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Sun JX, An Y, Xiang JC, Xu JZ, Hu J, Wang SG, Xia QD. The Prognosis-Predictive and Immunoregulatory Role of SUMOylation Related Genes: Potential Novel Targets in Prostate Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13603. [PMID: 37686409 PMCID: PMC10488061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is an important part of post-translational protein modifications and regulates thousands of proteins in a dynamic manner. The dysregulation of SUMOylation is detected in many cancers. However, the comprehensive role of SUMOylation in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. Using 174 SUMOylation-related genes (SRGs) from the MigDSB database and the transcript data of PCa from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we constructed a SUMOylation-related risk score and correlated it with prognosis, tumor mutation burden (TMB), tumor microenvironment (TME) infiltration, and response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Moreover, we validated two vital SRGs by RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Two vital SRGs (DNMT3B and NUP210) were finally selected. The risk score based on these genes exhibited excellent predictive efficacy in predicting the biochemical recurrence (BCR) of PCa. A nomogram involving the risk score and T stage was established to further explore the clinical value of the risk score. We found the high-score group was correlated with worse prognosis, higher TMB, a more suppressive immune microenvironment, and a better response to Docetaxel but worse to PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade. Meanwhile, we validated the significantly higher expression level of NUP210 in PCa at mRNA and protein levels. This study elucidated the comprehensive role of SUMOylation-related genes in PCa. Importantly, we highlighted the role of an important SRG, NUP210, in PCa, which might be a promising target in PCa treatment. A better understanding of SUMOylation and utilizing the SUMOylation risk score could aid in precision medicine and improve the prognosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shao-Gang Wang
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; (J.-X.S.); (Y.A.); (J.-C.X.); (J.-Z.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Qi-Dong Xia
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; (J.-X.S.); (Y.A.); (J.-C.X.); (J.-Z.X.); (J.H.)
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2
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Li F, Lai L, You Z, Cheng H, Guo G, Tang C, Xu L, Liu H, Zhong W, Lin Y, Wang Q, Lin Y, Wei Y. Identification of UBE2I as a Novel Biomarker in ccRCC Based on a Large-Scale CRISPR-Cas9 Screening Database and Immunohistochemistry. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:813428. [PMID: 35211510 PMCID: PMC8861443 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.813428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The genome-wide CRISPR-cas9 dropout screening has emerged as an outstanding approach for characterization of driver genes of tumor growth. The present study aims to investigate core genes related to clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cell viability by analyzing the CRISPR-cas9 screening database DepMap, which may provide a novel target in ccRCC therapy. Methods: Candidate genes related to ccRCC cell viability by CRISPR-cas9 screening from DepMap and genes differentially expressed between ccRCC tissues and normal tissues from TCGA were overlapped. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, and protein–protein interaction network analysis were applied for the overlapped genes. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to construct a signature to predict the overall survival (OS) of ccRCC patients and validated in the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and E-MTAB-1980 database. Core protein expression was determined using immunohistochemistry in 40 cases of ccRCC patients. Results: A total of 485 essential genes in the DepMap database were identified and overlapped with differentially expressed genes in the TCGA database, which were enriched in the cell cycle pathway. A total of four genes, including UBE2I, NCAPG, NUP93, and TOP2A, were included in the gene signature based on LASSO regression. The high-risk score of ccRCC patients showed worse OS compared with these low-risk patients in the ICGC and E-MTAB-1980 validation cohort. UBE2I was screened out as a key gene. The immunohistochemistry indicated UBE2I protein was highly expressed in ccRCC tissues, and a high-level nuclear translocation of UBE2I occurs in ccRCC. Based on the area under the curve (AUC) values, nuclear UBE2I had the best diagnostic power (AUC = 1). Meanwhile, the knockdown of UBE2I can inhibit the proliferation of ccRCC cells. Conclusion: UBE2I, identified by CRISPR-cas9 screening, was a core gene-regulating ccRCC cell viability, which accumulated in the nucleus and acted as a potential novel promising diagnostic biomarker for ccRCC patients. Blocking the nuclear translocation of UBE2I may have potential therapeutic value with ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Li, ; Qingshui Wang, ; Yao Lin, ; Yongbao Wei,
| | - Li Lai
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Central Laboratory, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijie You
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guodong Guo
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Tang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Luyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenting Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingshui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatic Drug Research, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Li, ; Qingshui Wang, ; Yao Lin, ; Yongbao Wei,
| | - Yao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Li, ; Qingshui Wang, ; Yao Lin, ; Yongbao Wei,
| | - Yongbao Wei
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Li, ; Qingshui Wang, ; Yao Lin, ; Yongbao Wei,
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3
