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Fiorucci S, Marchianò S, Urbani G, Di Giorgio C, Distrutti E, Zampella A, Biagioli M. Immunology of bile acids regulated receptors. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101291. [PMID: 39122016 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are steroids formed at the interface of host metabolism and intestinal microbiota. While primary bile acids are generated in the liver from cholesterol metabolism, secondary bile acids represent the products of microbial enzymes. Close to 100 different enzymatic modifications of bile acids structures occur in the human intestine and clinically guided metagenomic and metabolomic analyses have led to the identification of an extraordinary number of novel metabolites. These chemical mediators make an essential contribution to the composition and function of the postbiota, participating to the bidirectional communications of the intestinal microbiota with the host and contributing to the architecture of intestinal-liver and -brain and -endocrine axes. Bile acids exert their function by binding to a group of cell membrane and nuclear receptors collectively known as bile acid-regulated receptors (BARRs), expressed in monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, CD4+ T effector cells, including Th17, T regulatory cells, dendritic cells and type 3 of intestinal lymphoid cells and NKT cells, highlighting their role in immune regulation. In this review we report on how bile acids and their metabolitesmodulate the immune system in inflammations and cancers and could be exploiting for developing novel therapeutic approaches in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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2
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Shamsipur M, Babaee E, Gholivand MB, Molaabasi F, Hajipour-Verdom B, Sedghi M. Intrinsic dual emissive insulin capped Au/Ag nanoclusters as single ratiometric nanoprobe for reversible detection of pH and temperature and cell imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 250:116064. [PMID: 38280296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
pH and temperature are two important characteristics in cells and the environment. These, not only in the well-done regulation of cell functions but also in diagnosis and treatment, have a key role. Protein-protected bimetallic nanoclusters are abundantly used in the building of biosensors. However, insulin-stabilized Au-Ag nanoclusters with dual intrinsic emission have not been investigated yet. In this work, Dual emissive insulin templated Au-Ag nanocluster (Ins(Au/Ag)NCs) were first synthesized in a simple and green one-put manner. The two emission wavelengths of, as-prepared NCs centered at 410 and 630 nm, excited in one excitation wavelength (330 nm). These two emission peaks were assigned to the di-Tyrosine cross-linked formation and bimetallic nanoclusters respectively. Further analysis displayed that each emission band of Ins(Au/Ag)NCs responded to one variable whilst another peak remained constant; For blue and red emission wavelengths, pH dependency and thermo-responsibility were observed respectively. As-prepared nanoprobe with the intrinsic dual emissive feature was used for ratiometric determination of these parameters, each with a discrete response from another. The linear range of 6.0-9.0 for pH and 1 to 71 °C for temperature was obtained, which comprises the physiological range of pH and temperature and afforded intracellular sensing and imaging capability. As-prepared NCs probe show excellent biocompatibility and cell membrane permeability, and so were successfully applied as direct ratiometric pH and temperature probes in HeLa and HFF cells. More interestingly, this dual emissive nanoprobe is capable of distinguishing cancer cells from normal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149-67346, Iran.
| | - Elaheh Babaee
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149-67346, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Molaabasi
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Hajipour-Verdom
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-154, Iran
| | - Mosslim Sedghi
- Department of Biophysics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Formulation Development, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
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Li Y, Sun K, Chen S, Zhao J, Lei Y, Geng L. Nano-Resveratrol Liposome: Physicochemical Stability, In Vitro Release, and Cytotoxicity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5950-5965. [PMID: 36729296 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04344-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nano-resveratrol liposome (RES-LIP) was prepared by the thin film rotary-evaporated method combined with ultrasonication and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR). The physicochemical stability, in vitro release, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of RES-LIP were studied. Data showed that RES-LIP was a spherical vesicle with a diameter of less than 100 nm, the zeta potential was - 60 mV and the encapsulation efficiency was 86.78%. The physicochemical stability of RES-LIP was determined by Ea, ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS, which suggested that the process of RES-LIP degradation was spontaneous and endothermic. The in vitro release of RES-LIP was pH-dependent, belonged to the Weibull model, and was non-Fick diffusion. The antioxidant activity of RES-LIP was stronger than free resveratrol. The MTT assay and flow cytometry results suggested that resveratrol decreased cytotoxicity after being encapsulated by liposome. The prepared RES-LIP had high encapsulation efficiency, was sustained-release, had low cytotoxicity, was pH-targeted, and had potential usage in food and medicine fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayong Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Kaiyue Sun
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Shenna Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuhua Lei
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Lina Geng
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Thermography as a tool to assess training effects in military working dogs. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103441. [PMID: 36796896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Military working dogs are exposed to high levels of physical load during their work, although this is not always evident from their behaviour. This workload causes various physiological changes, including variation in the temperature of the affected body parts. In this preliminary study, we investigated whether thermal changes following the daily work routine of military dogs are detectable by infrared thermography (IRT). The experiment was carried out on eight male German and Belgian shepherd patrol guard dogs performing two training activities, obedience and defence. The surface temperature (Ts) of 12 selected body parts on both body sides was measured with the IRT camera 5 min before, 5 min after and 30 min after training. As predicted, there was a greater increase in Ts (mean of all measured body parts) after defence than after obedience, 5 min (by 1.24 vs. 0.60 °C, P < 0.001) and 30 min after activity (by 0.90vs. 0.57 °C, P < 0.01) compared to pre-activity levels. These findings indicate that defence is more physically demanding than obedience activity. Considering the activities separately, obedience increased Ts 5 min after the activity only in the trunk (P < 0.001) but not in the limbs, whereas defence increased it in all measured body parts (P < 0.001). Ts 30 min after obedience decreased to the pre-activity level in parts at trunk, while in distal parts of the limbs Ts remained elevated. The prolonged elevation in Ts of the limbs after both activities indicates heat flow from the core to the periphery as a thermoregulatory mechanism. The current study suggests that IRT may be a useful tool for assessing physical workload in different body parts of dogs.
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Hoffer O, Rabin T, Nir RR, Brzezinski RY, Zimmer Y, Gannot I. Automated thermal imaging monitors the local response to cervical cancer brachytherapy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200214. [PMID: 36063415 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumors have high metabolic and perfusion rates, which result in a unique temperature distribution as compared to healthy tissues. Here, we sought to characterize the thermal response of the cervix following brachytherapy in women with advanced cervical carcinoma. Six patients underwent imaging with a thermal camera before a brachytherapy treatment session and after a 7-day follow-up period. A designated algorithm was used to calculate and store the texture parameters of the examined tissues across all time points. We used supervised machine learning classification methods (K Nearest Neighbors and Support Vector Machine) and unsupervised machine learning classification (K-means). Our algorithms demonstrated a 100% detection rate for physiological changes in cervical tumors before and after brachytherapy. Thus, we showed that thermal imaging combined with advanced feature extraction could potentially be used to detect tissue-specific changes in the cervix in response to local brachytherapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrit Hoffer
- School of Electrical Engineering, Afeka College of Engineering, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tatiana Rabin
- Radiation Oncology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rony-Reuven Nir
- Primary Care Medicine, Meuhedet Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Yair Zimmer
- School of Medical Engineering, Afeka College of Engineering, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Gannot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Shi C, Fu W, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zeng F, Nijiati S, Du C, Liu X, Wang M, Yao Y, Huang H, Zheng N, Chen X, Wu B, Zhou Z. Boosting the Immunoactivity of T Cells by Resonant Thermal Radiation from Electric Graphene Films for Improved Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changrong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Wenxing Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices Pen‐Tung Sah Institute of Micro‐Nano Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Qianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Fantian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Sureya Nijiati
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Chao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Mingkun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Youliang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Hongling Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology School of Life Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences Xiamen University Fujian 361102 China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices Pen‐Tung Sah Institute of Micro‐Nano Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering Clinical Imaging Research Centre Centre for Translational Medicine Nanomedicine Translational Research Program NUS Center for Nanomedicine Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
| | - Binghui Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices Pen‐Tung Sah Institute of Micro‐Nano Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical
| | - Zijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine,Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Public Health Xiamen University Xiamen 361102 China
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Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Roselli R, Zampella A, Di Giorgio C, Bordoni M, Bellini R, Urbani G, Morretta E, Monti MC, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. Beneficial effects of UDCA and norUDCA in a rodent model of steatosis are linked to modulation of GPBAR1/FXR signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159218. [PMID: 35985473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatosis (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are two highly prevalent human disorders for which therapy remains suboptimal. Bile acids play an essential role in regulating liver metabolism, and several bile acids-based therapy are currently investigated for their potential therapeutic efficacy in NAFLD/NASH. Bile acids exert their functions, at least in part, by modulating two main receptors the Farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor, GPBAR1. In the present study we have compared the pharmacological effects of two bile acids, the ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its derivative norUDCA, in a model of NAFLD/NASH induced by feeding mice with a Western diet for 12 weeks. The results of these studies demonstrated that both UDCA and norUDCA protected against development of steatosis and fibrosis, but did not reduce the hepatocytes ballooning nor the development of a pro-atherogenic lipid profile. Both agents reduced liver lipogenesis and ameliorated insulin sensitivity and adipocytes signaling as shown by increased expression of adiponectin. Mechanistically, UDCA acts as weak GPBAR1 agonist, while norUDCA exerted no effect on both GPBAR1 and FXR. In vivo administration of UDCA resets bile acid synthesis and promotes a shift toward bile acids species that are GPBAR1 agonists, UDCA, TUDCA and hyodeoxycholic acid, and increases GLP1 expression in the ileum. In contrast norUDCA is poorly metabolized exerting a minimal impact on GPBAR1 signaling. Together, these data, highlight the potential role of UDCA and norUDCA in treating of NAFLD, though these beneficial effects are supported by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marchianò
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Martina Bordoni
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachele Bellini
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- University of Perugia, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Perugia, Italy.
