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Redhwan MAM, M G H, Samaddar S, Hard SAAA, Yadav V, Mukherjee A, Kumar R. Small interference (RNAi) technique: Exploring its clinical applications, benefits and limitations. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e14039. [PMID: 37309221 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small interference RNA (siRNA) has emerged as the most desired method for researchers and clinicians who wish to silence a specific gene of interest and has been extensively developed as a therapeutic agent. This review points to collecting all clinical trials on siRNA and understanding its benefits, pharmacokinetics and safety by reading articles published in the last 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Searching in the PubMed database using 'siRNA' and 'in vivo' with limits to articles published in the previous 5 years, article type 'clinical trials' and language 'English' to acquire papers on in vivo studies on siRNA approaches. Features of siRNA clinical trials registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ were analysed. RESULTS So far, 55 clinical studies have been published on siRNA. Many published clinical trials on siRNA showed tolerability, safety and effectiveness in treating cancers like breast, lung, colon, and other organs and other diseases like viral infections and hereditary diseases. Many different routes of administration can silence many genes at the same time. Limitations and uncertainties associated with siRNA treatment include the effectiveness of cellular uptake, precise targeting of the intended tissue or cell and prompt elimination from the body. CONCLUSIONS The siRNA or RNAi method will be one of the most critical and influential techniques to fight against many different diseases. Although the RNAi approach has certain advantages, it also has limitations concerning clinical applications. Overcoming these limitations remains a daunting challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moqbel Ali Moqbel Redhwan
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
- Basic Science Research Center (Off-Campus), KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
| | - Hariprasad M G
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
- Basic Science Research Center (Off-Campus), KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
| | - Suman Samaddar
- BGS GIMS Research Institute, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sumaia Abdulbari Ahmed Ali Hard
- Basic Science Research Center (Off-Campus), KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Apurbo Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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Signaling Crosstalk of TGF-β/ALK5 and PAR2/PAR1: A Complex Regulatory Network Controlling Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061568. [PMID: 29795022 PMCID: PMC6032192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and agonists of the G Protein-coupled receptors proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and -2 (PAR2) have been linked to tissue fibrosis and cancer. Intriguingly, TGF-β and PAR signaling either converge on the regulation of certain matrix genes overexpressed in these pathologies or display mutual regulation of their signaling components, which is mediated in part through sphingosine kinases and sphingosine-1-phosphate and indicative of an intimate signaling crosstalk between the two pathways. In the first part of this review, we summarize the various regulatory interactions that have been discovered so far according to the organ/tissue in which they were described. In the second part, we highlight the types of signaling crosstalk between TGF-β on the one hand and PAR2/PAR1 on the other hand. Both ligand–receptor systems interact at various levels and by several mechanisms including mutual regulation of ligand–ligand, ligand–receptor, and receptor–receptor at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and receptor transactivation levels. These mutual interactions between PAR2/PAR1 and TGF-β signaling components eventually result in feed-forward loops/vicious cycles of matrix deposition and malignant traits that exacerbate fibrosis and oncogenesis, respectively. Given the crucial role of PAR2 and PAR1 in controlling TGF-β receptor activation, signaling, TGF-β synthesis and bioactivation, combining PAR inhibitors with TGF-β blocking agents may turn out to be more efficient than targeting TGF-β alone in alleviating unwanted TGF-β-dependent responses but retaining the beneficial ones.
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Proteinase-activated receptor 2 promotes TGF-β-dependent cell motility in pancreatic cancer cells by sustaining expression of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41095-41109. [PMID: 27248167 PMCID: PMC5173045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by high expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and the G protein-coupled receptor proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), the latter of which functions as a cell-surface sensor for serine proteinases asscociated with the tumour microenvironment. Since TGF-β and PAR2 affect tumourigenesis by regulating migration, invasion and metastasis, we hypothesized that there is signalling crosstalk between them. Depleting PDAC and non-PDAC cells of PAR2 by RNA interference strongly decreased TGF-β1-induced activation of Smad2/3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Smad dependent transcriptional activity, expression of invasion associated genes, and cell migration/invasion in vitro. Likewise, the plasminogen activator-inhibitor 1 gene in primary cultures of aortic smooth muscle cells from PAR2-/- mice displayed a greatly attenuated sensitivity to TGF-β1 stimulation. PAR2 depletion in PDAC cells resulted in reduced protein and mRNA levels of the TGF-β type I receptor activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5). Forced expression of wild-type ALK5 or a kinase-active ALK5 mutant, but not a kinase-active but Smad-binding defective ALK5 mutant, was able to rescue TGF-β1-induced Smad3 activation, Smad dependent transcription, and cell migration in PAR2-depleted cells. Together, our data show that PAR2 is crucial for TGF-β1-induced cell motility by its ability to sustain expression of ALK5. Therapeutically targeting PAR2 may thus be a promising approach in preventing TGF-β-dependent driven metastatic dissemination in PDAC and possibly other stroma-rich tumour types.