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Kukkula A, Ojala VK, Mendez LM, Sistonen L, Elenius K, Sundvall M. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the SUMO Pathway in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4402. [PMID: 34503213 PMCID: PMC8431684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification, characterized more than 20 years ago, that regulates protein function at multiple levels. Key oncoproteins and tumor suppressors are SUMO substrates. In addition to alterations in SUMO pathway activity due to conditions typically present in cancer, such as hypoxia, the SUMO machinery components are deregulated at the genomic level in cancer. The delicate balance between SUMOylation and deSUMOylation is regulated by SENP enzymes possessing SUMO-deconjugation activity. Dysregulation of SUMO machinery components can disrupt the balance of SUMOylation, contributing to the tumorigenesis and drug resistance of various cancers in a context-dependent manner. Many molecular mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of specific cancers involve SUMO, highlighting the potential relevance of SUMO machinery components as therapeutic targets. Recent advances in the development of inhibitors targeting SUMOylation and deSUMOylation permit evaluation of the therapeutic potential of targeting the SUMO pathway in cancer. Finally, the first drug inhibiting SUMO pathway, TAK-981, is currently also being evaluated in clinical trials in cancer patients. Intriguingly, the inhibition of SUMOylation may also have the potential to activate the anti-tumor immune response. Here, we comprehensively and systematically review the recent developments in understanding the role of SUMOylation in cancer and specifically focus on elaborating the scientific rationale of targeting the SUMO pathway in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Kukkula
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
| | - Veera K. Ojala
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Lourdes M. Mendez
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Sundvall
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
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4
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Stankovic-Valentin N, Melchior F. Control of SUMO and Ubiquitin by ROS: Signaling and disease implications. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 63:3-17. [PMID: 30059710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversible post-translational modifications (PTMs) ensure rapid signal transmission from sensors to effectors. Reversible modification of proteins by the small proteins Ubiquitin and SUMO are involved in virtually all cellular processes and can modify thousands of proteins. Ubiquitination or SUMOylation is the reversible attachment of these modifiers to lysine residues of a target via isopeptide bond formation. These modifications require ATP and an enzymatic cascade composed of three classes of proteins: E1 activating enzymes, E2 conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases. The reversibility of the modification is ensured by specific isopeptidases. E1 and E2 enzymes, some E3 ligases and most isopeptidases have catalytic cysteine residues, which make them potentially susceptible for oxidation. Indeed, an increasing number of examples reveal regulation of ubiquitination and SUMOylation by reactive oxygen species, both in the context of redox signaling and in severe oxidative stress. Importantly, ubiquitination and SUMOylation play essential roles in the regulation of ROS homeostasis, participating in the control of ROS production and clearance. In this review, we will discuss the interplay between ROS homeostasis, Ubiquitin and SUMO pathways and the implications for the oxidative stress response and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Stankovic-Valentin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Frauke Melchior
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Fang S, Qiu J, Wu Z, Bai T, Guo W. Down-regulation of UBC9 increases the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma to doxorubicin. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49783-49795. [PMID: 28572537 PMCID: PMC5564807 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UBC9 is an E2-conjugating enzyme that is required for SUMOylation and has been implicated in regulating several critical cellular pathways. UBC9 is overexpressed in certain tumors, such as lung adenocarcinoma, ovarian carcinoma and melanoma, which implies that it has special clinical significance. However, the role of UBC9 in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) drug responsiveness is not clear. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological significance of UBC9 in HCC and investigated the mechanism of UBC9-mediated chemosensitivity to doxorubicin (DOX) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. We found that relative to adjacent normal tissues, UBC9 was markedly overexpressed in HCC, which closely correlated with tumor size, tumor microsatellite formation, and tumor encapsulation. Our results also showed that down-regulation of UBC9 by shRNA reduced the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl and increased the expression of cleaved-Caspase3, which is a proapoptotic protein. These changes were associated with reduced apoptosis in response to DOX. Furthermore, we observed a mechanism involving modulation of the P38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Together, our results indicate that down-regulation of UBC9 sensitizes cells to anticancer drugs, is possibly associated with the regulation of ERK1/2 and P38 activation and interacts with the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Thus, knockdown of UBC9 may have a tumor suppressor effect and UBC9 could be a potential target for the treatment of HCC cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufen Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junyao Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wuhua Guo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
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6
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Wang J, Deng R, Cui N, Zhang H, Liu T, Dou J, Zhao X, Chen R, Wang Y, Yu J, Huang J. Src SUMOylation Inhibits Tumor Growth Via Decreasing FAK Y925 Phosphorylation. Neoplasia 2017; 19:961-971. [PMID: 29069627 PMCID: PMC5653241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase protein, plays a critical role in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. SUMOylation, a reversible ubiquitination-like post-translational modification, is vital for tumor progression. Here, we report that the Src protein can be SUMOylated at lysine 318 both in vitro and in vivo. Hypoxia can induce a decrease of Src SUMOylation along with an increase of Y419 phosphorylation, a phosphorylation event required for Src activation. On the other hand, treatment with hydrogen peroxide can enhance Src SUMOylation. Significantly, ectopic expression of SUMO-defective mutation, Src K318R, promotes tumor growth more potently than that of wild-type Src, as determined by migration assay, soft agar assay, and tumor xenograft experiments. Consistently, Src SUMOylation leads to a decrease of Y925 phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), an established regulatory event of cell migration. Our results suggest that SUMOylation of Src at lysine 318 negatively modulate its oncogenic function by, at least partially, inhibiting Src-FAK complex activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Nan Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinzhuo Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China.
