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Barbaud A, Lascombe I, Péchery A, Arslan S, Kleinclauss F, Fauconnet S. GW501516-Mediated Targeting of Tetraspanin 15 Regulates ADAM10-Dependent N-Cadherin Cleavage in Invasive Bladder Cancer Cells. Cells 2024; 13:708. [PMID: 38667323 PMCID: PMC11049359 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer aggressiveness is correlated with abnormal N-cadherin transmembrane glycoprotein expression. This protein is cleaved by the metalloprotease ADAM10 and the γ-secretase complex releasing a pro-angiogenic N-terminal fragment (NTF) and a proliferation-activating soluble C-terminal fragment (CTF2). Tetraspanin 15 (Tspan15) is identified as an ADAM10-interacting protein to induce selective N-cadherin cleavage. We first demonstrated, in invasive T24 bladder cancer cells, that N-cadherin was cleaved by ADAM10 generating NTF in the extracellular environment and leaving a membrane-anchored CTF1 fragment and that Tspan15 is required for ADAM10 to induce the selective N-cadherin cleavage. Targeting N-cadherin function in cancer is relevant to preventing tumor progression and metastases. For antitumor molecules to inhibit N-cadherin function, they should be complete and not cleaved. We first showed that the GW501516, an agonist of the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ, decreased Tspan15 and prevented N-cadherin cleavage thus decreasing NTF. Interestingly, the drug did not modify ADAM10 expression, which was important because it could limit side effects since ADAM10 cleaves numerous substrates. By targeting Tspan15 to block ADAM10 activity on N-cadherin, GW501516 could prevent NTF pro-tumoral effects and be a promising molecule to treat bladder cancer. More interestingly, it could optimize the effects of the N-cadherin antagonists those such as ADH-1 that target the N-cadherin ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Barbaud
- SINERGIES–LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France (I.L.)
| | - Isabelle Lascombe
- SINERGIES–LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France (I.L.)
| | - Adeline Péchery
- SINERGIES–LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France (I.L.)
| | - Sergen Arslan
- SINERGIES–LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France (I.L.)
| | - François Kleinclauss
- CHU Besançon, Service Urologie, Andrologie et Transplantation Rénale, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sylvie Fauconnet
- SINERGIES–LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France (I.L.)
- CHU Besançon, Service Urologie, Andrologie et Transplantation Rénale, F-25000 Besançon, France
- CHU Besançon, Centre Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC 1431, F-25000 Besançon, France
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Pathologic Proteolytic Processing of N-Cadherin as a Marker of Human Fibrotic Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010156. [PMID: 35011717 PMCID: PMC8750447 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research has implicated the involvement of cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin in tissue fibrosis and remodeling. We hypothesize that anomalies in N-cadherin protein processing are involved in pathological fibrosis. Diseased tissues associated with fibrosis of the heart, lung, and liver were probed for the precursor form of N-cadherin, pro-N-cadherin (PNC), by immunohistochemistry and compared to healthy tissues. Myofibroblast cell lines were analyzed for cell surface pro-N-cadherin by flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy. Soluble PNC products were immunoprecipitated from patient plasmas and an enzyme-linked immunoassay was developed for quantification. All fibrotic tissues examined show aberrant PNC localization. Cell surface PNC is expressed in myofibroblast cell lines isolated from cardiomyopathy and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis but not on myofibroblasts isolated from healthy tissues. PNC is elevated in the plasma of patients with cardiomyopathy (p ≤ 0.0001), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (p ≤ 0.05), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with cirrhosis (p ≤ 0.05). Finally, we have humanized a murine antibody and demonstrate that it significantly inhibits migration of PNC expressing myofibroblasts. Collectively, the aberrant localization of PNC is observed in all fibrotic tissues examined in our study and our data suggest a role for cell surface PNC in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
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Ban J, Fock V, Aryee DNT, Kovar H. Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment of Bone Metastases. Cells 2021; 10:2944. [PMID: 34831167 PMCID: PMC8616226 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and bone marrow are among the most frequent metastatic sites of cancer. The occurrence of bone metastasis is frequently associated with a dismal disease outcome. The prevention and therapy of bone metastases is a priority in the treatment of cancer patients. However, current therapeutic options for patients with bone metastatic disease are limited in efficacy and associated with increased morbidity. Therefore, most current therapies are mainly palliative in nature. A better understanding of the underlying molecular pathways of the bone metastatic process is warranted to develop novel, well-tolerated and more successful treatments for a significant improvement of patients' quality of life and disease outcome. In this review, we provide comparative mechanistic insights into the bone metastatic process of various solid tumors, including pediatric cancers. We also highlight current and innovative approaches to biologically targeted therapy and immunotherapy. In particular, we discuss the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the attraction, homing, dormancy and outgrowth of metastatic tumor cells and the ensuing therapeutic implications. Multiple signaling pathways have been described to contribute to metastatic spread to the bone of specific cancer entities, with most knowledge derived from the study of breast and prostate cancer. However, it is likely that similar mechanisms are involved in different types of cancer, including multiple myeloma, primary bone sarcomas and neuroblastoma. The metastatic rate-limiting interaction of tumor cells with the various cellular and noncellular components of the bone-marrow niche provides attractive therapeutic targets, which are already partially exploited by novel promising immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Ban
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (V.F.); (D.N.T.A.)
