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Laminarin enhances the activity of natural killer cells in immunosuppressed mice. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:357-363. [PMID: 32140046 PMCID: PMC7050051 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.92784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of laminarin on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity of immunosuppressive mice and its mechanism. Cyclophosphamide (cy) was used to make an immunosuppressive model of mice. The mice of two groups were given interventions by gavage with laminarin 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg every day for 10 days. MACS was adopted to isolate spleen NK cells, and cytotoxicity of NK cells and IL-12, IFN-γ level in serum were detected in vivo. Cytotoxicity of NK92-MI cells, activating receptors (NKp30, NKp44, NKp46 and NKG2D) and perforin and granzyme B expression were detected in vitro. Compared to the normal control group, the cytotoxicity of NK cells, IL-12 and IFN-γ level in serum in the cy model group were all reduced significantly (p < 0.01). Compared to the cy model group, laminarin increased the cytotoxicity of NK cells, IL-12 and IFN-γ levels in serum significantly (p < 0.05). In vitro, laminarin increased the cytotoxicity, NKp30 and NKG2D, perforin and granzyme B expressions of NK92-MI cells (p < 0.01). This research showed that laminarin can promote NK cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressive mice by increasing the levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ in serum and expressions of NKp30 and NKG2D, perforin and granzyme B.
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Chen F, Wang S, Fang Y, Zheng L, Zhi X, Cheng B, Chen Y, Zhang C, Shi D, Song H, Cai C, Zhou P, Xiong B. Feasibility of a novel one-stop ISET device to capture CTCs and its clinical application. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3029-3041. [PMID: 27935872 PMCID: PMC5356861 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a crucial role in cancer metastasis. In this study, we introduced a novel isolation method by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) device with automatic isolation and staining procedure, named one-stop ISET (osISET) and validated its feasibility to capture CTCs from cancer patients. Moreover, we aim to investigate the correlation between clinicopathologic features and CTCs in colorectal cancer (CRC) in order to explore its clinical application. RESULTS The capture efficiency ranged from 80.3% to 88% with tumor cells spiked into medium while 67% to 78.3% with tumor cells spiked into healthy donors' blood. In detection blood samples of 72 CRC patients, CTCs and clusters of circulating tumor cells (CTC-clusters) were detected with a positive rate of 52.8% (38/72) and 18.1% (13/72) respectively. Moreover, CTC positive rate was associated with factors of lymphatic or venous invasion, tumor depth, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage in CRC patients (p < 0.01). Lymphocyte count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were significantly different between CTC positive and negative groups (p < 0.01). MATERIALS AND METHODS The capture efficiency of the device was tested by spiking cancer cells (MCF-7, A549, SW480, Hela) into medium or blood samples of healthy donors. Blood samples of 72 CRC patients were detected by osISET device. The clinicopathologic characteristics of 72 CRC patients were collected and the association with CTC positive rate or CTC count were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Our osISET device was feasible to capture and identify CTCs and CTC-clusters from cancer patients. In addition, our device holds a potential for application in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Zhi
- Department of Circulating Tumor Cells, YZY Medical Technological Company, Wuhan, China
| | - Boran Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongdong Shi
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibin Song
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
| | - Congli Cai
- Department of Circulating Tumor Cells, YZY Medical Technological Company, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Department of Circulating Tumor Cells, YZY Medical Technological Company, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is the most ubiquitous stress-inducible chaperone. It accumulates in the cells in response to a wide variety of physiological and environmental insults including anticancer chemotherapy, thus allowing the cell to survive to lethal conditions. Intracellular Hsp70 is viewed as a cytoprotective protein. Indeed, this protein can inhibit key effectors of the apoptotic and autophagy machineries. In cancer cells, the expression of Hsp70 is abnormally high, and Hsp70 may participate in oncogenesis and in resistance to chemotherapy. In rodent models, Hsp70 overexpression increases tumor growth and metastatic potential. Depletion or inhibition of Hsp70 frequently reduces the size of the tumors and can even cause their complete involution. However, HSP70 is also found in the extra-cellular space where it may signal via membrane receptors or endosomes to alter gene transcription and cellular function. Overall, Hsp70 extracellular function is believed to be immnunogenic and the term chaperokine to define the extracellular chaperones such as Hsp70 has been advanced. In this chapter the knowledge to date, as well as some emerging paradigms about the intra- and extra-cellular functions of Hsp70, are presented. The strategies targeting Hsp70 that are being developed in cancer therapy will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Boudesco