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7
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Xu J, Shumate C, Qin Y, Reddy V, Burnam Y, Lopez V, Okoli J, P Reddy ES, Rao VN. A novel Ubc9 -dependent pathway regulates SIRT1- ER-α Axis and BRCA1-associated TNBC lung metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4. [PMID: 31341634 DOI: 10.15761/imm.1000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease and has a higher rate of recurrence and distant metastasis. African-American (AA) women have a higher frequency of BRCA1 mutations and TNBC compared to other populations. Basal-like tumors have a higher rate of brain, lung and distant nodal metastasis more than other TNBC subtypes, contributing to higher mortality rate. Our previous work suggested Ubc9, a SUMO E2-conjugating enzyme to induce proliferation and migration of BRCA1-incompetent TNBC cells and TNBC cell lines established from the pleural effusion metastasis of a woman with TNBC. To understand the downstream signaling axis involved in distant metastasis we have used clinically relevant BRCA1 mutant and lung metastatic TNBC cell lines and our results show deregulated expression of caveolin-1, VEGF and SIRT1 in these cells compared to normal mammary epithelial cells by immunofluorescence analysis. We observed SIRT1 to be induced by wild type BRCA1a and BRCA1a I26A mutant unlike the disease associated Ubc9 binding mutants in TNBC cells. Knock down of Ubc9 induced SIRT1 expression in TNBC and ER-α expression in breast cancer cells. This is the first report demonstrating a role for Ubc9 in repressing both SIRT1 and ER-α expression in BRCA1 associated TNBC cells. It also suggests that the BARD-dependent E3 Ubiquitin ligase and HR (homologous recombination) activity of BRCA1 may not be required for inducing SIRT1 expression. Our results suggest for the first time that in BRCA1 mutant TNBC Ubc9-mediated induction of VEGF, inhibition of caveolin-1, SIRT1 and ER-α expression as a novel molecular mechanism underlying TNBC EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition) leading to lung metastasis with pleural effusion. Drugs that target Ubc9 to both induce SIRT1 and ER-α or using SIRT1 agonists in combination with chemotherapy can be used as a promising targeted therapeutic approach for treating basal-like metastatic BRCA1-linked TNBC thus reducing the mortality in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System,USA
| | - Collin Shumate
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System,USA
| | - Yulong Qin
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System,USA
| | - Vaishali Reddy
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System,USA
| | - Yonte Burnam
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System,USA
| | - Victoria Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Joel Okoli
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - E Shyam P Reddy
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System,USA
| | - Veena N Rao
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System,USA
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Abstract
Post-translational protein modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), termed sumoylation, is an important mechanism in cellular responses to stress and one that appears to be upregulated in many cancers. Here, we examine the role of sumoylation in tumorigenesis as a possibly necessary safeguard that protects the stability and functionality of otherwise easily misregulated gene expression programmes and signalling pathways of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob-Sebastian Seeler
- Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis Unit, INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue de Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anne Dejean
- Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis Unit, INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue de Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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9
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Zhang QS, Zhang M, Huang XJ, Liu XJ, Li WP. Downregulation of SENP1 inhibits cell proliferation, migration and promotes apoptosis in human glioma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:217-221. [PMID: 27347128 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-related modifier protein (SUMO) is an evolutionarily conserved protein in a broad range of eukaryotic organisms. De-SUMOylation, the reverse reaction of SUMOylation, is regulated by a family of SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). SENP1 is a member of the de-SUMOylation protease family involved in the de-SUMOylation of a variety of SUMOylated proteins. The present study demonstrates that small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated downregulation of SENP1 inhibits cell proliferation and migration, and promotes apoptosis in human glioma cells. Firstly, LN-299 cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing SENP1 shRNA (pGenesil-1-SENP1). The messenger RNA and protein expression of SENP1 was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Cell proliferation in vitro was assessed using a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect the apoptosis of LN-299 cells. The effect of the downregulation of SENP1 on cell migration was detected by a Transwell migration system. The present results showed that, compared with the control shRNA group, the expression of SENP1 was significantly reduced in the SENP1 shRNA group. The proliferation was markedly inhibited in the SENP1 shRNA group. FCM findings revealed that apoptosis increased significantly in the SENP1 shRNA group. In addition, it was found that downregulation of SENP1 evidently suppressed tumor cell migration. Downregulation of SENP1 expression inhibited the proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis in LN-299 cells. These results indirectly demonstrate that SENP1 is likely to play a critical role in human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Jian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jia Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
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Abstract
SUMOylation is a key post-translational modification that regulates crucial cellular functions and pathological processes. Recently, Small Ubiquitin-related MOdifier (SUMO) modification has emerged as a fundamental route that may drive different steps of human tumorigenesis. Indeed, alteration in expression or activity of one of the different SUMO pathway components may completely subvert cellular properties through fine-tuning modulation of protein(s) involved in carcinogenic pathways, leading to altered cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance and metastatic potential. Here we describe some of the most interesting findings pointing to a clear link between SUMO pathway and human malignancies. Importantly, a putative role for SUMO enzymes to predict cancer behavior can be speculated, and thus the possible application of alterations in SUMO pathway components as tumor biomarkers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mattoscio
- 1Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology@ IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Chiocca
- 1Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology@ IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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11
