1
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Bläsius K, Ludwig L, Knapp S, Flaßhove C, Sonnabend F, Keller D, Tacken N, Gao X, Kahveci-Türköz S, Grannemann C, Babendreyer A, Adrain C, Huth S, Baron JM, Ludwig A, Düsterhöft S. Pathological mutations reveal the key role of the cytosolic iRhom2 N-terminus for phosphorylation-independent 14-3-3 interaction and ADAM17 binding, stability, and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:102. [PMID: 38409522 PMCID: PMC10896983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The protease ADAM17 plays an important role in inflammation and cancer and is regulated by iRhom2. Mutations in the cytosolic N-terminus of human iRhom2 cause tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC). In mice, partial deletion of the N-terminus results in a curly hair phenotype (cub). These pathological consequences are consistent with our findings that iRhom2 is highly expressed in keratinocytes and in oesophageal cancer. Cub and TOC are associated with hyperactivation of ADAM17-dependent EGFR signalling. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. We have identified a non-canonical, phosphorylation-independent 14-3-3 interaction site that encompasses all known TOC mutations. Disruption of this site dysregulates ADAM17 activity. The larger cub deletion also includes the TOC site and thus also dysregulated ADAM17 activity. The cub deletion, but not the TOC mutation, also causes severe reductions in stimulated shedding, binding, and stability of ADAM17, demonstrating the presence of additional regulatory sites in the N-terminus of iRhom2. Overall, this study contrasts the TOC and cub mutations, illustrates their different molecular consequences, and reveals important key functions of the iRhom2 N-terminus in regulating ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bläsius
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lena Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Knapp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flaßhove
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Friederike Sonnabend
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Diandra Keller
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikola Tacken
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xintong Gao
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Selcan Kahveci-Türköz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caroline Grannemann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Colin Adrain
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sebastian Huth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Malte Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Choi AS, Jenkins-Lane LM, Barton W, Kumari A, Lancaster C, Raulerson C, Ji H, Altomare D, Starr MD, Whitaker R, Phaeton R, Arend R, Shtutman M, Nixon AB, Hempel N, Lee NY, Mythreye K. Glycosaminoglycan modifications of betaglycan regulate ectodomain shedding to fine-tune TGF-β signaling responses in ovarian cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:128. [PMID: 38360757 PMCID: PMC10870443 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In pathologies including cancer, aberrant Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling exerts profound tumor intrinsic and extrinsic consequences. Intense clinical endeavors are underway to target this pathway. Central to the success of these interventions is pinpointing factors that decisively modulate the TGF-β responses. Betaglycan/type III TGF-β receptor (TβRIII), is an established co-receptor for the TGF-β superfamily known to bind directly to TGF-βs 1-3 and inhibin A/B. Betaglycan can be membrane-bound and also undergo ectodomain cleavage to produce soluble-betaglycan that can sequester its ligands. Its extracellular domain undergoes heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan modifications, transforming betaglycan into a proteoglycan. We report the unexpected discovery that the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains on betaglycan are critical for the ectodomain shedding. In the absence of such glycosaminoglycan chains betaglycan is not shed, a feature indispensable for the ability of betaglycan to suppress TGF-β signaling and the cells' responses to exogenous TGF-β ligands. Using unbiased transcriptomics, we identified TIMP3 as a key inhibitor of betaglycan shedding thereby influencing TGF-β signaling. Our results bear significant clinical relevance as modified betaglycan is present in the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer and can serve as a marker for predicting patient outcomes and TGF-β signaling responses. These studies are the first to demonstrate a unique reliance on the glycosaminoglycan chains of betaglycan for shedding and influence on TGF-β signaling responses. Dysregulated shedding of TGF-β receptors plays a vital role in determining the response and availability of TGF-βs', which is crucial for prognostic predictions and understanding of TGF-β signaling dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Choi
- Department of Pathology and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Laura M Jenkins-Lane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Wade Barton
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Asha Kumari
- Department of Pathology and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Carly Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Calen Raulerson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Mark D Starr
- Department of Medicine and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Regina Whitaker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca Phaeton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Rebecca Arend
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Andrew B Nixon
- Department of Medicine and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Pathology and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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3
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Kahveci-Türköz S, Bläsius K, Wozniak J, Rinkens C, Seifert A, Kasparek P, Ohm H, Oltzen S, Nieszporek M, Schwarz N, Babendreyer A, Preisinger C, Sedlacek R, Ludwig A, Düsterhöft S. A structural model of the iRhom-ADAM17 sheddase complex reveals functional insights into its trafficking and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:135. [PMID: 37119365 PMCID: PMC10148629 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Several membrane-anchored signal mediators such as cytokines (e.g. TNFα) and growth factors are proteolytically shed from the cell surface by the metalloproteinase ADAM17, which, thus, has an essential role in inflammatory and developmental processes. The membrane proteins iRhom1 and iRhom2 are instrumental for the transport of ADAM17 to the cell surface and its regulation. However, the structure-function determinants of the iRhom-ADAM17 complex are poorly understood. We used AI-based modelling to gain insights into the structure-function relationship of this complex. We identified different regions in the iRhom homology domain (IRHD) that are differentially responsible for iRhom functions. We have supported the validity of the predicted structure-function determinants with several in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches and demonstrated the regulatory role of the IRHD for iRhom-ADAM17 complex cohesion and forward trafficking. Overall, we provide mechanistic insights into the iRhom-ADAM17-mediated shedding event, which is at the centre of several important cytokine and growth factor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcan Kahveci-Türköz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Bläsius
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cindy Rinkens
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shixin Oltzen
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Nieszporek
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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4
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Kelesidis T, Sharma M, Satta S, Tran E, Gupta R, Araujo JA, Middlekauff HR. Ectodomain shedding of proteins important for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in plasma of tobacco cigarette smokers compared to electronic cigarette vapers: a cross-sectional study. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:327-335. [PMID: 36759357 PMCID: PMC9911331 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of tobacco cigarette (TCIG) smoking and electronic cigarette (ECIG) vaping on the risk of development of severe COVID-19 is controversial. The present study investigated levels of proteins important for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis present in plasma because of ectodomain shedding in smokers, ECIG vapers, and non-smokers (NSs). Protein levels of soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (Ang) II (the ligand of ACE2), Ang 1-7 (the main peptide generated from Ang II by ACE2 activity), furin (a protease that increases the affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for ACE2), and products of ADAM17 shedding activity that predict morbidity in COVID-19 (IL-6/IL-6R alpha (IL-6/IL-6Rα) complex, soluble CD163 (sCD163), L-selectin) were determined in plasma from 45 NSs, 30 ECIG vapers, and 29 TCIG smokers using ELISA. Baseline characteristics of study participants did not differ among groups. TCIG smokers had increased sCD163, L-selectin compared to NSs and ECIG vapers (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). ECIG vapers had higher plasma furin compared to both NSs (p < 0.001) and TCIG smokers (p < 0.05). ECIG vaping and TCIG smoking did not impact plasma ACE2, Ang 1-7, Ang II, and IL-6 levels compared to NSs (p > 0.1 for all comparisons). Further studies are needed to determine if increased furin activity and ADAM17 shedding activity that is associated with increased plasma levels of sCD163 and L-selectin in healthy young TCIG smokers may contribute to the future development of severe COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 47-100 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Madhav Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 47-100 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sandro Satta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 47-100 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesus A Araujo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Holly R Middlekauff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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De Luca M, Bryan DR, Hunter GR. Serum syndecan-4 correlates with blood pressure and cardiovascular parameters but not proinflammatory markers in healthy older women. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2541-2545. [PMID: 35932401 PMCID: PMC10122834 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a low-grade proinflammatory status that plays a role in age-related vascular alterations. Syndecan-4 (SDC4) is a key component of the endothelial glycocalyx, and its extracellular domain can be shed by matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). In vitro studies demonstrated that MMP-9-mediated shedding of SDC4 is induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) in human endothelial cells. However, the relationship between circulating shed SDC4, systemic inflammation, and age-related vascular alterations remains unknown. Here, we used linear regression models to examine the associations of serum SDC4 levels with cardiovascular hemodynamic phenotypes, serum MMP-9, and serum TNF-α and inteleukin-6 in healthy older women (n = 74). Serum SDC4 was not associated with proinflammatory cytokines or arterial elasticity. Nevertheless, we found significant correlations of SDC4 with MMP-9, heart rate, left ventricular ejection time, systemic vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Our preliminary evidence suggests that systemic inflammation might not induce SDC4 shedding in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Luca
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3360, USA.
