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Xue F, Liu L, Tao X, Zhu W. TET3-mediated DNA demethylation modification activates SHP2 expression to promote endometrial cancer progression through the EGFR/ERK pathway. J Gynecol Oncol 2024; 35:35.e64. [PMID: 38456588 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2024.35.e64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Src homology phosphotyrosin phosphatase 2 (SHP2) has been implicated in the progression of several cancer types. However, its function in endometrial cancer (EC) remains unclear. Here, we report that the ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3)-mediated DNA demethylation modification is responsible for the oncogenic role of SHP2 in EC and explore the detailed mechanism. METHODS The transcriptomic differences between EC tissues and control tissues were analyzed using bioinformatics tools, followed by protein-protein interaction network establishment. EC cells were treated with shRNA targeting SHP2 alone or in combination with isoprocurcumenol, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling activator. The cell biological behavior was examined using cell counting kit-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, scratch assay, and transwell assays, and the median inhibition concentration values to medroxyprogesterone acetate/gefitinib were calculated. The binding of TET3 to the SHP2 promoter was verified. EC cells with TET3 knockdown and combined with SHP2 overexpression were selected to construct tumor xenografts in mice. RESULTS TET3 and SHP2 were overexpressed in EC cells. TET3 bound to the SHP2 promoter, thereby increasing the DNA hydroxymethylation modification and activating SHP2 to induce the EGFR/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Knockdown of TET3 or SHP2 inhibited EC cell malignant aggressiveness and impaired the EGFR/ERK pathway. Silencing of TET3 inhibited the tumorigenic capacity of EC cells, and ectopic expression of SHP2 or isoprocurcumenol reversed the inhibitory effect of TET3 knockdown on the biological activity of EC cells. CONCLUSION TET3 promoted the DNA demethylation modification in the SHP2 promoter and activated SHP2, thus activating the EGFR/ERK pathway and leading to EC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Baotou, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueqiang Tao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Baotou, China
| | - Weipei Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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2
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de Almeida LY, Pereira-Martins DA, Weinhäuser I, Ortiz C, Cândido LA, Lange AP, De Abreu NF, Mendonza SES, de Deus Wagatsuma VM, Do Nascimento MC, Paiva HH, Alves-Paiva RM, Bonaldo CCOM, Nascimento DC, Alves-Filho JC, Scheucher PS, Lima ASG, Schuringa JJ, Ammantuna E, Ottone T, Noguera NI, Araujo CL, Rego EM. The Combination of Gefitinib With ATRA and ATO Induces Myeloid Differentiation in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Resistant Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:686445. [PMID: 34650910 PMCID: PMC8506138 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.686445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In approximately 15% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), total and phosphorylated EGFR proteins have been reported to be increased compared to healthy CD34+ samples. However, it is unclear if this subset of patients would benefit from EGFR signaling pharmacological inhibition. Pre-clinical studies on AML cells provided evidence on the pro-differentiation benefits of EGFR inhibitors when combined with ATRA or ATO in vitro. Despite the success of ATRA and ATO in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), therapy-associated resistance is observed in 5-10% of the cases, pointing to a clear need for new therapeutic strategies for those patients. In this context, the functional role of EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors has never been evaluated in APL. Here, we investigated the EGFR pathway in primary samples along with functional in vitro and in vivo studies using several APL models. We observed that total and phosphorylated EGFR (Tyr992) was expressed in 28% and 19% of blast cells from APL patients, respectively, but not in healthy CD34+ samples. Interestingly, the expression of the EGF was lower in APL plasma samples than in healthy controls. The EGFR ligand AREG was detected in 29% of APL patients at diagnosis, but not in control samples. In vitro, treatment with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib (ZD1839) reduced cell proliferation and survival of NB4 (ATRA-sensitive) and NB4-R2 (ATRA-resistant) cells. Moreover, the combination of gefitinib with ATRA and ATO promoted myeloid cell differentiation in ATRA- and ATO-resistant APL cells. In vivo, the combination of gefitinib and ATRA prolonged survival compared to gefitinib- or vehicle-treated leukemic mice in a syngeneic transplantation model, while the gain in survival did not reach statistical difference compared to treatment with ATRA alone. Our results suggest that gefitinib is a potential adjuvant agent that can mitigate ATRA and ATO resistance in APL cells. Therefore, our data indicate that repurposing FDA-approved tyrosine-kinase inhibitors could provide new perspectives into combination therapy to overcome drug resistance in APL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Yamamoto de Almeida
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego A Pereira-Martins
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Isabel Weinhäuser
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - César Ortiz
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa A Cândido
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lange
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Nayara F De Abreu
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Sílvia E S Mendonza
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Virgínia M de Deus Wagatsuma