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Xu HD, Shi SP, Chen X, Qiu JD. Systematic Analysis of the Genetic Variability That Impacts SUMO Conjugation and Their Involvement in Human Diseases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10900. [PMID: 26154679 PMCID: PMC4495600 DOI: 10.1038/srep10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein function has been observed to rely on select essential sites instead of requiring all sites to be indispensable. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) conjugation or sumoylation, which is a highly dynamic reversible process and its outcomes are extremely diverse, ranging from changes in localization to altered activity and, in some cases, stability of the modified, has shown to be especially valuable in cellular biology. Motivated by the significance of SUMO conjugation in biological processes, we report here on the first exploratory assessment whether sumoylation related genetic variability impacts protein functions as well as the occurrence of diseases related to SUMO. Here, we defined the SUMOAMVR as sumoylation related amino acid variations that affect sumoylation sites or enzymes involved in the process of connectivity, and categorized four types of potential SUMOAMVRs. We detected that 17.13% of amino acid variations are potential SUMOAMVRs and 4.83% of disease mutations could lead to SUMOAMVR with our system. More interestingly, the statistical analysis demonstrates that the amino acid variations that directly create new potential lysine sumoylation sites are more likely to cause diseases. It can be anticipated that our method can provide more instructive guidance to identify the mechanisms of genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Dong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R.China
| | - Shao-Ping Shi
- Department of Mathematics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R.China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R.China
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R.China [2] Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang College, Pingxiang 337055, P.R.China
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12
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Sun Y, Kaneko S, Li XK, Li X. The PI3K/Akt signal hyperactivates Eya1 via the SUMOylation pathway. Oncogene 2014; 34:2527-37. [PMID: 24954506 PMCID: PMC4275428 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eya1 is a conserved critical regulator of organ-specific stem cells. Ectopic Eya1 activities, however, promote transformation of mammary epithelial cells. Signals that instigate Eya1 oncogenic activities remain to be determined. Here, we show that Akt1 kinase physically interacts with Eya1 and phosphorylates a conserved consensus site of the Akt kinase. PI3K/Akt signaling enhances Eya1 transcription activity, which largely attributes to the phosphorylation-induced reduction of Eya1 SUMOylation. Indeed, SUMOylation inhibits Eya1 transcription activity; and pharmacologic and genetic activation of PI3K/Akt robustly reduces Eya1 SUMOylation. Wild type but not Akt phosphorylation site mutant Eya1 variant rescues the cell migratory phenotype of EYA1-silenced breast cancer cells, highlighting the importance of Eya1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, knockdown EYA1 sensitizes breast cancer cells to the PI3K/Akt1 inhibitor and irradiation treatments. Thus, the PI3K/Akt signal pathway activates Eya1. These findings further suggest that regulation of SUMOylation by PI3K/Akt signaling is likely an important aspect of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- 1] Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA [2] Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Kaneko
- 1] Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA [2] Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X K Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - X Li
- 1] Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA [2] Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Lee WP, Jena S, Doherty D, Ventakesh J, Schimdt J, Furmick J, Widener T, Lemau J, Jurutka PW, Thompson PD. Sentrin/SUMO specific proteases as novel tissue-selective modulators of vitamin D receptor-mediated signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89506. [PMID: 24586832 PMCID: PMC3930751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a substrate for modification with small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). To further assess the role of reversible SUMOylation within the vitamin D hormonal response, we evaluated the effects of sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs) that can function to remove small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) from target proteins upon the activities of VDR and related receptors. We report that SENP1 and SENP2 strikingly potentiate ligand-mediated transactivation of VDR and also its heterodimeric partner, retinoid X receptor (RXRα) with depletion of cellular SENP1 significantly diminishing the hormonal responsiveness of the endogenous vitamin D target gene CYP24A1. We find that SENP-directed modulation of VDR activity is cell line-dependent, achieving potent modulatory effects in Caco-2 and HEK-293 cells, while in MCF-7 cells the vitamin D signal is unaffected by any tested SENP. In support of their function as novel modulators of the vitamin D hormonal pathway we demonstrate that both SENP1 and SENP2 can interact with VDR and reverse its modification with SUMO2. In a preliminary analysis we identify lysine 91, a residue known to be critical for formation and DNA binding of the VDR-RXR heterodimer, as a minor SUMO acceptor site within VDR. In combination, our results support a repressor function for SUMOylation of VDR and reveal SENPs as a novel class of VDR/RXR co-regulatory protein that significantly modulate the vitamin D response and which could also have important impact upon the functionality of both RXR-containing homo and heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ping Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Sarita Jena
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Doherty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jaganathan Ventakesh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Schimdt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Furmick
- Divison of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tim Widener
- Divison of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jana Lemau
- Divison of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Jurutka
- Divison of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Thompson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Xu J, Agyemang S, Qin Y, Aysola K, Giles M, Oprea G, O'Regan RM, Partridge EE, Harris-Hooker S, Rice VM, Reddy ESP, Rao VN. A Novel Pathway that Links Caveolin-1 Down-Regulation to BRCA1 Dysfunction in Serous Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 25594072 PMCID: PMC4292936 DOI: 10.18650/2376-046x.11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer and the five-year survival rate is only about 40%. High-grade serous carcinoma is the pre-dominant histotype associated with hereditary ovarian cancer and women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 have a lifetime risk of 40–60%. BRCA1 and its isoform BRCA1a are multifunctional proteins that are the most evolutionary conserved of all the other splice variants. Our group has previously reported that BRCA1/1a proteins, unlike K109R and C61G mutants, suppress growth of ovarian cancer cells by tethering Ubc9. In this study we found wild type BRCA1/1a proteins to induce expression of caveolin-1, a tumor suppressor in BRCA1-mutant serous epithelial ovarian cancer (SEOC) cells by immunofluorescence analysis. The K109R and C61G disease associated mutant BRCA1 proteins that do not bind Ubc9 were not as efficient in up-regulation of caveolin-1 expression in SEOC cells. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis showed BRCA1/1a proteins to induce redistribution of Caveolin-1 from cytoplasm and nucleus to the cell membrane. This is the first study demonstrating the physiological link between loss of Ubc9 binding, loss of growth suppression and loss of Caveolin-1 induction of disease-associated mutant BRCA1 proteins in SEOC cells. Decreased Caveolin-1 expression combined with elevated Ubc9 expression can in the future be used as an early biomarker for BRCA1 mutant SEOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Stephanie Agyemang