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, INSERM, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sebastien Cause
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, INSERM, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gaëtan Jego
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, INSERM, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Carmen Garrido
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, INSERM, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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Kumar S, Stokes J, Singh UP, Scissum Gunn K, Acharya A, Manne U, Mishra M. Targeting Hsp70: A possible therapy for cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 374:156-166. [PMID: 26898980 PMCID: PMC5553548 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In all organisms, heat-shock proteins (HSPs) provide an ancient defense system. These proteins act as molecular chaperones by assisting proper folding and refolding of misfolded proteins and aid in the elimination of old and damaged cells. HSPs include Hsp100, Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp40, and small HSPs. Through its substrate-binding domains, Hsp70 interacts with wide spectrum of molecules, ranging from unfolded to natively folded and aggregated proteins, and provides cytoprotective role against various cellular stresses. Under pathophysiological conditions, the high expression of Hsp70 allows cells to survive with lethal injuries. Increased Hsp70, by interacting at several points on apoptotic signaling pathways, leads to inhibition of apoptosis. Elevated expression of Hsp70 in cancer cells may be responsible for tumorigenesis and for tumor progression by providing resistance to chemotherapy. In contrast, inhibition or knockdown of Hsp70 reduces the size of tumors and can cause their complete regression. Moreover, extracellular Hsp70 acts as an immunogen that participates in cross presentation of MHC-I molecules. The goals of this review are to examine the roles of Hsp70 in cancer and to present strategies targeting Hsp70 in the development of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, AL 36101, USA
| | - James Stokes
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, AL 36101, USA
| | - Udai P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Karyn Scissum Gunn
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, AL 36101, USA
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Centre of Advance Study in Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Manoj Mishra
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, AL 36101, USA.
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Wang Y, Liu SY, Yuan M, Tang Y, Guo QY, Cui XM, Sui X, Peng J. Prophylactic Antitumor Effect of Mixed Heat Shock Proteins/Peptides in Mouse Sarcoma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:2234-41. [PMID: 26265619 PMCID: PMC4717971 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.162516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To develop a vaccine-based immunotherapy for sarcoma, we evaluated a mixture of heat shock proteins (mHSPs) as a vaccine for sarcoma treatment in a mouse model. Heat shock protein/peptides (HSP/Ps) are autoimmune factors that can induce both adaptive and innate immune responses; HSP/Ps isolated from tumors can induce antitumor immune activity when used as vaccines. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effects of mHSP/Ps on prophylactic antitumor immunity. We extracted mHSP/Ps, including HSP60, HSP70, GP96, and HSP110, from the mouse sarcoma cell lines S180 and MCA207 using chromatography. The immunity induced by mHSP/Ps was assessed using flow cytometry, ELISPOT, lactate dehydrogenase release, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Of S180 sarcoma-bearing mice immunized with mHSP/Ps isolated from S180 cells, 41.2% showed tumor regression and long-term survival, with a tumor growth inhibition rate of 82.3% at 30 days. Of MCA207 sarcoma-bearing mice immunized with mHSP/Ps isolated from MCA207 cells, 50% showed tumor regression and long-term survival with a tumor growth inhibition rate of 79.3%. All control mice died within 40 days. The proportions of natural killer cells, CD8+, and interferon-γ-secreting cells and tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity were increased in the immunized group. Conclusions: Vaccination with a polyvalent mHSP/P cancer vaccine can induce an immunological response and a marked antitumor response to autologous tumors. This mHSP/P vaccine exerted greater antitumor effects than did HSP70, HSP60, or tumor lysates alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Bu N, Wu H, Zhang G, Zhan S, Zhang R, Sun H, Du Y, Yao L, Wang H. Exosomes from Dendritic Cells Loaded with Chaperone-Rich Cell Lysates Elicit a Potent T Cell Immune Response Against Intracranial Glioma in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:631-43. [PMID: 25680514 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-rich cell lysates (CRCLs) may play an important role in the development of anti-tumor vaccines. Tumor-derived CRCLs have been reported to activate dendritic cells (DCs) to elicit potent anti-tumor activity. However, the role of DC-derived exosomes (DEXs) secreted