| | - David Ronald Bryan
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3360, USA
| | - Gary Richard Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3360, USA
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6
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Baek CH, Kim H, Moon SY, Yang WS. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, induces ADAM10-dependent ectodomain shedding of RAGE via AMPK activation in human aortic endothelial cells. Life Sci 2022; 292:120331. [PMID: 35041837 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Glucagon-like peptide-1 alleviates the deleterious effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the protective mechanism using liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). MAIN METHODS Following liraglutide treatment in HAECs, the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) was measured in both cell lysate and culture supernatant, the cytosolic free Ca2+ level was monitored using Fluo-4 AM, the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was analyzed, and immunofluorescence staining was used to visualize a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) on the cell surface. KEY FINDINGS Liraglutide (100 nM) induced ectodomain shedding of RAGE within 30 min and inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) induced by AGEs of bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA). Further experiments revealed that liraglutide rapidly increased extracellular Ca2+ influx through L-type calcium channels and activated AMPK, resulting in translocation of ADAM10 to the cell surface, whereas siRNA-mediated ADAM10 depletion prevented liraglutide-induced ectodomain shedding of RAGE and eliminated liraglutide's inhibitory effect on AGE-BSA-induced ICAM-1 expression. Moreover, compound C-mediated AMPK inhibition and siRNA-mediated AMPK depletion both prevented ADAM10 translocation to the cell surface and ADAM10-mediated ectodomain shedding of RAGE. SIGNIFICANCE Liraglutide reduces the number of intact RAGE on the cell surface by inducing ADAM10-mediated ectodomain shedding, which decreases the inflammatory effects of AGEs. AMPK activated by extracellular Ca2+ influx is critically involved in the translocation of ADAM10 to the cell surface, where it cleaves RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hee Baek
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosang Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Moon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Meyer-Schwesinger C, Seipold L, Saftig P. Ectodomain shedding by ADAM proteases as a central regulator in kidney physiology and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2021;:119165. [PMID: 34699872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Besides its involvement in blood and bone physiology, the kidney's main function is to filter substances and thereby regulate the electrolyte composition of body fluids, acid-base balance and toxin removal. Depending on underlying conditions, the nephron must undergo remodeling and cellular adaptations. The proteolytic removal of cell surface proteins via ectodomain shedding by A Disintegrin and Metalloproteases (ADAMs) is of importance for the regulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion of renal cells. ADAM10 controls glomerular and tubule development in a Notch1 signaling-dependent manner and regulates brush border composition. ADAM17 regulates the renin angiotensin system and is together with ADAM10 involved in calcium phosphate homeostasis. In kidney disease ADAMs, especially ADAM17 contribute to inflammation through their involvement in IL-6 trans-signaling, Notch-, epithelial growth factor receptor-, and tumor necrosis factor α signaling. ADAMs are interesting drug targets to reduce the inflammatory burden, defective cell adhesion and impaired signaling pathways in kidney diseases.
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8
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Peters F, Rahn S, Mengel M, Scharfenberg F, Otte A, Koudelka T, Wagner EF, Wunderlich FT, Haase M, Naumann R, Tholey A, Becker-Pauly C. Syndecan-1 shedding by meprin β impairs keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation in hyperkeratosis. Matrix Biol 2021; 102:37-69. [PMID: 34508852 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of proteolytic enzymes has huge impact on epidermal homeostasis, which can result in severe pathological conditions such as fibrosis or Netherton syndrome. The metalloprotease meprin β was found to be upregulated in hyperproliferative skin diseases. AP-1 transcription factor complex has been reported to induce Mep1b expression. Since AP-1 and its subunit fos-related antigen 2 (fra-2) are associated with the onset and progression of psoriasis, we wanted to investigate if this could partially be attributed to increased meprin β activity. Here, we demonstrate that fra-2 transgenic mice show increased meprin β expression and proteolytic activity in the epidermis. To avoid influence by other fra-2 regulated genes, we additionally generated a mouse model that enabled tamoxifen-inducible expression of meprin β under the Krt5-promotor to mimic the pathological condition. Interestingly, induced meprin β expression in the epidermis resulted in hyperkeratosis, hair loss and mottled pigmentation of the skin. Employing N-terminomics revealed syndecan-1 as a substrate of meprin β in skin. Shedding of syndecan-1 at the cell surface caused delayed calcium-induced differentiation and impaired adhesion of keratinocytes, which was blocked by the meprin β inhibitor fetuin-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Peters
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany; Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Zurich 8952, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Rahn
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Marion Mengel
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Franka Scharfenberg
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Anna Otte
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Laboratory Genes and Disease, Department of Dermatology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Michael Haase
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, Dresden University, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
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9
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Liu S, Fu Y, Mei K, Jiang Y, Sun X, Wang Y, Ren F, Jiang C, Meng L, Lu S, Qin Z, Dong C, Wang X, Chang Z, Yang S. A shedding soluble form of interleukin-17 receptor D exacerbates collagen-induced arthritis through facilitating TNF-α-dependent receptor clustering. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1883-1895. [PMID: 32963355 PMCID: PMC8322419 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00548-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is exacerbated by TNF-alpha signaling. However, it remains unclear whether TNF-α-activated TNFR1 and TNFR2 are regulated by extracellular factors. Here, we showed that soluble glycosylated interleukin-17 receptor D (sIL-17RD), which was produced by proteolytic cleavage, enhanced TNF-α-induced RA. We revealed that IL-17RD shedding was induced by the proteolytic enzyme TACE and enhanced by TNF-α expression in macrophages. Intriguingly, sIL-17RD was elevated in the sera of arthritic mice and rats. Recombinant sIL-17RD significantly enhanced the TNF-α-induced proinflammatory response by promoting TNF-α-TNFR-sIL-17RD complex formation and receptor clustering, leading to the accelerated development of collagen-induced arthritis. Our observations revealed that ectodomain shedding of IL-17RD occurred in RA to boost the TNF-α-induced inflammatory response. Targeting sIL-17RD may provide a new strategy for the therapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Kunrong Mei
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Fangli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Congshan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shigao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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10
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Düsterhöft S, Kahveci-Türköz S, Wozniak J, Seifert A, Kasparek P, Ohm H, Liu S, Kopkanova J, Lokau J, Garbers C, Preisinger C, Sedlacek R, Freeman M, Ludwig A. The iRhom homology domain is indispensable for ADAM17-mediated TNFα and EGF receptor ligand release. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5015-5040. [PMID: 33950315 PMCID: PMC8233286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-tethered signalling proteins such as TNFα and many EGF receptor ligands undergo shedding by the metalloproteinase ADAM17 to get released. The pseudoproteases iRhom1 and iRhom2 are important for the transport, maturation and activity of ADAM17. Yet, the structural and functional requirements to promote the transport of the iRhom-ADAM17 complex have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Utilising in silico and in vitro methods, we here map the conserved iRhom homology domain (IRHD) and provide first insights into its structure and function. By focusing on iRhom2, we identified different structural and functional factors within the IRHD. We found that the structural integrity of the IRHD is a key factor for ADAM17 binding. In addition, we identified a highly conserved motif within an unstructured region of the IRHD, that, when mutated, restricts the transport of the iRhom-ADAM17 complex through the secretory pathway in in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo systems and also increases the half-life of iRhom2 and ADAM17. Furthermore, the disruption of this IRHD motif was also reflected by changes in the yet undescribed interaction profile of iRhom2 with proteins involved in intracellular vesicle transport. Overall, we provide the first insights into the forward trafficking of iRhoms which is critical for TNFα and EGF receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Selcan Kahveci-Türköz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shixin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana Kopkanova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Omoteyama K, Sato T, Sato M, Tsutiya A, Arito M, Suematsu N, Kurokawa MS, Kato T. Identification of novel substrates of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 by specific labeling of surface proteins. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05804. [PMID: 33385093 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) catalyzes the cleavage and release of the ectodomains of its substrates at the cell surface in a process termed ectodomain shedding. However, not all ADAM17 substrates have been identified. Here, we used cell surface protein-specific labeling and proteomic approaches to detect and identify ADAM17 substrates. HeLa cell surface proteins were labeled with a fluorescent dye and cultured with or without TAPI-2, an ADAM17 inhibitor. Labeled proteins released into the culture medium were detected by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). Protein spots showing decreased intensity in response to TAPI-2 were selected as substrates of ADAM17 or their binding proteins, and identified by mass spectrometry. ADAM17 knockdown was preformed to examine the behavior of identified proteins. Of 347 proteins detected by 2DE, 49 showed lower intensity in TAPI-2 (+) than in TAPI-2 (-) samples (p < 0.05), and were considered as candidate substrates of ADAM17. Mass spectrometric analysis of 14 protein spots showing >50% decreased intensity identified clusterin as a novel ADAM17 substrate, in addition to known substrates such as desmoglein-2. Western blot analysis showed that ADAM17 knockdown decreased the levels of clusterin fragments cleaved and released from the cell surface. The results identified clusterin as a novel ADAM17 substrate. The method used to identify clusterin could be used to identify the substrates of other sheddases involved in ectodomain shedding.
