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Vasan R, Yadav J, Aiyappa‐Maudsley R, Deen S, Storr SJ, Martin SG. High BMP7 expression is associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3378-3387. [PMID: 37688374 PMCID: PMC10623526 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) is an extracellular signalling protein that belongs to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β) superfamily. Previous transcriptomic data suggested that BMP7 expression may be disrupted in ovarian carcinoma and may play an important role in the aggressiveness of the disease. However, the protein expression in patient tumours has not been well studied. The current study aimed to assess BMP7 protein expression in a large cohort of ovarian carcinoma patient tumour samples to establish its associations with different clinical endpoints. Ovarian carcinoma tissue samples from 575 patients who underwent surgery for different subtypes of ovarian cancer were used. BMP7 protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray and full face tumour sections. High BMP7 expression is associated with aggressive ovarian cancer clinicopathological variables including advanced FIGO stage, high grade, residual disease and poor overall survival. Elevated cytoplasmic and nuclear BMP7 expression was significantly associated with advanced FIGO stage, high tumour grade, presence of residual tumours and high-grade serous carcinomas (p = 0.001, 0.005, 0.004, <0.001 and p < 0.001, <0.001, 0.002, 0.001 respectively). Increased cytoplasmic and nuclear BMP7 expression was also significantly associated with an adverse overall survival (p = 0.001 and 0.046 respectively). The study highlights the potential of BMP7 as a prognostic tool and as a potential novel target for ovarian cancer therapies to limit disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Vasan
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery InstituteNottinghamUK
- Present address:
School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Jahnavi Yadav
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery InstituteNottinghamUK
| | - Radhika Aiyappa‐Maudsley
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery InstituteNottinghamUK
- Present address:
School of medicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Suha Deen
- Department of Pathology, Queen's Medical CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustNottinghamUK
| | - Sarah J. Storr
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery InstituteNottinghamUK
| | - Stewart G. Martin
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery InstituteNottinghamUK
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Mayer M, Berger A, Leischner C, Renner O, Burkard M, Böcker A, Noor S, Weiland T, Weiss TS, Busch C, Lauer UM, Bischoff SC, Venturelli S. Preclinical Efficacy and Toxicity Analysis of the Pan-Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Gossypol for the Therapy of Colorectal Cancer or Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040438. [PMID: 35455435 PMCID: PMC9028974 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypol, a sesquiterpenoid found in cotton seeds, exerts anticancer effects on several tumor entities due to inhibition of DNA synthesis and other mechanisms. In clinical oncology, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are applied as anticancer compounds. In this study, we examined whether gossypol harbors HDAC inhibiting activity. In vitro analyses showed that gossypol inhibited class I, II, and IV HDAC, displaying the capability to laterally interact with the respective catalytic center and is, therefore, classified as a pan-HDAC inhibitor. Next, we studied the effects of gossypol on human-derived hepatoma (HepG2) and colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cell lines and found that gossypol induced hyperacetylation of histone protein H3 and/or tubulin within 6 h. Furthermore, incubation with different concentrations of gossypol (5–50 µM) over a time period of 96 h led to a prominent reduction in cellular viability and proliferation of hepatoma (HepG2, Hep3B) and colon carcinoma (HCT-116, HT-29) cells. In-depth analysis of underlying mechanisms showed that gossypol induced apoptosis via caspase activation. For pre-clinical evaluation, toxicity analyses showed toxic effects of gossypol in vitro toward non-malignant primary hepatocytes (PHH), the colon-derived fibroblast cell line CCD-18Co, and the intestinal epithelial cell line CCD 841 CoN at concentrations of ≥5 µM, and embryotoxicity in chicken embryos at ≥2.5 µM. In conclusion, the pronounced inhibitory capacity of gossypol on cancer cells was characterized, and pan-HDACi activity was detected in silico, in vitro, by inhibiting individual HDAC isoenzymes, and on protein level by determining histone acetylation. However, for clinical application, further chemical optimization is required to decrease cellular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Mayer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Alexander Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (U.M.L.)
| | - Christian Leischner
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.L.); (O.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Olga Renner
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.L.); (O.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Markus Burkard
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.L.); (O.R.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Seema Noor
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Timo Weiland
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (U.M.L.)