from DCs loaded with CRCLs in the treatment of tumors has not been clearly determined. In the present study, DEXs were generated from DCs loaded with CRCLs derived from GL261 glioma cells. These DEXs, designated DEX (CRCL-GL261), were then used to treat DCs to create DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs. The DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs were found to promote cell proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitro compared with DEX (GL261)-DCs, which were loaded with DEXs derived from DCs loaded with GL261 tumor cell lysates. DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs significantly prolonged the survival of mice with tumors and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In addition, DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induced enhanced T cell infiltration in intracranial glioma tissues compared with other treatments. DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induced strong production of anti-tumor cytokines, including interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Moreover, depletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells significantly impaired the anti-tumor effect of DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs. Finally, DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs were found to negatively regulate Casitas B cell lineage lymphoma (Cbl)-b and c-Cbl signaling, leading to the activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in T cells. In summary, we present evidence that DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induce more potent and effective anti-tumor T cell immune responses and delineate the underlying mechanism by which DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs exerted their anti-tumor activity through modulating Cbl-b and c-Cbl signaling. These results provide novel and promising insight for the development of an anti-tumor vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China,
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Graner MW, Lillehei KO, Katsanis E. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones and their roles in the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines. Front Oncol 2015; 4:379. [PMID: 25610811 PMCID: PMC4285071 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major site of passage for proteins en route to other organelles, to the cell surface, and to the extracellular space. It is also the transport route for peptides generated in the cytosol by the proteasome into the ER for loading onto major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules for eventual antigen presentation at the cell surface. Chaperones within the ER are critical for many of these processes; however, outside the ER certain of those chaperones may play important and direct roles in immune responses. In some cases, particular ER chaperones have been utilized as vaccines against tumors or infectious disease pathogens when purified from tumor tissue or recombinantly generated and loaded with antigen. In other cases, the cell surface location of ER chaperones has implications for immune responses as well as possible tumor resistance. We have produced heat-shock protein/chaperone protein-based cancer vaccines called “chaperone-rich cell lysate” (CRCL) that are conglomerates of chaperones enriched from solid tumors by an isoelectric focusing technique. These preparations have been effective against numerous murine tumors, as well as in a canine with an advanced lung carcinoma treated with autologous CRCL. We also published extensive proteomic analyses of CRCL prepared from human surgically resected tumor samples. Of note, these preparations contained at least 10 ER chaperones and a number of other residents, along with many other chaperones/heat-shock proteins. Gene ontology and network analyses utilizing these proteins essentially recapitulate the antigen presentation pathways and interconnections. In conjunction with our current knowledge of cell surface/extracellular ER chaperones, these data collectively suggest that a systems-level view may provide insight into the potent immune stimulatory activities of CRCL with an emphasis on the roles of ER components in those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Kevin O Lillehei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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Shevtsov MA, Kim AV, Samochernych KA, Romanova IV, Margulis BA, Guzhova IV, Yakovenko IV, Ischenko AM, Khachatryan WA. Pilot study of intratumoral injection of recombinant heat shock protein 70 in the treatment of malignant brain tumors in children. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1071-81. [PMID: 24971017 PMCID: PMC4069152 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s62764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral injections of recombinant heat shock protein (Hsp)70 were explored for feasibility in patients with brain tumors. Patients aged 4.5–14 years with untreated newly diagnosed tumors (n=12) were enrolled. After tumor resection, five injections of recombinant Hsp70 (total 2.5 mg) were administered into the resection cavity through a catheter. Before administration of Hsp70 and after the last injection, specific immune responses to the autologous tumor lysate were evaluated using the delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Further, peripheral blood was monitored to identify possible changes in lymphocyte subpopulations, cytokine levels, and the cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. The follow-up period in this trial was 12 months. Intratumoral injections of Hsp70 were well tolerated by patients. One patient had a complete clinical response documented by radiologic findings and one patient had a partial response. A positive delayed-type hypersensitivity test was observed in three patients. In peripheral blood, there was a shift from cytokines provided by Th2 cells toward cytokines of a Th1-cell-mediated response. These data corresponded to changes in lymphocyte subpopulations. Immunosuppressive T-regulatory cell levels were also reduced after injection of Hsp70, as well as production of interleukin-10. The cytolytic activity of natural killer cells was unchanged. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of intratumoral delivery of recombinant Hsp70 in patients with cancer. Further randomized clinical trials are recommended to assess the optimum dose of the chaperone, the treatment schedule, and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation ; AL Polenov Russian Research Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Kim
- AL Polenov Russian Research Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Federation
| | | | - Irina V Romanova
- IM Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Boris A Margulis
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Yakovenko
- AL Polenov Russian Research Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Ischenko
- Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - William A Khachatryan
- AL Polenov Russian Research Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Federation
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Steinert G, Schölch S, Niemietz T, Iwata N, García SA, Behrens B, Voigt A, Kloor M, Benner A, Bork U, Rahbari NN, Büchler MW, Stoecklein NH, Weitz J, Koch M. Immune escape and survival mechanisms in circulating tumor cells of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1694-704. [PMID: 24599131 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of colorectal cancer is closely linked to the occurrence of distant metastases. Systemic dissemination is most likely caused by circulating tumor cells (CTC). Despite the fundamental role of CTC within the metastatic cascade, technical obstacles have so far prevented detailed genomic and, in particular, phenotypic analyses of CTC, which may provide molecular targets to delay or prevent distant metastases. We show here a detailed genomic analysis of single colorectal cancer-derived CTC by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), mutational profiling, and microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis. Furthermore, we report the first gene expression analysis of manually selected colorectal cancer-derived CTC by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to investigate transcriptional changes, enabling CTC to survive in circulation and form distant metastases. aCGH confirmed the tumor cell identity of CellSearch-isolated colorectal cancer-derived CTC. Mutational and MSI analyses revealed mutational profiles of CTC to be similar, but not identical to the corresponding tumor tissue. Several CTC exhibited mutations in key genes such as KRAS or TP53 that could not be detected in the tumor. Gene expression analyses revealed both a pronounced upregulation of CD47 as a potential immune-escape mechanism and a significant downregulation of several other pathways, suggesting a dormant state of viable CTC. Our results suggest mutational heterogeneity between tumor tissue and CTC that should be considered in future trials on targeted therapy and monitoring of response. The finding of upregulated immune-escape pathways, which may be responsible for survival of CTC in circulation, could provide a promising target to disrupt the metastatic cascade in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 74(6); 1694-704. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Steinert
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of General, Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery; Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg; German Cancer Research Center, Division of Biostatistics, Heidelberg; Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Paediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; and Edwin L. Steele Laboratory for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Epple LM, Bemis LT, Cavanaugh RP, Skope A, Mayer-Sonnenfeld T, Frank C, Olver CS, Lencioni AM, Dusto NL, Tal A, Har-Noy M, Lillehei KO, Katsanis E, Graner MW. Prolonged remission of advanced bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma in a dog treated with autologous, tumour-derived chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) vaccine. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:390-8. [PMID: 23786302 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.800997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper presents the treatment of a 12-year-old female spayed Great Dane who presented with vestibular signs (ataxia, nystagmus, hind end collapse). Thoracic radiographs revealed a discrete pulmonary nodule in the right cranial lung lobe. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirate detected primary bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma, verified via computed tomography, with a second smaller nodule discovered in the right cranial lung lobe. MATERIALS AND METHODS A lateral thoracotomy with right cranial lung lobectomy was performed. Histopathological analysis of the nodules and an excised lymph node identified grade III bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma with vascular infiltration and lymph node metastasis - a grim diagnosis with a reported median survival time of 6-27 days. A 10-g sample of the tumour was processed into a chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) vaccine, which was administered weekly to the patient. Imiquimod - a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist - was applied topically for the first 12 treatments to stimulate local Langerhans cells. A single injection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was administered for additional immune stimulation at week 30 of treatment. RESULTS The dog remained stable and in otherwise good health until diffuse relapse occurred 44 weeks after the initial treatment; following gastrointestinal bleeding, the dog was euthanised 50+ weeks post diagnosis. CONCLUSION To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of significantly prolonged survival following a diagnosis of grade III/stage III bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma in a canine patient. This case report suggests that CRCL vaccine combined with topical imiquimod is a safe, effective treatment for canine tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Epple
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Cancer Biology Section, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Graner MW, Romanoski A, Katsanis E. The 'peptidome' of tumour-derived chaperone-rich cell lysate anti-cancer vaccines reveals potential tumour antigens that stimulate tumour immunity. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:380-9. [PMID: 23725202 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.793406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-derived chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) when isolated from tumour tissue or when embedded with peptide antigens is a potent anti-cancer vaccine consisting of numerous chaperone/heat shock proteins, including the highly immunogenic Hsp70, Hsp90, glucose regulated protein 94, and calreticulin. We have previously documented that CRCL provides both a source of tumour antigens and danger signals triggering antigen presenting cell activation. In this report we describe the 'peptidome' of potential antigens extracted from CRCL prepared from a murine tumour. Using mass spectrometry techniques we identify almost 60 different proteins of origin for the CRCL peptides; we determine that the parental proteins come from essentially all parts of the cell, and are involved in a broad range of functions. Further in silico analysis demonstrates that the parental proteins are components of major signalling networks of vital importance for cancer cell survival, proliferation, and migration. In many instances the peptides identified possess amino acid sequences that would allow their putative binding and display by murine major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules, and there are also predicted binding motifs for Hsp70-type chaperones. By mixing fractionated pools of peptides with antigen-free (normal liver) CRCL, we were able to reconstitute effective anti-tumour activity of the vaccine, showing that the peptides are indeed the major purveyors of CRCL vaccines' efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
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Wang YS, Liu SJ, Huang SC, Chang CC, Huang YC, Fong WL, Chi MS, Chi KH. Recombinant heat shock protein 70 in combination with radiotherapy as a source of tumor antigens to improve dendritic cell immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2012; 2:149. [PMID: 23112956 PMCID: PMC3483023 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Local radiotherapy (RT) plus intratumoral dendritic cell (DC) injection can mediate immunological response. We hypothesized that co-injection of exogenous recombinant heat shock protein 70 (rHsp70) in combination with RT-DC could be as effective as co-injection of HSP-peptide for evoking specific immune response. rHsp70-prostate-specific antigen (rHSP70C′-PSA) and α-fetoprotein (rHSP70C′-AFP) were used to compare specific response. Growth inhibition of the tumor and the systemic anti-tumor immune response were measured on CT26/PSA and CT26/AFP mice model. Intratumoral co-injection of rHsp70 and DC into the irradiated tumor site induced a more potent anti-tumor immune response than injection of DC alone. rHsp70 was as effective as rHsp70C′-PSA or rHsp70C′-AFP in inducing a tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response or tumor growth delay. These results demonstrate that co-administration with rHsp70 and RT could be a simple and effective source of tumor antigens to achieve RT-DC immunotherapy protocol and easy to apply in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Wang
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Animal Science, National Ilan University Ilan, Taiwan
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13
