim W Eglinton
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
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11
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Abbas M, Faggian A, Sintali DN, Khan GJ, Naeem S, Shi M, Dingding C. Current and future biomarkers in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1688-1700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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12
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Al Attar L, Truong P. The Effect of Pembrolizumab in Absence of Programmed Death 1 Receptor. Cureus 2018; 10:e2896. [PMID: 30510858 PMCID: PMC6263492 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor therapy has evolved greatly since the discovery of immunotherapies. New therapies permit targeted approach with less side effects. Immunotherapies target specific components recognized on tumor cells, such as Programmed death-1 (PD-1). Overexpression of PD-1 markers in solid gastrointestinal tumors is a consequence of deficiency in DNA mismatch repair mechanism. Pembrolizumab is an example of immunotherapy targeting PD-1. Pembrolizumab binding of PD-1 helps the immune system recognize tumor cells and initiate destruction cascade. We present a case of a PD-1 negative appendiceal tumor responding to pembrolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layth Al Attar
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - Phu Truong
- Cancer Center of Kansas, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
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13
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Muir-Torre Syndrome: A Case Report in a Woman Without Personal Cancer History. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 41:55-59. [PMID: 29933315 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a 68-year-old white woman presenting with 5 sebaceous neoplasms, ranging from sebaceous adenoma to sebaceoma on histopathology. Despite the lack of a personal cancer history, her multiple sebaceous neoplasms and a paternal history of colon cancer prompted testing her sebaceous adenomas for microsatellite instability (MSI) by immunohistochemistry. The results showed retained nuclear expressions of MLH1 and PMS2 while MSH2 and MSH6 proteins were absent. The tumor infiltrating lymphocytes expressed both MSH2 and MSH6, providing reliable internal positive controls. Having a high probability for MSI, she was found to be heterozygous for a germline point mutation in MSH2 gene, where a pathologic variant, c.1165C > T (p.Arg389*), determined by sequencing confirmed Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS). On further genetic counseling recommendations, one of her 2 sons was found to have colon cancer in the context of his MTS. In this article, we highlight and review the implications of MSI testing by both immunohistochemistry and sequencing as they relate to confirming the diagnosis of a suspected case of MTS.
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14
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Zhao L. Mismatch repair protein expression in patients with stage II and III sporadic colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8053-8061. [PMID: 29849807 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) may be classified according to the level of microsatellite instability exhibited by the tumor. The malignant transformation of normal colonic mucosae to carcinomas may be accelerated by the loss or inactivation of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. The present study examined the expression of certain MMR proteins [namely, MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), MutS homolog 6 (MSH6) and PMS1 homolog 2 (PMS2)] in patients with stage II and III sporadic CRC. The association between the expression of these proteins, and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with CRC and their tumors, was investigated. MMR protein expression was examined using immunohistochemistry. MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 protein expression was detected in 78.4% (120/153), 75.2% (115/153), 44.4% (68/153) and 79.7% (122/153) of stage II and III sporadic CRCs, respectively. Additionally, the expression of MLH1 and MSH6 was revealed to be significantly higher in stage III tumors when compared with stage II tumors (P<0.05). MLH1 and MSH6 negative tumors were larger, poorly differentiated and exhibited extraserosal invasion with infrequent lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Patients with defects in MLH2 and PMS2 also had large tumors that exhibited extraserosal invasion and infrequent lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). No statistically significant associations were observed between MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2 protein expression and patient age, sex, tumor localization or angiolymphatic invasion status (P>0.05). From the present study, it was concluded that MMR protein expression status evaluation may increase the efficiency of MMR testing and be useful in improving the individualized approach to patient monitoring and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Civil Aviation Hospital, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
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15
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Yanokura M, Banno K, Kobayashi Y, Nomura H, Hayashi S, Tominaga E, Aoki D. Recent findings on epigenetic gene abnormalities involved in uterine cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:733-737. [PMID: 29181164 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective aberrant genetic effects that do not depend on abnormal DNA sequences are referred to as epigenetic abnormalities and are involved in carcinogenesis. In uterine cancer, various genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA repair, cell proliferation and cell adhesion are abnormally methylated, resulting in gene silencing. Reversal of such epigenetic abnormalities in cancer cells is a potential strategy for cancer therapy, and studies on epigenetic abnormalities and treatment methods in uterine cancer are in progress. These include the evaluation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, which is present in cancer tissues at lower levels compared with those in normal tissues, as a prognostic marker in cervical cancer; combination therapy with 5-azacytidine and cisplatin; combination treatment focusing on tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in cervical cancer; studies focusing on DNA mismatch repair in endometrial cancer; and use of a demethylating agent to reactivate tumor suppressor genes and inhibit tumor proliferation. Detection of epigenetic changes using biomarkers may be used for histological classification, evaluation of disease progression and identification of compounds that are able to modulate epigenetic changes and may be useful for uterine cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Yanokura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigenori Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tominaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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16
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Liu D, Frederiksen JH, Liberti SE, Lützen A, Keijzers G, Pena-Diaz J, Rasmussen LJ. Human DNA polymerase delta double-mutant D316A;E318A interferes with DNA mismatch repair in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:9427-9440. [PMID: 28934474 PMCID: PMC5766205 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a highly-conserved DNA repair mechanism, whose primary role is to remove DNA replication errors preventing them from manifesting as mutations, thereby increasing the overall genome stability. Defects in MMR are associated with increased cancer risk in humans and other organisms. Here, we characterize the interaction between MMR and a proofreading-deficient allele of the human replicative DNA polymerase delta, PolδD316A;E318A, which has a higher capacity for strand displacement DNA synthesis than wild type Polδ. Human cell lines overexpressing PolδD316A;E318A display a mild mutator phenotype, while nuclear extracts of these cells exhibit reduced MMR activity in vitro, and these defects are complemented by overexpression or addition of exogenous human Exonuclease 1 (EXO1). By contrast, another proofreading-deficient mutant, PolδD515V, which has a weaker strand displacement activity, does not decrease the MMR activity as significantly as PolδD316A;E318A. In addition, PolδD515V does not increase the mutation frequency in MMR-proficient cells. Based on our findings, we propose that the proofreading activity restricts the strand displacement activity of Polδ in MMR. This contributes to maintain the nicks required for EXO1 entry, and in this manner ensures the dominance of the EXO1-dependent MMR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekang Liu
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane H Frederiksen
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sascha E Liberti
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Lützen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Guido Keijzers
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Pena-Diaz
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Diagnostic, Predictive, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Molecular Biomarkers in Third Millennium: A Breakthrough in Gastric Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7869802. [PMID: 29094049 PMCID: PMC5637861 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7869802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer death. The clinical outcomes of the patients are still not encouraging with a low rate of 5 years' survival. Often the disease is diagnosed at advanced stages and this obviously negatively affects patients outcomes. A deep understanding of molecular basis of gastric cancer can lead to the identification of diagnostic, predictive, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers. Main Body This paper aims to give a global view on the molecular classification and mechanisms involved in the development of the tumour and on the biomarkers for gastric cancer. We discuss the role of E-cadherin, HER2, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), MET, human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), microsatellite instability (MSI), PD-L1, and TP53. We have also considered in this manuscript new emerging biomarkers as matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Conclusions Identifying and validating diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic biomarkers will have a huge impact on patients outcomes as they will allow early detection of tumours and also guide the choice of a targeted therapy based on specific molecular features of the cancer.