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12
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Sriranganathan S, Tutunea-Fatan E, Abbasi A, Gunaratnam L. Mapping and functional characterization of murine kidney injury molecule-1 proteolytic cleavage site. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1093-108. [PMID: 33211259 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), also known as T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1), is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on proximal tubule epithelia during acute kidney injury (AKI). Extracellular domain of KIM-1 undergoes spontaneous and activated ectodomain shedding into urine and blood via metalloproteases. Soluble KIM-1 (blood and urinary) is a reliable clinical biomarker of proximal tubular injury, but the biological significance of shedding remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the specific shedding enzyme and the proteolytic cleavage site of murine KIM-1, followed by the characterization of its functional relevance. In this regard, isoleucine (I) I202 was identified as the potential cleavage site. Mutation of isoleucine I202 to glutamine (I202Q) or alanine (I202A) significantly reduced both constitutive and induced KIM-1 shedding and ultimately efferocytosis. It was also uncovered that ADAM10 is the major sheddase that mediates the proteolytic cleavage of murine KIM-1. In addition, ADAM10-induced KIM-1 shedding was required for efficient phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Importantly, the findings that the addition of exogenous shed KIM-1 rescued the phagocytic impairment suggest that shed KIM-1 is capable of modulating efferocytosis of apoptotic bodies and could represent a potential functional role of the soluble ectodomain KIM-1 during AKI.
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13
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De Herdt MJ, Koljenović S, van der Steen B, Willems SM, Wieringa MH, Nieboer D, Hardillo JA, Gruver AM, Zeng W, Liu L, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Looijenga LHJ. A novel immunohistochemical scoring system reveals associations of C-terminal MET, ectodomain shedding, and loss of E-cadherin with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2020; 104:42-53. [PMID: 32702402 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Using tissue microarrays, it was shown that membranous C-terminal MET immunoreactivity and ectodomain (ECD) shedding are associated with poor prognosis in oral cancer. Seen the potential diagnostic value, extrapolation of these results to whole-tissue sections was investigated. Because MET orchestrates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the results were benchmarked to loss of E-cadherin, a readout for EMT known to be associated with poor prognosis. C-terminal MET, N-terminal MET, and E-cadherin immunoreactivities were examined on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded parallel sections of 203 oral cancers using antibody clones D1C2, A2H2-3, and NCH-38. Interantibody and intra-antibody relations were examined using a novel scoring system, nonparametric distribution, and median tests. Survival analyses were used to examine the prognostic value of the observed immunoreactivities. Assessment of the three clones revealed MET protein status (no, decoy, transmembranous C-terminal positive), ECD shedding, and EMT. For C-terminal MET-positive cancers, D1C2 immunoreactivity is independently associated with poor overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25 to 4.61; and P = 0.008) and disease-free survival (HR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.07-3.14; P = 0.027). For both survival measures, this is also the case for ECD shedding (43.4%, with HR = 2.30; 95% CI = 1.38 to 3.83; and P = 0.001 versus HR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.19-2.92; P = 0.006) and loss of E-cadherin (55.3%, with HR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.30 to 3.77; and P = 0.004 versus HR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.20-3.01; P = 0.007). The developed scoring system accounts for MET protein status, ECD shedding, and EMT and is prognostically informative. These findings may contribute to development of companion diagnostics for MET-based targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J De Herdt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Senada Koljenović
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Berdine van der Steen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marjan H Wieringa
- Department of Education, Office of Science, Elisabeth TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, 5022 GC, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jose A Hardillo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Aaron M Gruver
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA.
| | - Wei Zeng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA.
| | - Ling Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA.
| | - Robert J Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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14
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Elahi A, Ajidahun A, Hendrick L, Getun I, Humphries LA, Hernandez J, Shibata D. HPP1 Ectodomain Shedding is Mediated by ADAM17 and is Necessary for Tumor Suppression in Colon Cancer. J Surg Res 2020; 254:183-190. [PMID: 32450419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperplastic polyposis protein 1 (HPP1) encodes a tumor-suppressive transmembrane cleavable epidermal growth factor-like ligand. It is unclear as to whether cleavage and shedding of HPP1 are essential steps in achieving its tumor suppressive properties. ADAM proteins are key players in cellular ectodomain shedding processes with ADAM17 being well characterized and representing the most likely sheddase for HPP1. In this study, we explore the mechanisms and importance of ectodomain shedding in contributing to HPP1-mediated tumor suppression. METHODS Baseline characterization of HPP1 ectodomain shedding and ADAM family member expression was performed in HCT116 colon cancer cells with forced overexpression of HPP1 and controls. Subsequent impact of attenuation of ADAM expression by short interfering RNA on HPP1 shedding was evaluated. Furthermore, we examined the functional impact of an uncleavable HPP1 mutant construct (HPP1-Δstalk) generated by site-directed mutagenesis. Cellular growth potential functions were analyzed by MTT and soft agar assays. RESULTS Select proinflammatory cytokines enhanced HPP1 ectodomain shedding, whereas short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of ADAM17 resulted in abrogation of HPP1 ectodomain shedding. ADAM17 knockdown concomitantly resulted in increased cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. HPP1-Δstalk-transfected cells exhibited significantly higher proliferation and reduced STAT1 activation relative to full-length HPP1, further suggesting a critical role for ectodomain shedding in HPP1-mediated tumor suppression. CONCLUSION The tumor-suppressive properties of HPP1 in colorectal cancer require cleavage and shedding of its ectodomain which in turn are mediated by ADAM17. Further investigations into the regulation of HPP1 may lead to a greater understanding of epidermal growth factor-like ligand family biology and potential novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Elahi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida; Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Abidemi Ajidahun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida; Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Leah Hendrick
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Irina Getun
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Leigh Ann Humphries
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - David Shibata
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida; Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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15
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Schwarz N, Junge M, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Flow Cytometry of Membrane Purinoreceptors. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2041:117-136. [PMID: 31646484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9717-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian purinoreceptors respond to extracellular nucleotides and their metabolites, for example, following the release of ATP or NAD+ from cells and their hydrolysis by ectonucleotidases. Membrane purinoreceptors are expressed as ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels designated P2X receptors, or as metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors designated P1 or P2Y receptors, on the cell surface of different cell types. In this chapter, we provide protocols to monitor the expression and activity of purinoreceptors on the cell membrane of living cells by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marten Junge
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
A crucial step for tumor cell extravasation and metastasis is the migration through the extracellular matrix, which requires proteolytic activity. Hence, proteases, particularly matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), have been discussed as therapeutic targets and their inhibition should diminish tumor growth and metastasis. The metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β are highly abundant on intestinal enterocytes and their expression was associated with different stages of colorectal cancer. Due to their ability to cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) components, they were suggested as pro-tumorigenic enzymes. Additionally, both meprins were shown to have pro-inflammatory activity by cleaving cytokines and their receptors, which correlates with chronic intestinal inflammation and associated conditions. On the other hand, meprin β was identified as an essential enzyme for the detachment and renewal of the intestinal mucus, important to prevent bacterial overgrowth and infection. Considering this, it is hard to estimate whether high activity of meprins is generally detrimental or if these enzymes have also protective functions in certain cancer types. For instance, for colorectal cancer, patients with high meprin β expression in tumor tissue exhibit a better survival prognosis, which is completely different to prostate cancer. This demonstrates that the very same enzyme may have contrary effects on tumor initiation and growth, depending on its tissue and subcellular localization. Hence, precise knowledge about proteolytic enzymes is required to design the most efficient therapeutic options for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the current findings on meprins' functions, expression, and cancer-associated variants with possible implications for tumor progression and metastasis.