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Center for Liver Cell Research, Children’s University Hospital (KUNO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany;
| | | | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (U.M.L.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ Partner Site, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.C.B.); (S.V.); Tel.: +49-711-459-24100 (S.C.B.); +49-711-459-24195 (S.V.)
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.L.); (O.R.); (M.B.)
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.C.B.); (S.V.); Tel.: +49-711-459-24100 (S.C.B.); +49-711-459-24195 (S.V.)
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Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Rutecki S, Książek K. The functional multipotency of transforming growth factor β signaling at the intersection of senescence and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:196. [PMID: 35305149 PMCID: PMC11073081 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of cytokines comprises a group of proteins, their receptors, and effector molecules that, in a coordinated manner, modulate a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological processes. TGF-β1 is the best known and plausibly most active representative of this group. It acts as an immunosuppressant, contributes to extracellular matrix remodeling, and stimulates tissue fibrosis, differentiation, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In recent years, this cytokine has been established as a vital regulator of organismal aging and cellular senescence. Finally, the role of TGF-β1 in cancer progression is no longer in question. Because this protein is involved in so many, often overlapping phenomena, the question arises whether it can be considered a molecular bridge linking some of these phenomena together and governing their reciprocal interactions. In this study, we reviewed the literature from the perspective of the role of various TGF-β family members as regulators of a complex mutual interplay between senescence and cancer. These aspects are then considered in a broader context of remaining TGF-β-related functions and coexisting processes. The main narrative axis in this work is centered around the interaction between the senescence of normal peritoneal cells and ovarian cancer cells. The discussion also includes examples of TGF-β activity at the interface of other normal and cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Długa ½ Str, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Rutecki
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Długa ½ Str, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Długa ½ Str, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-848, Poznań, Poland.
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Battaglia L, Scomparin A, Dianzani C, Milla P, Muntoni E, Arpicco S, Cavalli R. Nanotechnology Addressing Cutaneous Melanoma: The Italian Landscape. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1617. [PMID: 34683910 PMCID: PMC8540596 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors, with a low survival for the metastatic stage. Currently, clinical melanoma treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, innovative therapeutic regimens concern the administration of multitarget drugs in tandem, in order to improve therapeutic efficacy. However, also, if this drug combination is clinically relevant, the patient's response is not yet optimal. In this scenario, nanotechnology-based delivery systems can play a crucial role in the clinical treatment of advanced melanoma. In fact, their nano-features enable targeted drug delivery at a cellular level by overcoming biological barriers. Various nanomedicines have been proposed for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, and a relevant number of them are undergoing clinical trials. In Italy, researchers are focusing on the pharmaceutical development of nanoformulations for malignant melanoma therapy. The present review reports an overview of the main melanoma-addressed nanomedicines currently under study in Italy, alongside the state of the art of melanoma therapy. Moreover, the latest Italian advances concerning the pre-clinical evaluation of nanomedicines for melanoma are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Anna Scomparin
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
- . Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Paola Milla
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Muntoni
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
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Chun SH, Kim EY, Yoon JS, Won HS, Yim K, Hwang HW, Hong SA, Lee M, Lee SL, Kim SS, Sun DS, Ko YH. Prognostic value of noggin protein expression in patients with resected gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:558. [PMID: 34001012 PMCID: PMC8130398 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Noggin and RNA-binding protein for multiple splicing 2 (RBPMS2) are known to regulate the expression of smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and osteoblasts. However, the prognostic role of combined Noggin and RBPMS2 expression in resected gastric cancer (GC) is unclear. Methods A total of 163 patients with GC who underwent gastrectomy were included in this study. The expression of Noggin and RBPMS2 proteins in tumor cells at the tumor center and invasive front of resected GC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and in conjunction with clinicopathological parameters the patient survival was analyzed. Results RBPMS2 protein expression was high at the tumor center (n = 86, 52.8%) and low at the invasive front (n = 69, 42.3%), while Noggin protein expression was high in both tumor center (n = 91, 55.8%) and the invasive front (n = 90, 55.2%). Noggin expression at the invasive front and tumor center was significantly decreased in advanced T stage, non-intestinal-type (invasive front, P = 0.008 and P < 0.001; tumor center lesion, P = 0.013 and P = 0.001). RBPMS2 expression at the invasive front was significantly decreased in non-intestinal-type and positive lymphatic invasion (P < 0.001 and P = 0.013). Multivariate analysis revealed that high Noggin protein expression of the invasive front was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.35–0.97, P < 0.036), but not at the tumor center (HR, 1.35; 95% CI; 0.81–2.26, P = 0.251). Conclusions Our study indicates that high Noggin expression is a crucial prognostic factor for favorable outcomes in patients with resected GC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08273-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Chun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sook Yoon
- Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital Clinical Research Laboratory, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Won
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangil Yim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Hwang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Lim Lee
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Der Sheng Sun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Sinnberg T, Niessner H, Levesque MP, Dettweiler C, Garbe C, Busch C. Embryonic bone morphogenetic protein and nodal induce invasion in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.032656. [PMID: 29716947 PMCID: PMC6031345 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in melanoma therapy via inhibition of activated oncogenes or immune stimulation, most stage IV melanoma patients still have limited survival times. Existing therapeutic approaches eventually fail to prevent further invasion and metastasis, which is driven by a morphological process termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We previously demonstrated that inhibition of EMT in melanoma cells via antagonizing the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-pathway abrogated EMT and neural crest migration of melanoma cells in chick embryos. Here, we show that BMP-2 is highly expressed in invasive melanoma cells and is elevated in the serum of stage IV melanoma patients compared to stage IB-IIC patients and healthy controls. Highly BMP-2-expressing melanoma cells display enhanced invasion in the rhombencephalon of the chick embryo. In addition to driving neural crest migration in the zebrafish embryo, the agonists BMP-2, BMP-7 and nodal induce EMT/invasion in radial growth phase melanoma cells and in human melanocytes in skin reconstructs. Blocking either BMP or nodal signaling by antagonists (noggin, lefty), or the Alk4/5/7-receptor inhibitor SB431542, decreases EMT and invasion of melanoma cells in human epidermal skin reconstructs. Together, our data suggest that inhibition of EMT-inducing pathways in melanoma might be a therapeutic approach to attenuate melanoma cell invasiveness. Summary: We show that bone morphogenetic protein and nodal drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasiveness in melanoma cells, induce EMT and a melanoma-like invasive phenotype in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sinnberg
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike Niessner
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitaetsSpital Zuerich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dettweiler
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a diverse class of molecules with over 20 growth factor proteins that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family and are highly associated with bone formation and disease development. Aberrant expression of various BMPs has been reported in several cancer tissues. Biological function studies have elicited the dual role of BMPs in both cancer development and suppression. Furthermore, a variety of BMP antagonists, ligands, and receptors have been shown to reduce or enhance tumorigenesis and metastasis. Knockout mouse models of BMP signaling components have also revealed that the suppression of BMP signaling impairs cancer metastasis. Herein, we highlight the basic clinical background and involvement of BMPs in modulating cancer progression and their dynamic interactions (e.g., with microRNAs) in the tumor microenvironment in addition to their mutations and roles in chemoprevention. We also suggest that BMPs should be considered a powerful putative therapeutic target in tumorigenesis and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyen Joo Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Sinnberg T, Levesque MP, Krochmann J, Cheng PF, Ikenberg K, Meraz-Torres F, Niessner H, Garbe C, Busch C. Wnt-signaling enhances neural crest migration of melanoma cells and induces an invasive phenotype. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:59. [PMID: 29454361 PMCID: PMC5816360 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During embryonic development Wnt family members and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) cooperatively induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the neural crest. Wnt and BMPs are reactivated during malignant transformation in melanoma. We previously demonstrated that the BMP-antagonist noggin blocked the EMT phenotype of melanoma cells in the neural crest and malignant invasion of melanoma cells in the chick embryo; vice-versa, malignant invasion was induced in human melanocytes in vivo by pre-treatment with BMP-2. Results Although there are conflicting results in the literature about the role of β-catenin for invasion of melanoma cells, we found Wnt/β-catenin signaling to be analogously important for the EMT-like phenotype of human metastatic melanoma cells in the neural crest and during invasion: β-catenin was frequently expressed at the invasive front of human primary melanomas and Wnt3a expression was inversely correlated with survival of melanoma patients. Accordingly, cytoplasmic β-catenin