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de Castro PF, Maria DA, de Campos Pinto ACFB, Patricio GCF, Matera JM. Local tumour response to neoadjuvant therapy with 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate in dogs with soft tissue sarcoma. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:990-1000. [PMID: 35191220 PMCID: PMC9122438 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cases of soft tissue sarcoma (STS), neoadjuvant therapy is indicated to downstage the tumour prior to surgery to achieve enhanced local tumour control. The antineoplastic phospholipid compound 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate (2-AEH2F) is an alkyl phosphate ester capable of inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell death by modifying the asymmetry of phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane OBJECTIVES: This clinical study was designed to investigate local antitumoural effects of neoadjuvant therapy with 2-AEH2F in dogs with naturally occurring STS MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dogs (n = 11) received four consecutive weekly intravenous injections of 2-AEH2F (70 mg/kg) prior to tumour resection. Tomographic (CT) and thermal (TE) images were used to investigate changes in tumour size and local temperature in response to treatment RESULTS: Comparative analysis of CT images (n = 9/11) failed to reveal complete or partial remission according to selected assessment criteria (RECIST, WHO and volumetric). Comparative analysis of TE images (n = 10/11) revealed significantly (p = 0.01416) lower temperatures in tumoural areas relative to surrounding tissues over the course of treatment CONCLUSIONS: 2-AEH2F had no cytoreductive effects when used at doses and intervals described in this study. However, significant drop in skin temperatures recorded in tumoural areas suggest induction of physiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ferreira de Castro
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Roselli R, Zampella A, Di Giorgio C, Bordoni M, Bellini R, Morretta E, Monti MC, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. Atorvastatin protects against liver and vascular damage in a model of diet induced steatohepatitis by resetting FXR and GPBAR1 signaling. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22060. [PMID: 34862975 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101397r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) agonists, currently trialed in patients with non-alcoholic steatosis (NAFLD), worsen the pro-atherogenic lipid profile and might require a comedication with statin. Here we report that mice feed a high fat/high cholesterol diet (HFD) are protected from developing a pro-atherogenic lipid profile because their ability to dispose cholesterol through bile acids. This protective mechanism is mediated by suppression of FXR signaling in the liver by muricholic acids (MCAs) generated in mice from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). In contrast to CDCA, MCAs are FXR antagonists and promote a CYP7A1-dependent increase of bile acids synthesis. In mice feed a HFD, the treatment with obeticholic acid, a clinical stage FXR agonist, failed to improve the liver histopathology while reduced Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 genes expression and bile acids synthesis and excretion. In contrast, treating mice with atorvastatin mitigated liver and vascular injury caused by the HFD while increased the bile acids synthesis and excretion. Atorvastatin increased the percentage of 7α-dehydroxylase expressing bacteria in the intestine promoting the formation of deoxycholic acid and litocholic acid, two GPBAR1 agonists, along with the expression of GPBAR1-regulated genes in the white adipose tissue and colon. In conclusion, present results highlight the central role of bile acids in regulating lipid and cholesterol metabolism in response to atorvastatin and provide explanations for limited efficacy of FXR agonists in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Martina Bordoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachele Bellini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Verduzco-Mendoza A, Bueno-Nava A, Wang D, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A, Casas A, Domínguez A, Mota-Rojas D. Experimental Applications and Factors Involved in Validating Thermal Windows Using Infrared Thermography to Assess the Health and Thermostability of Laboratory Animals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3448. [PMID: 34944225 PMCID: PMC8698170 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating laboratory animals' health and thermostability are fundamental components of all experimental designs. Alterations in either one of these parameters have been shown to trigger physiological changes that can compromise the welfare of the species and the replicability and robustness of the results obtained. Due to the nature and complexity of evaluating and managing the species involved in research protocols, non-invasive tools such as infrared thermography (IRT) have been adopted to quantify these parameters without altering them or inducing stress responses in the animals. IRT technology makes it possible to quantify changes in surface temperatures that are derived from alterations in blood flow that can result from inflammatory, stressful, or pathological processes; changes can be measured in diverse regions, called thermal windows, according to their specific characteristics. The principal body regions that were employed for this purpose in laboratory animals were the orbital zone (regio orbitalis), auricular pavilion (regio auricularis), tail (cauda), and the interscapular area (regio scapularis). However, depending on the species and certain external factors, the sensitivity and specificity of these windows are still subject to controversy due to contradictory results published in the available literature. For these reasons, the objectives of the present review are to discuss the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in vasomotor responses and thermogenesis via BAT in laboratory animals and to evaluate the scientific usefulness of IRT and the thermal windows that are currently used in research involving laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences [Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud], Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- División of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Adriana Domínguez
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.C.); (A.D.)
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11
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Liu H, Lu C, Han L, Zhang X, Song G. Optical – Magnetic probe for evaluating cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Zanuto EBM, Melo SR, Januário EV, Fernandes GAAL, Matera JM. Diagnostic Value and Application of Infrared Thermography in the Analysis of Circumanal Gland Tumors. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:692221. [PMID: 34386537 PMCID: PMC8354560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.692221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In dogs, circumanal tumors are the third most common skin neoplasm. Circumanal gland adenomas (CAGAs) have a good prognosis. Contrastingly, circumanal gland adenocarcinomas (CAGAC) have high relapse rates and may be metastatic. This study aimed to investigate the utility of thermal imaging as an ancillary modality for the diagnosis of canine CAGA and CAGAC. We analyzed the following parameters: SpT, temperature measured at the tumor center; SpNT, temperature measured at a healthy sphincter skin spot distant from the tumor; TA, temperature measured at a tumor-encompassing ellipse-shaped area; and NTA, temperature measured at an ellipse-shaped area of the healthy sphincter skin distant from the tumor. In CAGAs, the mean SpT and SpNT temperature values differed by −1.45°C (p < 0.01) while the mean TA and NTA temperature values differed by −0.96°C (p < 0.05). In CAGACs, mean SpT and SpNT temperatures differed by −1.71°C (p < 0.01) while the mean TA and NTA temperatures differed by −1.69°C (p < 0.01). The mean SpT and TA temperature values measured in CAGAs and CAGACs differed by −0.10°C (p = 0.87) and 0.52°C (p = 0.38), respectively. Both tumors were colder than healthy sphincter skin. However, a substantial number of CAGACs were colder than CAGAs. Temperature differences ≥ 1°C between tumors and healthy sphincter skin increased the probability of CAGAC diagnosis by 17.45%. Thermal imaging allowed discrimination between healthy and tumoral tissues; therefore, it could be a good ancillary diagnostic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B M Zanuto
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samanta R Melo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric V Januário
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julia M Matera
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Han B, Yang J, Sun Y, Zhang B, Zang Y, Guan H. Temperature Plays an Essential Regulatory Role in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:169-195. [PMID: 33785090 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, emerging immunotherapy has been included in various malignant tumor treatment standards. Temperature has been considered to affect different pathophysiological reactions such as inflammation and cancer for a long time. However, in tumor immunology research, temperature is still rarely considered a significant variable. In this review, we discuss the effects of room temperature, body temperature, and the local tumor temperature on the tumor immune microenvironment from multiple levels and perspectives, and we discuss changes in the body's local and whole-body temperature under tumor conditions. We analyze the current use of ablation treatment-the reason for the opposite immune effect. We should pay more attention to the therapeutic potential of temperature and create a better antitumor microenvironment that can be combined with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Youpeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Ziyin Zhao
- Organ Transplantation Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Bingyuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Yunjin Zang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Huashi Guan
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
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14
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Yates JWT, Byrne H, Chapman SC, Chen T, Cucurull-Sanchez L, Delgado-SanMartin J, Di Veroli G, Dovedi SJ, Dunlop C, Jena R, Jodrell D, Martin E, Mercier F, Ramos-Montoya A, Struemper H, Vicini P. Opportunities for Quantitative Translational Modeling in Oncology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:447-457. [PMID: 32569424 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A 2-day meeting was held by members of the UK Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Network () in November 2018 on the topic of Translational Challenges in Oncology. Participants from a wide range of backgrounds were invited to discuss current and emerging modeling applications in nonclinical and clinical drug development, and to identify areas for improvement. This resulting perspective explores opportunities for impactful quantitative pharmacology approaches. Four key themes arose from the presentations and discussions that were held, leading to the following recommendations: Evaluate the predictivity and reproducibility of animal cancer models through precompetitive collaboration. Apply mechanism of action (MoA) based mechanistic models derived from nonclinical data to clinical trial data. Apply MoA reflective models across trial data sets to more robustly quantify the natural history of disease and response to differing interventions. Quantify more robustly the dose and concentration dependence of adverse events through mathematical modelling techniques and modified trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao Chen
- University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
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15
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Mota-Rojas D, Olmos-Hernández A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Lecona-Butrón H, Martínez-Burnes J, Mora-Medina P, Gómez-Prado J, Orihuela A. Infrared thermal imaging associated with pain in laboratory animals. Exp Anim 2020; 70:1-12. [PMID: 32848100 PMCID: PMC7887630 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The science of animal welfare has evolved over the years, and recent scientific advances
have enhanced our comprehension of the neurological, physiological, and ethological
mechanisms of diverse animal species. Currently, the study of the affective states
(emotions) of nonhuman animals is attracting great scientific interest focused primarily
on negative experiences such as pain, fear, and suffering, which animals experience in
different stages of their lives or during scientific research. Studies underway today seek
to establish methods of evaluation that can accurately measure pain and then develop
effective treatments for it, because the techniques available up to now are not
sufficiently precise. One innovative technology that has recently been incorporated into
veterinary medicine for the specific purpose of studying pain in animals is called
infrared thermography (IRT), a technique that works by detecting and measuring levels of
thermal radiation at different points on the body’s surface with high sensitivity. Changes
in IRT images are associated mainly with blood perfusion, which is modulated by the
mechanisms of vasodilatation and vasoconstriction. IRT is an efficient, noninvasive method