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17
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Abstract
Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor (sLDLR) is the circulating ectodomain of transmembrane LDLR. Its blood level strongly correlates with that of triglycerides (TG). This correlation has eluded satisfactory explanation. Hypertriglyceridemia and shedding of the ectodomain of many transmembrane receptors often accompany inflammatory states. The shedding mostly occurs through cleavage by a disintegrin-and-metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM-17), an enzyme activated by inflammation. It reduces the cellular uptake of TG-loaded lipoproteins, causing their accumulation in circulation; hence the correlation between plasma sLDLR and TG. Soluble LDLR could become a new surrogate marker of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majambu Mbikay
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada. .,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Janice Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Chrétien
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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18
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Baek CH, Kim H, Moon SY, Park SK, Yang WS. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate downregulates lipopolysaccharide signaling in human aortic endothelial cells by inducing ectodomain shedding of TLR4. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172692. [PMID: 31557474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in green tea leaves, has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which EGCG attenuates the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an agonist of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The increase in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) induced by LPS (100 ng/ml) was effectively attenuated by pretreatment with EGCG (50 μM). Importantly, EGCG treatment resulted in a rapid reduction of cellular TLR4, which was accompanied by an increase in the N-terminal fragment of TLR4 in the culture supernatant, indicating that EGCG induces ectodomain shedding of TLR4. EGCG increased cytosolic Ca2+ by inducing the release of intracellular stored Ca2+ and the influx of extracellular Ca2+; accordingly, EGCG-induced ectodomain shedding of TLR4 was nullified by pretreatment with BAPTA-AM (10 μM), an intracellular Ca2+ chelator. EGCG induced translocation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) to the cell surface, which was also blocked by BAPTA-AM. Treatment with ADAM10 inhibitor (GI254023X, 2 μM) and siRNA-mediated depletion of ADAM10 prevented EGCG-induced ectodomain shedding of TLR4 and abolished the inhibitory effect of EGCG on LPS-induced ICAM-1 expression. Collectively, these findings suggest that EGCG decreases cell surface TLR4 in HAECs by inducing ADAM10-mediated ectodomain shedding, and thereby attenuates the effects of LPS. This is a new mechanism of the suppressive effect of EGCG on LPS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hee Baek
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosang Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Moon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kil Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Seok Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Hosseini E, Mohtashami M, Ghasemzadeh M. Down-regulation of platelet adhesion receptors is a controlling mechanism of thrombosis, while also affecting post-transfusion efficacy of stored platelets. Thromb J 2019; 17:20. [PMID: 31660046 PMCID: PMC6806620 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologically, upon platelet activation, uncontrolled propagation of thrombosis is prevented by regulating mechanisms which affect the expression and function of either platelet adhesion receptors or integrins. Receptor ectodomain shedding is an elective mechanism which is mainly involved in down-regulation of adhesion receptors GPIbα and GPVI. Platelet integrin αIIbβ3 can also be modulated with a calpain-dependent proteolytic cleavage. In addition, activating signals may induce the internalization of expressed receptors to selectively down-regulate their intensity. Alternatively, further activation of platelets is associated with microvesiculation as a none-selective mechanism which leads to the loss of membrane- bearing receptors. In a non-physiological condition, the storage of therapeutic platelets has also shown to be associated with the unwilling activation of platelets which triggers receptors down-regulation via aforementioned different mechanisms. Notably, herein the changes are time-dependent and not controllable. While the expression and shedding of pro-inflammatory molecules can induce post-transfusion adverse effects, stored-dependent loss of adhesion receptors by ectodomain shedding or microvesiculation may attenuate post-transfusion adhesive functions of platelets causing their premature clearance from circulation. In its first part, the review presented here aims to describe the mechanisms involved in down-regulation of platelet adhesion receptors. It then highlights the crucial role of ectodomain shedding and microvesiculation in the propagation of "platelet storage lesion" which may affect the post-transfusion efficacy of platelet components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehteramolsadat Hosseini
- 1Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Building, Hemmat Exp. Way, Next to the Milad Tower, PO Box: 14665-1157, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohtashami
- 1Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Building, Hemmat Exp. Way, Next to the Milad Tower, PO Box: 14665-1157, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- 1Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Building, Hemmat Exp. Way, Next to the Milad Tower, PO Box: 14665-1157, Tehran, Iran.,2Australian Center for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004 Australia
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20
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Hsia HE, Tüshaus J, Brummer T, Zheng Y, Scilabra SD, Lichtenthaler SF. Functions of 'A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs)' in the mammalian nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3055-81. [PMID: 31236626 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
'A disintegrin and metalloproteases' (ADAMs) are a family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in multicellular organisms. About half of the ADAMs are active metalloproteases and cleave numerous cell surface proteins, including growth factors, receptors, cytokines and cell adhesion proteins. The other ADAMs have no catalytic activity and function as adhesion proteins or receptors. Some ADAMs are ubiquitously expressed, others are expressed tissue specifically. This review highlights functions of ADAMs in the mammalian nervous system, including their links to diseases. The non-proteolytic ADAM11, ADAM22 and ADAM23 have key functions in neural development, myelination and synaptic transmission and are linked to epilepsy. Among the proteolytic ADAMs, ADAM10 is the best characterized one due to its substrates Notch and amyloid precursor protein, where cleavage is required for nervous system development or linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Recent work demonstrates that ADAM10 has additional substrates and functions in the nervous system and its substrate selectivity may be regulated by tetraspanins. New roles for other proteolytic ADAMs in the nervous system are also emerging. For example, ADAM8 and ADAM17 are involved in neuroinflammation. ADAM17 additionally regulates neurite outgrowth and myelination and its activity is controlled by iRhoms. ADAM19 and ADAM21 function in regenerative processes upon neuronal injury. Several ADAMs, including ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM15 and ADAM30, are potential drug targets for AD. Taken together, this review summarizes recent progress concerning substrates and functions of ADAMs in the nervous system and their use as drug targets for neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Scharfenberg F, Helbig A, Sammel M, Benzel J, Schlomann U, Peters F, Wichert R, Bettendorff M, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S, Moali C, Lichtenthaler SF, Pietrzik CU, Bartsch JW, Tholey A, Becker-Pauly C. Degradome of soluble ADAM10 and ADAM17 metalloproteases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:331-50. [PMID: 31209506 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) 10 and 17 can release the extracellular part of a variety of membrane-bound proteins via ectodomain shedding important for many biological functions. So far, substrate identification focused exclusively on membrane-anchored ADAM10 and ADAM17. However, besides known shedding of ADAM10, we identified ADAM8 as a protease capable of releasing the ADAM17 ectodomain. Therefore, we investigated whether the soluble ectodomains of ADAM10/17 (sADAM10/17) exhibit an altered substrate spectrum compared to their membrane-bound counterparts. A mass spectrometry-based N-terminomics approach identified 134 protein cleavage events in total and 45 common substrates for sADAM10/17 within the secretome of murine cardiomyocytes. Analysis of these cleavage sites confirmed previously identified amino acid preferences. Further in vitro studies verified fibronectin, cystatin C, sN-cadherin, PCPE-1 as well as sAPP as direct substrates of sADAM10 and/or sADAM17. Overall, we present the first degradome study for sADAM10/17, thereby introducing a new mode of proteolytic activity within the protease web.