levels were increased during invasion of melanoma cells in the rhombencephalon of the chick embryo. Fibroblast derived Wnt3a reduced melanoma cell adhesion and enhanced migration, while the β-catenin inhibitor PKF115–584 increased adhesion and reduced migration in vitro and in the chick embryonic neural crest environment in vivo. Similarly, knockdown of β-catenin impaired intradermal melanoma cell invasion and PKF115–584 efficiently reduced liver metastasis in a chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Our observations were accompanied by specific alterations in gene expression which are linked to overall survival of melanoma patients. Conclusion We present a novel role for Wnt-signaling in neural crest like melanoma cell invasion and metastasis, stressing the crucial role of embryonic EMT-inducing neural crest signaling for the spreading of malignant melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0773-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sinnberg
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr.25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, Universitaets Spital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Krochmann
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr.25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Universitaets Spital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Ikenberg
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Meraz-Torres
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr.25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike Niessner
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr.25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr.25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr.25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Dermateam, Bankstrasse 4, 8400, Winterthur, Switzerland.
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Wisely CE, Sayed JA, Tamez H, Zelinka C, Abdel-Rahman MH, Fischer AJ, Cebulla CM. The chick eye in vision research: An excellent model for the study of ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:72-97. [PMID: 28668352 PMCID: PMC5653414 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The domestic chicken, Gallus gallus, serves as an excellent model for the study of a wide range of ocular diseases and conditions. The purpose of this manuscript is to outline some anatomic, physiologic, and genetic features of this organism as a robust animal model for vision research, particularly for modeling human retinal disease. Advantages include a sequenced genome, a large eye, relative ease of handling and maintenance, and ready availability. Relevant similarities and differences to humans are highlighted for ocular structures as well as for general physiologic processes. Current research applications for various ocular diseases and conditions, including ocular imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, are discussed. Several genetic and non-genetic ocular disease models are outlined, including for pathologic myopia, keratoconus, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinal degeneration, ocular albinism, and ocular tumors. Finally, the use of stem cell technology to study the repair of damaged tissues in the chick eye is discussed. Overall, the chick model provides opportunities for high-throughput translational studies to more effectively prevent or treat blinding ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ellis Wisely
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Javed A Sayed
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Heather Tamez
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Chris Zelinka
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mohamed H Abdel-Rahman
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
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Lu YJ, Fu LJ, Yang JJ, Zeng P, Jiang WM, Wu JB. Effect of siRNA mediated bone morphogenetic protein 7 knockdown on cell proliferation and migration in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:10-18. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) knockdown on the proliferation and migration of human hepatoma HepG2 cells.
METHODS: Three pairs of siRNAs targeting BMP7 were transiently transfected into HepG2 cells using TransLipid HL Transfection Reagent. HepG2 cells were divided into five groups including a normal control group, a negative-siRNA group and three transfected groups (transfected with BMP7-siRNA-1, BMP7-siRNA-2, and BMP7-siRNA-3, respectively). The expression of BMP7 mRNA and protein was measured by reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively, and the optimal siRNA sequence for BMP7 silencing was selected. The proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells after transfection were assessed by MTT assay and transwell migration assay, respectively. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase3) in each group was determined by Western blot, and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: BMP7-siRNA-3 group demonstrated the lowest level of BMP7 expression among the five groups (P < 0.01). Cell growth was significantly slower in the BMP7-siRNA-3 group than in the control groups 48 h and 72 h after cells were transfected (P < 0.01). The numbers of cell passing the membrane were significantly lower in the BMP7-siRNA-3 group than in the control groups 24 h after cells were transfected (P < 0.01). The expression of Bax and Caspase3 (P < 0.01) was significantly increased after BMP7 silencing, and there was no statistically significant difference in the Bcl-2 expression. Flow cytometery showed that cells were significantly blocked in G2 phase 48 h after cells were transfected with BMP7-siRNA-3 (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: SiRNA mediated BMP7 knockdown can inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation and migration, promote apoptosis and block cells in G2 phase.