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18
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DNA mismatch repair and its many roles in eukaryotic cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:174-187. [PMID: 28927527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an important DNA repair pathway that plays critical roles in DNA replication fidelity, mutation avoidance and genome stability, all of which contribute significantly to the viability of cells and organisms. MMR is widely-used as a diagnostic biomarker for human cancers in the clinic, and as a biomarker of cancer susceptibility in animal model systems. Prokaryotic MMR is well-characterized at the molecular and mechanistic level; however, MMR is considerably more complex in eukaryotic cells than in prokaryotic cells, and in recent years, it has become evident that MMR plays novel roles in eukaryotic cells, several of which are not yet well-defined or understood. Many MMR-deficient human cancer cells lack mutations in known human MMR genes, which strongly suggests that essential eukaryotic MMR components/cofactors remain unidentified and uncharacterized. Furthermore, the mechanism by which the eukaryotic MMR machinery discriminates between the parental (template) and the daughter (nascent) DNA strand is incompletely understood and how cells choose between the EXO1-dependent and the EXO1-independent subpathways of MMR is not known. This review summarizes recent literature on eukaryotic MMR, with emphasis on the diverse cellular roles of eukaryotic MMR proteins, the mechanism of strand discrimination and cross-talk/interactions between and co-regulation of MMR and other DNA repair pathways in eukaryotic cells. The main conclusion of the review is that MMR proteins contribute to genome stability through their ability to recognize and promote an appropriate cellular response to aberrant DNA structures, especially when they arise during DNA replication. Although the molecular mechanism of MMR in the eukaryotic cell is still not completely understood, increased used of single-molecule analyses in the future may yield new insight into these unsolved questions.
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Panarese I, De Vita F, Ronchi A, Romano M, Alfano R, Di Martino N, Zito Marino F, Ferraraccio F, Franco R. Predictive biomarkers along gastric cancer pathogenetic pathways. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 17:417-425. [PMID: 28277834 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1301207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer all over the world. Unfortunately, several gastric cancers are diagnosed in an advanced stage and chemotherapy and/or target therapies remain the only options to treat patients. Areas covered: Herein we evaluate the new molecular proposal of gastric cancer classification, offering the possibility to recognize different pathogenetic mechanisms and molecular biomarkers potentially useful for target therapies. Expert commentary: The possibility of introducing new specific tests for identification of molecular biomarkers critical for targeted therapies response represents the new frontier in the selection of gastric cancer patients to improve their survival. Besides HER2, already used in clinical settings as a target biomarker for biological therapy in gastric cancer patients with tissue cancer cells overexpressing HER2, other promising target biomarkers which are deregulated in gastric cancer, such as MET and FGFR, could be identified in tissue and then used for therapeutic purposes. In addition immunotherapy represents the most promising possibility of advanced gastric cancer treatment. In particular, as in other solid tumors, PD-1/PDL1 pathway has emerged in several clinical trials as an interesting therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Panarese
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Ferdinando De Vita
- b Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine 'F. Magrassi' , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Marco Romano
- c Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Roberto Alfano
- d General Surgery Unit, Department of Anesthesiology , Surgery and Emergency, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Natale Di Martino
- e Department of Internal Medicine , Surgical, Neurological Metabolic Disease and Geriatric Medicine, Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Federica Zito Marino
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy.,f Pathology Unit, Istituto dei tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'
| | - Francesca Ferraraccio
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- a Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine , Università della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli,' , Naples , Italy
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20
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Grañé-Boladeras N, Pérez-Torras S, Lozano JJ, Romero MR, Mazo A, Marín JJ, Pastor-Anglada M. Pharmacogenomic analyzis of the responsiveness of gastrointestinal tumor cell lines to drug therapy: A transportome approach. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:364-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Hu MH, Liu SY, Wang N, Wu Y, Jin F. Impact of DNA mismatch repair system alterations on human fertility and related treatments. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:10-20. [PMID: 26739522 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is one of the biological pathways, which plays a critical role in DNA homeostasis, primarily by repairing base-pair mismatches and insertion/deletion loops that occur during DNA replication. MMR also takes part in other metabolic pathways and regulates cell cycle arrest. Defects in MMR are associated with genomic instability, predisposition to certain types of cancers and resistance to certain therapeutic drugs. Moreover, genetic and epigenetic alterations in the MMR system demonstrate a significant relationship with human fertility and related treatments, which helps us to understand the etiology and susceptibility of human infertility. Alterations in the MMR system may also influence the health of offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technology in humans. However, further studies are needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which the MMR system may affect human infertility. This review addresses the physiological mechanisms of the MMR system and associations between alterations of the MMR system and human fertility and related treatments, and potential effects on the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang), Ministry of Education, and Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shu-yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang), Ministry of Education, and Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang), Ministry of Education, and Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang), Ministry of Education, and Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang), Ministry of Education, and Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
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22
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Germini D, Gehrke F, Lira D, Alves B, Azzalis L, Perez M, Fonseca F, Waisberg J. HMSH2 and HMSH6 gene expression profiles in colorectal adenocarcinoma in patients up to 50 years of age. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:602-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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23
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Abstract
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome and Lynch syndrome (LS) are associated with increased risk of developing ovarian carcinoma. Patients with HBOC have a lifetime risk of up to 50% of developing high-grade serous carcinoma of tube or ovary; patients with LS have a 10% lifetime risk of developing endometrioid or clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Testing all patients with tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma for mutations associated with HBOC syndrome, and all patients presenting with endometrioid or clear cell carcinoma of the ovary for mutations associated with LS can identify patients with undiagnosed underlying hereditary cancer susceptibility syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin B Nakonechny
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Room 1200, 1st Floor JPPN, 855 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Room 1200, 1st Floor JPPN, 855 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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24
