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Bettermann K, Sinha K, Kumari R, Fox C, Simpson IA. The peripheral immune response in hyperglycemic stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 195:106061. [PMID: 32682204 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperglycemia is common in acute ischemic stroke patients and is associated with poor clinical outcome. However, aggressive reduction of post-stroke hyperglycemia did not improve clinical outcome, suggesting that other mechanisms are playing a detrimental role in hyperglycemic stroke. We hypothesize that the acute post-stroke immune response is altered in the hyperglycemic state leading to higher mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to characterize temporal changes in circulating immune cells after stroke and their association with clinical outcomes in hyperglycemic compared to euglycemic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 97 (58 % euglycemic, 42 % hyperglycemic) patients presenting within 12 h of symptom onset of stroke. Blood neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte concentrations were measured sequentially for 96 h post stroke. Primary clinical outcome was the difference in the NIH stroke scale at admission compared to discharge. Secondary outcome measures included discharge disposition and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days. RESULTS Circulating neutrophils were significantly higher in hyperglycemic than in euglycemic patients within the first 48 h post stroke, while lymphocyte counts trended to be lower. Hyperglycemic patients had higher mortality rates, less favorable discharge disposition and worse neurological function at 90 days. In both groups, the neutrophil to lymphocytes ratio ((NLR) remained strongly associated with neurological function at discharge within the first 24 h (p < 0.001), and remained significant in hyperglycemic patients up to 48 h (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed no confounding by other factors and a significant correlation with differences in NIHSS score (CI; - 9.287 to -1.46, p = 0.0077**) and NLR (CL; 0.6058-6.901, p = 0.0203*) in hyperglycemic patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that circulating immune cells play an important role in mediating poor clinical outcome in hyperglycemic patients following stroke. The NLR is a strong predictor of neurological outcomes in hyperglycemic patients. Thus, the modulation of immune cells may be a viable therapeutic approach to improve outcomes for this high risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bettermann
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - K Sinha
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - R Kumari
- Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - C Fox
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - I A Simpson
- Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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2
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Boege Y, Malehmir M, Healy ME, Bettermann K, Lorentzen A, Vucur M, Ahuja AK, Böhm F, Mertens JC, Shimizu Y, Frick L, Remouchamps C, Mutreja K, Kähne T, Sundaravinayagam D, Wolf MJ, Rehrauer H, Koppe C, Speicher T, Padrissa-Altés S, Maire R, Schattenberg JM, Jeong JS, Liu L, Zwirner S, Boger R, Hüser N, Davis RJ, Müllhaupt B, Moch H, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Clavien PA, Werner S, Borsig L, Luther SA, Jost PJ, Weinlich R, Unger K, Behrens A, Hillert L, Dillon C, Di Virgilio M, Wallach D, Dejardin E, Zender L, Naumann M, Walczak H, Green DR, Lopes M, Lavrik I, Luedde T, Heikenwalder M, Weber A. A Dual Role of Caspase-8 in Triggering and Sensing Proliferation-Associated DNA Damage, a Key Determinant of Liver Cancer Development. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:342-359.e10. [PMID: 28898696 PMCID: PMC5598544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Concomitant hepatocyte apoptosis and regeneration is a hallmark of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) predisposing to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we mechanistically link caspase-8-dependent apoptosis to HCC development via proliferation- and replication-associated DNA damage. Proliferation-associated replication stress, DNA damage, and genetic instability are detectable in CLDs before any neoplastic changes occur. Accumulated levels of hepatocyte apoptosis determine and predict subsequent hepatocarcinogenesis. Proliferation-associated DNA damage is sensed by a complex comprising caspase-8, FADD, c-FLIP, and a kinase-dependent function of RIPK1. This platform requires a non-apoptotic function of caspase-8, but no caspase-3 or caspase-8 cleavage. It may represent a DNA damage-sensing mechanism in hepatocytes that can act via JNK and subsequent phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Boege
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Malehmir
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc E Healy
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kira Bettermann
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Akshay K Ahuja
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Böhm
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Lukas Frick
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Remouchamps
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-R, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Karun Mutreja
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Devakumar Sundaravinayagam
- DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika J Wolf
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH and University Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Koppe
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Speicher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Renaud Maire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ju-Seong Jeong
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zwirner
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Regina Boger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Clinic of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lubor Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Philipp J Jost
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ricardo Weinlich
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laura Hillert
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Dillon
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michela Di Virgilio
- DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-R, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inna Lavrik