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Beaumont KA, Mohana-Kumaran N, Haass NK. Modeling Melanoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Healthcare (Basel) 2013; 2:27-46. [PMID: 27429258 PMCID: PMC4934492 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare2010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavior of melanoma cells has traditionally been studied in vitro in two-dimensional cell culture with cells adhering to plastic dishes. However, in order to mimic the three-dimensional architecture of a melanoma, as well as its interactions with the tumor microenvironment, there has been the need for more physiologically relevant models. This has been achieved by designing 3D in vitro models of melanoma, such as melanoma spheroids embedded in extracellular matrix or organotypic skin reconstructs. In vivo melanoma models have typically relied on the growth of tumor xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Several genetically engineered mouse models have now been developed which allow the generation of spontaneous melanoma. Melanoma models have also been established in other species such as zebrafish, which are more conducive to imaging and high throughput studies. We will discuss these models as well as novel techniques that are relevant to the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A. Beaumont
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia; E-Mails: (K.A.B.); (N.M.-K.)
| | - Nethia Mohana-Kumaran
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia; E-Mails: (K.A.B.); (N.M.-K.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nikolas K. Haass
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia; E-Mails: (K.A.B.); (N.M.-K.)
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-7-3443-7087; Fax: +61-7-3443-6966
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12
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Venturelli S, Berger A, Böcker A, Busch C, Weiland T, Noor S, Leischner C, Schleicher S, Mayer M, Weiss TS, Bischoff SC, Lauer UM, Bitzer M. Resveratrol as a pan-HDAC inhibitor alters the acetylation status of histone [corrected] proteins in human-derived hepatoblastoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73097. [PMID: 24023672 PMCID: PMC3758278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyphenolic alcohol resveratrol has demonstrated promising activities for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Different modes of action have been described for resveratrol including the activation of sirtuins, which represent the class III histone deacetylases (HDACs). However, little is known about the activity of resveratrol on the classical HDACs of class I, II and IV, although these classes are involved in cancer development or progression and inhibitors of HDACs (HDACi) are currently under investigation as promising novel anticancer drugs. We could show by in silico docking studies that resveratrol has the chemical structure to inhibit the activity of different human HDAC enzymes. In vitro analyses of overall HDAC inhibition and a detailed HDAC profiling showed that resveratrol inhibited all eleven human HDACs of class I, II and IV in a dose-dependent manner. Transferring this molecular mechanism into cancer therapy strategies, resveratrol treatment was analyzed on solid tumor cell lines. Despite the fact that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known to be particularly resistant against conventional chemotherapeutics, treatment of HCC with established HDACi already has shown promising results. Testing of resveratrol on hepatoma cell lines HepG2, Hep3B and HuH7 revealed a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on all cell lines. Interestingly, only for HepG2 cells a specific inhibition of HDACs and in turn a histone hyperacetylation caused by resveratrol was detected. Additional testing of human blood samples demonstrated a HDACi activity by resveratrol ex vivo. Concluding toxicity studies showed that primary human hepatocytes tolerated resveratrol, whereas in vivo chicken embryotoxicity assays demonstrated severe toxicity at high concentrations. Taken together, this novel pan-HDACi activity opens up a new perspective of resveratrol for cancer therapy alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics. Moreover, resveratrol may serve as a lead structure for chemical optimization of bioavailability, pharmacology or HDAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Busch
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timo Weiland
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Seema Noor
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Leischner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schleicher
- University Children's Hospital, Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mascha Mayer