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22
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Yang WS, Moon SY, Han NJ, Lee MJ, Park SK. Arginine vasopressin attenuates the effects of TNF-α in aortic endothelial cells by inducing ectodomain shedding of TNF receptor 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:780-6. [PMID: 30833075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In septic shock, arginine vasopressin (AVP) is commonly used as a vasopressor to restore blood pressure. Exogenous AVP may have anti-inflammatory effects as well. We investigated whether AVP modulates the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). TNF-α stimulated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, while AVP pretreatment attenuated this effect of TNF-α. Upon treatment with AVP, extracellular Ca2+ entered the cells rapidly through L-type calcium channels, which in turn induced cell surface translocation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and ectodomain shedding of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). On the other hand, siRNA depletion of ADAM10 suppressed AVP-induced ectodomain shedding of TNFR1 and eliminated the inhibitory effect of AVP against TNF-α. Depletion of oxytocin receptor also abolished AVP-induced extracellular Ca2+ influx, AVP-induced ectodomain shedding of TNFR1 and the inhibitory effect of AVP against TNF-α. These findings suggest that AVP decreases the responsiveness of HAECs to TNF-α by inducing ADAM10-dependent ectodomain shedding of TNFR1. Extracellular Ca2+ influx through L-type calcium channels was essential for ADAM10 activation. This effect of AVP was mediated through the oxytocin receptor.
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Yang WS, Kim JJ, Lee MJ, Lee EK, Park SK. Ectodomain Shedding of RAGE and TLR4 as a Negative Feedback Regulation in High-Mobility Group Box 1-Activated Aortic Endothelial Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 51:1632-1644. [PMID: 30497069 DOI: 10.1159/000495651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) elicits inflammatory responses through interactions with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We investigated how RAGE and TLR4 expressions are regulated after HMGB1 stimulation in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). METHODS RAGE and TLR4 expressions were analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) activity was measured using a fluorogenic substrate. RESULTS Upon treatment with HMGB1, both RAGE and TLR4 began to decrease in cell lysate and remained decreased up to 24 h. The decrease in cellular RAGE and TLR4 was accompanied by an increase of N-terminal fragment of RAGE and TLR4 in culture supernatant, indicating ectodomain shedding of the receptors. HMGB1 activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and ADAM17, while HMGB1-induced ADAM17 activation was inhibited by SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. HMGB1-induced ectodomain shedding of RAGE and TLR4 was prevented by siRNA depletion of ADAM17 as well as TAPI-2, an inhibitor of ADAM family, and SB203580. HMGB1 pretreatment abolished p38 MAPK activation in response to 2nd HMGB1 stimulation. In the cells depleted of ADAM17, HMGB1-induced p38 MAPK activation was prolonged. siRNA depletion of RAGE, but not TLR4, suppressed HMGB1-induced p38 MAPK activation. CONCLUSION In response to HMGB1 stimulation, HAECs rapidly undergo ectodomain shedding of RAGE and TLR4, and thereby become insensitive to further HMGB1 stimulation. ADAM17, activated through RAGE-p38 MAPK pathway, is implicated in the ectodomain cleavage of the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ju Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kil Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of
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Rey-Gallardo A, Tomlins H, Joachim J, Rahman I, Kitscha P, Frudd K, Parsons M, Ivetic A. Sequential binding of ezrin and moesin to L-selectin regulates monocyte protrusive behaviour during transendothelial migration. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.215541. [PMID: 29777033 PMCID: PMC6051341 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is absolutely fundamental to the inflammatory response, and involves initial pseudopod protrusion and subsequent polarised migration across inflamed endothelium. Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins are expressed in leukocytes and mediate cell shape changes and polarity. The spatio-temporal organisation of ERM proteins with their targets, and their individual contribution to protrusion during TEM, has never been explored. Here, we show that blocking binding of moesin to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) reduces its C-terminal phosphorylation during monocyte TEM, and that on–off cycling of ERM activity is essential for pseudopod protrusion into the subendothelial space. Reactivation of ERM proteins within transmigrated pseudopods re-establishes their binding to targets, such as L-selectin. Knockdown of ezrin, but not moesin, severely impaired the recruitment of monocytes to activated endothelial monolayers under flow, suggesting that this protein plays a unique role in the early recruitment process. Ezrin binds preferentially to L-selectin in resting cells and during early TEM. The moesin–L-selectin interaction increases within transmigrated pseudopods as TEM proceeds, facilitating localised L-selectin ectodomain shedding. In contrast, a non-cleavable L-selectin mutant binds selectively to ezrin, driving multi-pseudopodial extensions. Taken together, these results show that ezrin and moesin play mutually exclusive roles in modulating L-selectin signalling and shedding to control protrusion dynamics and polarity during monocyte TEM. Summary: Ezrin and moesin co-ordinate binding to L-selectin in monocytes to, respectively, regulate pseudopod protrusion and ectodomain shedding during transendothelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rey-Gallardo
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hannah Tomlins
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Justin Joachim
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Izajur Rahman
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Phoebe Kitscha
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Karen Frudd
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Aleksandar Ivetic
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
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Yang WS, Kim JJ, Lee MJ, Lee EK, Park SK. ADAM17-Mediated Ectodomain Shedding of Toll-Like Receptor 4 as a Negative Feedback Regulation in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Aortic Endothelial Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 45:1851-1862. [PMID: 29510400 DOI: 10.1159/000487876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocytes/macrophages develop endotoxin tolerance in part by reducing cell surface toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) through cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14)-dependent endocytosis. In case of endothelial cells, CD14 is expressed in low copy numbers as compared with monocytes/macrophages. Thus, we explored how endothelial cells regulate TLR4 expression after LPS stimulation. METHODS Cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with LPS. TLR4 expression was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) activity was measured using a fluorescent substrate. RESULTS TLR4 in cell lysate began to decrease within 30 min of LPS treatment with a maximal reduction at 2 h, and it was accompanied by an increase of N-terminal fragment of TLR4 in culture supernatant, indicating ectodomain shedding of the receptor. LPS activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and ADAM17, while LPS-induced ADAM17 activation was inhibited by SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. LPS-induced ectodomain shedding of TLR4 was attenuated by siRNA depletion of ADAM17 as well as TAPI-2 (an inhibitor of ADAM family) and SB203580. LPS pretreatment resulted in a blunted response of p38 MAPK activation to further LPS stimulation. In the cells depleted of ADAM17, LPS-induced p38 MAPK activation was prolonged and LPS-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression was potentiated. CONCLUSION HAECs respond to LPS by rapid shedding of the ectodomain of TLR4 and thereby reduce the responsiveness to subsequent LPS exposure. ADAM17, downstream of p38 MAPK, is implicated in the ectodomain cleavage of TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ju Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kil Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
L-selectin is a type I transmembrane cell adhesion molecule expressed on most circulating leukocytes, including neutrophils. Engagement of L-selectin with endothelial-derived ligands initiates neutrophil tethering and rolling behaviour along luminal walls of post-capillary venules, constituting the first step of the multi-step adhesion cascade. There is a large body of evidence to suggest that signalling downstream of L-selectin can influence neutrophil behaviour: adhesion, migration and priming. This review will cover aspects of L-selectin form and function and introduce the “triad of L-selectin regulation”, highlighting the inextricable links between adhesion, signalling and ectodomain shedding and also highlighting the cytosolic proteins that interconnect them. Recent advances in how L-selectin impacts priming, transendothelial migration (TEM) and cell polarity will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Ivetic
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, James Black Centre 125, Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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Cho Y, Park D, Kim C. Disruption of TACE-filamin interaction can inhibit TACE-mediated ectodomain shedding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:997-1003. [PMID: 28666872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ectodomain shedding regulates functions of many membrane proteins through the cleavage of their juxtamembrane region mainly by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase family proteinases. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is known to be responsible for phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced shedding of various membrane proteins. How PMA regulates TACE-dependent shedding and how TACE exhibits substrate specificity without proteolysis of other membrane proteins are questionable. Here, we show that TACE can interact with an actin-binding protein, filamin, through 20th filamin repeat. We found that the interaction between TACE and filamin was increased by PMA treatment. In addition, loss of filamin or specific disruption of TACE-filamin interaction inhibited ectodomain shedding of representative TACE substrates, CD44 and amyloid protein precursor. From these data, we suggest that filamin may work as a scaffold that can recruit TACE and its substrates in a PMA-dependent manner to achieve substrate specificity for TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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28
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Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage represents a unique and irreversible posttranslational event regulating the function and half-life of many intracellular and extracellular proteins. The metalloproteinase ADAM10 has raised attention since it cleaves an increasing number of protein substrates close to the extracellular membrane leaflet. This "ectodomain shedding" regulates the turnover of a number of transmembrane proteins involved in cell adhesion and receptor signaling. It can initiate intramembrane proteolysis followed by nuclear transport and signaling of the cytoplasmic domain. ADAM10 has also been implicated in human disorders ranging from neurodegeneration to dysfunction of the immune system and cancer. Targeting proteases for therapeutic purposes remains a challenge since these enzymes including ADAM10 have a wide range of substrates. Accelerating or inhibiting a specific protease activity is in most cases associated with unwanted side effects and a therapeutic useful window of application has to be carefully defined. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling the expression, subcellular localization and activity of ADAM10 will likely uncover suitable drug targets which will allow a more specific and fine-tuned modulation of its proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wetzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lisa Seipold