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yunlong Qin
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kartik Aysola
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Mercedes Giles
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | | | - Edward E Partridge
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Gynecological Oncology, 618 20th Street South, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Sandra Harris-Hooker
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Valarie Montgomery Rice
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - E Shyam P Reddy
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Veena N Rao
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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15
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Clinicopathological and molecular significance of Sumolyation marker (ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 9 (UBC9)) expression in breast cancer of black women. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Hirohama M, Kumar A, Fukuda I, Matsuoka S, Igarashi Y, Saitoh H, Takagi M, Shin-ya K, Honda K, Kondoh Y, Saito T, Nakao Y, Osada H, Zhang KYJ, Yoshida M, Ito A. Spectomycin B1 as a novel SUMOylation inhibitor that directly binds to SUMO E2. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2635-42. [PMID: 24143955 DOI: 10.1021/cb400630z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to protein (SUMOylation) regulates multiple biological systems by changing the functions and fates of a large number of proteins. Consequently, abnormalities in SUMOylation have been linked to multiple diseases, including breast cancer. Using an in situ cell-based screening system, we have identified spectomycin B1 and related natural products as novel SUMOylation inhibitors. Unlike known SUMOylation inhibitors such as ginkgolic acid, spectomycin B1 directly binds to E2 (Ubc9) and selectively blocks the formation of the E2-SUMO intermediate; that is, Ubc9 is the direct target of spectomycin B1. Importantly, either spectomycin B1 treatment or Ubc9 knockdown inhibited estrogen-dependent proliferation of MCF7 human breast-cancer cells. Our findings suggest that Ubc9 inhibitors such as spectomycin B1 have potential as therapeutic agents against hormone-dependent breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Hirohama
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Corporation, CREST Research Project, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | | | - Isao Fukuda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Igarashi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Hisato Saitoh
- Department
of New Frontier Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Motoki Takagi
- Translational
Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 11-25 Sakaemachi, Fukushima 960-8031, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoichi Nakao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | | | | | - Minoru Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Corporation, CREST Research Project, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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17
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Ying S, Dünnebier T, Si J, Hamann U. Estrogen receptor alpha and nuclear factor Y coordinately regulate the transcription of the SUMO-conjugating UBC9 gene in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75695. [PMID: 24086615 PMCID: PMC3785449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UBC9 encodes a protein that conjugates small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) to target proteins thereby changing their functions. Recently, it was noted that UBC9 expression and activity play a role in breast tumorigenesis and response to anticancer drugs. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of the UBC9 gene, we identified and characterized its promoter and cis-elements. Promoter activity was tested using luciferase reporter assays. The binding of transcription factors to the promoter was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and their functional role was confirmed by siRNA knockdown. UBC9 mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. An increased expression of UBC9 mRNA and protein was found in MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with 17β-estradiol (E2). Analysis of various deletion mutants revealed a 137 bp fragment upstream of the transcription initiation site to be sufficient for reporter gene transcription. Mutations of putative estrogen receptor α (ER-α) (one imperfect estrogen response element, ERE) and/or nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) binding sites (two CCAAT boxes) markedly reduced promoter activity. Similar results were obtained in ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells except that the ERE mutation did not affect promoter activity. Additionally, promoter activity was stimulated upon E2 treatment and overexpression of ER-α or NF-YA in MCF-7 cells. ChIP confirmed direct binding of both transcription factors to the UBC9 promoter in vivo. Furthermore, UBC9 expression was diminished by ER-α and NF-Y siRNAs on the mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, we identified the proximal UBC9 promoter and provided evidence that ER-α and NF-Y regulate UBC9 expression on the transcriptional level in response to E2 in MCF-7 cells. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of UBC9 in ER-positive breast cancer and be useful for the development of cancer therapies targeting UBC9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Ying
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dünnebier
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jing Si
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Wozniak K, Krupa R, Synowiec E, Morawiec Z. Polymorphism of UBC9 gene encoding the SUMO-E2-conjugating enzyme and breast cancer risk. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:67-72. [PMID: 23873416 PMCID: PMC3889919 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UBC9 protein (E2-conjugating enzyme) plays a key role in post-translation modification named sumoylation. Proteins, which are sumoylated take part in many cellular processes including cell growth, maintaining the genome integrity and stability and cancer development. The aim of this study was to investigate an association between three polymorphisms of the UBC9 gene: c.73G>A (rs11553473), c.430T>G (rs75020906) and g.1289209T>C (rs7187167) and a risk of ductal breast cancer occurrence. We performed a case-control study in 181 breast cancer cases and 277 controls using PCR-RLFP and ASO-PCR. In the case of the 430T>G polymorphism of the UBC9 gene lack of variability suggests that there is not a polymorphic site in polish population. We observed that a risk of breast cancer occurrence is elevated in patients with the G/A genotype (OR 5.03; 95 % Cl 3.05–8.28), the A/A genotype (OR 11.3; 95 % Cl 4.24–30.3) and the A allele (OR 6.86; 95 % Cl 4.43–10.6) of the c.73G>A polymorphism. In the case of the g.1289209T>C polymorphism we found a correlation between estrogen receptor (ER) expression and the T/T genotype (OR 0.22; 95 % Cl 0.07–0.64) and the T allele (OR 0.53; 95 % Cl 0.32–0.88). We also found a correlation between the T/T genotype (OR 4.13; 95 % Cl 1.21–14.1) and the T allele (OR 2.09; 95 % Cl 1.07–4.08) of the g.1289209T>C polymorphism with triple negative breast cancer. Our results suggest that the variability of the UBC9 gene can play a role in breast cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wozniak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,