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Center for Liver Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bitzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Busch C, Krochmann J, Drews U. Human melanoma cells in the rhombencephalon of the chick embryo: a novel model for brain metastasis. Exp Dermatol 2013; 21:944-7. [PMID: 23171456 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has the highest propensity to metastasize to the brain of all primary neoplasms in adults. Here, we describe invasive growth and the development of melanoma metastases from suspensions of human melanoma cells in the brain of the chick embryo. Patient-derived melanoma cells and established melanoma cell lines were injected into the rhombencephalic brain vesicle of the two-day-chick embryo. After 48 and 96 h, tumor formation was studied in serial paraffin sections with melanoma-specific HMB45 and human-specific MIB1 proliferation markers. The majority of the cells injected into the embryonic liquor cavity perished. Only melanoma cells in newly formed aggregates or when attached to the dorsal roof plate escaped apoptosis. Local invasion occurred not in the ventral differentiating neural epithelium but only in the roof plate. Although after 48 h melanoma cells invaded the rhombencephalic roof plate profusely at both sides, after 96 h typically one large tumor developed in the midline between roof plate and the dorsal surface epithelium. From the tumor, single cells invaded the mesenchyme and blood vessels. Cell lines with different invasive properties retained their graded invasive behaviour. Maximally invasive cells formed continuous tracks via vessels and along nerve fibres. The central tumor in the roof plate of the chick embryo rhombencephalon resembles a metastatic nodule in the patients with melanoma. Penetration of the roof plate epithelium, tumor formation and invasion of surrounding tissues by single cells can reliably be reproduced. The chick embryo model can be used for molecular studies of early phases of melanoma brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Busch
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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The chick embryo as an experimental system for melanoma cell invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53970. [PMID: 23342051 PMCID: PMC3544663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A primary cutaneous melanoma will not kill the patient, but its metastases. Since in vitro studies on melanoma cells in 2-D cultures do often not reflect reality, 3-D models might come closer to the physiological situation in the patient during cancer initiation and progression. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we describe the chick embryo model for in vivo studies of melanoma cell migration and invasion. After transplantation of neural crest-derived melanoma cells into the neural tube, the melanoma cells resume neural crest cell migration along the medial and lateral pathways and finally undergo apoptosis in the target areas. Upon transplantation into ectopic areas such as the hindbrain or the optic cup malignant invasion and local tissue destruction occurs. In contrast, melanocytes are not able to spontaneously resume neural crest cell migration. However, malignant invasion can be induced in melanocytes by pre-treatment with the TGF-beta family members bone morphegenetic protein-2 or nodal. Transplantation of MCF7 breast cancer cells yields a different growth pattern in the rhombencephalon than melanoma cells. Conclusions/Significance The chick embryo model is a feasible, cost-effective in vivo system to study invasion by cancer cells in an embryonic environment. It may be useful to study invasive behavior induced by embryonic oncogenes and for targeted manipulation of melanoma or breast cancer cells aiming at ablation of invasive properties.
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Exploitation of chick embryo environments to reprogram MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells to a benign phenotype, lacking detectable MYCN expression. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e24. [PMID: 23552815 PMCID: PMC3503288 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a paediatric cancer that arises from the sympathetic ganglia (SG) or adrenal gland. Tumours that occur in patients under 18 months of age have a particularly good prognosis and frequently undergo spontaneous regression. This led to the hypothesis that developmental cues in the youngest patients may prompt belated differentiation and/or apoptosis of the tumour cells. To test our hypothesis, we have injected MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells into the extra embryonic veins of chick embryos at embryonic day 3 (E3) and E6 and analysed the response of these Kelly cells at E10 and E14. Amplification of the MYCN gene occurs in up to 30% of tumours and is normally associated with a very poor prognosis. Kelly cells injected at E3 follow neural crest pathways and integrate into neural locations such as SG and the enteric nervous system although never into the adrenal gland. Additionally they migrate to non-neural locations such as the heart, meninges, jaw regions and tail. The cells respond to their respective microenvironments and in SG, some cells differentiate, they show reduced cell division and crucially all cells have undetectable MYCN expression by E10. In non-neural locations, cells form more rapidly dividing clumps and continue to express MYCN. The downregulation of MYCN is dependent on continuous and direct interaction with the sympathetic ganglion environment. We propose that the MYCN-amplicon in the Kelly cells retains the ability to correctly interpret the environmental cues leading to downregulation of MYCN.