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Wagner VP, Webber LP, Salvadori G, Meurer L, Fonseca FP, Castilho RM, Squarize CH, Vargas PA, Martins MD. Overexpression of MutSα Complex Proteins Predicts Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3725. [PMID: 27258499 PMCID: PMC4900707 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is responsible for the detection and correction of errors created during DNA replication, thereby avoiding the incorporation of mutations in dividing cells. The prognostic value of alterations in MMR system has not previously been analyzed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).The study comprised 115 cases of OSCC diagnosed between 1996 and 2010. The specimens collected were constructed into tissue microarray blocks. Immunohistochemical staining for MutSα complex proteins hMSH2 and hMSH6 was performed. The slides were subsequently scanned into high-resolution images, and nuclear staining of hMSH2 and hMSH6 was analyzed using the Nuclear V9 algorithm. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of hMSH2 and hMSH6 in OSCC.All cases in the present cohort were positive for hMSH2 and hMSH6 and a direct correlation was found between the expression of the proteins (P < 0.05). The mean number of positive cells for hMSH2 and hMSH6 was 64.44 ± 15.21 and 31.46 ± 22.38, respectively. These values were used as cutoff points to determine high protein expression. Cases with high expression of both proteins simultaneously were classified as having high MutSα complex expression. In the multivariable analysis, high expression of the MutSα complex was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival (hazard ratio: 2.75, P = 0.02).This study provides a first insight of the prognostic value of alterations in MMR system in OSCC. We found that MutSα complex may constitute a molecular marker for the poor prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Petersen Wagner
- From the Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (VPW, LPW, MDM); Experimental Pathology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (VPW, LPW, LM, MDM); Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway (GS); Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil (FPF, PAV); and Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI (RMC, CHS)
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25
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Clinicopathologic analysis with immunohistochemistry for DNA mismatch repair protein expression in synchronous primary endometrial and ovarian cancers. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25:440-6. [PMID: 25695547 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synchronous primary endometrial and ovarian cancers have been an important topic in clinical medicine because it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether there are 2 primary tumors or a single primary tumor and an associated metastasis. In addition, although these tumors are recommended for either immunohistochemistry for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins or a microsatellite instability test in the Bethesda guidelines as Lynch syndrome-associated cancers, few studies have completed these analyses. In this study, we characterized the clinicopathologic features and the expression pattern of MMR proteins in synchronous primary endometrial and ovarian cancers. METHODS Clinicopathologic features and the expression pattern of MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6) were characterized and analyzed in 32 synchronous primary endometrial and ovarian cancers. RESULTS Most synchronous cancers are endometrioid type (endometrioid/endometrioid) (n = 24, 75%), grade 1 (n = 19, 59.4%), and diagnosed as stage I (n = 15, 46.9%) in both endometrium and ovary. It is worth mentioning that 75% of the patients (n = 24) had endometriosis, which was more common (n = 21, 87.5%) in endometrioid/endometrioid cancers, whereas only 3 cases (37.5%) were of different histology (P = 0.018). Loss of expression of at least 1 MMR protein was observed in 17 (53.1%) of the endometrial tumors and in 10 (31.3%) of ovarian tumors. Only 4 cases (12.5%) that had specific MMR protein loss showed the same type of loss for both endometrial and ovarian tumors, in which 3 of the cases were losses in MLH1. One case showed concordant MSH6 protein loss, although the cases did not meet the Amsterdam criteria II. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that most synchronous primary endometrial ovarian cancers are not hereditary cancers caused by germ line mutations but rather sporadic cancers.
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26
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Zhang S, Huo X, Li Z, Li X, Tang W, Li C, Guo M, Du X, Chen Z. Microsatellite instability detected in tumor-related genes in C57BL/6J mice with thymic lymphoma induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Mutat Res 2015; 782:7-16. [PMID: 26498208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been observed within tumors and found to be closely associated with the degree of malignancy and prognosis in tumors. However, whether MSI in tumor-related genes can be induced by a chemical and whether a connection exists between MSI and tumors remain unclear. In the present study, we detected MSI in the tissues of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treated mice by targeting to 5, 29, 30 microsatellite loci in 3 mismatch repair (MMR) genes, 1 DNA repair gene, and 5 tumor suppressor (TS) genes, respectively. Among 26 mice survived in the MNU-group, 18 (69%) mice presented thymic lymphomas. Moreover, 61% (11/18) of the tumors metastasized to the other organs, including the liver, spleen, and kidney. We examined 104 tissues from MNU-treated mice using the 64 loci, and found 8 MSI events involved 4 loci in 4 tissues types. The MSI incidence in MMR, DNA repair, and TS genes was 67% (2/3), 0% (0/1) and 40% (2/5), respectively. MSI occurrence in tumor and non-tumor tissues was 5.6% (1/18) and 0% (0/8) and that in metastasis and non-metastasis tissues was 7.1% (1/14) and 9.4% (6/64), showing no significant difference. MSI loci in intronic regions of Atm, Msh6 and p21 and MSI in the 3'UTR of Pms2 were detected in MNU-treated mice. Specifically, we found a loss of heterozygosity in intron of Atm (ATM-8) in one metastasis mouse. Four similar events occurred in p21 gene intron (P21-1) of another non-metastasis mouse. Another MSI was a heterozygous mutation existed in an Msh6 allele (MSH6-2) in metastasis mouse. We also found a homozygous 2-bp insertion in the 3'UTR of Pms2 in two non-metastasis mice. These results imply that MNU can induce MSI in MMR and TS genes in C57BL/6J mice. MSI frequency does not seem to be associated with tumorigenesis or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wang Tang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changlong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
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27
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Du X, Lan T, Yuan B, Chen J, Hu J, Ren W, Chen Z. Cadmium-induced microsatellite instability in the kidneys and leukocytes of C57BL/6J mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:683-692. [PMID: 24391048 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a cytotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic industrial product or byproduct. The correlation between metal exposure and microsatellite instability (MSI) has been reported by several groups. In the present study, 50 C57BL/6J mice at 6 weeks of age were divided into five groups and intraperitoneally injected with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg cadmium chloride quaque die alterna for 4 weeks. Then, the liver, kidney, testis, leukocytes, bone marrow, and small intestine were collected from the treated mice and weighed. Portions of these tissues were fixed for further histological analysis, and the remaining tissues were subjected to genomic DNA extraction for the analysis of a panel of 42 microsatellite markers. The liver and testis weight coefficients were significantly changed in the 1 and 2 mg/kg cadmium chloride-treated groups compared with the control group. Simultaneously, severe histopathologic changes in the liver and kidneys, along with a complete disorganization of testicular structure and obvious severe necrosis in the testes were observed in the cadmium-treated group. The cadmium accumulated in the liver and kidneys of the mice in all cadmium-treated groups; the tissue cadmium concentrations were significantly higher than those in the control group. After STR scanning, MSI was found at three loci (D15Mit5, D10Mit266, and DxMit172) in the kidneys and leukocytes of mice in the lower dose groups (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg). In summary, we have successfully established a sub-chronic cadmium exposure model and confirmed that cadmium exposure can induce MSI in mice. We also identified two loci that could be regarded as "hotspots" of microsatellite mutation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tianfeng Lan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
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Inada R, Sekine S, Taniguchi H, Tsuda H, Katai H, Fujiwara T, Kushima R. ARID1A expression in gastric adenocarcinoma: Clinicopathological significance and correlation with DNA mismatch repair status. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2159-2168. [PMID: 25717252 PMCID: PMC4326154 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the mismatch repair (MMR) status and the ARID1A expression as well as their clinicopathological significance in gastric adenocarcinomas.