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Cai MB, Wang XP, Zhang JX, Han HQ, Liu CC, Bei JX, Peng RJ, Liang Y, Feng QS, Wang HY, Chen LZ, Fu S, Kang T, Shao JY, Zeng YX. Expression of heat shock protein 70 in nasopharyngeal carcinomas: different expression patterns correlate with distinct clinical prognosis. J Transl Med 2012; 10:96. [PMID: 22591702 PMCID: PMC3478221 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat shock protein 70, a stress protein, has been implicated in tumor progression. However, its role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression has not yet been clearly investigated. Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to examine the expression patterns of Hsp70, human leukocyte antigen –A (HLA-A) in NPC tissue samples. Results The expression of Hsp70 exhibited different spatial patterns among nuclear, membrane and cytoplasm in 507 NPC tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that different Hsp70 expression patterns are correlated with different patient outcomes. High membranal and cytoplasmic levels of Hsp70 predicted good survival of patients. In contrast, high nuclear abundance of Hsp70 correlated with poor survival. Moreover, the membranal and cytoplasmic levels of Hsp70 were positively correlated with levels of the MHC I molecule HLA-A. Conclusions Different Hsp70 expression patterns had distinct predictive values. The different spatial abundance of Hsp70 may imply its important role in NPC development and provide insight for the development of novel therapeutic strategies involving immunotherapy for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Bo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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14
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Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a powerful chaperone whose expression is induced in response to a wide variety of physiological and environmental insults, including anticancer chemotherapy, thus allowing the cell to survive to lethal conditions. Hsp70 cytoprotective properties may be explained by its anti-apoptotic function. Indeed, this protein can inhibit key effectors of the apoptotic machinery at the pre- and postmitochondrial level. In cancer cells, the expression of Hsp70 is abnormally high, and Hsp70 may participate in oncogenesis and in resistance to chemotherapy. In rodent models, Hsp70 overexpression increases tumor growth and metastatic potential. Depletion or inhibition of Hsp70 frequently reduces the size of the tumors and even can cause their complete involution. But Hsp70 can also be found in the extracellular medium. Its role is then immunogenic and the term chaperokine to define the extracellular chaperones has been advanced. Hsp70 tumorigenic functions as well as the strategies that are being developed in cancer therapy in order to inhibit Hsp70 are commented in this chapter.
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15
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Zappasodi R, Pupa SM, Ghedini GC, Bongarzone I, Magni M, Cabras AD, Colombo MP, Carlo-Stella C, Gianni AM, Di Nicola M. Improved clinical outcome in indolent B-cell lymphoma patients vaccinated with autologous tumor cells experiencing immunogenic death. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9062-72. [PMID: 20884630 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence argues that the success of an anticancer treatment may rely on immunoadjuvant side effects including the induction of immunogenic tumor cell death. Based on the assumption that this death mechanism is a similar prerequisite for the efficacy of an active immunotherapy using killed tumor cells, we examined a vaccination strategy using dendritic cells (DC) loaded with apoptotic and necrotic cell bodies derived from autologous tumors. Using this approach, clinical and immunologic responses were achieved in 6 of 18 patients with relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The present report illustrates an impaired ability of the neoplastic cells used to vaccinate nonresponders to undergo immunogenic death on exposure to a cell death protocol based on heat shock, γ-ray, and UVC ray. Interestingly, when compared with doxorubicin, this treatment increased surface translocation of calreticulin and cellular release of high-mobility group box 1 and ATP in histologically distinct NHL cell lines. In contrast, treated lymphoma cells from responders displayed higher amounts of calreticulin and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) compared with those from nonresponders and boosted the production of specific antibodies when loaded into DCs for vaccination. Accordingly, the extent of calreticulin and HSP90 surface expression in the DC antigenic cargo was significantly associated with the clinical and immunologic responses achieved. Our results indicate that a positive clinical effect is obtained when immunogenically killed autologous neoplastic cells are used for the generation of a DC-based vaccine. Therapeutic improvements may thus be accomplished by circumventing the tumor-impaired ability to undergo immunogenic death and prime the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zappasodi
- C. Gandini Medical Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Italy
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16