for evaluating and controlling pain, two critical aspects of animal welfare in biomedical
research. The aim of the present review is to compile and analyze studies of infrared
thermographic changes associated with pain in laboratory research involving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, Mexico City, C.P. 04960 Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology, Department Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City, C.P. 14389, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology, Department Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City, C.P. 14389, Mexico
| | - Hugo Lecona-Butrón
- Division of Biotechnology, Department Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City, C.P. 14389, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Graduate and Research Department, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, C.P. Victoria City, Tamaulipas, C.P. 87000, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Livestock Science Department, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), State of Mexico, C.P. 54740, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behaviour and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, Mexico City, C.P. 04960 Mexico
| | - Agustín Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62209, México
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O'Brien CM, Meng H, Shmuylovich L, Carpenter J, Gogineni P, Zhang H, Bishop K, Mondal SB, Sudlow GP, Bethea C, Bethea C, Achilefu S. Focal dynamic thermal imaging for label-free high-resolution characterization of materials and tissue heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12549. [PMID: 32724184 PMCID: PMC7387563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution from static to dynamic label-free thermal imaging has improved bulk tissue characterization, but fails to capture subtle thermal properties in heterogeneous systems. Here, we report a label-free, high speed, and high-resolution platform technology, focal dynamic thermal imaging (FDTI), for delineating material patterns and tissue heterogeneity. Stimulation of focal regions of thermally responsive systems with a narrow beam, low power, and low cost 405 nm laser perturbs the thermal equilibrium. Capturing the dynamic response of 3D printed phantoms, ex vivo biological tissue, and in vivo mouse and rat models of cancer with a thermal camera reveals material heterogeneity and delineates diseased from healthy tissue. The intuitive and non-contact FDTI method allows for rapid interrogation of suspicious lesions and longitudinal changes in tissue heterogeneity with high-resolution and large field of view. Portable FDTI holds promise as a clinical tool for capturing subtle differences in heterogeneity between malignant, benign, and inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M O'Brien
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hongyu Meng
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Leonid Shmuylovich
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Julia Carpenter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Praneeth Gogineni
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Haini Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Suman B Mondal
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gail P Sudlow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Cheryl Bethea
- Quantum Technology Consultants, Inc., 8 Grist Mill Lane, Franklin Park, NJ, 08823, USA
| | - Clyde Bethea
- Quantum Technology Consultants, Inc., 8 Grist Mill Lane, Franklin Park, NJ, 08823, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Couch Biomedical Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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17
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Jafari M, Hasanzadeh M. Cell-specific frequency as a new hallmark to early detection of cancer and efficient therapy: Recording of cancer voice as a new horizon. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 122:109770. [PMID: 31918289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection is the most important strategy for controlling and management of cancer, which can significantly increase the survival rate by detecting disease in the early stages and rapid treating and preventing the progression of the disease. There are a number of methods to differentiate the normal and cancerous cells including pH changes, temperature change, variation in electrical properties and also preliminary evidence on specific frequency of some cancer cells which are reviewed in this work. The results obtained in cancer treatment using the amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields indicate that each type of cell has a specific response to the emitted frequencies. Also, the results reveal that the recorded frequencies of prostate and breast cancers are lower compared to the normal cells associated with these tissues. There are more evidences for the existence of specific cell frequencies in the form of the response of each cell to its own specific frequency and the difference between normal and tumor cell frequency levels. Based on these evidences, it can be introduced as a hallmark with the ability to the distinction between normal and tumor cells for cancer detection. Our suggestion is to hear the voice of cancer, by designing and developing a non-invasive, biocompatible, affordable and miniaturized tools, such as nano-antennas and implantable biosensors that able to detect and record cell-specific frequencies. Designing transducers to convert the cell-specific frequency to a sound or other measurable signal will accomplish the job. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the cell-specific frequency measurement, which is derived from cell activity, is introduced as a biomarker for early detection of cancer. The development of studies aimed at expanding research and designing instruments for detection of the frequency with the goal of establishing a comparative library of cell-specific frequency for all cell types, especially non-communicable diseases such as cancer. The main goal of the project is to plan the idea of developing modern tools and hallmark for early detection of cancer as one of the most important global strategies for managing the disease by introducing new parameters with a high-accuracy and in proportion and direct relationship with the activity and functioning of the body, without any affecting exogenous interferer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Jafari
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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18
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Delgado-SanMartin J, Ehrhardt B, Paczkowski M, Hackett S, Smith A, Waraich W, Klatzow J, Zabair A, Chabokdast A, Rubio-Navarro L, Rahi A, Wilson Z. An innovative non-invasive technique for subcutaneous tumour measurements. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216690. [PMID: 31609977 PMCID: PMC6791540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In oncological drug development, animal studies continue to play a central role in which the volume of subcutaneous tumours is monitored to assess the efficacy of new drugs. The tumour volume is estimated by taking the volume to be that of a regular spheroid with the same dimensions. However, this method is subjective, insufficiently traceable, and is subject to error in the accuracy of volume estimates as tumours are frequently irregular. Methods & results This paper reviews the standard technique for tumour volume assessment, calliper measurements, by conducting a statistical review of a large dataset consisting of 2,500 tumour volume measurements from 1,600 mice by multiple operators across 6 mouse strains and 20 tumour models. Additionally, we explore the impact of six different tumour morphologies on volume estimation and the detection of treatment effects using a computational tumour growth model. Finally, we propose an alternative method to callipers for estimating volume–BioVolumeTM, a 3D scanning technique. BioVolume simultaneously captures both stereo RGB (Red, Green and Blue) images from different light sources and infrared thermal images of the tumour in under a second. It then detects the tumour region automatically and estimates the tumour volume in under a minute. Furthermore, images can be processed in parallel within the cloud and so the time required to process multiple images is similar to that required for a single image. We present data of a pre-production unit test consisting of 297 scans from over 120 mice collected by four different operators. Conclusion This work demonstrates that it is possible to record tumour measurements in a rapid minimally invasive, morphology-independent way, and with less human-bias compared to callipers, whilst also improving data traceability. Furthermore, the images collected by BioVolume may be useful, for example, as a source of biomarkers for animal welfare and secondary drug toxicity / efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beate Ehrhardt
- AstraZeneca IMED Biotech Unit, Discovery Sciences, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sean Hackett
- Fuel3D, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Smith
- Fuel3D, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Wajahat Waraich
- Fuel3D, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - James Klatzow
- Fuel3D, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Adeala Zabair
- Fuel3D, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Chabokdast
- Fuel3D, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amar Rahi
- AstraZeneca IMED Biotech Unit, Oncology, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, England, United Kingdom
| | - Zena Wilson
- AstraZeneca IMED Biotech Unit, Oncology, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, England, United Kingdom
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Carino A, Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Fiorucci C, Zampella A, Monti MC, Morretta E, Bordoni M, Di Giorgio C, Roselli R, Ricci P, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. Transcriptome Analysis of Dual FXR and GPBAR1 Agonism in Rodent Model of NASH Reveals Modulation of Lipid Droplets Formation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051132. [PMID: 31117231 PMCID: PMC6567134 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive, chronic, liver disease whose prevalence is growing worldwide. Despite several agents being under development for treating NASH, there are no drugs currently approved. The Farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) and the G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), two bile acid activated receptors, have been investigated for their potential in treating NASH. Here we report that BAR502, a steroidal dual ligand for FXR/GPBAR1, attenuates development of clinical and liver histopathology features of NASH in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) and fructose (F). By RNAseq analysis of liver transcriptome we found that BAR502 restores FXR signaling in the liver of mice feed HFD-F, and negatively regulates a cluster of genes including Srebf1 (Srepb1c) and its target genes-fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and Cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector (CIDE) genes, Cidea and Cidec-involved in lipid droplets formation and triglycerides storage in hepatocytes. Additionally, BAR502 increased the intestinal expression of Fgf15 and Glp1 and energy expenditure by white adipose tissues. Finally, exposure to BAR502 reshaped the intestinal microbiota by increasing the amount of Bacteroidaceae. In conclusion, we have shown that dual FXR/GPBAR1 agonism might have utility in treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Martina Bordoni
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Di Giorgio
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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20
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Zhang Z, Lei Y, Yang X, Shi N, Geng L, Wang S, Zhang J, Shi S. High drug-loading system of hollow carbon dots-doxorubicin: preparation, in vitro release and pH-targeted research. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2130-2137. [PMID: 32073571 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hollow carbon dots (HCDs), as drug carriers, and doxorubicin (DOX), as a model drug, were selected to prepare a HCDs-DOX-loading system. First, HCDs were prepared by a hydrothermal method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), UV-vis absorption, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). The HCDs were then used to load DOX. The drug-loading system of HCDs-DOX was characterized by zeta potential measurements, and UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. We then studied the drug loading, formation mechanism, cytotoxicity, in vitro release and pH-targeted properties. HCDs-DOX was found to have a high drug (DOX)-loading ratio (∼42.9%) and better sustained pH targeted-release and lower cytotoxicity than those of DOX. In the HCDs-DOX system, interactions between the HCDs and DOX were electrostatic resulting in the formation of -N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-via the coupling of -NH2 (on HCDs) and -C[double bond, length as m-dash]O (on DOX). In vitro release of HCDs-DOX conformed to the Weibull model and Fick diffusion, consistent with that of free DOX. We report, for the first time, that the: (i) functional groups on the HCD surfaces (not their hollow structure) play a key role in drug loading; (ii) the carrier (HCDs) did not change the in vitro release model or mechanism of DOX before and after loading by the HCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China.