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Institute of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, Deutsches Krebs-Forschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Bettermann K, Mehta AK, Hofer EM, Wohlrab C, Golob-Schwarzl N, Svendova V, Schimek MG, Stumptner C, Thüringer A, Speicher MR, Lackner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H, Haybaeck J. Keratin 18-deficiency results in steatohepatitis and liver tumors in old mice: A model of steatohepatitis-associated liver carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:73309-73322. [PMID: 27689336 PMCID: PMC5341981 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Backround: Steatohepatitis (SH)-associated liver carcinogenesis is an increasingly important issue in clinical medicine. SH is morphologically characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte injury, ballooning, hepatocytic cytoplasmic inclusions termed Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs), inflammation and fibrosis. RESULTS 17-20-months-old Krt18-/- and Krt18+/- mice in contrast to wt mice spontaneously developed liver lesions closely resembling the morphological spectrum of human SH as well as liver tumors. The pathologic alterations were more pronounced in Krt18-/- than in Krt18+/- mice. The frequency of liver tumors with male predominance was significantly higher in Krt18-/- compared to age-matched Krt18+/- and wt mice. Krt18-deficient tumors in contrast to wt animals displayed SH features and often pleomorphic morphology. aCGH analysis of tumors revealed chromosomal aberrations in Krt18-/- liver tumors, affecting loci of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Livers of 3-, 6-, 12- and 17-20-months-old aged wild type (wt), Krt18+/- and Krt18-/- (129P2/OlaHsd background) mice were analyzed by light and immunofluorescence microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry. Liver tumors arising in aged mice were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that K18 deficiency of hepatocytes leads to steatosis, increasing with age, and finally to SH. K18 deficiency and age promote liver tumor development in mice, frequently on the basis of chromosomal instability, resembling human HCC with stemness features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bettermann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Eva M. Hofer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Christina Wohlrab
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Vendula Svendova
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Michael G. Schimek
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Thüringer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Helmut Denk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
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4
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Mehta AK, Bettermann K, Lederer EM, Ernst C, Kessler SM, Kojima K, Chen X, Hoshida Y, Fuchs BC, Svendova V, Schimek MG, Mach M, Speicher MR, Stojakovic T, Magin TM, Strnad P, Trauner M, Kiemer AK, Thorgeirsson SS, Karin M, Llovet JM, Zatloukal K, Denk H, Lackner C, Haybaeck J. Abstract A38: Steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence of a keratin-based disease. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-a38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Steatohepatitis (SH) and SH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are of considerable clinical significance. SH is morphologically characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning and cytoplasmic protein aggregates termed Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs). MDBs are generally composed of misfolded keratin (K) 8, 18 and in part p62 and ubiquitin. It is well established that K aggregates are critical for MDB formation, thus Ks are associated with SH which is one of the main preconditions for the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Aims: In this study we aimed to clarify the cellular and molecular mechanisms of relative K8 excess over K18 on hepatocarcinogenesis in mice and its functional and clinical implication in human alcoholic and non-alcoholic SH (ASH/NASH)-induced liver cancer.
Methods: 18 month-old krt18-deficient (krt18-/-129P2/OlaHsd background) mice were investigated for the incidence of SH and SH-induced liver tumors by radiology, macroscopy, histology, immunohistochemistry, gene expression, lipidome analysis, and immunoblotting.
Results: Aged krt18-/- mice developed the entire morphological spectrum of SH whereas aged wild-type (wt) mice showed simple steatosis. Aminotransaminase levels were also elevated in aged krt18-/- mice. Interestingly, 64% of male and 25% of female 18 month-old krt18-/- mice developed liver tumors revealing morphological and genetic features of HCC whereas 45% of male and 16% of female krt18+/- mice and 42% of wt mice developed HCC.
Conclusion: Aged krt18-/- mice represent a novel spontaneous SH and SH associated HCC model with significant gender differences revealing features related to human HCC. Therefore, variations of hepatocellular K18 seem to have an effect on the susceptibility regarding SH and SH-induced HCC.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A38.
Citation Format: Anita Kuldeep Mehta, Kira Bettermann, Eva M. Lederer, Christina Ernst, Sonja M. Kessler, Kensuke Kojima, Xintong Chen, Yujin Hoshida, Bryan C. Fuchs, Vendula Svendova, Michael G. Schimek, Monika Mach, Michael R. Speicher, Tatjana Stojakovic, Thomas M. Magin, Pavel Strnad, Michael Trauner, Alexandra K. Kiemer, Snorri S. Thorgeirsson, Michael Karin, Josep M. Llovet, Kurt Zatloukal, Helmut Denk, Carolin Lackner, Johannes Haybaeck. Steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence of a keratin-based disease. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A38.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kira Bettermann
- 1Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M. Lederer
- 1Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Ernst
- 1Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja M. Kessler
- 2Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- 3Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY
| | - Xintong Chen
- 3Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- 3Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- 4Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vendula Svendova
- 5Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael G. Schimek
- 5Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Mach
- 6Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- 7Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas M. Magin
- 8Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- 9Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Trauner
- 10Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- 11Center for Cancer Research NCI, NIH, Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael Karin
- 12Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Josep M. Llovet
- 13Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- 1Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Denk
- 1Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carolin Lackner