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19
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Bermejo JL, Kabisch M, Dünnebier T, Schnaidt S, Melchior F, Fischer HP, Harth V, Rabstein S, Pesch B, Brüning T, Justenhoven C, Brauch H, Baisch C, Ko YD, Hamann U. Exploring the association between genetic variation in the SUMO isopeptidase geneUSPL1and breast cancer through integration of data from the population-based GENICA study and external genetic databases. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:362-72. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justo Lorenzo Bermejo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI); University Hospital Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 305; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Maria Kabisch
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Im Neuenheimer Feld 580; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Thomas Dünnebier
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Im Neuenheimer Feld 580; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sven Schnaidt
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI); University Hospital Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 305; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Frauke Melchior
- Center for Molecular Biology at Heidelberg University (ZMBH); DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Im Neuenheimer Feld 282; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Fischer
- Institute of Pathology; Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn; Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25; 53123; Bonn; Germany
| | | | - Sylvia Rabstein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1; 44789; Bochum; Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1; 44789; Bochum; Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1; 44789; Bochum; Germany
| | - Christina Justenhoven
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Auerbachstraße 112; 70376; Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Auerbachstraße 112; 70376; Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Christian Baisch
- Department of Internal Medicine; Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus; Johanniterstraße 3-5; 53113; Bonn; Germany
| | - Yon-Dschun Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine; Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus; Johanniterstraße 3-5; 53113; Bonn; Germany
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); Im Neuenheimer Feld 580; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
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20
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QIN YUNLONG, XU JINGYAO, AYSOLA KARTIK, BEGUM NURJAHAN, REDDY VAISHALI, CHAI YULI, GRIZZLE WILLIAME, PARTRIDGE EDWARDE, REDDY ESHYAMP, RAO VEENAN. Ubc9 mediates nuclear localization and growth suppression of BRCA1 and BRCA1a proteins. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3355-67. [PMID: 21344391 PMCID: PMC3329759 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 gene mutations are responsible for hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. In sporadic breast tumors, BRCA1 dysfunction or aberrant subcellular localization is thought to be common. BRCA1 is a nuclear-cytoplasm shuttling protein and the reason for cytoplasmic localization of BRCA1 in young breast cancer patients is not yet known. We have previously reported BRCA1 proteins unlike K109R and cancer-predisposing mutant C61G to bind Ubc9 and modulate ER-α turnover. In the present study, we have examined the consequences of altered Ubc9 binding and knockdown on the subcellular localization and growth inhibitory function of BRCA1 proteins. Our results using live imaging of YFP, GFP, RFP-tagged BRCA1, BRCA1a and BRCA1b proteins show enhanced cytoplasmic localization of K109 R and C61G mutant BRCA1 proteins in normal and cancer cells. Furthermore, down-regulation of Ubc9 in MCF-7 cells using Ubc9 siRNA resulted in enhanced cytoplasmic localization of BRCA1 protein and exclusive cytoplasmic retention of BRCA1a and BRCA1b proteins. These mutant BRCA1 proteins were transforming and impaired in their capacity to inhibit growth of MCF-7 and CAL51 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, cytoplasmic BRCA1a mutants showed more clonogenicity in soft agar and higher levels of expression of Ubc9 than parental MCF7 cells. This is the first report demonstrating the physiological link between cytoplasmic mislocalization of mutant BRCA1 proteins, loss of ER-α repression, loss of ubiquitin ligase activity and loss of growth suppression of BRCA1 proteins. Thus, binding of BRCA1 proteins to nuclear chaperone Ubc9 provides a novel mechanism for nuclear import and control of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- YUNLONG QIN
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - JINGYAO XU
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - KARTIK AYSOLA
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - NURJAHAN BEGUM
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - VAISHALI REDDY
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - YULI CHAI
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - WILLIAM E. GRIZZLE
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - EDWARD E. PARTRIDGE
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - E. SHYAM P. REDDY
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - VEENA N. RAO
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of OB/GYN, Morehouse School of Medicine, Georgia Cancer Center for Excellence, Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Bettermann K, Benesch M, Weis S, Haybaeck J. SUMOylation in carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2011; 316:113-25. [PMID: 22138131 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification characterized by covalent and reversible binding of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to a target protein. In mammals, four different isoforms, termed SUMO-1, -2, -3 and -4 have been identified so far. SUMO proteins are critically involved in the modulation of nuclear organization and cell viability. Their expression is significantly increased in processes associated with carcinogenesis such as cell growth, differentiation, senescence, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Little is known about the role of SUMOylation in cancer development. Therefore the present review focuses on possible implications of SUMOylation in carcinogenesis highlighting its impact as an important regulatory cell cycle protein. Moreover, novel opportunities for therapeutic approaches are discussed. The differential expression levels, the target protein preferences and the function of the SUMO pathway in different cancer subtypes raises unexpected issues questioning our understanding of the implication of SUMO in carcinogenesis.