| | - Valerie Fock
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (V.F.); (D.N.T.A.)
| | - Dave N. T. Aryee
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (V.F.); (D.N.T.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (V.F.); (D.N.T.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Choi JY, Cho SJ, Park JH, Yun SM, Jo C, Kim EJ, Huh GY, Park MH, Han C, Koh YH. Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma N-Cadherin in Alzheimer Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:484-492. [PMID: 32296844 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin is a synaptic adhesion molecule stabilizing synaptic cell structure and function. Cleavage of N-cadherin by γ-secretase produces a C-terminal fragment, which is increased in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Here, we investigated the relationship between fluid N-cadherin levels and AD pathology. We first showed that the cleaved levels of N-cadherin were increased in homogenates of postmortem brain from AD patients compared with that in non-AD patients. We found that cleaved N-cadherin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid were increased in AD dementia compared with that in healthy control. ELISA results revealed that plasma levels of N-cadherin in 76 patients with AD were higher than those in 133 healthy control subjects. The N-cadherin levels in the brains of an AD mouse model, APP Swedish/PS1delE9 Tg (APP Tg) were reduced compared with that in control. The N-terminal fragment of N-cadherin produced by cleavage at a plasma membrane was detected extravascularly, accumulated in senile plaques in the cortex of an APP Tg mouse. In addition, N-cadherin plasma levels were increased in APP Tg mice. Collectively, our study suggests that alteration of N-cadherin levels might be associated with AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Choi
- From the Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sun-Jung Cho
- From the Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- From the Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sang-Moon Yun
- From the Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Chulman Jo
- From the Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Gi Yeong Huh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Moon Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Changsu Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Medical College, Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- From the Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Shanmugasundaram KB, Yeo B, Möller A, Wuethrich A, Lin LL, Trau M. Tracking Drug-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer by a Microfluidic Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Immunoassay. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905614. [PMID: 32141228 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a primary mechanism for cancer metastasis. Detecting the activation of EMT can potentially convey signs of metastasis to guide treatment management and improve patient survival. One of the classic signatures of EMT is characterized by dynamic changes in cellular expression levels of E-cadherin and N-cadherin, whose soluble active fragments have recently been reported to be biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Herein, a microfluidic immunoassay (termed "SERS immunoassay") based on sensitive and simultaneous detection of soluble E-cadherin (sE-cadherin) and soluble N-cadherin (sN-cadherin) for EMT monitoring in patients' plasma is presented. The SERS immunoassay integrates in situ nanomixing and surface-enhanced Raman scattering readout to enable accurate detection of sE-cadherin and sN-cadherin from as low as 10 cells mL-1 . This assay enables tracking of a concurrent decrease in sE-cadherin and increase in sN-cadherin in breast cancer cells undergoing drug-induced mesenchymal transformation. The clinical potential of the SERS immunoassay is further demonstrated by successful detection of sE-cadherin and sN-cadherin in metastatic stage IV breast cancer patient plasma samples. The SERS immunoassay can potentially sense the activation of EMT to provide early indications of cancer invasions or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jing Wang
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Karthik Balaji Shanmugasundaram
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Belinda Yeo
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lynlee L Lin
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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6
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Cao ZQ, Wang Z, Leng P. Aberrant N-cadherin expression in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Mrozik KM, Blaschuk OW, Cheong CM, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K. N-cadherin in cancer metastasis, its emerging role in haematological malignancies and potential as a therapeutic target in cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:939. [PMID: 30285678 PMCID: PMC6167798 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many types of solid tumours, the aberrant expression of the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin is a hallmark of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, resulting in the acquisition of an aggressive tumour phenotype. This transition endows tumour cells with the capacity to escape from the confines of the primary tumour and metastasise to secondary sites. In this review, we will discuss how N-cadherin actively promotes the metastatic behaviour of tumour cells, including its involvement in critical signalling pathways which mediate these events. In addition, we will explore the emerging role of N-cadherin in haematological malignancies, including bone marrow homing and microenvironmental protection to anti-cancer agents. Finally, we will discuss the evidence that N-cadherin may be a viable therapeutic target to inhibit cancer metastasis and increase tumour cell sensitivity to existing anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Marek Mrozik
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Chee Man Cheong
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Christopher William Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
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8
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Liu YM, Liu YK, Huang PI, Tsai TH, Chen YJ. Antrodia cinnamomea mycelial fermentation broth inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human esophageal adenocarcinoma cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:380-386. [PMID: 29475041 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is associated with a high mortality rate and easy metastasis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the bio-product Antrodia cinnamomea mycelial fermentation broth (AC-MFB) on the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human esophageal cancer cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) was used to induce EMT in human esophageal BE3 cancer cells. Changes in cell morphology and migration potential were examined. The expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, and other transcriptional factors was studied by western blot assay. The results showed that AC-MFB was not only able to upregulate the expression of Ecadherin and attenuate the TGF-β-induced overexpression of vimentin and N-cadherin, but it also reversed the TGF-β-induced changes in cell morphology from polygonal to spindle-shaped and delayed the migration potential of BE3 cells. Furthermore, AC-MFB treatment was able to inhibit the expression levels of both Twist and Twist1. Overall, AC-MFB was able to inhibit the EMT of esophageal cancer BE3 cells, which was accompanied by Twist and Twist1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Liu