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Ungefroren H, Witte D, Rauch BH, Settmacher U, Lehnert H, Gieseler F, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 May Drive Cancer Progression by Facilitating TGF-β Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2494. [PMID: 29165389 PMCID: PMC5713460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been implicated in various aspects of cellular physiology including inflammation, obesity and cancer. In cancer, it usually acts as a driver of cancer progression in various tumor types by promoting invasion and metastasis in response to activation by serine proteinases. Recently, we discovered another mode through which PAR2 may enhance tumorigenesis: crosstalk with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling to promote TGF-β1-induced cell migration/invasion and invasion-associated gene expression in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. In this chapter, we review what is known about the cellular TGF-β responses and signaling pathways affected by PAR2 expression, the signaling activities of PAR2 required for promoting TGF-β signaling, and the potential molecular mechanism(s) that underlie(s) the TGF-β signaling-promoting effect. Since PAR2 is activated through various serine proteinases and biased agonists, it may couple TGF-β signaling to a diverse range of other physiological processes that may or may not predispose cells to cancer development such as local inflammation, systemic coagulation and pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - David Witte
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
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Meryet-Figuière M, Lecerf C, Varin E, Coll JL, Louis MH, Dutoit S, Giffard F, Blanc-Fournier C, Hedir S, Vigneron N, Brotin E, Pelletier L, Josserand V, Denoyelle C, Poulain L. Atelocollagen-mediated in vivo siRNA transfection in ovarian carcinoma is influenced by tumor site, siRNA target and administration route. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1949-1958. [PMID: 28791387 PMCID: PMC5652939 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies worldwide, and innate or acquired chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells is the major cause of therapeutic failure. It has been demonstrated that the concomitant inhibition of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 anti-apoptotic activities is able to trigger apoptosis in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. In this context, siRNA-mediated Bcl‑xL and Mcl-1 inhibition constitutes an appealing strategy by which to eliminate chemoresistant cancer cells. However, the safest and most efficient way to vectorize siRNAs in vivo is still under debate. In the present study, using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, we evaluated the interest of atelocollagen to vectorize siRNAs by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) administration in 2 xenografted ovarian cancer models (peritoneal carcinomatosis and subcutaneous tumors in nude mice). Whereas i.p. administration of atelocollagen-vectorized siRNA in the peritoneal carcinomatosis model did not induce any gene downregulation, a 70% transient downregulation of luciferase expression was achieved after i.v. injection of atelocollagen-vectorized siRNA in the subcutaneous (s.c.) model. However, the use of siRNA targeting Bcl-xL or Mcl-1 did not induce target-specific downregulation in vivo in nude mice. Our results therefore show that atelocollagen complex formulation, the administration route, tumor site and the identity of the siRNA target influence the efficiency of atelocollagen‑mediated siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Meryet-Figuière
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Charlotte Lecerf
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Emilie Varin
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- INSERM U1209, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences, Centre de Recherche UGA, Site Santé, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Louis
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Soizic Dutoit
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Giffard
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Cécile Blanc-Fournier
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Siham Hedir
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicolas Vigneron
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Emilie Brotin
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Pelletier
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Bâtiment Edmond J. Safra, Chemin Fortuné Ferrini, Site Santé, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Josserand
- INSERM U1209, Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences, Centre de Recherche UGA, Site Santé, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Christophe Denoyelle
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Poulain
- INSERM U1086 'ANTICIPE' Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Axe 2: 'Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Locally Aggressive Cancers' (BioTICLA), Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