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Baek YS, Kim J, Han G, Oh CH. Application of dynamic thermal imaging in a photocarcinogenesis mouse model. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34:961-968. [PMID: 29166797 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1408858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In clinical practice and experimental settings, cutaneous premalignant and malignant lesions are commonly diagnosed by histopathological biopsy. However, this technique is invasive and results in functional or cosmetic defects. Dynamic thermal imaging is a non-invasive technique that quantifies the infra-red (IR) radiation emitted by a subject after the introduction of external thermal stimuli (such as heat or cold). METHODS Forty hairless albino (Crl:SKH1-hr) mice were randomised to the control group or the experimental group. The experimental group was regularly irradiated with artificial ultraviolet. Clinical photographs, immunohistochemical staining and dynamic thermal imaging results of both groups were obtained. RESULTS As photocarcinogenesis proceeded, faster thermal recovery to basal temperature after heat stimuli was significant on dynamic thermal imaging. With histopathological correlations, it was possible to differentiate normal, premalignant and malignant cutaneous lesions according to thermal imaging results. CD 31 staining analysis showed that increased vasculature was the key change responsible for different thermal imaging results among photocarcinogenesis steps. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic thermal imaging is useful to differentiate normal, premalignant and malignant cutaneous lesions. Increased vasculature is the key change responsible for different thermal imaging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Sang Baek
- a Department of Dermatology , College of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- b Research Institute for Skin Image , College of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Geo Han
- a Department of Dermatology , College of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Chil Hwan Oh
- a Department of Dermatology , College of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
- b Research Institute for Skin Image , College of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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22
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Baek YS, Kim J, Song JY, Jeon J, Oh CH. Dynamic thermal imaging on actinic keratosis patients: A preliminary study. Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:211-216. [PMID: 30357926 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of actinic keratosis (AK) based only on clinical findings can be misleading, and histopathological diagnosis results in scars. Dynamic thermal imaging is a potential non-invasive tool for the diagnosis of AK. This imaging technique quantifies the infrared (IR) radiation emitted by a subject after exposure to external thermal stimuli, such as heat or cold. METHODS Twenty-six histopathologically confirmed AK patients participated in the study. We compared the dynamic thermal images of AK lesions and normal skin (control sites). Temperature changes were plotted as a thermal response graph. After fitting exponential curves to the thermal response graph, the curve was converted to a logarithmic form. RESULTS Comparison of the early thermal response graphs of lesions and control sites showed faster thermal recovery of AK lesions. There was a significant difference in the gradient component of the calculated logarithmic equation between the AK lesions and control sites (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Dynamic thermal imaging can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Sang Baek
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- Research Institute for Skin Image, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Young Song
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiehyun Jeon
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chil Hwan Oh
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Skin Image, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Wonkwang University Hospital, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
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A light-controllable specific drug delivery nanoplatform for targeted bimodal imaging-guided photothermal/chemo synergistic cancer therapy. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:308-326. [PMID: 30240955 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a severe threat to the health and lives of women due to its difficult early diagnosis and the unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy of breast cancer treatments. The development of theranostic strategies to combat breast cancer with high accuracy and effectiveness is therefore urgently needed. In this study, we describe a near-infrared (NIR) light-controllable, targeted and biocompatible drug delivery nanoplatform (PFH-PTX@PLGA/SPIO-Her) for photoacoustic (PA)/ultrasound (US) bimodal imaging-guided photothermal (PTT)/chemo synergistic cancer therapy of breast cancer. Carboxyl-modified PEGylated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-PEG-COOH) constituted the skeleton of the nanoplatform. Especially, the antibody Herceptin was modified onto the surface of nanoplatform for active HER2-targing to facilitate the tumor accumulation of the nanoplatform. The encapsulated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles could be employed as an excellent PA imaging agent to guide tumor therapy. When exposed to NIR light, the SPIO also could transform NIR light into thermal energy for photothermal ablation of tumor. The NIR-induced thermal effect subsequently triggered the optical droplet vaporization (ODV) of perfluorohexane (PFH) to generate PFH gas bubbles, which not only achieved the US imaging enhancement, but also contributed to the release of loaded paclitaxel (PTX) from the nanoplatform for significantly improving PTT therapeutic efficacy. Our results demonstrated that the targeted tumor accumulation, accurate real-time bimodal imaging, and the abundant drug release at the tumor site were all closely associated with the PTT therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the theranostic nanoplatform is a very promising strategy for targeted imaging-guided photothermal/chemo synergistic tumor therapy with high therapeutic efficacy and minimized side effects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. Herein, we successfully developed a light-controllable and HER2 targeted theranostic nanoparticels (PFH-PTX@PLGA/SPIO-Her) as a specific drug delivery nanoplatform to overcome the low accuracy of tumor detection and the low specificity of traditional chemo-therapeutic protocols. The study demonstrated that PFH-PTX@PLGA/SPIO-Her could actively target to breast cancer cells with positive HER2 expression. The biocompatible PFH-PTX@PLGA/SPIO-Her nanoparticles as both photoacoustic/ultrasound bimodal imaging agents, photothermal-conversion nanomaterials (photothermal hyperthermia) and controllable drug delivery nanoagents (optical droplet vaporization) have completely eradicated the tumor without severe side effects. The theranostic strategy not only integrates strengthens of traditional imaging or therapeutic modalities, but also paves a new way for the efficient cancer treatment by taking the advantage of quickly-developing nanomedicine.