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming University, No. 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, No. 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuo Liu
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pin-I Huang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, No. 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- School of Medicine, Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming University, No. 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming University, No. 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 45, Minsheng Rd., Tamshui District, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
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Tien WS, Chen JH, Wu KP. SheddomeDB: the ectodomain shedding database for membrane-bound shed markers. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:42. [PMID: 28361715 PMCID: PMC5374707 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of membrane-anchored proteins are known to be released from cell surface via ectodomain shedding. The cleavage and release of membrane proteins has been shown to modulate various cellular processes and disease pathologies. Numerous studies revealed that cell membrane molecules of diverse functional groups are subjected to proteolytic cleavage, and the released soluble form of proteins may modulate various signaling processes. Therefore, in addition to the secreted protein markers that undergo secretion through the secretory pathway, the shed membrane proteins may comprise an additional resource of noninvasive and accessible biomarkers. In this context, identifying the membrane-bound proteins that will be shed has become important in the discovery of clinically noninvasive biomarkers. Nevertheless, a data repository for biological and clinical researchers to review the shedding information, which is experimentally validated, for membrane-bound protein shed markers is still lacking. RESULTS In this study, the database SheddomeDB was developed to integrate publicly available data of the shed membrane proteins. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to collect the membrane proteins that were verified to be cleaved or released in the supernatant by immunological-based validation experiments. From 436 studies on shedding, 401 validated shed membrane proteins were included, among which 199 shed membrane proteins have not been annotated or validated yet by existing cleavage databases. SheddomeDB attempted to provide a comprehensive shedding report, including the regulation of shedding machinery and the related function or diseases involved in the shedding events. In addition, our published tool ShedP was embedded into SheddomeDB to support researchers for predicting the shedding event on unknown or unrecorded membrane proteins. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, SheddomeDB is the first database for the identification of experimentally validated shed membrane proteins and currently may provide the most number of membrane proteins for reviewing the shedding information. The database included membrane-bound shed markers associated with numerous cellular processes and diseases, and some of these markers are potential novel markers because they are not annotated or validated yet in other databases. SheddomeDB may provide a useful resource for discovering membrane-bound shed markers. The interactive web of SheddomeDB is publicly available at http://bal.ym.edu.tw/SheddomeDB/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Tien
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hong Chen
- Department of Computer Science, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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Nava P, Kamekura R, Nusrat A. Cleavage of transmembrane junction proteins and their role in regulating epithelial homeostasis. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e24783. [PMID: 24665393 PMCID: PMC3879235 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues form a selective barrier that separates the external environment from the internal tissue milieu. Single epithelial cells are densely packed and associate via distinct intercellular junctions. Intercellular junction proteins not only control barrier properties of the epithelium but also play an important role in regulating epithelial homeostasis that encompasses cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and regulated shedding. Recent studies have revealed that several proteases target epithelial junction proteins during physiological maturation as well as in pathologic states such as inflammation and cancer. This review discusses mechanisms and biological consequences of transmembrane junction protein cleavage. The influence of junction protein cleavage products on pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio Nava
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA ; Department of Physiology; Biophysics and Neurosciences; Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV); México DF, Mexico
| | - Ryuta Kamekura
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
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11
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Niimi R, Matsumine A, Iino T, Nakazora S, Nakamura T, Uchida A, Sudo A. Soluble Neural-cadherin as a novel biomarker for malignant bone and soft tissue tumors. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:309. [PMID: 23799912 PMCID: PMC3702400 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural-cadherin (N-cadherin) is one of the most important molecules involved in tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and the maintenance of tissue integrity. Recently, the cleavage of N-cadherin has become a focus of attention in the field of cancer biology. Cadherin and their ectodomain proteolytic shedding play important roles during cancer progression. The aims of this study are to investigate the serum soluble N-cadherin (sN-CAD) levels in patients with malignant bone and soft tissue tumors, and to evaluate the prognostic significance of the sN-CAD levels. METHODS We examined the level of serum sN-CAD using an ELISA in 80 malignant bone and soft tissue tumors (bone sarcoma, n = 23; soft tissue sarcoma, n = 50; metastatic cancer, n = 7) and 87 normal controls. The mean age of the patients was 51 years (range, 10-85 years) and the mean follow-up period was 43 months (range, 1-115 months). RESULTS The median serum sN-CAD level was 1,267 ng/ml (range, 135-2,860 ng/ml) in all patients. The mean serum sN-CAD level was 1,269 ng/ml (range, 360-2,860 ng/ml) in sarcoma patients, otherwise 1,246 ng/ml (range, 135-2,140 ng/ml) in cancer patients. The sN-CAD levels in patient were higher than those found in the controls, who had a median serum level of 108 ng/ml (range, 0-540 ng/ml). The patients with tumors larger than 5 cm had higher serum sN-CAD levels than the patients with tumors smaller than 5 cm. The histological grade in the patients with higher serum sN-CAD levels was higher than that in the patients with lower serum sN-CAD levels. A univariate analysis demonstrated that the patients with higher serum sN-CAD levels showed a worse disease-free survival rate, local recurrence-free survival rate, metastasis-free survival rate, and overall survival rate compared to those with lower serum sN-CAD levels. In the multivariate analysis, sN-CAD was an independent factor predicting disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS sN-CAD is a biomarker for malignant bone and soft tissue tumors, and a potentially valuable pre-therapeutic prognostic factor in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcoma.