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Death inducer-obliterator 1 (Dido1) is a BMP target gene and promotes BMP-induced melanoma progression. Oncogene 2012; 32:837-48. [PMID: 22469980 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to play an important role in melanoma development and progression. However, the downstream targets of BMPs have not been investigated thus far. Therefore, we treated melanoma cell lines with the Smad-specific BMP inhibitor Dorsomorphin and performed a cDNA microarray. We identified death inducer-obliterator 1 (Dido1) as a BMP-specific Smad-regulated target gene, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments. An analysis of Dido1 expression revealed an upregulation of Dido1 levels in melanoma cell lines and tissues compared with normal melanocytes. Colony-formation assays showed that siDido1-transfected cells formed significantly smaller colonies when grown in soft agar compared with control cells. In addition, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and western blot experiments revealed that transfection of melanoma cells with Dido1 small interfering RNAs led to an upregulation of apoptosis. Furthermore, cell migratory and invasive potentials were strongly reduced in siDido1-transfected cells compared with control cells. Finally, we demonstrated that Dido1 induces the expression of Integrin αV, thereby promoting the attachment, migration, invasion and apoptosis resistance of melanoma cells.
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Schott S, Niessner H, Sinnberg T, Venturelli S, Berger A, Ikenberg K, Villanueva J, Meier F, Garbe C, Busch C. Cytotoxicity of new duplex drugs linking 3'-C-ethynylcytidine and 5-fluor-2'-deoxyuridine against human melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2165-74. [PMID: 22323315 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an increasingly common and potentially fatal malignancy of the skin and some mucous membranes. As no cure exists for metastatic disease, there is an urgent need for novel drugs. 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridylyl-(3'-5')-3'-C-ethynylcytidine [5-FdU(3'-5')ECyd] and 3'-C-ethynylcytidinylyl-(5' → 1-O)-2-O-octadecyl-sn-glycerylyl-(3-O → 5')-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine [ECyd-lipid-5-FdU] represent cytostatic active duplex drugs, which can be metabolized into various active antimetabolites. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of these heterodinucleoside phosphate analogs, their corresponding monomers ECyd and 5-FdU and combinations thereof on six metastatic melanoma cell lines and six ex vivo patient-derived melanoma cells in comparison to current standard cytostatic agents and the BRAF V600E inhibitor Vemurafenib. In vitro (real-time)-proliferation assays demonstrated that 5-FdU(3'-5')ECyd and ECyd-lipid-5-FdU had a high cytotoxic efficacy causing 75% melanoma cell death at concentrations in the nanomolar and micromolar range. Cytotoxicity was conducted by induction of DNA cleavage indicating apoptotic cells. Chicken embryotoxicity demonstrated that the duplex drugs were less toxic than 5-FdU at 0.01 μM. In vivo the duplex drug 5-FdU(3'-5')ECyd was efficacious in the murine LOX IMVI melanoma xenograph model on administration of 11.2 mg/kg/injection every fourth day. Both duplex drugs are promising novel cytostatic agents for the treatment of malignant melanoma meriting clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schott
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the National Centre of Tumor Disease, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Liu F, Zhong H, Liang JY, Fu P, Luo ZJ, Zhou L, Gou R, Huang J. Effect of high glucose levels on the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by inducing osteoblastic differentiation and intracellular calcium deposition via BMP-2/Cbfα-1 pathway. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2011; 11:905-11. [PMID: 21121067 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effect and the possible mechanism of high glucose levels on the calcification of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). HASMCs were divided into four groups: normal glucose group (NG), osmolality control group (OC), high glucose group (HG, HASMCs culture medium containing 30 mmol/L glucose), and high glucose plus recombinant human Noggin protein (bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) antagonist) group (HN). The mRNA levels and the protein expressions of BMP-2 and core binding factor alpha-1 (Cbfα-1) were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. After induced by 10 mmol/L β-glycerol phosphoric acid, cells were harvested for assessments of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities at Days 1, 2, and 3, and intracellular calcium contents at Days 7 and 14, respectively. High glucose levels increased the mRNA levels and the protein expressions of BMP-2 and Cbfα-1 (P<0.05). The expression