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Carino A, Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Bucci M, Vellecco V, Brancaleone V, Fiorucci C, Zampella A, Monti MC, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S. Agonism for the bile acid receptor GPBAR1 reverses liver and vascular damage in a mouse model of steatohepatitis. FASEB J 2018; 33:2809-2822. [PMID: 30303744 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801373rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications and mortality, suggesting that treatment of NASH might benefit from combined approaches that target the liver and the cardiovascular components of NASH. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we show that G protein-coupled bile acid-activated receptor 1 (GPBAR1) agonism reverses liver and vascular damage in mouse models of NASH. NASH is associated with accelerated vascular inflammation representing an independent risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular-related mortality. GPBAR1, also known as TGR5, is a G protein-coupled receptor for secondary bile acids that reduces inflammation and promotes energy expenditure. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we investigated whether GPBAR1 agonism by 6β-ethyl-3α,7β-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-ol (BAR501) reverses liver and vascular damage induced by exposure to a diet enriched in fat and fructose (HFD-F). Treating HFD-F mice with BAR501 reversed liver injury and promoted the browning of white adipose tissue in a Gpbar1-dependent manner. Feeding HFD-F resulted in vascular damage, as shown by the increased aorta intima-media thickness and increased expression of inflammatory genes (IL-6,TNF-α, iNOS, and F4/80) and adhesion molecules (VCAM, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and endothelial selectin) in the aorta, while reducing the expression of genes involved in NO and hydrogen sulfide generation, severely altering vasomotor activities of aortic rings in an ex vivo assay. BAR501 reversed this pattern in a Gpbar1-dependent manner, highlighting a potential role for GPBAR1 agonism in treating the liver and vascular component of NASH.-Carino, A., Marchianò, S., Biagioli, M., Bucci, M., Vellecco, V., Brancaleone, V., Fiorucci, C., Zampella, A., Monti, M. C., Distrutti, E., Fiorucci, S. Agonism for the bile acid receptor GPBAR1 reverses liver and vascular damage in a mouse model of steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; and
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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25
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Fiebig K, Jourdan T, Kock MH, Merle R, Thöne-Reineke C. Evaluation of Infrared Thermography for Temperature Measurement in Adult Male NMRI Nude Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2018; 57. [PMID: 30208989 PMCID: PMC6241389 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-17-000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Temperature monitoring during critical care provides important data required to guide treatment delivery. Body temperatureis an easily quantified clinical parameter that can yield much information concerning the health of an animal. In researchsettings, temperature has been adopted as a means to judge humane endpoints. Therefore, reliable, noninvasive, and inexpensivemethods for temperature monitoring are becoming a necessity in research laboratories. This study aimed to determinethe accuracy and agreement of using an infrared camera as an alternative method of temperature measurement in mice andto compare the accuracy of this noninvasive method with established subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and rectal techniques.Measurement of body-surface temperature by using an infrared camera was compared with these 3 established methods inmale NMRI nude mice (n = 10; age, 10 mo); data were obtained 3 times daily over 14 d. Subcutaneous temperatures weremeasured remotely by using a previously implanted subcutaneous temperature transponder, after which temperature wasmeasured by using noncontact infrared thermometry and a rectal probe. Measurements from intraperitoneal data loggers wereobtained retrospectively. The data show that using an infrared camera provides a simple, reliable method for measuring bodytemperature in male NMRI nu/nu mice that minimizes handling and is minimally invasive. Whether infrared thermometry is a useful method for measuring body temperature in furred mice warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fiebig
- Animal Management–Animal Care, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany; and
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Jourdan
- Animal Management–Animal Care, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Martin H Kock
- Animal Management–Animal Care, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics and
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Wang H, Chen Q, Zhou S. Carbon-based hybrid nanogels: a synergistic nanoplatform for combined biosensing, bioimaging, and responsive drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4198-4232. [PMID: 29667656 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00399d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanosized crosslinked polymer networks, named as nanogels, are playing an increasingly important role in a diverse range of applications by virtue of their porous structures, large surface area, good biocompatibility and responsiveness to internal and/or external chemico-physical stimuli. Recently, a variety of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon quantum dots, graphene/graphene oxide nanosheets, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and nanodiamonds, have been embedded into responsive polymer nanogels, in order to integrate the unique electro-optical properties of carbon nanomaterials with the merits of nanogels into a single hybrid nanogel system for improvement of their applications in nanomedicine. A vast number of studies have been pursued to explore the applications of carbon-based hybrid nanogels in biomedical areas for biosensing, bioimaging, and smart drug carriers with combinatorial therapies and/or theranostic ability. New synthetic methods and structures have been developed to prepare carbon-based hybrid nanogels with versatile properties and functions. In this review, we summarize the latest developments and applications and address the future perspectives of these carbon-based hybrid nanogels in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, P. R. China.
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27
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Zhou W, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF. The Warburg Effect and Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomic Analysis. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018. [PMID: 28647695 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to normal cells, cancer cells have a unique metabolism by performing lactic acid fermentation in the presence of oxygen, also known as the Warburg effect. Researchers have proposed several hypotheses to elucidate the phenomenon, but the mechanism is still an enigma. In this review, we discuss three typical models, such as "damaged mitochondria", "adaptation to hypoxia", and "cell proliferation requirement", as well as contributions from mass spectrometry analysis toward our understanding of the Warburg effect. Mass spectrometry analysis supports the "adaptation to hypoxia" model that cancer cells are using quasi-anaerobic fermentation to reduce oxygen consumption in vivo. We further propose that hypoxia is an early event and it plays a crucial role in carcinoma initiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, U.S.A.
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, U.S.A
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, U.S.A
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28
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Rodriguez-Palacios A, Aladyshkina N, Ezeji JC, Erkkila HL, Conger M, Ward J, Webster J, Cominelli F. 'Cyclical Bias' in Microbiome Research Revealed by A Portable Germ-Free Housing System Using Nested Isolation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3801. [PMID: 29491439 PMCID: PMC5830500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ-Free (GF) research has required highly technical pressurized HEPA-ventilation anchored systems for decades. Herein, we validated a GF system that can be easily implemented and portable using Nested Isolation (NesTiso). GF-standards can be achieved housing mice in non-HEPA-static cages, which only need to be nested 'one-cage-inside-another' resembling 'Russian dolls'. After 2 years of monitoring ~100,000 GF-mouse-days, NesTiso showed mice can be maintained GF for life (>1.3 years), with low animal daily-contamination-probability risk (1 every 867 days), allowing the expansion of GF research with unprecedented freedom and mobility. At the cage level, with 23,360 GF cage-days, the probability of having a cage contamination in NesTiso cages opened in biosafety hoods was statistically identical to that of opening cages inside (the 'gold standard') multi-cage pressurized GF isolators. When validating the benefits of using NesTiso in mouse microbiome research, our experiments unexpectedly revealed that the mouse fecal microbiota composition within the 'bedding material' of conventional SPF-cages suffers cyclical selection bias as moist/feces/diet/organic content ('soiledness') increases over time (e.g., favoring microbiome abundances of Bacillales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales; and cultivable Enterococcus faecalis over Lactobacillus murinus and Escherichia coli), which in turn cyclically influences the gut microbiome dynamics of caged mice. Culture 'co-streaking' assays showed that cohoused mice exhibiting different fecal microbiota/hemolytic profiles in clean bedding (high-within-cage individual diversity) 'cyclically and transiently appear identical' (less diverse) as bedding soiledness increases, and recurs. Strategies are proposed to minimize this novel functional form of cyclical bedding-dependent microbiome selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Natalia Aladyshkina
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jessica C Ezeji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hailey L Erkkila
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mathew Conger
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - John Ward
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Joshua Webster
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Nie R, Liu H, Hu L, Gu X, Qian J, Wang H. NIR-responsive carbon-based nanocarriers for switchable on/off drug release and synergistic cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7794-7799. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02398k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication reports a chitosan-gated carbon-based nanocarrier as a NIR light-switchable drug delivery system for controlled on/off drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Nie
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital
- Medical School of Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Hongji Liu
- The Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
| | - Lin Hu
- The Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Junchao Qian
- Hefei Cancer Hospital
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- The Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
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30
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Gpbar1 agonism promotes a Pgc-1α-dependent browning of white adipose tissue and energy expenditure and reverses diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13689. [PMID: 29057935 PMCID: PMC5651899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gpbar1 is a bile acid activated receptor for secondary bile acids. Here we have investigated the mechanistic role of Gpbar1 in the regulation of adipose tissues functionality in a murine model of steatohepatitis (NASH). Feeding wild type and Gpbar1-/- mice with a high fat diet-fructose (HFD-F) lead to development of NASH-like features. Treating HFD-F mice with 6β-ethyl-3a,7b-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-ol (BAR501), a selective Gpbar1-ligand, reversed insulin resistance and histologic features of NASH, increased the weight of epWAT and BAT functionality and promoted energy expenditure and the browning of epWAT as assessed by measuring expression of Ucp1 and Pgc-1α. The beneficial effects of BAR501 were lost in Gpbar1-/- mice. In vitro, BAR501 promoted the browning of 3T3-L1 cells a pre-adipocyte cell line and recruitment of CREB to the promoter of Pgc-1α. In conclusion, Gpbar1 agonism ameliorates liver histology in a rodent model of NASH and promotes the browning of white adipose tissue.