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of membrane-anchored proteins are known to be released from cell surface via ectodomain shedding. The cleavage and release of membrane proteins has been shown to modulate various cellular processes and disease pathologies. Numerous studies revealed that cell membrane molecules of diverse functional groups are subjected to proteolytic cleavage, and the released soluble form of proteins may modulate various signaling processes. Therefore, in addition to the secreted protein markers that undergo secretion through the secretory pathway, the shed membrane proteins may comprise an additional resource of noninvasive and accessible biomarkers. In this context, identifying the membrane-bound proteins that will be shed has become important in the discovery of clinically noninvasive biomarkers. Nevertheless, a data repository for biological and clinical researchers to review the shedding information, which is experimentally validated, for membrane-bound protein shed markers is still lacking. RESULTS In this study, the database SheddomeDB was developed to integrate publicly available data of the shed membrane proteins. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to collect the membrane proteins that were verified to be cleaved or released in the supernatant by immunological-based validation experiments. From 436 studies on shedding, 401 validated shed membrane proteins were included, among which 199 shed membrane proteins have not been annotated or validated yet by existing cleavage databases. SheddomeDB attempted to provide a comprehensive shedding report, including the regulation of shedding machinery and the related function or diseases involved in the shedding events. In addition, our published tool ShedP was embedded into SheddomeDB to support researchers for predicting the shedding event on unknown or unrecorded membrane proteins. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, SheddomeDB is the first database for the identification of experimentally validated shed membrane proteins and currently may provide the most number of membrane proteins for reviewing the shedding information. The database included membrane-bound shed markers associated with numerous cellular processes and diseases, and some of these markers are potential novel markers because they are not annotated or validated yet in other databases. SheddomeDB may provide a useful resource for discovering membrane-bound shed markers. The interactive web of SheddomeDB is publicly available at http://bal.ym.edu.tw/SheddomeDB/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Tien
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hong Chen
- Department of Computer Science, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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Heckt T, Keller J, Peters S, Streichert T, Chalaris A, Rose-John S, Mell B, Joe B, Amling M, Schinke T. Parathyroid hormone induces expression and proteolytic processing of Rankl in primary murine osteoblasts. Bone 2016; 92:85-93. [PMID: 27554428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rankl, the major pro-osteoclastogenic cytokine, is synthesized as a transmembrane protein that can be cleaved by specific endopeptidases to release a soluble form (sRankl). We have previously reported that interleukin-33 (IL-33) induces expression of Tnfsf11, the Rankl-encoding gene, in primary osteoblasts, but we failed to detect sRankl in the medium. Since we also found that PTH treatment caused sRankl release in a similar experimental setting, we directly compared the influence of the two molecules. Here we show that treatment of primary murine osteoblasts with PTH causes sRankl release into the medium, whereas IL-33 only induces Tnfsf11 expression. This difference was not explainable by alternative splicing or by PTH-specific induction of endopeptidases previously shown to facilitate Rankl processing. Since sRankl release after PTH administration was blocked in the presence a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, we applied genome-wide expression analyses to identify transcriptional targets of PTH in osteoblasts. We thereby confirmed some of the effects of PTH established in other systems, but additionally identified few PTH-induced genes encoding metalloproteases. By comparing expression of these genes following administration of IL-33, PTH and various other Tnfsf11-inducing molecules, we observed that PTH was the only molecule simultaneously inducing sRankl release and Adamts1 expression. The functional relevance of the putative influence of PTH on Rankl processing was further confirmed in vivo, as we found that daily injection of PTH into wildtype mice did not only increase bone formation, but also osteoclastogenesis and sRankl concentrations in the serum. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that transcriptional effects on Tnfsf11 expression do not generally trigger sRankl release and that PTH has a unique activity to promote the proteolytic processing of Rankl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Heckt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Stephanie Peters
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Athena Chalaris
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Blair Mell
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, United States
| | - Bina Joe
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, United States
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
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Yoneshige A, Hagiyama M, Inoue T, Tanaka T, Ri A, Ito A. Modest Static Pressure Can Cause Enteric Nerve Degeneration Through Ectodomain Shedding of Cell Adhesion Molecule 1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6378-6390. [PMID: 27722927 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Internal pressure is often involved in neurodegeneration; intraocular and intraventricular pressure elevations over 20-30 cmH2O cause glaucoma and hydrocephalus, respectively. Here, we investigated enteric nerve degeneration in colon segments having tumor-induced stenosis and dilation and examined the mechanism of intraluminal pressure involvement. Histological examination revealed that the enteric ganglion neurons and neurites decreased in density in the dilated colons proportionate to the degree of dilation. Western blot analysis for cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), an immunoglobulin superfamily member expressed in enteric neurons, revealed that ectodomain shedding of CADM1 increased proportionate to colon dilation, with increased production of its C-terminal fragment αCTF, a proapoptotic intracellular molecule. To link these neurodegenerative events to increased intraluminal pressure, we devised a two-chamber culture system wherein cells cultured on a semipermeable membrane were subjected to increased medium height (water pressure up to 50 cmH2O). Mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were examined for expansion of their neurite networks in this system. As the pressure increased to 15, 30, and 45 cmH2O, the neurites decreased in density and became thinner. In addition, CADM1 shedding increased with more αCTF production. CADM1 immunofluorescence and Mitotracker mitochondrial labeling revealed that as the pressure increased, neuritic CADM1 distribution changed from uniform to punctate staining patterns, and neuritic mitochondria decreased in number and appeared as course particles. These pressure-induced phenotypes were reproduced by exogenous expression of αCTF in standard DRG neuron cultures. Therefore, increases in colonic intraluminal pressure might cause enteric nerve degeneration by inducing CADM1 shedding and αCTF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Yoneshige
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Aritoshi Ri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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Mattila SO, Tuusa JT, Petäjä-Repo UE. The Parkinson's-disease-associated receptor GPR37 undergoes metalloproteinase-mediated N-terminal cleavage and ectodomain shedding. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1366-77. [PMID: 26869225 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor 37 ( GPR37) has been implicated in the juvenile form of Parkinson's disease, in dopamine signalling and in the survival of dopaminergic cells in animal models. The structure and function of the receptor, however, have remained enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that although GPR37 matures and is exported from the endoplasmic reticulum in a normal manner upon heterologous expression in HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells, its long extracellular N-terminus is subject to metalloproteinase-mediated limited proteolysis between E167 and Q168. The proteolytic processing is a rapid and efficient process that occurs constitutively. Moreover, the GPR37 ectodomain is released from cells by shedding, a phenomenon rarely described for GPCRs. Immunofluorescence microscopy further established that although full-length receptors are present in the secretory pathway until the trans-Golgi network, GPR37 is expressed at the cell surface predominantly in the N-terminally truncated form. This notion was verified by flow cytometry and cell surface biotinylation assays. These new findings on the GPR37 N-terminal limited proteolysis may help us to understand the role of this GPCR in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease and in neuronal function in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Orvokki Mattila
- Medical Research Center Oulu, and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Jussi T Tuusa
- Medical Research Center Oulu, and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Ulla E Petäjä-Repo
- Medical Research Center Oulu, and Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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33
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Breshears LM, Peterson ML. Protocol for Examining Human Vaginal Epithelial Cell Signaling in Response to Staphylococcal Superantigens. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1396:149-158. [PMID: 26676045 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3344-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A detailed investigation of eukaryotic signaling pathways affected by bacterial products is key to our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Cytokine expression appears to be an important initial host cell response to many bacterial products, including the Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs). While much is understood about how SAgs signal to immune cells, very little is known about the specific cellular pathways activated by SAgs on nonimmune cells such as those of the epithelium. Here, we describe methods for analyzing SAg signaling in cultured epithelial cells, which may be extrapolated to the analysis of signaling pathways induced by other bacterial ligands on a variety of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Breshears
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Marnie L Peterson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Jouannet S, Saint-Pol J, Fernandez L, Nguyen V, Charrin S, Boucheix C, Brou C, Milhiet PE, Rubinstein E. TspanC8 tetraspanins differentially regulate the cleavage of ADAM10 substrates, Notch activation and ADAM10 membrane compartmentalization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 73:1895-915. [PMID: 26686862 PMCID: PMC4819958 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The metalloprotease ADAM10 mediates the shedding of the ectodomain of various cell membrane proteins, including APP, the precursor of the amyloid peptide Aβ, and Notch receptors following ligand binding. ADAM10 associates with the members of an evolutionary conserved subgroup of tetraspanins, referred to as TspanC8, which regulate its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we show that 4 of these TspanC8 (Tspan5, Tspan14, Tspan15 and Tspan33) which positively regulate ADAM10 surface expression levels differentially impact ADAM10-dependent Notch activation and the cleavage of several ADAM10 substrates, including APP, N-cadherin and CD44. Sucrose gradient fractionation, single molecule tracking and quantitative mass-spectrometry analysis of the repertoire of molecules co-immunoprecipitated with Tspan5, Tspan15 and ADAM10 show that these two tetraspanins differentially regulate ADAM10 membrane compartmentalization. These data represent a unique example where several tetraspanins differentially regulate the function of a common partner protein through a distinct membrane compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Jouannet
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Saint-Pol
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurent Fernandez
- Inserm, U1054, 34090, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Montpellier, France
| | - Viet Nguyen
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Charrin
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Claude Boucheix
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Christel Brou
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire "Signalisation et Pathogenèse", 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Milhiet
- Inserm, U1054, 34090, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France. .,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France.