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariane C Do Nascimento
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Helder H Paiva
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Alves-Paiva
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele C Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - José C Alves-Filho
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Priscila S Scheucher
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Sílvia G Lima
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Ammantuna
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tiziana Ottone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Neuro-Oncohematology, Rome, Italy.,Hematology Division, Laboratórios de Investigação Médica 31 (LIM 31), Faculdade de Medicina, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelida I Noguera
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cleide L Araujo
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Rego
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Hematology Division, Laboratórios de Investigação Médica 31 (LIM 31), Faculdade de Medicina, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Sadhu S, Rizvi ZA, Pandey RP, Dalal R, Rathore DK, Kumar B, Pandey M, Kumar Y, Goel R, Maiti TK, Johri AK, Tiwari A, Pandey AK, Awasthi A. Gefitinib Results in Robust Host-Directed Immunity Against Salmonella Infection Through Proteo-Metabolomic Reprogramming. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648710. [PMID: 33868285 PMCID: PMC8044459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella has necessitated the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have shown that targeting host factors may provide an alternative approach for the treatment of intracellular pathogens. Host-directed therapy (HDT) modulates host cellular factors that are essential to support the replication of the intracellular pathogens. In the current study, we identified Gefitinib as a potential host directed therapeutic drug against Salmonella. Further, using the proteome analysis of Salmonella-infected macrophages, we identified EGFR, a host factor, promoting intracellular survival of Salmonella via mTOR-HIF-1α axis. Blocking of EGFR, mTOR or HIF-1α inhibits the intracellular survival of Salmonella within the macrophages and in mice. Global proteo-metabolomics profiling indicated the upregulation of host factors predominantly associated with ATP turn over, glycolysis, urea cycle, which ultimately promote the activation of EGFR-HIF1α signaling upon infection. Importantly, inhibition of EGFR and HIF1α restored both proteomics and metabolomics changes caused by Salmonella infection. Taken together, this study identifies Gefitinib as a host directed drug that holds potential translational values against Salmonella infection and might be useful for the treatment of other intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Sadhu
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Rajdeep Dalal
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Rathore
- Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Bhoj Kumar
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Manitosh Pandey
- Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Non Communicable Diseases, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Renu Goel
- Non Communicable Diseases, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Tushar K. Maiti
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Atul Kumar Johri
- Infection and Immunity, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Infection and Immunobiology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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4
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Sierra JC, Asim M, Verriere TG, Piazuelo MB, Suarez G, Romero-Gallo J, Delgado AG, Wroblewski LE, Barry DP, Peek RM, Gobert AP, Wilson KT. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition downregulates Helicobacter pylori-induced epithelial inflammatory responses, DNA damage and gastric carcinogenesis. Gut 2018; 67:1247-1260. [PMID: 28473630 PMCID: PMC5671361 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide and infection by Helicobacter pylori is the strongest risk factor. We have reported increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation in the H. pylori-induced human carcinogenesis cascade, and association with DNA damage. Our goal was to determine the role of EGFR activation in gastric carcinogenesis. DESIGN We evaluated gefitinib, a specific EGFR inhibitor, in chemoprevention of H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation and cancer development. Mice with genetically targeted epithelial cell-specific deletion of Egfr (EfgrΔepi mice) were also used. RESULTS In C57BL/6 mice, gefitinib decreased Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 expression by gastric epithelial cells, myeloperoxidase-positive inflammatory cells in the mucosa and epithelial DNA damage induced by H. pylori infection. Similar reductions in chemokines, inflammatory cells and DNA damage occurred in infected EgfrΔepi versus Egfrfl/fl control mice. In H. pylori-infected transgenic insulin-gastrin (INS-GAS) mice and gerbils, gefitinib treatment markedly reduced dysplasia and carcinoma. Gefitinib blocked H. pylori-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3 (MAPK1/3) and activator protein 1 in gastric epithelial cells, resulting in inhibition of chemokine synthesis. MAPK1/3 phosphorylation and JUN activation was reduced in gastric tissues from infected wild-type and INS-GAS mice treated with gefitinib and in primary epithelial cells from EfgrΔepi versus Egfrfl/fl mice. Epithelial EGFR activation persisted in humans and mice after H. pylori eradication, and gefitinib reduced gastric carcinoma in INS-GAS mice treated with antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that epithelial EGFR inhibition represents a potential strategy to prevent development of gastric carcinoma in H. pylori-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C. Sierra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas G. Verriere