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12
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Vandyke K, Chow AWS, Williams SA, To LB, Zannettino ACW. Circulating N-cadherin levels are a negative prognostic indicator in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2013; 161:499-507. [PMID: 23438504 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
N-cadherin (cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal); CDN2) is a homotypic adhesion molecule that is upregulated in breast, prostate and bladder cancer. Here we investigated the prognostic significance of upregulated N-cadherin expression in multiple myeloma (MM). Our results indicate that N-cadherin protein and gene expression is abnormally increased in trephine biopsies and CD38(++) /CD138(+) plasma cells from MM patients, when compared with those of normal donors. In addition, levels of circulating N-cadherin were elevated in a subset of patients with MM (n = 81; mean: 14·50 ng/ml, range: 0-146·78 ng/ml), relative to age-matched controls (n = 27; mean: 2·66 ng/ml, range: 0-5·96 ng/ml), although this did not reach statistical significance. Notably, patients with abnormally high levels of N-cadherin (>6 ng/ml) had decreased progression-free survival (P = 0·036; hazard ratio: 1·94) and overall survival (P = 0·002; hazard ratio: 3·15), when compared with patients with normal N-cadherin levels (≤6 ng/ml). Furthermore, multivariate analyses revealed that the combination of N-cadherin levels and International Staging System (ISS) was a more powerful prognostic indicator than using ISS alone. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that circulating N-cadherin levels are a viable prognostic marker for high-risk MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Giebultowicz J, Polanska-Plachta M, Wroczynski P, Zaborowski P, Polanski JA. How echinoccocosis affects potential cancer markers in plasma: galectin-3, sN-cadherin and sE-cadherin? A preliminary report. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:17. [PMID: 22340429 PMCID: PMC3355024 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of publications are suggesting that galectin-3 (Gal-3) and soluble cadherin fragments, such as E-cadherin (sE-CAD) and N-cadherin (sN-CAD), may be considered as cancer markers. Despite the promising results of the studies, there are no data concerning their levels in the plasma of echinococcosis patients. In most cases, echinoccocosis affects the liver, and its symptoms and disease course are very similar to those of liver cancer. The aim of the present study was to observe whether echinococcosis affects the concentration of soluble sN-CAD, sE-CAD fragments and Gal-3 in plasma and to determine which of them could be considered reliable liver cancer markers for further research. Methods The concentrations of sN-CAD, sE-CAD and Gal-3 in the EDTA plasma of patients suffering from echinococcosis (N = 20), liver cancers (N = 10) and healthy subjects (N = 20) were measured using the ELISA method. Results The plasma concentration of sE-CAD was lower (p = 0.0381), and that of Gal-3 higher (p = 0.0288), in echinococcosis than in the healthy group. However, only the concentration of sE-CAD differed significantly among the three analysed groups. In echinococcosis there was a correlation between the sE-CAD and CRP levels (rs = 0.79; p = 0.0066) as well as a correlation between the sE-CAD level and the number of leukocytes (rs = 0.65; p = 0.0210) in the blood. Conclusions Echinococcosis affects the concentration of soluble sE-CAD fragments and Gal-3 in plasma. sE-CAD can be considered as a marker for differentiation between liver cancer and echinoccocossis, a parasitic liver disease similar in symptoms. Further study is required to confirm these preliminary results. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2115657402650448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Giebultowicz
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw PL-02097, Poland.