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Saftig P, Lichtenthaler SF. The alpha secretase ADAM10: A metalloprotease with multiple functions in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 135:1-20. [PMID: 26522965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase' (ADAM) family are membrane-anchored proteases that are able to cleave the extracellular domains of several membrane-bound proteins in a process known as 'ectodomain shedding'. In the central nervous system, ADAM10 has attracted the most attention, since it was described as the amyloid precursor protein α-secretase over ten years ago. Despite the excitement over the potential of ADAM10 as a novel drug target in Alzheimer disease, the physiological functions of ADAM10 in the brain are not yet well understood. This is largely because of the embryonic lethality of ADAM10-deficient mice, which results from the loss of cleavage and signaling of the Notch receptor, another ADAM10 substrate. However, the recent generation of conditional ADAM10-deficient mice and the identification of further ADAM10 substrates in the brain has revealed surprisingly numerous and fundamental functions of ADAM10 in the development of the embryonic brain and also in the homeostasis of adult neuronal networks. Mechanistically, ADAM10 controls these functions by utilizing unique postsynaptic substrates in the central nervous system, in particular synaptic cell adhesion molecules, such as neuroligin-1, N-cadherin, NCAM, Ephrin A2 and A5. Consequently, a dysregulation of ADAM10 activity is linked to psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, fragile X syndrome and Huntington disease. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding the substrates and function as well as the regulation and cell biology of ADAM10 in the central nervous system and discusses the value of ADAM10 as a drug target in brain diseases.
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36
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Wanger TM, Dewitt S, Collins A, Maitland NJ, Poghosyan Z, Knäuper V. Differential regulation of TROP2 release by PKC isoforms through vesicles and ADAM17. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1325-35. [PMID: 25817572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
TROP2, a cancer cell surface protein with both pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic properties is cleaved by ADAM17. ADAM17 dependent cleavage requires novel PKC activity which is blocked by the ADAM10/ADAM17 inhibitor GW64 as well as by the PKC inhibitor Bim-1. Full length TROP2 release is induced by classical PKC activation and blocked by Gö6979, without affecting ADAM17 dependent TROP2 cleavage. Full length TROP2 is released in ectosomes, as inhibition of endocytosis did not prevent release. Inhibition of the atypical PKC isoform PKCζ stimulated metalloproteinase dependent N-terminal alternative TROP2 cleavage. The resulting alternative TROP2 cleavage product remains membrane associated via a disulphide bond, but is released in microvesicles with an average size of 107nm. Inhibition of endocytosis following PKCζ inhibition prevented alternative cleavage and release of TROP2, suggesting that these events require endocytic uptake and exosomal release of the corresponding microvesicles. The alternative TROP2 cleavage product was also found in PC3 cell lysates following deglycosylation, and may represent a novel biomarker in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Wanger
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Dental School, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Dewitt
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Dental School, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Zaruhi Poghosyan
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Knäuper
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Dental School, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
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Jeong J, Kim WH, Fernandez CP, Kim S, Kim YH, Jang HK, Lillehoj HS, Woo HJ, Min W. Different strategies for producing naturally soluble form of common cytokine receptor γ chain. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 48:13-21. [PMID: 25173813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) plays an essential role in regulating lymphoid homeostasis. In fact, alteration of this gene causes severe immunodeficiency in humans and animals. Although soluble γc (sγc) was identified in the late 1990s, much remains unknown about its production. This study describes various mechanisms underlying the generation of sγc isoforms in different species. Our data demonstrate that mouse γc and the avian ortholog γc-a did not generate sγc. Moreover, two mouse isoforms, CRA-a and mγc-b, encoded by transcripts lacking a transmembrane region by alternative splicing, did not yield sγc. However, in ducks, sγc was produced from a γc-b transcript lacking a transmembrane region by alternative splicing. In chickens, sγc was produced in normal cells and cell lines by proteolytic shedding of the γc-b isoform containing intron 5, which displayed a relatively high probability of proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain. This shedding was suppressed by leupeptin, serine and cysteine protease inhibitor. Compared to the chicken ortholog γc-a, expression of γc-b mRNA was differentially regulated according to tissue type, developmental stage, and antigen stimulation. These data demonstrate several mechanisms for producing sγc and suggest a potential role for sγc in avian lymphoid homeostatic responses to environmental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipseol Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Cherry P Fernandez
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine & Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hee-Jong Woo
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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38
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Uchikawa S, Yoda M, Tohmonda T, Kanaji A, Matsumoto M, Toyama Y, Horiuchi K. ADAM17 regulates IL-1 signaling by selectively releasing IL-1 receptor type 2 from the cell surface. Cytokine 2014; 71:238-45. [PMID: 25461404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is one of the most evolutionarily conserved cytokines and plays an essential role in the regulation of innate immunity. IL-1 binds to two different receptors, IL-1R1 and IL-1R2, which share approximately 28% amino acid homology. IL-1R1 contains a cytoplasmic domain and is capable of transducing cellular signals; by contrast, IL-1R2 lacks a functional cytoplasmic domain and serves as a decoy receptor for IL-1. Interestingly, IL-1R2 is proteolytically cleaved and also functions as a soluble receptor that blocks IL-1 activity. In the present study, we examined the shedding properties of IL-1R2 and demonstrate that ADAM17 is de facto the major sheddase for IL-1R2 and that introducing a mutation into the juxta-membrane domain of IL-1R2 significantly desensitizes IL-1R2 to proteolytic cleavage. IL-1R1 was almost insensitive to ADAM17-dependent cleavage; however, the replacement of the juxta-membrane domain of IL-R1 with that of IL-1R2 significantly increased the sensitivity of IL-1R1 to shedding. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ADAM17 indirectly enhances IL-1 signaling in a cell-autonomous manner by selectively cleaving IL-1R2. Taken together, the data collected in the present study indicate that ADAM17 affects sensitivity to IL-1 by changing the balance between IL-1R1 and the decoy receptor IL-1R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Uchikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masaki Yoda
- Department of Anti-aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Takahide Tohmonda
- Department of Anti-aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Arihiko Kanaji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Anti-aging Orthopedic Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Lee HS, Park BM, Cho Y, Kim S, Kim C, Kim MG, Park D. Shedding of epithin/PRSS14 is induced by TGF-β and mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:1084-90. [PMID: 25245289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithin/PRSS14, a type II transmembrane serine protease, plays critical roles in cancer metastasis. Previously, we have reported that epithin/PRSS14 undergoes ectodomain shedding in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation. In this study, we show that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces rapid epithin/PRSS14 shedding through receptor mediated pathway in 427.1.86 thymoma cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) is responsible for this shedding. Amino acid sequence encompassing the putative shedding cleavage site of epithin/PRSS14 exhibit strong homology to the cleavage site of l-selectin, a known TACE substrate. TACE inhibitor, TAPI-0 and TACE siRNA greatly reduced TGF-β-induced epithin/PRSS14 shedding. TGF-β treatment induces translocation of intracellular pool of TACE to the membrane where epithin/PRSS14 resides. These findings suggest that TGF-β induces epithin/PRSS14 shedding by mediating translocation of epithin/PRSS14 sheddase, TACE, to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Seon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Mi Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyung Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sauryang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.