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Giovanni Suarez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lydia E. Wroblewski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel P. Barry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alain P. Gobert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Islam MS, Horiguchi K, Iino S, Kaji N, Mikawa S, Hori M, Ozaki H. Epidermal growth factor is a critical regulator of the cytokine IL-33 in intestinal epithelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2532-42. [PMID: 27300306 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE IL-33 is a novel cytokine that is believed to be involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. However, its source, its production and its secretion process remain unclear. Recently, we have reported that IL-33 is up-regulated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Production of IL-33 from intestinal tissue was studied in a murine cancer model induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS in vivo and in cultures of IEC-6 epithelial cells. Cytokine levels were measured by real time PCR, immunohistochemistry and elisa. KEY RESULTS Mice with AOM/DSS-induced colitis expressed all the characteristic symptoms of colon cancer pathology. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated epithelial cell-derived IL-33 in colon tissues from mice with AOM/DSS colitis. Real time PCR and quantitative PCR analysis revealed that AOM/DSS colitis tissues expressed up-regulated IL-1β, IL-33, TGF-β, and EGF mRNA. Gefitinib, an EGFR inhibitor, inhibited IL-33 mRNA expression in AOM/DSS colitis mice. The pathophysiological role of IL-33 in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6 cells) was then investigated. We found that EGF, but not TGF-β1 or PDGF, greatly enhanced mRNA expression of IL-33 and its receptor ST2. In accordance with the gene expression and immunohistochemical analysis of IL-33 levels, elisa-based analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts showed increased IL-33 protein levels in IEC-6 cells after treatment with EGF. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that EGF is a key growth factor that increased IL-33 production and ST2 receptor expression during intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. The EGF/IL-33/ST2 axis represents a novel therapeutic target in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Islam
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - S Iino
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - N Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Mikawa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ozaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Preventing breast cancer is an effective strategy for reducing breast cancer deaths. The purpose of chemoprevention (also termed preventive therapy) is to reduce cancer incidence by use of natural, synthetic, or biological agents. The efficacy of tamoxifen, raloxifene, and exemestane as preventive therapy against estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer is well established for women at increased risk for breast cancer. However, because breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, distinct preventive approaches may be required for effective prevention of each subtype. Current research is, therefore, focused on identifying alternative mechanisms by which biologically active compounds can reduce the risk of all breast cancer subtypes including ER-negative breast cancer. Promising agents are currently being developed for prevention of HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and include inhibitors of the ErbB family receptors, COX-2 inhibitors, metformin, retinoids, statins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and natural compounds. This review focuses on recent progress in research to develop more effective preventive agents, in particular for prevention of ER-negative breast cancer.
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7
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den Hollander P, Savage MI, Brown PH. Targeted therapy for breast cancer prevention. Front Oncol 2013; 3:250. [PMID: 24069582 PMCID: PMC3780469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With a better understanding of the etiology of breast cancer, molecularly targeted drugs have been developed and are being testing for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Targeted drugs that inhibit the estrogen receptor (ER) or estrogen-activated pathways include the selective ER modulators (tamoxifen, raloxifene, and lasofoxifene) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) (anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane) have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Tamoxifen and raloxifene have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer and promising results of AIs in breast cancer trials, suggest that AIs might be even more effective in the prevention of ER-positive breast cancer. However, these agents only prevent ER-positive breast cancer. Therefore, current research is focused on identifying preventive therapies for other forms of breast cancer such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, breast cancer that does express ER, progesterone receptor, or HER2). HER2-positive breast cancers are currently treated with anti-HER2 therapies including trastuzumab and lapatinib, and preclinical and clinical studies are now being conducted to test these drugs for the prevention of HER2-positive breast cancers. Several promising agents currently being tested in cancer prevention trials for the prevention of TNBC include poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, vitamin D, and rexinoids, both of which activate nuclear hormone receptors (the vitamin D and retinoid X receptors). This review discusses currently used breast cancer preventive drugs, and describes the progress of research striving to identify and develop more effective preventive agents for all forms of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra den Hollander