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14
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Hendrix A, Gespach C, Bracke M, De Wever O. The tumor ecosystem regulates the roads for invasion and metastasis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:714-9. [PMID: 21676670 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Invasive cancer cells traffic from the primary tumor ecosystem to distant metastatic sites. Experimental data are reviewed with a focus on cross-signaling between cancer cells and host cells such as myofibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. Invasion-associated cellular activities, namely vesicle exocytosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, depend on complex networks of signal transduction pathways including activation of tyrosine kinases, the Rab, Rac and Rho family of small GTPases and cadherin signaling. As clinical validation, some cell types or molecules implicated in invasion-associated activities may serve as prognostic/predictive biomarker or as target for patient-tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hendrix
- Laboratory of experimental cancer research, department of radiation oncology and experimental cancer research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Jovov B, Que J, Tobey NA, Djukic Z, Hogan BL, Orlando RC. Role of E-cadherin in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:1039-47. [PMID: 21448147 PMCID: PMC3568513 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An early event in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an acid-induced increase in junctional (paracellular) permeability in esophageal epithelium (EE). The molecular events that account for this change are unknown. E-cadherin is a junctional protein important in barrier function in EE. Therefore, defects in barrier function in EE were sought in GERD as well as whether their presence correlated with abnormalities in e-cadherin. METHODS Endoscopic biopsies of EE from GERD (n=20; male 10; female 10; mean age 50 ± 10 years) and subjects with a healthy esophagus (controls; n=23; male 11; female 12; mean age 51 ± 11 years) were evaluated in mini-Ussing chambers and by western blot and immunochemistry; and serum analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A role for e-cadherin was also assessed using a unique conditional knockout of e-cadherin in adult mouse esophagus. RESULTS EE from GERD patients had lower electrical resistance and higher fluorescein flux than EE from controls; and the findings in GERD associated with cleavage of e-cadherin. Cleavage of e-cadherin in GERD was documented in EE by the presence of a 35-kDa, C-terminal fragment of the molecule on western blot and by an increase in soluble N-terminal fragments of the molecule in serum. Activation of the membrane metalloproteinase, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM-10), was identified as a likely cause for cleavage of e-cadherin by western blot and immunostaining and a role for e-cadherin in the increased junctional permeability in EE from GERD supported by showing increased permeability after deletion of e-cadherin in mouse EE. CONCLUSIONS The EE in GERD has increased junctional permeability and this is in association with proteolytic cleavage of e-cadherin. As loss of e-cadherin can, alone, account for the increase in junctional permeability, cleavage of e-cadherin likely represents a critical molecular event in the pathogenesis of GERD, and identification of cleaved fragments may, if confirmed in larger studies, be valuable as a biomarker of GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Jovov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nelia A. Tobey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zorka Djukic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brigid L.M. Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roy C. Orlando
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Keller TC, Hogan MV, Kesturu G, James R, Balian G, Chhabra AB. Growth/differentiation factor-5 modulates the synthesis and expression of extracellular matrix and cell-adhesion-related molecules of rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:353-64. [PMID: 21250863 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.534208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the cellular and molecular response of tendon fibroblasts to growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5). Rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts (ATFs) were treated in culture with varying concentrations of GDF-5 (0-1000 ng/ml) over varying periods of time (0-12 days). Cell proliferation, evaluated through use of a standard MTT colorimetric assay, confirmed that GDF-5 stimulates ATF proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. Temporal and concentration analysis revealed that GDF-5 increases total DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and hydroxyproline (HYP) content. Ratios of HYP/DNA and GAG/DNA increased with increasing concentrations of GDF-5 (0-1000 ng/ml). Expression of the following 12 extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-adhesion-related genes was assessed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): collagen I (col I), collagen III (col III), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3 and -13, aggrecan, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, syndecan-4, N-cadherin, tenascin-C, biglycan, versican, and decorin. RT-PCR data revealed an increase in the expression of col I, col III, MMP-3, MMP-13, TIMP-2, syndecan-4, N-cadherin, tenascin-C, and aggrecan genes by day 6. A statistically significant decrease in TIMP-2 and MMP-13 was observed on day 12. Decorin expression was depressed at all time points in cells treated with GDF-5. There was no significant change in biglycan expression in ATFs supplemented with GDF-5. These findings suggest that GDF-5 induces cellular proliferation and ECM synthesis as well as expression of ECM and cell-adhesion-related genes in ATFs. This study further defines the influence of GDF-5 on rat ATFs through its action on the expression of genes that are associated with tendon ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Keller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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17
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ElMoneim HMA, Zaghloul NM. Expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and snail and their correlation with clinicopathological variants: an immunohistochemical study of 132 invasive ductal breast carcinomas in Egypt. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1765-71. [PMID: 22012049 PMCID: PMC3180143 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of the cell adhesion molecules E-cadherin and N-cadherin and the transcription factor Snail in invasive ductal breast carcinomas and to determine their relationships with clinicopathological features. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to examine E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Snail protein expression in 132 invasive breast carcinomas. RESULTS The expression of E-cadherin was decreased (negative or weak) in 37.1% of invasive carcinomas, while N-cadherin and Snail overexpression were detected in 51.9% and 40.9% of carcinomas, respectively. Low E-cadherin expression was significantly correlated with poorly differentiated carcinoma (53.1%), positive node status (80.9%), poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (64.7%), and the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Overexpression of N-cadherin and Snail were also significantly correlated with poorly differentiated carcinoma, positive node status, and poor Nottingham Prognostic Index but were correlated with the absence of hormone receptors. Loss of E-cadherin immunoexpression was strongly associated with the presence of membranous N-cadherin (87.8%) and nuclear Snail (69.4%). CONCLUSION Loss of E-cadherin and overexpression of N-cadherin and Snail in breast carcinomas may play a central role in the development of invasive ductal breast carcinoma. These biomarkers may provide a valuable reference for the study of invasive ductal carcinoma progression and to characterize the biological behavior of the tumor. In the future, increased N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin expression may be used as indicators of the progression and prognosis of invasive ductal carcinoma.