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22
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Lorenzo Bermejo J, Garcia Perez A, Brandt A, Hemminki K, Matthews AG. Comparison of six statistics of genetic association regarding their ability to discriminate between causal variants and genetically linked markers. Hum Hered 2011; 72:142-52. [PMID: 22025134 DOI: 10.1159/000332006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome-wide association (GWA) studies still rely on the common-disease common-variant hypothesis since the assumption is associated with increased power. In GWA studies, polymorphisms are genotyped and their association with disease is investigated. Most of the identified associations are indirect and reflect a shared inheritance of the genotyped markers and genetically linked causal variants. We have compared six statistics of genetic association regarding their ability to discriminate between markers and causal susceptibility variants, including a probability value (Pval) and a Bayes Factor (BF) based on logistic regression, and the attributable familial relative risk (FRR). METHODS We carried out a simulation-based sensitivity analysis to explore several conceivable scenarios. Theoretical results were illustrated by established causal associations with age-related macular degeneration and by using imputed data based on HapMap for a case-control study of breast cancer. RESULTS Our data indicate that a representation of genetic association by FRRs and BFs generally facilitates the distinction of causal variants. The FRR showed the best discriminative power under most investigated scenarios, but no single statistic outperformed the others in all situations. For example, rare moderate- to low-penetrance variants (allele frequency: 1%, dominant odds ratio: ≤2.0) seem to be best discriminated by BFs. CONCLUSIONS Present results may help to fully utilize the data generated in association studies that take advantage of next generation sequencing and/or multiple imputation based on the 1000 Genomes Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justo Lorenzo Bermejo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany. Justo.Lorenzo @ imbi.uni-heidelberg.de
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Moschos SJ, Jukic DM, Athanassiou C, Bhargava R, Dacic S, Wang X, Kuan SF, Fayewicz SL, Galambos C, Acquafondata M, Dhir R, Becker D. Expression analysis of Ubc9, the single small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E2 conjugating enzyme, in normal and malignant tissues. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1286-98. [PMID: 20561671 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Unlike ubiquitination, which targets proteins for degradation, sumoylation modulates protein-protein interactions of target proteins. Although there are multiple E2 enzymes required for ubiquitination, there is only one E2-conjugating enzyme for sumoylation, which is Ubc9. In line with increasing evidence that sumoylation plays an important role in tumorigenesis, we recently demonstrated that Ubc9 is expressed at high levels in advanced melanomas and that blocking expression of Ubc9 sensitizes melanomas to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. To determine whether and to what extent Ubc9 is expressed in other malignancies and their normal tissue counterparts, we undertook a detailed analysis of colon, lung, prostate, and breast cancer tissue microarrays. The findings, presented here, document that in primary colon and prostate cancer, Ubc9 expression is increased compared with their normal tissue counterparts, whereas in metastatic breast, prostate, and lung cancer, it is decreased in comparison with their corresponding normal and primary adenocarcinoma tissues. We also provide evidence that Ubc9 expression correlates positively with Dukes' stage and negatively with the Gleason score as well as breast cancer grade and that Ubc9 expression is substantially higher in the luminal than in the nonluminal type of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios J Moschos
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Yousef AF, Fonseca GJ, Pelka P, Ablack JNG, Walsh C, Dick FA, Bazett-Jones DP, Shaw GS, Mymryk JS. Identification of a molecular recognition feature in the E1A oncoprotein that binds the SUMO conjugase UBC9 and likely interferes with polySUMOylation. Oncogene 2010; 29:4693-704. [PMID: 20543865 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hub proteins have central roles in regulating cellular processes. By targeting a single cellular hub, a viral oncogene may gain control over an entire module in the cellular interaction network that is potentially comprised of hundreds of proteins. The adenovirus E1A oncoprotein is a viral hub that interacts with many cellular hub proteins by short linear motifs/molecular recognition features (MoRFs). These interactions transform the architecture of the cellular protein interaction network and virtually reprogram the cell. To identify additional MoRFs within E1A, we screened portions of E1A for their ability to activate yeast pseudohyphal growth or differentiation. This identified a novel functional region within E1A conserved region 2 comprised of the sequence EVIDLT. This MoRF is necessary and sufficient to bind the N-terminal region of the SUMO conjugase UBC9, which also interacts with SUMO noncovalently and is involved in polySUMOylation. Our results suggest that E1A interferes with polySUMOylation, but not with monoSUMOylation. These data provide the first insight into the consequences of the interaction of E1A with UBC9, which was initially described in 1996. We further demonstrate that polySUMOylation regulates pseudohyphal growth and promyelocytic leukemia body reorganization by E1A. In conclusion, the interaction of the E1A oncogene with UBC9 mimics the normal binding between SUMO and UBC9 and represents a novel mechanism to modulate polySUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Yousef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Abstract