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Witte D, Zeeh F, Gädeken T, Gieseler F, Rauch BH, Settmacher U, Kaufmann R, Lehnert H, Ungefroren H. Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 Is a Novel Regulator of TGF-β Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E111. [PMID: 27916875 PMCID: PMC5184784 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β has a dual role in tumorigenesis, acting as a tumor suppressor in normal cells and in the early stages of tumor development while promoting carcinogenesis and metastasis in advanced tumor stages. The final outcome of the TGF-β response is determined by cell-autonomous mechanisms and genetic alterations such as genomic instability and somatic mutations, but also by a plethora of external signals derived from the tumor microenvironment, such as cell-to-cell interactions, growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins and proteolytic enzymes. Serine proteinases mediate their cellular effects via activation of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a subclass of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. We have recently identified PAR2 as a factor required for TGF-β1-dependent cell motility in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. In this article, we review what is known on the TGF-β-PAR2 signaling crosstalk and its relevance for tumor growth and metastasis. Since PAR2 is activated through various serine proteinases, it may couple TGF-β signaling to a diverse range of other physiological processes, such as local inflammation, systemic coagulation or pathogen infection. Moreover, since PAR2 controls expression of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5, PAR2 may also impact signaling by other TGF-β superfamily members that signal through ALK5, such as myostatin and GDF15/MIC-1. If so, PAR2 could represent a molecular linker between PDAC development and cancer-related cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Witte
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Franziska Zeeh
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gädeken
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Perry SR, Xu W, Wirija A, Lim J, Yau MK, Stoermer MJ, Lucke AJ, Fairlie DP. Three Homology Models of PAR2 Derived from Different Templates: Application to Antagonist Discovery. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1181-91. [PMID: 26000704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is an unusual G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in inflammation and metabolism. It is activated through cleavage of its N-terminus by proteases. The new N-terminus functions as a tethered ligand that folds back and intramolecularly activates PAR2, initiating multiple downstream signaling pathways. The only compounds reported to date to inhibit PAR2 activation are of moderate potency. Three structural models for PAR2 have been constructed based on sequence homology with known crystal structures for bovine rhodopsin, human ORL-1 (also called nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor), and human PAR1. The three PAR2 model structures were compared and used to predict potential interactions with ligands. Virtual screening for ligands using the Chembridge database, and either ORL-1 or PAR1 derived PAR2 models led to identification of eight new small molecule PAR2 antagonists (IC50 10-100 μM). Notably, the most potent compound 1 (IC50 11 μM) was derived from the less homologous template protein, human ORL-1. The results suggest that virtual screening against multiple homology models of the same GPCR can produce structurally diverse antagonists and that this may be desirable even when some models have less sequence homology with the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Perry
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anna Wirija
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Martin J Stoermer
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lucke
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Shi K, Queiroz KCS, Roelofs JJTH, van Noesel CJM, Richel DJ, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor 2 suppresses lymphangiogenesis and subsequent lymph node metastasis in a murine pancreatic cancer model. J Pathol 2014; 234:398-409. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karla CS Queiroz
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joris JTH Roelofs
- Department of Pathology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk J Richel
- Department of Medical Oncology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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9
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Suen JY, Barry GD, Lohman RJ, Halili MA, Cotterell AJ, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Modulating human proteinase activated receptor 2 with a novel antagonist (GB88) and agonist (GB110). Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1413-23. [PMID: 21806599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many cells express proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on their plasma membrane. PAR2 is activated by proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin and tryptase that cleave the receptor N-terminus, inititating signalling to intracellular G proteins. Studies on PAR2 have relied heavily upon activating effects of proteases and peptide agonists that lack stability and bioavailability in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel small molecule agonist GB110 and an antagonist GB88 were characterized in vitro against trypsin, peptide agonists, PAR2 antibody, PAR1 agonists and flow cytometry,in seven cell lines using intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and examined in vivo against PAR2- and PAR1-induced rat paw oedema. KEY RESULTS GB110 is a potent non-peptidic agonist activating PAR2-mediated Ca(2+) release in HT29 cells (EC(50) ∼200 nM) and six other human cell lines, inducing PAR2 internalization. GB88 is a unique PAR2 antagonist, inhibiting PAR2 activated Ca(2+) release (IC(50) ∼2 µM) induced by native (trypsin) or synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists. GB88 was a competitive and surmountable antagonist of agonist 2f-LIGRLO-NH(2), a competitive but insurmountable antagonist of agonist GB110, and a non-competitive insurmountable antagonist of trypsin. GB88 was orally active and anti-inflammatory in vivo, inhibiting acute rat paw oedema elicited by agonist GB110 and proteolytic or peptide agonists of PAR2 but not by corresponding agonists of PAR1 or PAR4. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The novel PAR2 agonist and antagonist modulate intracellular Ca(2+) and rat paw oedema, providing novel molecular tools for examining PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Serum deprivation induces glucose response and intercellular coupling in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma PANC-1 cells. Pancreas 2012; 41:238-44. [PMID: 22129530 PMCID: PMC3467712 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182277e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether the previously described differentiating islet-like aggregates of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (PANC-1) develop glucose response and exhibit intercellular communication. METHODS Fura 2-loaded PANC-1 cells in serum-free medium were assayed for changes in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca]i) induced by depolarization, tolbutamide inhibition of K(ATP) channels, or glucose. Dye transfer, assayed by confocal microscopy or by FACS, was used to detect intercellular communication. Changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of genes of interest were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Proliferation was assayed by the MTT method. RESULTS Serum-deprived PANC-1 cell aggregates developed [Ca]i response to KCl, tolbutamide, or glucose. These responses were accompanied by 5-fold increase in glucokinase mRNA level and, to a lesser extent, of mRNAs for K(ATP) and L-type calcium channels, as well as increase in mRNA levels of glucagon and somatostatin. Trypsin, a proteinase-activated receptor 2 agonist previously shown to enhance aggregation, modestly improved [Ca]i response to glucose. Glucose-induced coordinated [Ca]i oscillations and dye transfer demonstrated the emergence of intercellular communication. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PANC-1 cells, a pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line, can be induced to express a differentiated phenotype in which cells exhibit response to glucose and form a functional syncytium similar to those observed in pancreatic islets.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) has become the method of choice for researchers wishing to target specific genes for silencing and has provided immense potential as therapeutic tools. This narrative review article aimed to understand potential benefits and limitations of RNAi technique for clinical application and in vivo studies through reading the articles published during the recent 3 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline database was searched by using 'siRNA' or 'RNAi' and 'in vivo' with limits of dates 'published in the last 3 years', language 'English' and article type 'clinical trial' for obtaining articles on in vivo studies on the use of RNAi technique. Characteristics of clinical trials on siRNA registered at the http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov were analysed. RESULTS The only three clinical studies published so far and many in vivo studies in animals showed that the RNAi technique is safe and effective in treatment of cancers of many organ/systems and various other diseases including viral infection, arterial restenosis and some hereditary diseases with considerable benefits such as high specificity, many possible routes of administration and possibility of silencing multiple genes at the same time. Limitations and uncertainty include efficiency of cellular uptake, specific guidance to the target tissue or cell, long-term safety, sustained efficacy and rapid clearance from the body. CONCLUSIONS RNAi technique will become an important and potent weapon for fighting against various diseases. RNAi technique has benefits and limitations in its potential clinical applications. Overcoming the obstacles is still a formidable task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Eguchi H, Iwaki K, Shibata K, Ogawa T, Ohta M, Kitano S. Protease-activated receptor-2 regulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human bile duct cancer via the pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2010; 18:147-53. [PMID: 20740367 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-010-0318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Recent studies have suggested that protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activity correlates with cell proliferation and tumor growth, and its activation induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). However, no previous reports have investigated PAR-2 signaling pathways in bile duct cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether PAR-2 activation can regulate COX-2 expression via mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in human bile duct cancer cells. METHODS We immunohistochemically examined PAR-2 and COX-2 expression in 104 resected human specimens of extrahepatic bile duct cancer. We then determined how inhibitors of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways influence COX-2 expression under PAR-2 activation in HuCCT1 and TKKK, human bile duct cancer cell lines. RESULTS PAR-2 and COX-2 proteins were immunohistochemically recognized in 63 and 57% of specimens and were significantly correlated. PAR-2 agonist peptide activated mRNA and protein expression of COX-2 in HuCCT1 and TKKK. Pharmacologic blockade of p44/42 or p38 MAPK significantly inhibited PAR-2-activated mRNA and protein expression of COX-2 in both cells. COX-2 protein expression was also inhibited by the blocker of NF-κB pathway in both cells. CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 may regulate COX-2 expression in human bile duct cancer via the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery I, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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He L, Ingram A, Rybak AP, Tang D. Shank-interacting protein-like 1 promotes tumorigenesis via PTEN inhibition in human tumor cells. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2094-108. [PMID: 20458142 DOI: 10.1172/jci40778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a critical step during tumorigenesis, and PTEN inactivation by genetic and epigenetic means has been well studied. There is also evidence suggesting that PTEN negative regulators (PTEN-NRs) have a role in PTEN inactivation during tumorigenesis, but their identity has remained elusive. Here we have identified shank-interacting protein-like 1 (SIPL1) as a PTEN-NR in human tumor cell lines and human primary cervical cancer cells. Ectopic SIPL1 expression protected human U87 glioma cells from PTEN-mediated growth inhibition and promoted the formation of HeLa cell-derived xenograft tumors in immunocompromised mice. Conversely, siRNA-mediated knockdown of SIPL1 expression inhibited the growth of both HeLa cells and DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo in a xenograft tumor model. These inhibitions were reversed by concomitant knockdown of PTEN, demonstrating that SIPL1 affects tumorigenesis via inhibition of PTEN function. Mechanistically, SIPL1 was found to interact with PTEN through its ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase activity of PTEN. Furthermore, SIPL1 expression correlated with loss of PTEN function in PTEN-positive human primary cervical cancer tissue. Taken together, these observations indicate that SIPL1 is a PTEN-NR and that it facilitates tumorigenesis, at least in part, through its PTEN inhibitory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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López-Fraga M, Martínez T, Jiménez A. RNA interference technologies and therapeutics: from basic research to products. BioDrugs 2009; 23:305-32. [PMID: 19754220 PMCID: PMC7099360 DOI: 10.2165/11318190-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural cellular process that regulates gene expression by a highly precise mechanism of sequence-directed gene silencing at the stage of translation by degrading specific messenger RNAs or blocking translation. In recent years, the use of RNAi for therapeutic applications has gained considerable momentum. It has been suggested that most of the novel disease-associated targets that have been identified are not ‘druggable’ with conventional approaches. However, any disease-causing gene and any cell type or tissue can potentially be targeted with RNAi. This review focuses on the current knowledge of RNAi mechanisms and the safety issues associated with its potential use in a therapeutic setting. Some of the most important aspects to consider when working towards the application of RNAi-based products in a clinical setting have been related to achieving high efficacies and enhanced stability profiles through a careful design of the nucleic acid sequence and the introduction of chemical modifications, but most of all, to developing improved delivery systems, both viral and non-viral. These new delivery systems allow for these products to reach the desired target cells, tissues or organs in a highly specific manner and after administration of the lowest possible doses. Various routes of application and target locations are currently being addressed in order to develop effective delivery systems for different targets and pathologies, including infectious pathologies, genetic pathologies and diseases associated with dysregulation of endogenous microRNAs. As with any new technology, several challenges and important aspects to be considered have risen on the road to clinical intervention, e.g. correct design of preclinical toxicology studies, regulatory concerns, and intellectual property protection. The main advantages related to the use of RNAi-based products in a clinical setting, and the latest clinical and preclinical studies using these compounds, are reviewed.
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Richardt-Pargmann D, Vollmer J. Stimulation of the immune system by therapeutic antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and small interfering RNAs via nucleic acid receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1175:40-54. [PMID: 19796076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Most of the therapeutic applications for synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and oligoribonucleotides (ORN) relate to mechanisms of manipulating gene expression based on Watson-Crick base pairing to endogenous nucleic acids. However, in recent years it has become apparent that the immune system has evolved defense mechanisms against infections that are based on the detection of infecting viral and bacterial nucleic acids. In some cases, synthetic ODN and ORN can trigger these defenses and, therefore, can interfere with or distort the mechanism of action of antisense ODN or small interfering RNAs.