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31
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Padilla-Valverde D, Sanchez-Garcia S, García-Santos E, Marcote-Ibañez C, Molina-Robles M, Martín-Fernández J, Villarejo-Campos P. Usefulness of thermographic analysis to control temperature homogeneity in the development and implementation of a closed recirculating CO 2 chemohyperthermia model. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 33:220-226. [PMID: 27633094 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2016.1237679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of thermography to control the distribution of abdominal temperature in the development of a closed chemohyperthermia model. MATERIALS AND METHODS For thermographic analysis, we divided the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions according to a modification of carcinomatosis peritoneal index. A difference of 2.5 °C between and within the quadrants, and thermographic colours, were used as asymmetric criteria. Preclinical study:· Rats Model: Six athymic nude rats, male, rnu/rnu. They were treated with closed technique and open technique. Porcine Model: 12 female large white pigs. Four were treated with open technique and eight with closed recirculation CO2 technique. Clinical Pilot Study, EUDRACT 2011-006319-69: 18 patients with ovarian cancer were treated with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermia intraperitoneal chemotherapy, HIPEC, with a closed recirculating CO2 system. Thermographic control and intra-abdominal temperature assessment was performed at the baseline, when outflow temperature reached 41 °C, and at 30´. RESULTS The thermographic images showed a higher homogeneity of the intra-abdominal temperature in the closed model respect to the open technique. The thermogram showed a temperature distribution homogeneity when starting the circulation of chemotherapy. There was correlation between the temperature thermographic map in the closed porcine model and pilot study, and reached inflow and outflow temperatures, at half time of HIPEC, of 42/41.4 °C and 42 ± 0.2/41 ± 0.8 °C, respectively. There was no significant impact to the core temperature of patients after reaching the homogeneous temperature distribution. CONCLUSIONS To control homogeneity of temperature distribution is feasible using infra-red digital images in a closed HIPEC with CO2 recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Padilla-Valverde
- a Department of Surgery , Faculty of Medicine, University General Hospital , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Susana Sanchez-Garcia
- a Department of Surgery , Faculty of Medicine, University General Hospital , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Esther García-Santos
- a Department of Surgery , Faculty of Medicine, University General Hospital , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Carlos Marcote-Ibañez
- b Department of Interne Medicine, Marques de Valdecilla , University General Hospital , Santander , Cantabria , Spain
| | - Mercedes Molina-Robles
- c Department of Interne Medicine , Santa Barbara Hospital , Puertollano, Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Jesús Martín-Fernández
- a Department of Surgery , Faculty of Medicine, University General Hospital , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Pedro Villarejo-Campos
- a Department of Surgery , Faculty of Medicine, University General Hospital , Ciudad Real , Spain
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32
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Hussain N, Connah D, Ugail H, Cooper PA, Falconer RA, Patterson LH, Shnyder SD. The use of thermographic imaging to evaluate therapeutic response in human tumour xenograft models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31136. [PMID: 27491535 PMCID: PMC4974555 DOI: 10.1038/srep31136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive methods to monitor tumour growth are an important goal in cancer drug development. Thermographic imaging systems offer potential in this area, since a change in temperature is known to be induced due to changes within the tumour microenvironment. This study demonstrates that this imaging modality can be applied to a broad range of tumour xenografts and also, for the first time, the methodology's suitability to assess anti-cancer agent efficacy. Mice bearing subcutaneously implanted H460 lung cancer xenografts were treated with a novel vascular disrupting agent, ICT-2552, and the cytotoxin doxorubicin. The effects on tumour temperature were assessed using thermographic imaging over the first 6 hours post-administration and subsequently a further 7 days. For ICT-2552 a significant initial temperature drop was observed, whilst for both agents a significant temperature drop was seen compared to controls over the longer time period. Thus thermographic imaging can detect functional differences (manifesting as temperature reductions) in the tumour response to these anti-cancer agents compared to controls. Importantly, these effects can be detected in the first few hours following treatment and therefore the tumour is observable non-invasively. As discussed, this technique will have considerable 3Rs benefits in terms of reduction and refinement of animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Hussain
- University of Bradford, Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - David Connah
- University of Bradford, Centre for Visual Computing, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Ugail
- University of Bradford, Centre for Visual Computing, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Cooper
- University of Bradford, Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Falconer
- University of Bradford, Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence H. Patterson
- University of Bradford, Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Shnyder
- University of Bradford, Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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33
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Omranipour R, Kazemian A, Alipour S, Najafi M, Alidoosti M, Navid M, Alikhassi A, Ahmadinejad N, Bagheri K, Izadi S. Comparison of the Accuracy of Thermography and Mammography in the Detection of Breast Cancer. Breast Care (Basel) 2016; 11:260-264. [PMID: 27721713 PMCID: PMC5040931 DOI: 10.1159/000448347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefits and harms of screening mammography have been disputed in recent years. This fact, along with the limitations of mammography as well as its unavailability in all our medical centers, tempted us to evaluate the accuracy of thermography in detecting breast abnormalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients who were candidates for breast biopsy were examined by both mammography and thermography before tissue sampling in a referral center between January 2013 and January 2014. We defined sensitivities and specificities, and positive predictive values (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs), of the 2 modalities in comparison with histologic results as the gold standard. RESULTS 132 patients were included. The median age of all patients was 49.5 ± 10.3 years (range 24-75 years). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy for mammography were 80.5%, 73.3%, 85.4%, 66.0%, and 76.9%, respectively, whereas for thermography the figures were 81.6%, 57.8%, 78.9%, 61.9%, and 69.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study confirms that, at the present time, thermography cannot substitute for mammography for the early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Omranipour
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kazemian
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Alipour
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoume Najafi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Alidoosti
- Medical Thermography Department, Fanavaran Madoone Ghermez Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Navid
- Medical Thermography Department, Fanavaran Madoone Ghermez Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Alikhassi
- Department of Radiology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Ahmadinejad
- Department of Radiology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khojasteh Bagheri
- Breast Clinic, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Izadi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Tepper M, Gannot I. Monitoring tumor state from thermal images in animal and human models. Med Phys 2016; 42:1297-306. [PMID: 25735285 DOI: 10.1118/1.4907967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Thermography is a potentially useful method for tumor progress monitoring since it is noninvasive, nonradiative, low-cost, and rapid. Perfusion and metabolism are dominant factors for determining tumor temperature difference and are also correlated to the tumor's growth rate. Therefore, estimating them from the tumor thermal image can be a very useful tumor monitoring method, since thermal changes occur before physical changes. The goal of this work was to study the effect of tumor state on the thermal image in different tumor types, using simulations and measurements. METHODS Simulated tumor models, representing flat and extruding tumors, typical to transplantable and natural tumors, respectively, were simulated and the effects of tumor metabolism and perfusion on the temperature difference were analyzed. Data regarding tumor size and measured temperature differences were obtained from the literature, discussing five types of transplantable tumors in mice and rats. The growth rates of all tumors were calculated by fitting tumor size measurements to a tumor growth model and were used as an indicator to tumor aggressiveness. Tumor temperature difference was calculated by taking the effect of its extruding shape into account, according to a previously published method. Tumor state was estimated from the normalized temperature differences using simulations and compared to the calculated aggressiveness rates. Computational models of human breast cancers, both in round and flat breast models, were recreated using a finite-element-method heat transfer simulation. Tumor size and state were simulated according to the results obtained from the animal tumor analysis, representing two different tumor aggressiveness levels. The calculated temperature difference as a function of tumor size was calculated for each test case. RESULTS Perfusion was shown to be highly dominant in determining the tumor's temperature difference. Since both metabolism and perfusion were shown to have a linear effect on the temperature difference, a conversion value was defined between them. The analysis of the animal experimental results showed correlations between tumor aggressiveness and the following factors: the normalized temperature difference, the estimated tumor state, and the temperature difference change rate. The simulated human breast cancer models analysis showed highly varying temperature differences between the simulated models. Although for each model there is a clear difference between the temperature differences of the test cases simulated, the large differences between the results might make tumor state estimation difficult. However, reviewing the gradient of the tumor temperature change as a function of tumor size showed that the ratio between the gradients of both test cases was similar for all models. Therefore, the effect of model errors and differences in the simulated tissue structure and properties and the environmental conditions between the different models, can be mitigated. This pattern may be used to estimate tumor state in in vivo experiments. CONCLUSIONS Continuous monitoring of tumor temperature difference produces valuable information on tumor state and aggressiveness that can be used both in the clinic and in the laboratory. Monitoring can be either performed on a single image, or continuous on multiple images, revealing changes in tumor state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Tepper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Israel Gannot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Gong X, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Shuang S, Choi MMF, Dong C. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Dual-Doped Hollow Carbon Dot as a Nanocarrier for Doxorubicin Delivery and Biological Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:11288-97. [PMID: 27088972 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Innovative phosphorus and nitrogen dual-doped hollow carbon dots (PNHCDs) have been fabricated for anticancer drug delivery and biological imaging. The functional groups of PNHCDs are introduced by simply mixing glucose, 1,2-ethylenediamine, and concentrated phosphoric acid. This is an automatic method without external heat treatment to rapidly produce large quantities of PNHCDs, which avoid high temperature, complicated operations, and long reaction times. The as-prepared PNHCDs possess small particle size, hollow structure, and abundant phosphate/hydroxyl/pyridinic/pyrrolic-like N groups, endowing PNHCDs with fluorescent properties, improving the accuracy of PNHCDs as an optical monitoring code both in vitro and in vivo. The investigation of PNHCDs as an anticancer drug nanocarrier for doxorubicin (DOX) indicates a better antitumor efficacy than free DOX owing to its enhanced nuclear delivery in vitro and tumor accumulation in vivo, which results in highly effective tumor growth inhibition and improved targeted therapy for cancer in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Gong
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Martin M F Choi
- Acadia University , 15 University Avenue, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
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Faustino-Rocha AI, Silva A, Gabriel J, Gil da Costa RM, Moutinho M, Oliveira PA, Gama A, Ferreira R, Ginja M. Long-term exercise training as a modulator of mammary cancer vascularization. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:273-280. [PMID: 27261604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer remains a leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. It is commonly accepted that angiogenesis and the expression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is associated with the increased risk of metastasis and poor patient outcome. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term exercise training on the growth and vascularization of mammary tumors in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: two N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-exposed groups (exercised and sedentary) and two control groups (exercised and sedentary). MNU was administered once, intraperitoneally at 7 weeks-old. Animals were then exercised on a treadmill for 35 weeks. Mammary tumors were evaluated using thermography, ultrasonography [Power Doppler (PDI), B Flow and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)], and immunohistochemistry (VEGF-A). RESULTS Both, MNU sedentary and exercised groups showed 100% of tumor incidence, but exercised animals showed less tumors with an increased latency period. Exercise training also enhanced VEGF-A immunoexpression and vascularization (microvessel density, MVD) (p<0.05), and reduced histological aggressiveness. Ultrasound and thermal imaging analysis confirmed the enhanced vascularization of tumors on exercised animals. CONCLUSION Long-term exercise training increased VEGF-A expression, leading to enhanced tumor vascularization and reduced tumor burden, multiplicity and histological aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Foodstuffs (QOPNA), Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - A Silva
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Gabriel
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R M Gil da Costa
- Laboratory for Process Environment Biotechnology and Energy Engineering (LEPABE), FEUP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Moutinho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - P A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Foodstuffs (QOPNA), Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Carpano M, Perona M, Rodriguez C, Nievas S, Olivera M, Santa Cruz GA, Brandizzi D, Cabrini R, Pisarev M, Juvenal GJ, Dagrosa MA. Experimental Studies of Boronophenylalanine ((10)BPA) Biodistribution for the Individual Application of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) for Malignant Melanoma Treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:344-52. [PMID: 26232853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with the same histopathologic diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma treated with identical protocols of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) have shown different clinical outcomes. The objective of the present studies was to evaluate the biodistribution of boronophenilalanina ((10)BPA) for the potential application of BNCT for the treatment of melanoma on an individual basis. METHODS AND MATERIALS The boronophenilalanine (BPA) uptake was evaluated in 3 human melanoma cell lines: MEL-J, A375, and M8. NIH nude mice were implanted with 4 10(6) MEL-J cells, and biodistribution studies of BPA (350 mg/kg intraperitoneally) were performed. Static infrared imaging using a specially modified infrared camera adapted to measure the body infrared radiance of small animals was used. Proliferation marker, Ki-67, and endothelial marker, CD31, were analyzed in tumor samples. RESULTS The in vitro studies demonstrated different patterns of BPA uptake for each analyzed cell line (P<.001 for MEL-J and A375 vs M8 cells). The in vivo studies showed a maximum average boron concentration of 25.9 ± 2.6 μg/g in tumor, with individual values ranging between 11.7 and 52.0 μg/g of (10)B 2 hours after the injection of BPA. Tumor temperature always decreased as the tumors increased in size, with values ranging between 37 °C and 23 °C. A significant correlation between tumor temperature and tumor-to-blood boron concentration ratio was found (R(2) = 0.7, rational function fit). The immunohistochemical studies revealed, in tumors with extensive areas of viability, a high number of positive cells for Ki-67, blood vessels of large diameter evidenced by the marker CD31, and a direct logistic correlation between proliferative status and boron concentration difference between tumor and blood (R(2) = 0.81, logistic function fit). CONCLUSION We propose that these methods could be suitable for designing new screening protocols applied before melanoma BNCT treatment for each individual patient and lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Carpano
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Marina Perona
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Carla Rodriguez
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Susana Nievas
- Department of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Maria Olivera
- Department of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Santa Cruz
- Department of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Daniel Brandizzi
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina; School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romulo Cabrini
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina; School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Pisarev
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina; National Research Council of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Juan Juvenal
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina; National Research Council of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Alejandra Dagrosa
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission, San Martín, Argentina; National Research Council of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wang H, Sun Y, Yi J, Fu J, Di J, del Carmen Alonso A, Zhou S. Fluorescent porous carbon nanocapsules for two-photon imaging, NIR/pH dual-responsive drug carrier, and photothermal therapy. Biomaterials 2015; 53:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wang H, Cao G, Gai Z, Hong K, Banerjee P, Zhou S. Magnetic/NIR-responsive drug carrier, multicolor cell imaging, and enhanced photothermal therapy of gold capped magnetite-fluorescent carbon hybrid nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7885-7895. [PMID: 25854197 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a type of multifunctional hybrid nanoparticle (NP) composed of gold nanocrystals coated on and/or embedded in a magnetite-fluorescent porous carbon core-shell NP template (Fe3O4@PC-CDs-Au) for biomedical applications, including magnetic/NIR-responsive drug release, multicolor cell imaging, and enhanced photothermal therapy. The synthesis of the Fe3O4@PC-CDs-Au NPs firstly involves the preparation of core-shell template NPs with magnetite nanocrystals clustered in the cores and fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) embedded in a porous carbon shell, followed by an in situ reduction of silver ions (Ag(+)) loaded in the porous carbon shell and a subsequent replacement of Ag NPs with Au NPs through a galvanic replacement reaction using HAuCl4 as a precursor. The Fe3O4@PC-CDs-Au NPs can enter the intracellular region and light up mouse melanoma B16F10 cells in multicolor mode. The porous carbon shell, anchored with hydrophilic hydroxyl/carboxyl groups, endows the Fe3O4@PC-CDs-Au NPs with excellent stability in the aqueous phase and a high loading capacity (719 mg g(-1)) for the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The superparamagnetic Fe3O4@PC-CDs-Au NPs with a saturation magnetization of 23.26 emu g(-1) produce localized heat under an alternating magnetic field, which triggers the release of the loaded drug. The combined photothermal effects of the Au nanocrystals and the CDs on/in the carbon shell can not only regulate the release rate of the loaded drug, but also efficiently kill tumor cells under NIR irradiation. Benefitting from their excellent optical properties, their magnetic field and NIR light-responsive drug release capabilities and their enhanced photothermal effect, such nanostructured Fe3O4@PC-CDs-Au hybrid NPs are very promising for simultaneous imaging diagnostics and high efficacy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Staten Island, and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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Tepper M, Shoval A, Gannot I. The effect of geometry on tumor thermal profile and its use in tumor functional state estimation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:258-264. [PMID: 24668731 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thermal differences between transplanted tumors and tumors in humans prevent the implementation of thermographic methods developed in mice models to human models and vise-versa. Transplantable tumors tend to have an extruding shape, which may affect the thermal patterns. This hypothesis was studied in phantom experiments and simulations. A correlation between tumor dimensions and relative temperature was found and used to estimate tumor functional state from previously published in vivo experiments. A correlation was found between temperature differences and tumor growth rates (tumor aggressiveness) and the effect of tumor treatment was demonstrated, showing the potential for in vivo, non-invasive tumor monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Tepper
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel, Aviv, Israel.