of Cbfα-1 was partially blocked by Noggin protein (P<0.05), while BMP-2 was not (P>0.05). After being induced by β-glycerol phosphoric acid, high glucose levels increased the ALP activity [(48.63±1.03) vs. (41.42±2.28) U/mg protein, Day 3; P<0.05] and the intracellular calcium content [(2.76±0.09) vs. (1.75±0.07) μmol/mg protein, Day 14; P<0.05] in a time-dependent manner when compared with the NG group, while the ALP activity could not be blocked by Noggin protein [(48.63±1.03) vs. (47.37±0.97) U/mg protein, Day 3; P>0.05]. These results show that high glucose levels can evoke the calcification of HASMCs by inducing osteoblastic trans-differentiation and intracellular calcium deposition via the BMP-2/Cbfα-1 pathway, which can be partially blocked by Noggin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wu JB, Fu HQ, Huang LZ, Liu AW, Zhang JX. Effects of siRNA-targeting BMP-2 on the abilities of migration and invasion of human liver cancer SMMC7721 cells and its mechanism. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 18:20-5. [PMID: 20885449 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To observe the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 on the abilities of migration and invasion of human liver cancer SMMC7721 cells and its mechanism. Three siRNAs-targeting BMP-2 gene were synthesized. There were six groups including group I (non-transfected cells), group II (only liposome-transfected cells), group III (non-specific siRNA-transfected cells) and groups IV-VI (siRNA-A, siRNA-B and siRNA-C-targeting BMP-2 transfected cells, respectively). SMMC7721 cells were instantaneously transfected using lipofectamine method. The levels of mRNA and protein of BMP-2 in cells were determined with reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting. The abilities of migration and invasion of transfected cells were assessed using scratch test and in vitro invasion assay, respectively. The protein levels of p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38 and the protein levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated with western blot 48 h after siRNA-B-targeting BMP-2 was transfected into liver cancer SMMC7721 cells. Expression of mRNA and protein of BMP-2 in groups IV-VI were significantly inhibited, especially in group V. Cell scratch width was significantly greater in group V than in group I and III (P<0.01). In vitro invasion assay suggested that the number of invasion of cells was significantly lower in group V than in group I and III (P<0.05). Western blot indicated that the level of p-ERK was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the levels of p-JHK and p-p38 were not significantly changed and the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly downregulated (P<0.05). siRNA-targeting BMP-2 can markedly inhibited the expression of BMP-2 in liver cancer SMMC7721 cells, and decrease the abilities of migration and invasion of liver cancer cells, especially siRNA-B. The inhibitory effects of siRNA-B-targeting BMP-2 on the abilities of migration and invasion of human liver cancer SMMC7721 cells may be caused by the downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through MAPK/ERK pathway, whereas is not related to MAPK/JNK and MAPK/p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Wu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, China.
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Wu JB, Fu HQ, Huang LZ, Liu AW, Zhang JX. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and 6 and clinical significance in liver carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:834-837. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i8.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and 6 (BMP-2, 6) mRNA in human liver cancer, and to explore its relationship with biologic action in liver cancer.
METHODS: The expressions of BMP-2 and BMP-6 in 30 carcinoma liver tissue samples and 30 normal liver tissue samples were detected and analyzed by reverse transcriptase PCR and Western blot.
RESULTS: The relative level of BMP-2 and BMP-6 mRNA was significantly lower in the normal liver tissue samples than in the liver carcinoma tissue samples (0.3245 ± 0.1127 vs 0.8298 ± 0.1187, 0.2947 ± 0.1853 vs 0.7145 ± 0.1373, both P < 0.05). The relative level of BMP-2 and BMP-6 mRNA in III, IV stages of liver cancer was significantly higher than that in I, II stages (0.92431 ± 0.1234 vs 0.69355 ± 0.1925, 0.8354 ± 0.1423 vs 0.6043 ± 0.1234, both P < 0.05). The expression level of BMP-2 and BMP-6 protein were significantly higher in the metastatic liver cancer compared with that without metastasis (0.9854 ± 0.2888 vs 0.6244 ± 0.3087, 0.9076 ± 0.1276 vs 0.5678 ± 0.2493, both P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Up-regulated expressions of BMP-2 and BMP-6 play an important role in liver cancer. It may have the active role in invasion and metastasis of liver cancer.
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