METHODS: We examined the expressions of MMR proteins and ARID1A by immunohistochemistry in consecutive 489 primary gastric adenocarcinomas. The results were further correlated with clinicopathological variables.
RESULTS: The loss of any MMR protein expression, indicative of MMR deficiency, was observed in 38 cases (7.8%) and was significantly associated with an older age (68.6 ± 9.2 vs 60.4 ± 11.7, P < 0.001), a female sex (55.3% vs 31.3%, P = 0.004), an antral location (44.7% vs 25.7%, P = 0.021), and a differentiated histology (57.9% vs 39.7%, P = 0.023). Abnormal ARID1A expression, including reduced or loss of ARID1A expression, was observed in 109 cases (22.3%) and was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion (80.7% vs 69.5%, P = 0.022) and lymph node metastasis (83.5% vs 73.7%, P = 0.042). The tumors with abnormal ARID1A expression more frequently indicated MMR deficiency (47.4% vs 20.2%, P < 0.001). A multivariate analysis identified abnormal ARID1A expression as an independent poor prognostic factor (HR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.01-1.84; P = 0.040).
CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest that the AIRD1A inactivation is associated with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, poor prognosis, and MMR deficiency in gastric adenocarcinomas.
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FHIT, EGFR, and MSH2: possible etiopathologic, prognostic, and predictive role in non-small cell lung carcinoma in Egyptian patients. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2014; 22:275-83. [PMID: 24185125 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3182988fa5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence and mortality of lung carcinoma in Egypt necessitates studying the factors that may be implicated in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) pathogenesis and could affect patient management. The aim was to study FHIT, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and MSH2 protein expression in Egyptian patients with NSCLC. Immunohistochemical staining for FHIT, EGFR, and MSH2 was performed on 64 specimens from NSCLC patients and correlated with prognostic parameters, response to therapy, and overall survival. FHIT loss was observed in 64% of NSCLC patients and was significantly associated with SCC (P=0.003) and poor tumor grade (P=0.043). EGFR overexpression was observed in 47% of NSCLC patients and was significantly associated with SCC (P=0.002). MSH2 was reduced in 23.4% of NSCLC patients and was significantly associated with adenocarcinoma (P=0.024). In a univariate analysis, a significant relationship was seen between the poor overall survival in NSCLC patients and high T-stage (P=0.029), presence of metastasis (P=0.014), advanced-stage grouping (P=0.004), and FHIT loss (P=0.033). Further, FHIT loss was significantly related to disease progression in patients treated with chemotherapy (P=0.038). We conclude that all 3 markers play a role in the development of NSCLC in Egyptian patients. We suggest that FHIT loss be used as a predictor for progression in chemotherapy-treated NSCLC patients.
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Huo X, Zhang S, Li Z, Gao J, Wang C, Li C, Guo M, Du X, Chen Z. Analysis of the relationship between microsatellite instability and thymic lymphoma induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in C57BL/6J mice. Mutat Res 2014; 771:21-8. [PMID: 25771976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been found to be closely associated with many types of human tumors and often shows strong correlations with specific tumor features. However, the relationship between MSI and tumors are still unclear. The aim of the present study is to explore the relationships between MSI, tumor formation under the mutagenic effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Mice were administered with either MNU (90 mg/kg) or PBS and DMSO (control) at the beginning of the 1st week of the experiment. Of the 31 mice that survived the entire experimental time course, 19 (61.3%) mice developed thymic lymphomas. In addition, 52.6% (10/19) of the tumors had metastasized to the liver. We detected MSI in MNU-treated mice using a panel of 42 mutation-sensitive loci. Nineteen loci (45.2%) in six organs showed 70 MSI events. Locus D8Mit14 showed enhanced MSI compared with the other examined loci. MSI frequency in thymus was higher than in other organs. Interestingly, there was no significant difference observed between the metastatic and non-metastatic livers. The MSI frequency (4.6%, 23/(42×12)) in the MNU-treated thymus that had never developed tumor was significantly higher than this in the thymus that had developed lymphoma (0.5%, 4/(42×19)) (p<0.0001). These results indicate that, although thymic tumorigenesis is associated with MSI, it occurs with higher frequency in these that have not developed tumors upon the MNU-treatment. Our study provides additional insights into the relationship between MSI occurrence and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Huo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Desai A, Gerson S. Exo1 independent DNA mismatch repair involves multiple compensatory nucleases. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 21:55-64. [PMID: 25037770 PMCID: PMC5944346 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is essential for maintaining the fidelity of DNA replication and genetic stability. In hematopoiesis, loss of MMR results in methylating agent resistance and a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) repopulation defect. Additionally MMR failure is associated with a variety of human malignancies, notably Lynch syndrome. We focus on the 5'→3' exonuclease Exo1, the primary enzyme excising the nicked strand during MMR, preceding polymerase synthesis. We found that nuclease dead Exo1 mutant cells are sensitive to the O6-methylguanine alkylating agent temozolomide when given with the MGMT inactivator, O6benzylguanine (BG). Additionally we used an MMR reporter plasmid to verify that Exo1(mut) MEFs were able to repair G:T base mismatches in vitro. We showed that unlike other MMR deficient mouse models, Exo1(mut) mouse HSC did not gain a competitive survival advantage post temozolomide/BG treatment in vivo. To determine potential nucleases implicated in MMR in the absence of Exo1 nuclease activity, but in the presence of the inactive protein, we performed gene expression analyses of several mammalian nucleases in WT and Exo1(mut) MEFs before and after temozolomide treatment and identified upregulation of Artemis, Fan1, and Mre11. Partial shRNA mediated silencing of each of these in Exo1(mut) cells resulted in decreased MMR capacity and increased resistance to temozolomide/BG. We propose that nuclease function is required for fully functional MMR, but a portfolio of nucleases is able to compensate for loss of Exo1 nuclease activity to maintain proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University, United States; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Stanton Gerson
- Department of Pharmacology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University, United States; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University, United States.