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
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8
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Lee K, Nelson CM. New insights into the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tissue fibrosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:171-221. [PMID: 22364874 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis often presents as the final outcome of chronic disease and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Fibrosis is driven by continuous expansion of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a form of cell plasticity in which epithelia acquire mesenchymal phenotypes and is increasingly recognized as an integral aspect of tissue fibrogenesis. In this review, we describe recent insight into the molecular and cellular factors that regulate EMT and its underlying signaling pathways. We also consider how mechanical cues from the microenvironment affect the regulation of EMT. Finally, we discuss the role of EMT in fibrotic diseases and propose approaches for detecting and treating fibrogenesis by targeting EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- KangAe Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Abstract
Preventing breast cancer is possible with selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulators and aromatase inhibitors, which reduce the risk of invasive disease by up to 65% (up to 73% for ER-positive and no effect for ER-negative cancer) and the risk of preinvasive disease [ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)] by up to 50%. Clearly, approaches for preventing ER-negative, and increased prevention of ER-positive breast cancers would benefit public health. A growing body of work (including recent preclinical and clinical data) support targeting the HER family [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 1 or ErbB1) and HER2, HER3, and HER4] for preventing ER-negative and possibly ER-positive breast cancer. Preclinical studies of HER family-targeting drugs in mammary neoplasia show suppression of (i) ER-negative tumors in HER2-overexpressing mouse strains, (ii) ER-negative tumors in mutant Brca1/p53(+/-) mice, and (iii) ER-positive tumors in the methylnitrosourea (MNU) rat model; tumors arising in both the MNU and mutant Brca1/p53(+/-) models lack HER2 overexpression. Clinical trials include a recent placebo-controlled phase IIb presurgical trial of the dual EGFR HER2 inhibitor lapatinib that suppressed growth of breast premalignancy [including atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and DCIS] and invasive cancer in patients with early-stage, HER2-overexpressing or -amplified breast cancer. These results suggest that lapatinib can clinically suppress the progression of ADH and DCIS to invasive breast cancer, an effect previously observed in a mouse model of HER2-overexpressing, ER-negative mammary cancer. The preclinical and clinical signals provide a compelling rationale for testing HER-targeting drugs for breast cancer prevention in women at moderate-to-high risk, leading perhaps to combinations that prevent ER-negative and ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise R Howe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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10
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Melnick M, Abichaker G, Htet K, Sedghizadeh P, Jaskoll T. Small molecule inhibitors of the host cell COX/AREG/EGFR/ERK pathway attenuate cytomegalovirus-induced pathogenesis. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:400-10. [PMID: 21565184 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As with other herpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) has the ability to establish lifelong persistence and latent infection following primary exposure, salivary glands (SMGs) being the primary site of both. In the immunocompromised patient, hCMV is a common cause of opportunistic infections, and subsequent morbidity and mortality. Elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of CMV-induced disease is critical to the development of more effective and safer drug therapies. In the present study, we used a novel mouse postnatal SMG organ culture model of mCMV-induced dysplasia to investigate a candidate signaling network suggested by our prior studies (COX-2/AREG/EGFR/ERK). The objective was to employ small molecule inhibitors to target several key steps in the autocrine loop, and in this way ameliorate pathology. Our results indicate that upregulation of ERK phosphorylation is necessary for initial mCMV-induced pathogenesis, and that ErbB receptor family phosphorylation and downstream signaling are highly relevant targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melnick
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
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White CD, Li Z, Sacks DB. Calmodulin binds HER2 and modulates HER2 signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1074-82. [PMID: 21185879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, has defined roles in neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Overexpression of HER2 is an adverse prognostic factor in several human neoplasms and, particularly in breast cancer, correlates strongly with a decrease in overall patient survival. HER2 stimulates breast tumorigenesis by forming protein-protein interactions with a diverse array of intracellular signaling molecules, and evidence suggests that manipulation of these associations holds therapeutic potential. To modulate specific HER2 interactions, the region(s) of HER2 to which each target binds must be accurately identified. Calmodulin (CaM), a ubiquitously expressed Ca(2+) binding protein, interacts with multiple intracellular targets. Interestingly, CaM binds the juxtamembrane region of the epidermal growth factor receptor, a HER2 homolog. Here, we show that CaM interacts, in a Ca(2+)-regulated manner, with two distinct sites on the N-terminal portion of the HER2 intracellular domain. Deletion of residues 676-689 and 714-732 from HER2 prevented CaM-HER2 binding. Inhibition of CaM function or deletion of the CaM binding sites from HER2 significantly decreased both HER2 phosphorylation and HER2-stimulated cell growth. Collectively, these data suggest that inhibition of CaM-HER2 interaction may represent a rational therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with breast cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D White