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18
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Turashvili G, McKinney SE, Goktepe O, Leung SC, Huntsman DG, Gelmon KA, Los G, Rejto PA, Aparicio SAJR. P-cadherin expression as a prognostic biomarker in a 3992 case tissue microarray series of breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:64-81. [PMID: 20852590 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
P-cadherin is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein. P-cadherin expression is restricted to the myoepithelial cells in normal breast tissue, and aberrant staining has also been described in invasive tumors. Several small studies have reported P-cadherin as a marker of poor outcome in breast cancer patients but its prognostic significance in relation to other variables has not been established in a large series of breast cancers. A tissue microarray was constructed from 3992 cases of invasive breast carcinoma, and P-cadherin expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Median follow-up was 12.5 years. The immunohistochemistry-based definitions of cancer subtypes were luminal (ER+ or PR+/HER2-), luminal/HER2+ (ER+ or PR+/HER2+), HER2+ (ER-/PR-/HER2+), and basal (ER-/PR-/HER2-/CK5/6+ or EGFR+). Clinical covariate and biomarker associations were assessed using contingency tables, and Pearson's χ(2) or Fisher's exact test. Survival associations were assessed using Kaplan-Meier plots, logrank and Breslow tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. P-cadherin was expressed in 34.8% (1290/3710, 50% cut point) of cases. P-cadherin staining was strongly associated with HER2+ and basal carcinoma subtypes (P<0.0005). P-cadherin-positive patients showed significantly poorer short-term (0-10 years) overall survival, disease-specific survival, distant relapse-free interval, and locoregional relapse-free interval in univariable models (P<0.05). In multivariable Cox models containing standard clinical covariates and cancer subtypes, P-cadherin did not show independent prognostic value. P-cadherin expression was positively associated with histological grade, chemotherapy, Ki-67, EGFR, CK5/6, p53, YB-1, and HER2 expression (P<0.002), and negatively associated with age at diagnosis, ER, PR, and Bcl-2 expression (P<0.0005). This study shows the value of P-cadherin as a marker of poor prognosis. The large sample size of this series clarifies contradictory findings of many smaller studies. P-cadherin positivity is associated with high-grade tumor subtypes and well-established markers of poor prognosis, and may represent a promising antibody therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulisa Turashvili
- Molecular Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Craig SEL, Brady-Kalnay SM. Cancer cells cut homophilic cell adhesion molecules and run. Cancer Res 2010; 71:303-9. [PMID: 21084269 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The term contact inhibition (CI) encompasses the cellular changes that result in cessation of cell migration and of proliferation due to signals transduced when one cell comes into physical contact with another cell. Cancer cells, however, do not contact inhibit. A molecular understanding of the loss of CI in cancer cells is important for understanding tumor progression. In this Perspective, we propose that the loss of CI observed in cancer cells is the result of extracellular proteolysis of transmembrane cell-cell cell adhesion molecules (CAM) in the tumor microenvironment. Proteolysis of homophilic cell-cell CAMs results in a shed extracellular fragment and released cytoplasmic fragment(s) that disrupts adhesion and induces signals that promote proliferation and/or migration. The importance of this observation in tumor progression is supported by the presence of the shed extracellular fragments of homophilic cell-cell CAMs in serum and tumor tissue of cancer patients suggesting that instead of acting as tumor suppressors, the shed CAM extracellular and cytoplasmic fragments actually function as oncogenes. The study of cell-cell CAM cleavage will provide important and novel means of diagnosing, imaging, and treating tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya E L Craig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4960, USA
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20
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van Kilsdonk JWJ, van Kempen LCLT, van Muijen GNP, Ruiter DJ, Swart GWM. Soluble adhesion molecules in human cancers: sources and fates. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:415-27. [PMID: 20227133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules endow tumor cells with the necessary cell-cell contacts and cell-matrix interactions. As such, adhesion molecules are involved in cell signalling, proliferation and tumor growth. Rearrangements in the adhesion repertoire allow tumor cells to migrate, invade and form metastases. Besides these membrane-bound adhesion molecules several soluble adhesion molecules are detected in the supernatant of tumor cell lines and patient body fluids. Truncated soluble adhesion molecules can be generated by several conventional mechanisms, including alternative splicing of mRNA transcripts, chromosomal translocation, and extracellular proteolytic ectodomain shedding. Secretion of vesicles (ectosomes and exosomes) is an alternative mechanism mediating the release of full-length adhesion molecules. Soluble adhesion molecules function as modulators of cell adhesion, induce proteolytic activity and facilitate cell signalling. Additionally, adhesion molecules present on secreted vesicles might be involved in the vesicle-target cell interaction. Based on currently available data, released soluble adhesion molecules contribute to cancer progression and therefore should not be regarded as unrelated and non-functional side products of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen W J van Kilsdonk