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Nakamura K, Banno K, Yanokura M, Iida M, Adachi M, Masuda K, Ueki A, Kobayashi Y, Nomura H, Hirasawa A, Tominaga E, Aoki D. Features of ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:909-916. [PMID: 25279173 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is a hereditary ovarian cancer with a prevalence of 0.9-2.7%. Lynch syndrome accounts for 10-15% of hereditary ovarian cancers, while hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome accounts for 65-75% of these cancers. The lifetime risk for ovarian cancer in families with Lynch syndrome is ~8%, which is lower than colorectal and endometrial cancers, and ovarian cancer is not listed in the Amsterdam Criteria II. More than half of sporadic ovarian cancers are diagnosed in stage III or IV, but ≥80% of ovarian cancers in Lynch syndrome are diagnosed in stage I or II. Ovarian cancers in Lynch syndrome mostly have non-serous histology and different properties from those of sporadic ovarian cancers. A screening method for ovarian cancers in Lynch syndrome has yet to be established and clinical studies of prophylactic administration of oral contraceptives are not available. However, molecular profiles at the genetic level indicate that ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome has a more favorable prognosis than sporadic ovarian cancer. Inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway and anti-epidermal growth factor antibodies may have efficacy for the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focusing on ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Megumi Yanokura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Iida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masataka Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenta Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Arisa Ueki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tominaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Panczyk M. Pharmacogenetics research on chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer over the last 20 years. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9775-827. [PMID: 25110414 PMCID: PMC4123365 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades the first sequencing of the human genome was performed showing its high degree of inter-individual differentiation, as a result of large international research projects (Human Genome Project, the 1000 Genomes Project International HapMap Project, and Programs for Genomic Applications NHLBI-PGA). This period was also a time of intensive development of molecular biology techniques and enormous knowledge growth in the biology of cancer. For clinical use in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), in addition to fluoropyrimidines, another two new cytostatic drugs were allowed: irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Intensive research into new treatment regimens and a new generation of drugs used in targeted therapy has also been conducted. The last 20 years was a time of numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on the molecular basis of drug resistance. One of the most important factors limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy is the primary and secondary resistance of cancer cells. Understanding the genetic factors and mechanisms that contribute to the lack of or low sensitivity of tumour tissue to cytostatics is a key element in the currently developing trend of personalized medicine. Scientists hope to increase the percentage of positive treatment response in CRC patients due to practical applications of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics. Over the past 20 years the clinical usability of different predictive markers has been tested among which only a few have been confirmed to have high application potential. This review is a synthetic presentation of drug resistance in the context of CRC patient chemotherapy. The multifactorial nature and volume of the issues involved do not allow the author to present a comprehensive study on this subject in one review.
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Replicative Stress and the FHIT Gene: Roles in Tumor Suppression, Genome Stability and Prevention of Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1208-19. [PMID: 24901304 PMCID: PMC4074825 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6021208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragile FHIT gene, encompassing the chromosomal fragile site FRA3B, is an early target of DNA damage in precancerous cells. While vulnerable to DNA damage itself, FHIT protein expression is essential to protect from DNA damage-induced cancer initiation and progression by modulating genome stability, oxidative stress and levels of accumulating DNA damage. Thus, FHIT, whose expression is lost or reduced in many human cancers, is a tumor suppressor and genome caretaker whose loss initiates genome instability in preneoplastic lesions. Ongoing studies are seeking more detailed understanding of the role of FHIT in the cellular response to oxidative damage. This review discusses the relationship between FHIT, reactive oxygen species production, and DNA damage in the context of cancer initiation and progression.
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Pereira CS, Oliveira MVMD, Barros LO, Bandeira GA, Santos SHS, Basile JR, Guimarães ALS, De Paula AMB. Low expression of MSH2 DNA repair protein is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 21:416-21. [PMID: 24212987 PMCID: PMC3881843 DOI: 10.1590/1679-775720130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of the MSH2 DNA repair protein in
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to analyze its association
with clinicopathologic factors and overall survival of patients. Material and Methods Clinical data and primary lesions of HNSSC were collected from 55 patients who
underwent surgical resection with postoperative radiotherapy in Montes Claros,
state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2000 and 2008. Immunohistochemical
reactions were performed to analyze MSH2 protein expression. Results Bivariate analysis showed no significant correlation or association between MSH2
expression and clinicopathologic parameters by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis
tests. Patients with locoregional metastatic disease (OR=4.949, p<0.001) and
lower MSH2 immunohistochemical expressions (OR=2.943, p=0.032) presented poorer
survival for HNSCC by Cox regression models. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that lower MSH2 expression might contribute to a higher
clinic aggressiveness of HNSCC by promoting an unfavorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Santos Pereira
- Nucleus of Epidemiological and Molecular Research Catrumano, Health Research Laboratory, Health Science Post-Graduate Programme, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes ClarosMG, Brazil
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Martín-López JV, Fishel R. The mechanism of mismatch repair and the functional analysis of mismatch repair defects in Lynch syndrome. Fam Cancer 2014; 12:159-68. [PMID: 23572416 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-013-9635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of Lynch syndrome (LS), also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), has been linked to heterozygous defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). MMR is a highly conserved pathway that recognizes and repairs polymerase misincorporation errors and nucleotide damage as well as functioning as a damage sensor that signals apoptosis. Loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) that retains the mutant MMR allele and epigenetic silencing of MMR genes are associated with an increased mutation rate that drives carcinogenesis as well as microsatellite instability that is a hallmark of LS/HNPCC. Understanding the biophysical functions of the MMR components is crucial to elucidating the role of MMR in human tumorigenesis and determining the pathogenetic consequences of patients that present in the clinic with an uncharacterized variant of the MMR genes. We summarize the historical association between LS/HNPCC and MMR, discuss the mechanism of the MMR and finally examine the functional analysis of MMR defects found in LS/HNPCC patients and their relationship with the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana V Martín-López
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Sarmento DJDS, de Almeida WL, Miguel MCDC, Queiroz LMG, Godoy GP, da Cruz MCFN, da Silveira EJD. Immunohistochemical analysis of mismatch proteins in carcinogenesis of the lower lip. Histopathology 2013; 63:371-7. [PMID: 23865379 DOI: 10.1111/his.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins in lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and actinic cheilitis (AC), to contribute to the understanding of the development of lower lip cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty cases of lower lip AC and SCC were studied. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was undertaken by counting 1000 cells (positive and negative) in each lesion. Statistical evaluation included Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA. For SCC and AC, the mean number of hMLH1- and hMSH2-positive cells decreased with advanced stage of the lesion. The largest mean number of immunostained cells was observed in AC cases without dysplasia or with mild dysplasia (hMLH1: 721.23 ± 88.116; hMHS2: 781.50 ± 156.93). Intermediate values were obtained for AC with moderate or severe dysplasia (hMLH1: 532.86 ± 197.72; hMHS2: 611.14 ± 172.48). Lower lip SSCs presented the smallest number of positive cells (hMLH1: 255.03 ± 199.47; hMHS2: 518.38 ± 265.68). A statistically significant difference was observed between groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that changes in the immunoexpression of these mismatch proteins are related to the process of carcinogenesis of the lower lip.