In mammalian cells the accumulation of repair proteins to double-strand breaks is a phosphorylation- and ubiquitylation-regulated process. Some of the genes that encode the kinases and ubiquitin ligases in this pathway are cancer predisposition genes, most prominently the breast cancer predisposition gene BRCA1, which encodes a ubiquitin ligase. How BRCA1 ligase activity was regulated following DNA damage was poorly understood. In this review I summarize new data that show a third post-translational modification, by the small ubiquitin like modifier SUMO, is part of the same cascade, enabling and activating DNA damage-regulated processes, including the BRCA1 ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Morris
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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26
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Abstract
Modification by SUMOs (small ubiquitin-related modifiers) is largely transient and considered to alter protein function through altered protein–protein interactions. These modifications are significant regulators of the response to DNA damage in eukaryotic model organisms and SUMOylation affects a large number of proteins in mammalian cells, including several proteins involved in the response to genomic lesions [Golebiowski, Matic, Tatham, Cole, Yin, Nakamura, Cox, Barton, Mann and Hay (2009) Sci. Signaling 2, ra24]. Furthermore, recent work [Morris, Boutell, Keppler, Densham, Weekes, Alamshah, Butler, Galanty, Pangon, Kiuchi, Ng and Solomon (2009) Nature 462, 886–890; Galanty, Belotserkovskaya, Coates, Polo, Miller and Jackson (2009) Nature 462, 935–939] has revealed the involvement of the SUMO cascade in the BRCA1 (breast-cancer susceptibility gene 1) pathway response after DNA damage. The present review examines roles described for the SUMO pathway in the way mammalian cells respond to genotoxic stress.
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27
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Abstract
This chapter reviews the current literature to highlight the biological mechanisms mediated via the enzymatic actions of the SUMO-specific protease family. All members of this cysteine protease family express isopeptidase activity to deSUMOylate conjugated cellular protein targets. Here, we discuss how SUMO proteases discriminate amongst the SUMOylated targets based on subcellular localization and conjugated SUMO isoform. Several signal transduction pathways modulate endogenous levels of the deSUMOylating enzymes to regulate cell growth, cell cycle progression and gene transcription. The ability of specific proteases to mediate these cellular events is presented. In addition, we examine cases in which aberrant SUMO protease expression affects normal embryonic development, carcinogenesis and the onset of additional pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Bawa-Khalfe
- Department of Cardiology, Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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28
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Zhu H, Yu JJ. Gene expression patterns in the histopathological classification of epithelial ovarian cancer. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:187-192. [PMID: 23136613 DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to screen cancer-related genes and to identify histopathological gene expression patterns as potential biomarkers in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Fifty genes were screened by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay with cDNA from 83 EOC tissues and 48 normal ovarian specimens of ovarian cancer patients and evaluated by gel electrophoresis analysis. Twenty expressed genes were assessed by real-time relative-quantity (RQ)-PCR in 30 EOC specimens for gene signature study. Four genes, TAL2, EGF, ILF3 and UBE2I, were investigated for gene expression patterns in histopathological classification of EOC. RQ-value (Ct, ΔCt, ΔΔCt, RQ and gene expression plots) was generated by ABI 7500 Fast System SDS Software (version 1.4). SPSS 15.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Using real-time RQ-PCR, we found that TAL2, EGF, ILF3 and UBE2I demonstrated distinct expression patterns in histological types of epithelial ovarian cancer. The expression of ILF3 and UBE2I in tumors was significantly higher than in normal tissue, with extremely high expression in serous carcinomas compared to mucinous, endometrium and clear cell carcinomas. In addition, ILF3 and UBE2I were overexpressed in advanced stage and advanced grade ovarian cancer, compared to early stage or well-differentiated ovarian cancer. This is the first report of TAL2 and ILF3 expression in the normal human ovary and epithelial ovarian cancer. Our results indicate that overexpression of ILF3 and UBE2I in advanced stage and advanced grade suggest that these two genes may play an important role in tumorigenesis/tumor progression and pathological differentiation of the disease. Notably, ILF3 plays a role in DNA binding activity and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation; UBE2I is required in ubiquitination and sumoylation and is involved in DNA repair and apoptosis of cells. Further investigations to reveal the molecular mechanisms related to the activation of ILF3 and UBE2I in the development of EOC are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA ; ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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Ubc9 gene polymorphisms and late-onset Alzheimer's disease in the Korean population: A genetic association study. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465:272-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Dünnebier T, Bermejo JL, Haas S, Fischer HP, Pierl CB, Justenhoven C, Brauch H, Baisch C, Gilbert M, Harth V, Spickenheuer A, Rabstein S, Pesch B, Brüning T, Ko YD, Hamann U. Polymorphisms in the UBC9 and PIAS3 genes of the SUMO-conjugating system and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 121:185-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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