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Huang C, Zhao J, Li Z, Li D, Xia D, Wang Q, Jin H. Multi-chaperone-peptide-rich mixture from colo-carcinoma cells elicits potent anticancer immunity. Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34:494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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LASUNSKAIA ELENAB, FRIDLIANSKAIA IRINA, ARNHOLDT ANDREAV, KANASHIRO MILTON, GUZHOVA IRINA, MARGULIS BORIS. Sub-lethal heat shock induces plasma membrane translocation of 70-kDa heat shock protein in viable, but not in apoptotic, U-937 leukaemia cells. APMIS 2010; 118:179-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of dendritic cells (DCs) in animal models and humans have led to their exploitation as anticancer vaccines. Although DC-based immunotherapy has proven clinically safe and efficient to induce tumor-specific immune responses, only a limited number of objective clinical responses have been reported in cancer patients. These relatively disappointing results have prompted the evaluation of multiple approaches to improve the efficacy of DC vaccines. The topic of this review focuses on personalized DC-based anticancer vaccines, which in theory have the potential to present to the host immune system the entire repertoire of antigens harbored by autologous tumor cells. We also discuss the implementation of these vaccines in cancer therapeutic strategies, their limitations and the future challenges for effective immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Janikashvili
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245073, Tucson, AZ 85724-85073, USA
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19
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Bleifuss E, Bendz H, Sirch B, Thompson S, Brandl A, Milani V, Graner MW, Drexler I, Kuppner M, Katsanis E, Noessner E, Issels RD. Differential capacity of chaperone-rich lysates in cross-presenting human endogenous and exogenous melanoma differentiation antigens. Int J Hyperthermia 2009; 24:623-37. [DOI: 10.1080/02656730802213384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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20
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Larmonier N, Janikashvili N, LaCasse CJ, Larmonier CB, Cantrell J, Situ E, Lundeen T, Bonnotte B, Katsanis E. Imatinib mesylate inhibits CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cell activity and enhances active immunotherapy against BCR-ABL- tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6955-63. [PMID: 18981115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571), a selective inhibitor of a restricted number of tyrosine kinases, has been effectively used for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Imatinib may also directly influence immune cells. Suppressive as well as stimulating effects of this drug on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes or dendritic cells have been reported. In the current study, we have investigated the influence of imatinib mesylate on CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg), a critical population of lymphocytes that contributes to peripheral tolerance. Used at concentrations achieved clinically, imatinib impaired Treg immunosuppressive function and FoxP3 expression but not production of IL-10 and TGF-beta in vitro. Imatinib significantly reduced the activation of the transcription factors STAT3 and STAT5 in Treg. Analysis of Treg TCR-induced signaling cascade indicated that imatinib inhibited phosphorylation of ZAP70 and LAT. Substantiating these observations, imatinib treatment of mice decreased Treg frequency and impaired their immunosuppressive function in vivo. Furthermore, imatinib mesylate significantly enhanced antitumor immune responses to dendritic cell-based immunization against an imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL negative lymphoma. The clinical applications of imatinib mesylate might thus be expanded with its use as a potent immunomodulatory agent targeting Treg in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Almost 60 years ago, the pioneering work of George Klein and others showed that cancers could be made targets for the immune system. Identification of the tumor targets, known as tumor antigens, became a focus in cancer biology that led to the discovery of the immunological properties of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in 1986 by Pramod Srivastava and colleagues. Since then, the use of HSPs in the therapeutics of cancer and infectious disease in several clinical trials has been guided by our understanding of the role and effects of HSPs in adaptive and innate immune responses, investigated primarily in mice. This review will highlight the immunological properties of HSPs as we understand them today and review the clinical work on human cancers. Several Phase I and II clinical trials in different types of cancer that have been completed, as well as ongoing Phase III trials, will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Binder
- University of Pittsburgh, E1051, BSTWR, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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22
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Gehrmann M, Radons J, Molls M, Multhoff G. The therapeutic implications of clinically applied modifiers of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression by tumor cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:1-10. [PMID: 18347936 PMCID: PMC2666213 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-007-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence that membrane-bound and extracellular heat shock proteins (HSPs) with molecular weights of 70 and 90 kDa are potent stimulators of the immune responses has accumulated over the last decade. In this review, we discuss the modulation of Hsp70 expression, a major stress-inducible member of the HSP70 family, in the cytoplasm and on the plasma membrane of tumor cells by clinically applied interventions such as radio- and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gehrmann