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Liu J, Debuigne A, Detrembleur C, Jérôme C. Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam): a thermoresponsive macromolecule with promising future in biomedical field. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1941-68. [PMID: 25354338 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) is a thermoresponsive and biocompatible polymer that raises an increasing interest in the biomedical area, especially in drug delivery systems (DDS) that include micelles, hydrogels, and hybrid particles. The thermoresponsiveness of PNVCL, used alone or in combination with other stimuli- responsive polymers or particles (pH, magnetic field, or chemicals), is often key in the loading and/or release process in these DDS. The renewed focus on this polymer, which is known for decades, is to a large extent due to recent progress in synthetic strategies. Especially, the advent of efficient controlled radical polymerization (CRP) methods for NVCL monomer gives now access to unprecedented well-defined NVCL-based copolymers with unique properties. This Review article addresses up-to-date synthetic aspects, biological features, and biomedical applications of the latest NVCL-containing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6A B-4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6A B-4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6A B-4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6A B-4000 Liege Belgium
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Alam S, Bowser BS, Israr M, Conway MJ, Meyers C. Adeno-associated virus type 2 infection of nude mouse human breast cancer xenograft induces necrotic death and inhibits tumor growth. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1013-28. [PMID: 24834917 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that infection with the non-pathogenic, tumor suppressive, wild-type adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) inhibited proliferation of breast cancer-derived lines representing both weakly invasive (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468), as well as aggressive (MDA-MB-231) cancer types. AAV2-induced death occurred via targeting pathways of apoptosis and necrosis. In contrast, normal human mammary epithelial cells were unaffected upon AAV2 infection. The current study characterizes AAV2 infection and subsequent death of the highly aggressive, triple-negative (ER(-)/PR(-)/HER2(-)) MDA-MB-435 cell line derived from metastatic human breast carcinoma. Monolayer MDA-MB-435 cultures infected with AAV2 underwent complete apoptotic cell death characterized by activation of caspases -7, -8, and -9 and PARP cleavage. Death was further correlated with active AAV2 genome replication and differential expression of viral non-structural proteins Rep78 and Rep52. Cell death coincided with increased entry into S and G 2 phases, upregulated expression of the proliferation markers Ki-67 and the monomeric form of c-Myc. Expression of the p16(INK4), p27(KIP1), p21(WAF1), and p53 tumor suppressors was downregulated, indicating marked S phase progression, but sharply contrasted with hypo-phosphorylated pRb. In parallel, MDA-MB-435 breast tumor xenografts which received intratumoral injections of AAV2 were growth retarded, displayed extensive areas of necrosis, and stained positively for c-Myc as well as cleaved caspase-8. Therefore, AAV2 induced death of MDA-MB-435 xenografts was modulated through activation of caspase-regulated death pathways in relation to signals for cell cycle controls. Our findings provide foundational studies for development of novel AAV2 based therapeutics for treating aggressive, triple-negative breast cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Alam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey, PA USA
| | - Brian S Bowser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey, PA USA
| | - Mohd Israr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey, PA USA
| | - Michael J Conway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey, PA USA
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey, PA USA
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Kang J, Lee N, Ahn Y, Lee H. Study on improving blood flow with Korean red ginseng substances using digital infrared thermal imaging and Doppler sonography: randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with parallel design. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 33:39-45. [PMID: 23596810 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of Korean red ginseng for improving blood flow in healthy people. METHODS Participants were randomized and treated with 1500 mg of Korean red ginseng extract or placebo for 8 weeks. The effect of Korean red ginseng was evaluated by digital infrared thermal images, and Doppler sonography, and blood test. RESULTS Forty subjects completed the protocol. Imbalance in local thermal distribution was significantly decreased in the Korean red ginseng group confirmed by digital infrared thermal images. Doppler sonography showed no significant change in maximum and average rates of blood circulation in single or complex areas. Blood analyses for coagulation and lipid metabolism factors revealed no significant changes. No abnormal reactions to the Korean red ginseng were observed. CONCLUSION Digital infrared thermal imaging showed that the temperature deviation in the whole body decreased safely in the Korean red ginseng group, which mitigated the body-temperature imbalance. This result suggests that the Korean red ginseng improves blood circulation in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehui Kang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Cheonan Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Cheonan 330-210, Korea
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Evaluation of mammary cancer in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced Wister rats by asymmetrical temperature distribution analysis using thermography: a comparison with serum CEA levels and histopathology. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:786417. [PMID: 23093865 PMCID: PMC3471033 DOI: 10.1155/2012/786417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal surface temperature profile captured using infrared camera is helpful for the assessment of physiological responses associated with the regulation of body temperature. Diagnosing breast cancer in early stage itself has a greater effect on the prognosis. In this work, asymmetrical temperature distribution analysis of chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-induced in the lower right flank region of Wistar rats (n = 6) was carried out to test the potential of thermography in diagnosing mammary cancer and tumor growth over a period of nine weeks in comparison with histopathology results as standard. Temperature difference between the tumor induced lower right and left side of flank region was significant (with P value <0.001), whereas in the abdomen and shoulder there was no significant difference in temperature between right and left sides. Percentage of asymmetrical temperature difference in the tumor induced lower flank region was 0.5 to 2%, whereas in the other regions it was <0.5%. Green pixel distribution in RGB color histogram was asymmetrical in the tumor induced lower flank region. Temperature reduction was observed in the tumor induced region after the seventh day of carcinogen induction. Asymmetrical thermogram analysis is the best method of diagnosing mammary cancer and for studying tumor development.
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Kontos M, Wilson R, Fentiman I. Digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) of breast lesions: sensitivity and specificity of detection of primary breast cancers. Clin Radiol 2011; 66:536-9. [PMID: 21377664 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the sensitivity and specificity of digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) in a series of women who underwent surgical excision or core biopsy of benign and malignant breast lesions presenting through the symptomatic clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS DITI was evaluated in 63 symptomatic patients attending a one-stop diagnostic breast clinic. RESULTS Thermography had 90 true-negative, 16 false-positive, 15 false-negative and 5 true-positive results. The sensitivity was 25%, specificity 85%, positive predictive value 24%, and negative predictive value 86%. CONCLUSION Despite being non-invasive and painless, because of the low sensitivity for breast cancer, DITI is not indicated for the primary evaluation of symptomatic patients nor should it be used on a routine basis as a screening test for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kontos
- Department of Breast Surgery and Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
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Purdie KJ, Pourreyron C, South AP. Isolation and culture of squamous cell carcinoma lines. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 731:151-9. [PMID: 21516406 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-080-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) keratinocytes readily grow, expand in culture, and continuously passage, suggesting either spontaneous immortalisation at the early stage of culture or inherent proliferative capacity. One feature of SCC keratinocytes is genomic DNA rearrangement and single-nucleotide polymorphism studies of fresh frozen primary tumour, early and late passage SCC keratinocytes suggest that these rearrangements are stable in culture and retain the parental tumour lesions. SCC keratinocytes are isolated using standard primary culture techniques and become feeder cell independent with little or no observed "crisis" period. SCC keratinocytes readily form tumours in vivo, which retain histological features of the parental tumour, making them an excellent model for the study and development of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Purdie
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Wu W, Shen J, Banerjee P, Zhou S. Water-dispersible multifunctional hybrid nanogels for combined curcumin and photothermal therapy. Biomaterials 2010; 32:598-609. [PMID: 20933280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We design a class of water-dispersible hybrid nanogels for intracellular delivery of hydrophobic curcumin. The core-shell structured hybrid nanogels were synthesized by coating the Ag/Au bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with a hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) gel layer as inner shell, and a subsequent thin hydrophilic nonlinear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based gel layer as outer shell. The uniqueness of these hybrid nanogels lies in the integration of the functional building blocks for combined curcumin and photothermal therapy to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy. The Ag/Au core NPs cannot only emit strong fluorescence for imaging and monitoring at the cellular level, but also exhibit strong absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region for photothermal conversion. While the inner PS gel layer is introduced to provide strong hydrophobic interactions with curcumin for high drug loading yields, the external nontoxic and thermo-responsive PEG analog gel layer is designed to trigger the release of the pre-loaded curcumin either by variation of surrounding temperature or exogenous irradiation with NIR light. Such designed multifunctional hybrid nanogels are well suited for in vivo studies and clinical trials, thereby likely to bring this promising natural medicine of curcumin to the forefront of therapeutic agents for cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Wu W, Shen J, Banerjee P, Zhou S. Core–shell hybrid nanogels for integration of optical temperature-sensing, targeted tumor cell imaging, and combined chemo-photothermal treatment. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7555-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Finn RD, McLaughlin LA, Hughes C, Song C, Henderson CJ, Roland Wolf C. Cytochrome b5 null mouse: a new model for studying inherited skin disorders and the role of unsaturated fatty acids in normal homeostasis. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:491-502. [PMID: 20676935 PMCID: PMC3090575 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal cytochrome b (5) is a ubiquitous, 15.2 kDa haemoprotein implicated in a number of cellular processes such as fatty acid desaturation, drug metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and methaemoglobin reduction. As a consequence of these functions this protein has been considered essential for life. Most of the ascribed functions of cytochrome b (5), however, stem from in vitro studies and for this reason we have carried out a germline deletion of this enzyme. We have unexpectedly found that cytochrome b (5) null mice were viable and fertile, with pups being born at expected Mendelian ratios. However, a number of intriguing phenotypes were identified, including altered drug metabolism, methaemoglobinemia and disrupted steroid hormone homeostasis. In addition to these previously identified roles for this protein, cytochrome b (5) null mice displayed skin defects closely resembling those observed in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and retardation of neonatal development, indicating that this protein, possibly as a consequence of its role in the de novo biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, plays a central role in skin development and neonatal nutrition. Results from fatty acid profile analysis of several tissues suggest that cytochrome b (5) plays a role controlling saturated/unsaturated homeostasis. These data demonstrate that regional concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids are controlled by endogenous metabolic pathways and not by diet alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Finn
- Present Address: School of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Lesley A. McLaughlin
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Catherine Hughes
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Chengli Song
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Y-K Ng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
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