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Shams I, Malik A, Manov I, Joel A, Band M, Avivi A. Transcription pattern of p53-targeted DNA repair genes in the hypoxia-tolerant subterranean mole rat Spalax. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:1111-8. [PMID: 23318952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene p53 induces growth arrest and/or apoptosis in response to DNA damage/hypoxia. Inactivation of p53 confers a selective advantage to tumor cells under a hypoxic microenvironment during tumor progression. The subterranean blind mole rat, Spalax, spends its life underground at low-oxygen tensions, hence developing a wide range of respiratory/molecular adaptations to hypoxic stress, including critical changes in p53 structure and signaling pathway. The highly conserved p53 Arg(R)-172 is substituted by lysine (K) in Spalax, identical with a tumor-associated mutation. Functionality assays revealed that Spalax p53 is unable to activate apoptotic target genes but is still capable of activating cell cycle arrest genes. Furthermore, we have shown that the transcription patterns of representative p53-induced genes (Apaf1 and Mdm2) in Spalax are influenced by hypoxia. Cell cycle arrest allows the cells to repair DNA damage via different DNA repair genes. We tested the transcription pattern of three p53-related DNA repair genes (p53R2, Mlh1, and Msh2) under normoxia and short-acute hypoxia in Spalax, C57BL/6 wild-type mice, and two strains of mutant C57BL/6 mice, each carrying a different mutation at the R172 position. Our results show that while wild-type/mutant mice exhibit strong hypoxia-induced reductions of repair gene transcript levels, no such inhibition is found in Spalax under hypoxia. Moreover, unlike mouse p53R2, Spalax p53R2 transcript levels are strongly elevated under hypoxia. These results suggest that critical repair functions, which are known to be inhibited under hypoxia in mice, remain active in Spalax, as part of its unique hypoxia tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Shams
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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Jin B, Robertson KD. DNA methyltransferases, DNA damage repair, and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 754:3-29. [PMID: 22956494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9967-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and the de novo methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B are all essential for mammalian development. DNA methylation, catalyzed by the DNMTs, plays an important role in maintaining genome stability. Aberrant expression of DNMTs and disruption of DNA methylation patterns are closely associated with many forms of cancer, although the exact mechanisms underlying this link remain elusive. DNA damage repair systems have evolved to act as a genome-wide surveillance mechanism to maintain chromosome integrity by recognizing and repairing both exogenous and endogenous DNA insults. Impairment of these systems gives rise to mutations and directly contributes to tumorigenesis. Evidence is mounting for a direct link between DNMTs, DNA methylation, and DNA damage repair systems, which provide new insight into the development of cancer. Like tumor suppressor genes, an array of DNA repair genes frequently sustain promoter hypermethylation in a variety of tumors. In addition, DNMT1, but not the DNMT3s, appear to function coordinately with DNA damage repair pathways to protect cells from sustaining mutagenic events, which is very likely through a DNA methylation-independent mechanism. This chapter is focused on reviewing the links between DNA methylation and the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilian Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, CN-2151, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Zhong Z, Dong Z, Yang L, Gong Z. miR-21 induces cell cycle at S phase and modulates cell proliferation by down-regulating hMSH2 in lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1781-8. [PMID: 22806311 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNAs regulate critical genes associated with lung cancer. Human mutS homolog 2 (hMSH2), one of the core mismatch repair genes, is affected in lung cancer development. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of miR-21 in hMSH2 gene expression and the effect of miR-21 on cell proliferation and cell cycle in lung cancer. METHODS The targets of miR-21 were predicted by a bioinformatics tool, and hMSH2 was validated as a direct target of miR-21 by luciferase activity assay. MiRNA mimics or inhibitors were used to stimulate or attenuate the effect of endogenous miR-21 on hMSH2 expression. MiR-21 and hMSH2 expressions were assessed with real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry, and cell growth was analyzed by MTT assay and real-time cell analysis system. RESULTS MiR-21 expression was inversely correlated with hMSH2 expression in human lung cancer cell lines. Further validation showed hMSH2 was directly regulated by miR-21. The up-regulation of miR-21 significantly promoted cell proliferation and revealed a higher proportion of cells at S phase. However, knockdown of miR-21 expression resulted in cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and inhibited cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest miR-21 is a key regulator of hMSH2 and modulates cell cycle and proliferation by targeting hMSH2 in human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
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41
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Haering CH, Jessberger R. Cohesin in determining chromosome architecture. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1386-93. [PMID: 22472347 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cells use ring-like structured protein complexes for various tasks in DNA dynamics. The tripartite cohesin ring is particularly suited to determine chromosome architecture, for it is large and dynamic, may acquire different forms, and is involved in several distinct nuclear processes. This review focuses on cohesin's role in structuring chromosomes during mitotic and meiotic cell divisions and during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Haering
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Plaschke J, Preußler M, Ziegler A, Schackert HK. Aberrant protein expression and frequent allelic loss of MSH3 in colorectal cancer with low-level microsatellite instability. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:911-9. [PMID: 22249440 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High level of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is caused by the inactivation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes; however, it is unknown for tumors with low level MSI (MSI-L). The protein complex involving MSH3 preferentially recognizes insertion/deletion loops (IDLs) of two to eight bases and di- and tetranucleotide repeats are affected in the majority of MSI-L CRC. METHODS We selected 10 and eight MSI-L CRCs from 228 and 204 patients with sporadic and hereditary disease, respectively. The tumors were analyzed for protein expression of MSH3, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2, and for mutations and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in MSH3. RESULTS Four tumors showed a markedly reduced MSH3 expression, whereas all 18 tumors had normal expression of the remaining MMR proteins. Twenty-five different sequence variants were identified. None of these results in a truncated protein, though L902W represents the first constitutional missense mutation in MSH3 predicted to be functional based on conservation among mutS homologues. All variants have also been found in normal DNA of the patients and in controls. LOH intragenic to MSH3 was evident for 12 of 16 (75%) informative tumors. CONCLUSIONS Occurrence of sequence variants in normal DNA of the patients and in controls excludes somatic mutations and mutations specific to the CRC patient population, respectively. In contrast, the high frequency of LOH as well as the aberrant protein expression in some tumors indicates an involvement of MSH3 impairment in MSI-L CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Plaschke