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Vahidi A, Glenn G, van der Geer P. Identification and mutagenesis of the TACE and γ-secretase cleavage sites in the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:782-7. [PMID: 24955855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of macrophages with phorbolesters, bacterial DNA, or lipopolysaccharides causes regulated intramembrane proteolysis or RIPping of the CSF-1 receptor. This process involves TACE-mediated cleavage in the extracellular domain, followed by γ-secretase-mediated cleavage within the transmembrane region. In the current study, we have identified the TACE cleavage site, which is present twelve residues from the carboxy-terminal end of the extracellular domain. Replacement of fourteen residues at the end of the extracellular domain blocked TACE cleavage. In addition, we identified the γ-secretase cleavage site, which is present four residues from the carboxy-terminal end of the transmembrane region. Replacement of six residues surrounding this site strongly reduced intramembrane cleavage. Our results provide new insights into the molecular physiology of the CSF-1 receptor and contribute to our understanding of substrate selection by TACE and γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrash Vahidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
| | - Gary Glenn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
| | - Peter van der Geer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA.
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Sadeqzadeh E, de Bock CE, Wojtalewicz N, Holt JE, Smith ND, Dun MD, Schwarte-Waldhoff I, Thorne RF. Furin processing dictates ectodomain shedding of human FAT1 cadherin. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:41-55. [PMID: 24560745 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fat1 is a single pass transmembrane protein and the largest member of the cadherin superfamily. Mouse knockout models and in vitro studies have suggested that Fat1 influences cell polarity and motility. Fat1 is also an upstream regulator of the Hippo pathway, at least in lower vertebrates, and hence may play a role in growth control. In previous work we have established that FAT1 cadherin is initially cleaved by proprotein convertases to form a noncovalently linked heterodimer prior to expression on the cell surface. Such processing was not a requirement for cell surface expression, since melanoma cells expressed both unprocessed FAT1 and the heterodimer on the cell surface. Here we further establish that the site 1 (S1) cleavage step to promote FAT1 heterodimerisation is catalysed by furin and we identify the cleavage site utilised. For a number of other transmembrane receptors that undergo heterodimerisation the S1 processing step is thought to occur constitutively but the functional significance of heterodimerisation has been controversial. It has also been generally unclear as to the significance of receptor heterodimerisation with respect to subsequent post-translational proteolysis that often occurs in transmembrane proteins. Exploiting the partial deficiency of FAT1 processing in melanoma cells together with furin-deficient LoVo cells, we manipulated furin expression to demonstrate that only the heterodimer form of FAT1 is subject to cleavage and subsequent release of the extracellular domain. This work establishes S1-processing as a clear functional prerequisite for ectodomain shedding of FAT1 with general implications for the shedding of other transmembrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sadeqzadeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Charles E de Bock
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Natalie Wojtalewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Janet E Holt
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nathan D Smith
- ABRF, Research Services, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Matthew D Dun
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Hunter Translational Cancer Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Rick F Thorne
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Hunter Translational Cancer Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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42
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Shirakabe K, Shibagaki Y, Yoshimura A, Koyasu S, Hattori S. A proteomic approach for the elucidation of the specificity of ectodomain shedding. J Proteomics 2014; 98:233-43. [PMID: 24456812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ectodomain shedding (shedding) is a posttranslational modification mechanism, which liberates extracellular domains of membrane proteins through juxtamembrane processing. Because shedding alters cell characteristics in a rapid and irreversible manner, it must be strictly regulated. However, the regulatory mechanisms of shedding in response to environmental changes remain obscure. To evaluate the regulatory mechanisms of endogenous shedding, we previously developed a proteomic screening system to identify shedding targets. This system revealed a comprehensive picture of membrane proteins shed under defined conditions. In this study, we have improved the screening system to compare the shedding patterns in a mouse macrophage cell line treated with two different shedding inducers, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). We show here that LPS simultaneously activates the shedding of multiple membrane proteins. We further show that TPA specifically activates the shedding of αM/β2 integrin (Mac-1), which was not shed upon LPS-stimulation of macrophages. These results clearly demonstrate that the regulation of endogenous membrane protein shedding is both stimulus- and substrate-specific. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The shedding targets reported to date play pivotal roles in a variety of biological phenomena, including the immunological response, cell growth, cell adhesion and cell movement. In addition, several disease-related membrane proteins are shedding targets. Thus, understanding the regulation of shedding is important for the elucidation of pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies. We submit that a comprehensive characterization of endogenous shedding is indispensable for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of shedding, and thus have developed a proteomic screening system to identify shedding targets. In this study, using our screening system, we demonstrate that different extracellular stimuli activate different types of shedding, even in a single cell. Our results prove that this proteomic approach is quite effective for the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of shedding.
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43
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Hieda M, Koizumi M, Higashi C, Tachibana T, Taguchi T, Higashiyama S. The cytoplasmic tail of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor regulates bidirectional intracellular trafficking between the plasma membrane and ER. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:339-44. [PMID: 23650612 PMCID: PMC3642169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)- like growth factor (HB-EGF) is synthesized in the ER, transported along the exocytic pathway, and expressed on the plasma membrane as a type I transmembrane protein. Upon extracellular stimulation, HB-EGF, either proHB-EGF or the shed form HB-EGF-CTF, undergoes endocytosis and is then transported retrogradely to the ER. In this study, we showed the essential contribution of the short cytoplasmic tail of HB-EGF (HB-EGF-cyto) to the bidirectional intracellular trafficking between the ER and plasma membrane and revealed several critical amino acids residues that are responsible for internalization from the plasma membrane and ER targeting. We suggest that these anterograde and retrograde sorting signals within HB-EGF-cyto are strictly regulated by protein modification and conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Hieda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Abstract
AIM: To determine if the cytotail of the principal sheddase tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE; ADAM17) controls protein ectodomain shedding.
METHODS: Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to derive TACE variants. The resulting TACE expression plasmids with amino acid substitutions in the extracellular, cysteine-rich disintegrin domain (CRD) and/or deleted cytotail, along with an expression vector for the enhanced green fluorescence protein were transfected into shedding-defective M1 mutants stably expressing transmembrane L-selectin or transforming growth factor (TGF)-α. The expression levels of the TACE substrates at the cell surface were determined by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: Consistent with published data, a single point mutation (C600Y) in the CRD led to shedding deficiency. However, removal of the cytotail from the C600Y TACE variant partially restored ectodomain cleavage of TGF-α and L-selectin. Cytotail-deleted mutants with any other substituting amino acid residues in place of Cys600 displayed similar function compared with tail-less C600Y TACE.
CONCLUSION: The cytotail plays an inhibitory role, which becomes evident when it is removed from an enzyme with another mutation that affects the enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Li
- Xiaojin Li, Liliana Pérez, Huizhou Fan, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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