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Howard KA. Delivery of RNA interference therapeutics using polycation-based nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:710-20. [PMID: 19356738 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNAi-based therapies are dependent on extracellular and intracellular delivery of RNA molecules for enabling target interaction. Polycation-based nanoparticles (or polyplexes) formed by self-assembly with RNA can be used to modulate pharmacokinetics and intracellular trafficking to improve the therapeutic efficacy of RNAi-based therapeutics. This review describes the application of polyplexes for extracellular and intracellular delivery of synthetic RNA molecules. Focus is given to routes of administration and silencing effects in animal disease models. The inclusion of functional components into the nanoparticle for controlling cellular trafficking and RNA release is discussed. This work highlights the versatile nature of polycation-based nanoparticles to fulfil the delivery requirements for RNA molecules with flexibility in design to evolve alongside an expanding repertoire of RNAi-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Alan Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Podesta JE, Al-Jamal KT, Herrero MA, Tian B, Ali-Boucetta H, Hegde V, Bianco A, Prato M, Kostarelos K. Antitumor activity and prolonged survival by carbon-nanotube-mediated therapeutic siRNA silencing in a human lung xenograft model. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1176-1185. [PMID: 19306454 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are novel nanomaterials that are thought to offer potential benefits to a variety of biomedical and clinical applications. In this study, the treatment of a human lung carcinoma model in vivo using siRNA sequences leading to cytotoxicity and cell death is carried out using either cationic liposomes (DOTAP:cholesterol) or amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT - NH(+)(3)). Validation for the most cytotoxic siRNA sequence using a panel of human carcinoma and murine cells reveals that the proprietary siTOX sequence is human specific and can lead to significant cytotoxic activities delivered both by liposome or MWNT - NH(+)(3) in vitro. A comparative study using both types of vector indicates that only MWNT - NH(+)(3):siRNA complexes administered intratumorally can elicit delayed tumor growth and increased survival of xenograft-bearing animals. siTOX delivery via the cationic MWNT - NH(+)(3) is biologically active in vivo by triggering an apoptotic cascade, leading to extensive necrosis of the human tumor mass. This suggests that carbon-nanotube-mediated delivery of siRNA by intratumoral administration leads to successful and statistically significant suppression of tumor volume, followed by a concomitant prolongation of survival of human lung tumor-bearing animals. The direct comparison between carbon nanotubes and liposomes demonstrates the potential advantages offered by carbon nanotubes for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents in vivo. The present work may act as the impetus for further studies to explore the therapeutic capacity of chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes to deliver siRNA directly into the cytoplasm of target cells and achieve effective therapeutic silencing in various disease indications where local delivery is feasible or desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Podesta
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research The School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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Huang C, Li M, Chen C, Yao Q. Small interfering RNA therapy in cancer: mechanism, potential targets, and clinical applications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:637-45. [PMID: 18410245 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.5.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become a powerful tool in knocking down or silencing gene expression in most cells. siRNA-based therapy has shown great promise for many diseases such as cancer. Major targets for siRNA therapy include oncogenes and genes that are involved in angiogenesis, metastasis, survival, antiapoptosis and resistance to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES This review briefly summarizes current advances in siRNA therapy and clinical applications in cancers, especially in pancreatic cancer. METHODS This review article covers several aspects of siRNA therapy in cancer, which include the types of siRNA, the delivery systems for siRNA, and the major targets for siRNA therapy. Specific attention is given to siRNA in pancreatic cancer, which is our main research focus. RESULTS/CONCLUSION siRNA can be introduced into the cells by using either chemically synthesized siRNA oligonucleotides (oligos), or vector-based siRNA (shRNA), which allows long lasting and more stable gene silencing. Nanoparticles and liposomes are commonly used carriers, delivering the siRNA with better transfection efficiency and protecting it from degradation. In combination with standard chemotherapy, siRNA therapy can also reduce the chemoresistance of certain cancers, demonstrating the potential of siRNA therapy for treating many malignant diseases. This review will provide valuable information for clinicians and researchers who want to recognize the newest endeavors within this field and identify possible lines of investigation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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