- Department of Surgical Research, Carl Gustav Carus Klinikum, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Hassen S, Ali N, Chowdhury P. Molecular signaling mechanisms of apoptosis in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2012; 3:71-9. [PMID: 22737591 PMCID: PMC3382705 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v3.i3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most leading cause of cancer related deaths in the western countries. One of the forms of colorectal cancer is hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as “Lynch syndrome”. It is the most common hereditary form of cancer accounting for 5%-10% of all colon cancers. HNPCC is a dominant autosomal genetic disorder caused by germ line mutations in mismatch repair genes. Human mismatch repair genes play a crucial role in genetic stability of DNA, the inactivation of which results in an increased rate of mutation and often a loss of mismatch repair function. Recent studies have shown that certain mismatch repair genes are involved in the regulation of key cellular processes including apoptosis. Thus, differential expression of mismatch repair genes particularly the contributions of MLH1 and MSH2 play important roles in therapeutic resistance to certain cytotoxic drugs such as cisplatin that is used normally as chemoprevention. An understanding of the role of mismatch repair genes in molecular signaling mechanism of apoptosis and its involvement in HNPCC needs attention for further work into this important area of cancer research, and this review article is intended to accomplish that goal of linkage of apoptosis with HNPCC. The current review was not intended to provide a comprehensive enumeration of the entire body of literature in the area of HNPCC or mismatch repair system or apoptosis; it is rather intended to focus primarily on the current state of knowledge of the role of mismatch repair proteins in molecular signaling mechanism of apoptosis as it relates to understanding of HNPCC.
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Esophageal cancer risk is associated with polymorphisms of DNA repair genes MSH2 and WRN in Chinese population. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:448-52. [PMID: 22173703 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31823c487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Normal function of DNA repair system is essential for the removal of damage induced by many kinds of internal and environmental agents. Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes associated with modified repair capacity may be related to the risk of developing esophageal cancer (EC). This article dealt whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms of DNA repair genes MSH2, WRN, and Ku70 potentially contributed to EC susceptibility. METHODS A hospital-based case-control study with 117 EC cases and 132 controls in a Chinese population was conducted. We genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms MSH2 c.2063T>G, WRN c.4330T>C, and Ku70 c.-1310 C>G using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and then performed statistical analysis by calculating the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS Carriers of the MSH2 c.2063 G allele were at a higher risk of developing EC with the TT genotype as reference (OR = 4.53, 95% CI = 1.92-10.64, 33p = 0.001). Also for WRN c.4330T>C, individuals with at least one C allele (T/C or C/C) had a 2.21-fold increased risk for EC development compared with those who bore the T/T wild-type genotype (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.06-4.59, 33p = 0.035). Moreover, statistically significant variant genotypic interaction was suggested between MSH2 and WRN as a result of a much increased predisposition to EC (33p = 0.016). No obvious correlation was observed between Ku70 c.-1310 CG and esophageal carcinogenesis (33p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that genetic variants in DNA repair pathways may be involved in esophageal tumorigenesis. MSH2 c.2063 G allele and WRN c.4330 C allele, not Ku70 c.-1310 CG, conferred risk for the process of developing EC.
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Zuo B, Du X, Zhao J, Yang H, Wang C, Wu Y, Lu J, Wang Y, Chen Z. Analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in inbred knockout mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34555. [PMID: 22509320 PMCID: PMC3324499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that the genotype of 42 out of 198 mouse microsatellite loci, which are distributed among all chromosomes except the Y chromosome, changed from monomorphism to polymorphism (CMP) in a genetically modified inbred mouse strain. In this study, we further examined whether CMP also relates to the homologous recombination in gene knockout (KO) mouse strains. The same 42 microsatellite loci were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 29 KO inbred mouse strains via short tandem sequence repeat (STR) scanning and direct sequence cloning to justify microsatellite polymorphisms. The C57BL/6J and 129 mouse strains, from which these 29 KO mice were derived, were chosen as the background controls. The results indicated that 10 out of 42 (23.8%) loci showed CMP in some of these mouse strains. Except for the trinucleotide repeat locus of D3Mit22, which had microsatellite CMP in strain number 9, the core sequences of the remaining 41 loci were dinucleotide repeats, and 9 out of 41 (21.95%) showed CMPs among detected mouse strains. However, 11 out of 29 (37.9%) KO mice strains were recognized as having CMPs. The popular dinucleotide motifs in CMP were (TG)n (50%, 2/4), followed by (GT)n (27.27%, 3/11) and (CA)n (23.08%, 3/13). The microsatellite CMP in (CT)n and (AG)n repeats were 20% (1/5). According to cloning sequencing results, 6 KO mouse strains showed insertions of nucleotides whereas 1 showed a deletion. Furthermore, 2 loci (D13Mit3 and D14Mit102) revealed CMP in 2 strains, and mouse strain number 9 showed CMPs in two loci (D3Mit22 and D13Mit3) simultaneously. Collectively, these results indicated that microsatellite polymorphisms were present in the examined inbred KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofen Zuo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xiang FF, Mao GP. Association between colorectal cancer and tumor suppressor genes: recent research progress. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:394-398. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i5.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common high-risk gastrointestinal cancer, and approximately 1.2 million new cases are diagnosed each year worldwide. In recent years, due to the improvement of people's living standards and changes in dietary habits and structure, the incidence and mortality rate of colorectal cancer increase rapidly in China. Moreover, patients have a significantly earlier age of onset. At present, the median age of colorectal cancer onset in China is 58 years old, 12 to 18 years earlier than other countries in Europe and America. The development of colorectal cancer is a complex multi-stage process involving multiple genetic alterations. Many studies have shown that colorectal carcinogenesis involves activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Tumor suppressor genes associated with colorectal carcinogenesis include p53, APC, DCC, and MMR, and proto-oncogenes include K-ras and c-myc. In this paper, we discuss the association between tumor suppressor genes and colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Medina-Arana V, Delgado L, Bravo A, Martín J, Fernández-Peralta AM, González-Aguilera JJ. Tumor spectrum in lynch syndrome, DNA mismatch repair system and endogenous carcinogens. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:10-6. [PMID: 22275225 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of Mismatch Repair genes in Lynch Syndrome, caused by inherited mutations, decreases the ability to repair DNA errors throughout life. This deficit may allow the development of any tumor type. Nevertheless, the Syndrome develops a specific tumor spectrum associated with the disease. We think that such spectrum of tumors would be related to the action of certain endogenous carcinogens such as bile acids and estrogens that aggravate the inherited defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Medina-Arana