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Medina D, Kittrell F, Hill J, Zhang Y, Hilsenbeck SG, Bissonette R, Brown PH. Prevention of tumorigenesis in p53-null mammary epithelium by rexinoid bexarotene, tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, and celecoxib. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:168-74. [PMID: 19174577 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemopreventive effects of three agents, rexinoid bexarotene, tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, and celecoxib, were tested on mammary tumor development arising in p53-null mammary epithelium. The rexinoid bexarotene was the most efficacious inhibitor as it reduced mammary tumor development by 75% in virgin mice and significantly delayed mean tumor development by 98 days in hormone-stimulated mice. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib reduced mammary tumor incidence by 50% in virgin mice but did not significantly delay mean tumor latency in hormone-stimulated mice. Celecoxib did not reduce tumor incidence or mean tumor latency in either of the two models. The high doses of the rexinoid and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor did not affect the progression of tumors arising from the premalignant mammary outgrowth line, PN8a. A comparison of these agents with tamoxifen shows the superiority of tamoxifen in preventing tumor development in p53-null mammary cells. Similarly, a comparison of the results of the p53 model with other transgenic models in their response to the chemopreventive agents showed that mammary tumors arising from different oncogenic events will respond differently to the different agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Howe LR, Lippman SM. Modulation of breast cancer risk by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1420-3. [PMID: 18840814 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Allred DC, Medina D. The relevance of mouse models to understanding the development and progression of human breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:279-88. [PMID: 18704660 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse modeling of human breast cancer has developed tremendously over the past ten years. Human breast cancer is characterized by enormous biological diversity and, collectively, the new models have come much closer to encompassing this diversity. They have provided a deeper understanding of the fundamental events that mediate the initiation, development, and progression of breast cancer, and they offer new opportunities to develop and test strategies to treat and, perhaps, even prevent the disease. This chapter reviews the historical development of mouse models of breast cancer and highlights some of their major strengths, weaknesses, and contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Craig Allred
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Piechocki MP. A stable explant culture of HER2/neu invasive carcinoma supported by alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin expressing stromal cells to evaluate therapeutic agents. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:119. [PMID: 18435859 PMCID: PMC2377275 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To gain a better understanding of the effects of therapeutic agents on the tumor microenvironment in invasive cancers, we developed a co-culture model from an invasive lobular carcinoma. Tumor cells expressing HER2/neu organize in nests surrounded by alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) expressing tumor stroma to resemble the morphology of an invading tumor. This co-culture, Mammary Adenocarcinoma Model (MAM-1) maintains a 1:1 ratio of HER2/neu positive tumor cells to α-SMA-reactive stromal cells and renews this configuration for over 20 passages in vitro. Methods We characterized the cellular elements of the MAM-1 model by microarray analysis, and immunocytochemistry. We developed flow cytometric assays to evaluate the relative responses of the tumor and stroma to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Iressa. Results The MAM-1 gene expression profile contains clusters that represent the ErbB-2 breast cancer signature and stroma-specific clusters associated with invasive breast cancers. The stability of this model and the ability to antigenically label the tumor and stromal fractions allowed us to determine the specificity of Iressa, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for targeting the tumor cell population. Treatment resulted in a selective dose-dependent reduction in phospho-pMEK1/2 and pp44/42MAPK in tumor cells. Within 24 h the tumor cell fraction was reduced 1.9-fold while the stromal cell fraction increased >3-fold, consistent with specific reductions in phospho-pp44/42 MAPK, MEK1/2 and PCNA in tumor cells and reciprocal increases in the stromal cells. Erosion of the tumor cell nests and augmented growth of the stromal cells resembled a fibrotic response. Conclusion This model demonstrates the specificity of Iressa for HER2/neu expressing tumor cells versus the tumor associated myofibroblasts and is appropriate for delineating effects of therapy on signal transduction in the breast tumor microenvironment and improving strategies that can dually or differentially target the tumor and stromal elements in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Piechocki
- Department of Breast Cancer Immunotherapy, Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
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