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, IMM & NCMLS, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Mannello F, Tonti GAM, Medda V, Pederzoli A, Sauter ER. Increased shedding of soluble fragments of P-cadherin in nipple aspirate fluids from women with breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2160-9. [PMID: 18811693 PMCID: PMC11158546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, a worldwide disease with increasing incidence, develops from ductal/lobular epithelium. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), secreted from the breast ducts and lobules, can be analyzed to assess breast metabolic activity. P-cadherin is frequently over-expressed in high-grade invasive breast carcinomas and has been reported to be an enhancer of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, being correlated with tumor aggressiveness. The present study analyzed the soluble fragment of P-cadherin in milk, NAF and matched plasma samples of healthy subjects and in women with precancer conditions and breast cancer. Soluble P-cadherin was detected in all plasma and milk samples, and in about 31.3% of NAF samples. The lowest levels of soluble P-cadherin were found in plasma, with no significant difference among NoCancer, PreCancer and Cancer patients. The highest concentration of soluble P-cadherin was detected in milk collected during the first trimester of lactation, significantly with respect to all NAF samples. There were significantly higher levels of soluble P-cadherin in NAF from Cancer patients than those in women with NoCancer and PreCancer (P < 0.0001). Although no significant difference was found between in situ and invasive breast cancer, soluble P-cadherin levels were found at high concentrations in c-erbB-2-positive tumors, showing a positive correlation with disease stage grouping and tumor grade, and an inverse relationship with estrogen/progesterone receptor status. High levels of the soluble fragment of P-cadherin in Cancer NAF suggest its possible release via proteolytic processing, favoring cancer cell detachment from breast duct, and suggesting that measuring soluble P-cadherin in NAF may improve the identification of women with increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Carlo Bo, Urbino PU, Italy.
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22
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De Wever O, Pauwels P, De Craene B, Sabbah M, Emami S, Redeuilh G, Gespach C, Bracke M, Berx G. Molecular and pathological signatures of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions at the cancer invasion front. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:481-94. [PMID: 18648847 PMCID: PMC2522326 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of epithelial cell-cell adhesion via the transcriptional repression of cadherins in combination with the acquisition of mesenchymal properties are key determinants of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is associated with early stages of carcinogenesis, cancer invasion and recurrence. Furthermore, the tumor stroma dictates EMT through intensive bidirectional communication. The pathological analysis of EMT signatures is critically, especially to determine the presence of cancer cells at the resection margins of a tumor. When diffusion barriers disappear, EMT markers may be detected in sera from cancer patients. The detection of EMT signatures is not only important for diagnosis but can also be exploited to enhance classical chemotherapy treatments. In conclusion, further detailed understanding of the contextual cues and molecular mediators that control EMT will be required in order to develop diagnostic tools and small molecule inhibitors with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram De Craene
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Christian Gespach
- INSERM U 673, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Molecular and Clinical Oncology of Solid Tumors, Faculté de Médecine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 755071 Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Gravdal K, Halvorsen OJ, Haukaas SA, Akslen LA. A switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin expression indicates epithelial to mesenchymal transition and is of strong and independent importance for the progress of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:7003-11. [PMID: 18056176 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell adhesion molecules are of crucial importance in cancer invasion and metastasis. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition, characterized by reduced E-cadherin and increased N-cadherin expression, has been recognized as a feature of aggressive tumors, but the importance of this phenotype has not been settled in human prostate cancer. We here present novel data, with special focus on the independent relationship between an E-cadherin to N-cadherin switch (EN-switch) and patient prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tissue microarray sections from a consecutive series of 104 radical prostatectomies during 1988 to 1994 with detailed clinicopathologic data and long follow-up were studied immunohistochemically for the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin, beta-catenin, and p120(CTN). RESULTS Low E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with adverse clinicopathologic features, whereas other biomarkers were mostly related to Gleason score. In univariate survival analyses, cadherin switching (high N-cadherin and low E-cadherin) showed strong and significant associations with multiple end points of progression and cancer-specific death. Expression of the "basal cell marker" P-cadherin was associated with shorter time to skeletal metastasis (P = 0.036). In multivariate analysis of time to clinical recurrence, the "EN-switch" (hazard ratio, 4.3; P < 0.0005) had strong and independent prognostic effect, together with Gleason score. CONCLUSION These novel data unravel the importance of epithelial to mesenchymal transition for prostate cancer progression, and demonstration of a switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin expression could have significant effect on the care of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Gravdal