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Digestiva, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Masuda K, Banno K, Yanokura M, Kobayashi Y, Kisu I, Ueki A, Ono A, Asahara N, Nomura H, Hirasawa A, Susumu N, Aoki D. Relationship between DNA Mismatch Repair Deficiency and Endometrial Cancer. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:256063. [PMID: 22175017 PMCID: PMC3235885 DOI: 10.4061/2011/256063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cases of endometrial cancer are associated with a familial tumor and are referred to as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC or Lynch syndrome). Lynch syndrome is thought to be induced by germline mutation of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene. An aberration in the MMR gene prevents accurate repair of base mismatches produced during DNA replication. This phenomenon can lead to an increased frequency of errors in target genes involved in carcinogenesis, resulting in cancerization of the cell. On the other hand, aberrant DNA methylation is thought to play a key role in sporadic endometrial carcinogenesis. Hypermethylation of unmethylated CpG islands in the promoter regions of cancer-related genes associated with DNA repair leads to the cell becoming cancerous. Thus, both genetic and epigenetic changes are intricately involved in the process through which cells become cancerous. In this review, we introduce the latest findings on the DNA mismatch repair pathway in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35 Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Ladabaum U, Wang G, Terdiman J, Blanco A, Kuppermann M, Boland CR, Ford J, Elkin E, Phillips KA. Strategies to identify the Lynch syndrome among patients with colorectal cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 2011. [PMID: 21768580 DOI: 10.1059/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing has been advocated for all persons with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer to identify families with the Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominant cancer-predisposition syndrome that is a paradigm for personalized medicine. OBJECTIVE To estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of strategies to identify the Lynch syndrome, with attention to sex, age at screening, and differential effects for probands and relatives. DESIGN Markov model that incorporated risk for colorectal, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. DATA SOURCES Published literature. TARGET POPULATION All persons with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer and their relatives. TIME HORIZON Lifetime. PERSPECTIVE Third-party payer. INTERVENTION Strategies based on clinical criteria, prediction algorithms, tumor testing, or up-front germline mutation testing, followed by tailored screening and risk-reducing surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES Life-years, cancer cases and deaths, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS The benefit of all strategies accrued primarily to relatives with a mutation associated with the Lynch syndrome, particularly women, whose life expectancy could increase by approximately 4 years with hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy and adherence to colorectal cancer screening recommendations. At current rates of germline testing, screening, and prophylactic surgery, the strategies reduced deaths from colorectal cancer by 7% to 42% and deaths from endometrial and ovarian cancer by 1% to 6%. Among tumor-testing strategies, immunohistochemistry followed by BRAF mutation testing was preferred, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $36,200 per life-year gained. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS The number of relatives tested per proband was a critical determinant of both effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, with testing of 3 to 4 relatives required for most strategies to meet a threshold of $50,000 per life-year gained. Immunohistochemistry followed by BRAF mutation testing was preferred in 59% of iterations in probabilistic sensitivity analysis at a threshold of $100,000 per life-year gained. Screening for the Lynch syndrome with immunohistochemistry followed by BRAF mutation testing only up to age 70 years cost $44,000 per incremental life-year gained compared with screening only up to age 60 years, and screening without an upper age limit cost $88,700 per incremental life-year gained compared with screening only up to age 70 years. LIMITATION Other types of cancer, uncertain family pedigrees, and genetic variants of unknown significance were not considered. CONCLUSION Widespread colorectal tumor testing to identify families with the Lynch syndrome could yield substantial benefits at acceptable costs, particularly for women with a mutation associated with the Lynch syndrome who begin regular screening and have risk-reducing surgery. The cost-effectiveness of such testing depends on the participation rate among relatives at risk for the Lynch syndrome. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ladabaum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Ladabaum U, Wang G, Terdiman J, Blanco A, Kuppermann M, Boland CR, Ford J, Elkin E, Phillips KA. Strategies to identify the Lynch syndrome among patients with colorectal cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155:69-79. [PMID: 21768580 PMCID: PMC3793257 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing has been advocated for all persons with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer to identify families with the Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominant cancer-predisposition syndrome that is a paradigm for personalized medicine. OBJECTIVE To estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of strategies to identify the Lynch syndrome, with attention to sex, age at screening, and differential effects for probands and relatives. DESIGN Markov model that incorporated risk for colorectal, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. DATA SOURCES Published literature. TARGET POPULATION All persons with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer and their relatives. TIME HORIZON Lifetime. PERSPECTIVE Third-party payer. INTERVENTION Strategies based on clinical criteria, prediction algorithms, tumor testing, or up-front germline mutation testing, followed by tailored screening and risk-reducing surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES Life-years, cancer cases and deaths, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS The benefit of all strategies accrued primarily to relatives with a mutation associated with the Lynch syndrome, particularly women, whose life expectancy could increase by approximately 4 years with hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy and adherence to colorectal cancer screening recommendations. At current rates of germline testing, screening, and prophylactic surgery, the strategies reduced deaths from colorectal cancer by 7% to 42% and deaths from endometrial and ovarian cancer by 1% to 6%. Among tumor-testing strategies, immunohistochemistry followed by BRAF mutation testing was preferred, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $36,200 per life-year gained. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS The number of relatives tested per proband was a critical determinant of both effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, with testing of 3 to 4 relatives required for most strategies to meet a threshold of $50,000 per life-year gained. Immunohistochemistry followed by BRAF mutation testing was preferred in 59% of iterations in probabilistic sensitivity analysis at a threshold of $100,000 per life-year gained. Screening for the Lynch syndrome with immunohistochemistry followed by BRAF mutation testing only up to age 70 years cost $44,000 per incremental life-year gained compared with screening only up to age 60 years, and screening without an upper age limit cost $88,700 per incremental life-year gained compared with screening only up to age 70 years. LIMITATION Other types of cancer, uncertain family pedigrees, and genetic variants of unknown significance were not considered. CONCLUSION Widespread colorectal tumor testing to identify families with the Lynch syndrome could yield substantial benefits at acceptable costs, particularly for women with a mutation associated with the Lynch syndrome who begin regular screening and have risk-reducing surgery. The cost-effectiveness of such testing depends on the participation rate among relatives at risk for the Lynch syndrome. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ladabaum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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