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)–Institute of Pathology, Clinical Cooperation Group “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Radons
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Clinical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Molls
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)–Institute of Pathology, Clinical Cooperation Group “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)–Institute of Pathology, Clinical Cooperation Group “Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology”, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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23
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The heat shock response and chaperones/heat shock proteins in brain tumors: surface expression, release, and possible immune consequences. J Neurosci 2007; 27:11214-27. [PMID: 17942716 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3588-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response is a highly conserved "stress response" mechanism used by cells to protect themselves from potentially damaging insults. It often involves the upregulated expression of chaperone and heat shock proteins (HSPs) to prevent damage and aggregation at the proteome level. Like most cancers, brain tumor cells often overexpress chaperones/HSPs, probably because of the stressful atmosphere in which tumors reside, but also because of the benefits of HSP cytoprotection. However, the cellular dynamics and localization of HSPs in either stressed or unstressed conditions has not been studied extensively in brain tumor cells. We have examined the changes in HSP expression and in cell surface/extracellular localization of selected brain tumor cell lines under heat shock or normal environments. We herein report that brain tumor cell lines have considerable heat shock responses or already high constitutive HSP levels; that those cells express various HSPs, chaperones, and at least one cochaperone on their cell surfaces; and that HSPs may be released into the extracellular environment, possibly as exosome vesicular content. In studies with a murine astrocytoma cell line, heat shock dramatically reduces tumorigenicity, possibly by an immune mechanism. Additional evidence indicative of an HSP-driven immune response comes from immunization studies using tumor-derived chaperone protein vaccines, which lead to antigen-specific immune responses and reduced tumor burden in treated mice. The heat shock response and HSPs in brain tumor cells may represent an area of vulnerability in our attempts to treat these recalcitrant and deadly tumors.
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24
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Chaput N, De Botton S, Obeid M, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Panaretakis T, Flament C, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Molecular determinants of immunogenic cell death: surface exposure of calreticulin makes the difference. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:1069-76. [PMID: 17891368 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer by chemotherapy causes tumour cell death, mostly by apoptosis. This tumour cell death may or may not elicit an immune response. At least in some cases, the efficacy of chemotherapy critically depends on the induction of immunogenic cell death that is a type of cell demise that stimulates the activation of an adaptative anti-tumour immune response, which in turn helps to eradicate residual cancer (stem) cells. Indeed, anthracyclins care more efficient in curing tumours in immunocompetent than in T cell-deficient mice. The molecular mechanism implicated in this anti-tumour T cell activation was recently discovered. Anthracyclins cause immunogenic cell death due to their specific capacity to stimulate the translocation of calreticulin to the cell surface. Calreticulin then acts as an "eat me" signal for dendritic cells, allowing them to phagocytose tumour cells and to prime tumour antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells. Importantly, non-immunogenic chemotherapy can be rendered immunogenic by adsorbing recombinant calreticulin to tumour cells or by enforcing the translocation of endogenous calreticulin to the cell surface by means of PP1/GADD34 inhibitors. This strategy could have major implications for the treatment of human cancer. Indeed, in vivo treatments with anthracyclins can cause the translocation of calreticulin to the surface of circulating tumour cells, in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The challenge will be to determine whether the exposure of calreticulin translocation on the tumour cell surface is linked to chemotherapy-induced anti-tumour immune responses and therapeutic efficacy in human cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anthracyclines/pharmacology
- Anthracyclines/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/drug effects
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Calreticulin/immunology
- Calreticulin/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chaput
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Waterhouse
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia.
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