- The Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Najy AJ, Day KC, Day ML. ADAM15 supports prostate cancer metastasis by modulating tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1092-9. [PMID: 18281484 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using human tumor and cDNA microarray technology, we have recently shown that the ADAM15 disintegrin is significantly overexpressed during the metastatic progression of human prostate cancer. In the current study, we used lentiviral-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology to down-regulate ADAM15 in the metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC-3. ADAM15 down-regulation dramatically attenuated many of the malignant characteristics of PC-3 cells in vitro and prevented the s.c. growth of PC-3 cells in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. By inhibiting the expression of ADAM15 in PC-3 cells, we showed decreased cell migration and adhesion to specific extracellular matrix proteins. This was accompanied by a reduction in the cleavage of N-cadherin by ADAM15 at the cell surface. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed reduced cell surface expression of the metastasis-associated proteins alpha(v) integrin and CD44. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion and activity were abrogated in response to ADAM15 reduction. In an in vitro model of vascular invasion, loss of ADAM15 reduced PC-3 adhesion to, and migration through, vascular endothelial cell monolayers. Using an SCID mouse model of human prostate cancer metastasis, we found that the loss of ADAM15 significantly attenuated the metastatic spread of PC-3 cells to bone. Taken together, these data strongly support a functional role for ADAM15 in prostate tumor cell interaction with vascular endothelium and the metastatic progression of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo J Najy
- Department of Urology, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0944, USA
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25
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Hugo H, Ackland ML, Blick T, Lawrence MG, Clements JA, Williams ED, Thompson EW. Epithelial--mesenchymal and mesenchymal--epithelial transitions in carcinoma progression. J Cell Physiol 2008; 213:374-83. [PMID: 17680632 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Like a set of bookends, cellular, molecular, and genetic changes of the beginnings of life mirror those of one of the most common cause of death--metastatic cancer. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important change in cell phenotype which allows the escape of epithelial cells from the structural constraints imposed by tissue architecture, and was first recognized by Elizabeth Hay in the early to mid 1980's to be a central process in early embryonic morphogenesis. Reversals of these changes, termed mesenchymal to epithelial transitions (METs), also occur and are important in tissue construction in normal development. Over the last decade, evidence has mounted for EMT as the means through which solid tissue epithelial cancers invade and metastasize. However, demonstrating this potentially rapid and transient process in vivo has proven difficult and data connecting the relevance of this process to tumor progression is still somewhat limited and controversial. Evidence for an important role of MET in the development of clinically overt metastases is starting to accumulate, and model systems have been developed. This review details recent advances in the knowledge of EMT as it occurs in breast development and carcinoma and prostate cancer progression, and highlights the role that MET plays in cancer metastasis. Finally, perspectives from a clinical and translational viewpoint are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honor Hugo
- Embryology Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Soluble cadherins as cancer biomarkers. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:685-97. [PMID: 17952616 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular activities, regulating a balanced tissue organisation, are frequently disturbed during cancer progression. These include protein ectodomain shedding, a post-translational process that substantially changes the functional properties of the substrate protein. In comparison with normal epithelia, cancer cells almost invariably show diminished cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion. This review will address cadherin ectodomain shedding and its functional consequence in normal physiology and in the tumor environment. Soluble cadherin fragments may retain specific biological activities during cancer cell invasion, angiogenesis and perineural invasion. When diffusion barriers disappear, soluble cadherins are detected in sera from cancer patients. Soluble N-(neural) cadherin may represent a novel diagnosis/prognostic biomarker showing a correlation with PSA in sera of prostate cancer patients. Furthermore, therapeutic monitoring in pancreas adenomacarcinoma revealed a correlation between circulating soluble N-cadherin and CA 19-9. A better understanding of cadherin regulation in cancer progression will likely increase our awareness of the importance of the combinatorial signals that regulate tissue integrity and eventually result in the identification of new therapeutics targeting cadherins.
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Derycke L, Morbidelli L, Ziche M, De Wever O, Bracke M, Van Aken E. Soluble N-cadherin fragment promotes angiogenesis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 23:187-201. [PMID: 17028923 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells express two dependent intercellular adhesion molecules: vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, specific for endothelial cells, and N-cadherin, also present in neuronal, lens, skeletal and heart muscle cells, osteoblasts, pericytes and fibroblasts. While there exists a vast amount of evidence that VE-cadherin promotes angiogenesis, the role of N-cadherin still remains to be elucidated. We found that a soluble 90-kDa fragment N-cadherin promotes angiogenesis in the rabbit cornea assay and in the chorioallantoic assay when cleaved enzymatically from the extracellular domain of N-cadherin. Soluble N-cadherin stimulates migration of endothelial cells in the wound healing assay and stimulates phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase. In vitro experiments with PD173074 and knock-down of N-cadherin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-receptor, showed that the pro-angiogenic effect of soluble N-cadherin is N-cadherin- and FGF-receptor-dependent. Our results suggest that soluble N-cadherin stimulates migration of endothelial cells through the FGF-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Derycke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
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