- 1Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Haybaeck J, Llenos IC, Dulay RJ, Bettermann K, Miller CL, Wälchli T, Frei K, Virgintino D, Rizzi M, Weis S. Expression of nogo-a is decreased with increasing gestational age in the human fetal brain. Dev Neurosci 2012; 34:402-16. [PMID: 23146900 DOI: 10.1159/000343143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo is a member of the reticulon family. Our understanding of the physiological functions of the Nogo-A protein has grown over the last few years, and this molecule is now recognized as one of the most important axonal regrowth inhibitors present in central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Nogo-A plays other important roles in nervous system development, epilepsy, vascular physiology, muscle pathology, stroke, inflammation, and CNS tumors. Since the exact role of Nogo-A protein in human brain development is still poorly understood, we studied its cellular and regional distribution by immunohistochemistry in the frontal lobe of 30 human fetal brains. Nogo-A was expressed in the following cortical zones: ependyma, ventricular zone, subventricular zone, intermediate zone, subplate, cortical plate, and marginal zone. The number of positive cells decreased significantly with increasing gestational age in the subplate and marginal zone. Using different antibodies, changes in isoform expression and dimerization states could be shown between various cortical zones. The results demonstrate a significant change in the expression of Nogo-A during the development of the human brain. The effects of its time- and region-specific regulation have to be further studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haybaeck
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Smolle E, Zöhrer E, Bettermann K, Haybaeck J. Viral hepatitis induces hepatocellular cancer: what can we learn from epidemiology comparing iran and worldwide findings? Hepat Mon 2012; 12:e7879. [PMID: 23233866 PMCID: PMC3517808 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Several risk factors play the role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from which chronic hepatitis B and C infections are the most important ones. DNA integration of hepatitis viruses alters the function of critical genes promoting malignant transformation of virus-infected liver cells. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION There are remarkable geographic differences in prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis and incidence of HCC. Middle Eastern countries are characterized by a moderate to high prevalence rate of chronic viral hepatitis in the population. This review discusses about epidemiologic findings of hepatitis B and C infections, and HCC, as well as focuses on Middle East countries, particularly Iran. We provide an overview about risk factors, prevention and treatment, and bring up the role of HCC induced by chronic viral hepatitis. RESULTS Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the early childhood is highly effective to lower infection rates, substantially. For hepatitis C, adequate hygiene when dealing with human blood and screening programs for blood donors can mainly reduce infection rates. As HCC is strongly associated with chronic viral hepatitis, prevention against the infection is crucial for preventing against HCC too. CONCLUSIONS Although prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C have improved within the last decades even in high-risk countries, effective and sustainable reduction of these infections still needs more actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Zöhrer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kira Bettermann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author: Johannes Haybaeck, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. Tel.: +43-31638580594, Fax: +43-316384329, E-mail:
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7
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Aigelsreiter A, Haybaeck J, Schauer S, Kiesslich T, Bettermann K, Griessbacher A, Stojakovic T, Bauernhofer T, Samonigg H, Kornprat P, Lackner C, Pichler M. NEMO expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its association with clinical outcome. Hum Pathol 2011; 43:1012-9. [PMID: 22176836 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway is regarded as an important factor in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Recently, a role in hepatocarcinogenesis has been attributed to the NF-κB regulatory subunit IKKγ (NEMO) using knockout mice. However, a detailed investigation of NEMO expression in human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) has not yet been reported. We selected 85 HCC patients who had undergone curative liver resection and analyzed NEMO expression of the respective tumors by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and real-time PCR. NEMO expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters, and the impact on 5-year disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival was calculated using multivariate Cox proportional models. In our study, complete loss of NEMO immunoreactivity was found in 34 (40%) of 85 HCCs compared with their adjacent nonneoplastic tissue (P < .05). NEMO messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was detected in all HCC cases; however, no correlation between NEMO immunoreactivity and mRNA level was found. Five-year overall survival rates for patients with low and high NEMO expression were 22% and 50%, respectively (P = .049). However, high tumor stage, but not level of NEMO expression, was confirmed as an independent poor prognostic factor for 5-year disease-free survival (hazards ratio [HR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-3.6, P = .009) and 5-year overall survival (HR = 2.5, CI = 1.4-4.4, P = .002). In conclusion, a loss of NEMO immunoreactivity occurs in a substantial proportion of human HCCs. Although low NEMO expression is correlated with a poor 5-year overall survival in patients with HCC, NEMO cannot be regarded as an independent prognostic marker for predicting the clinical outcome of patients suffering from HCC.
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Bettermann K, Benesch M, Weis S, Haybaeck J. SUMOylation in carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2011; 316:113-25. [PMID: 22138131 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification characterized by covalent and reversible binding of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to a target protein. In mammals, four different isoforms, termed SUMO-1, -2, -3 and -4 have been identified so far. SUMO proteins are critically involved in the modulation of nuclear organization and cell viability. Their expression is significantly increased in processes associated with carcinogenesis such as cell growth, differentiation, senescence, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Little is known about the role of SUMOylation in cancer development. Therefore the present review focuses on possible implications of SUMOylation in carcinogenesis highlighting its impact as an important regulatory cell cycle protein. Moreover, novel opportunities for therapeutic approaches are discussed. The differential expression levels, the target protein preferences and the function of the SUMO pathway in different cancer subtypes raises unexpected issues questioning our understanding of the implication of SUMO in carcinogenesis.
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Vucur M, Roderburg C, Bettermann K, Tacke F, Heikenwalder M, Trautwein C, Luedde T. Mouse models of hepatocarcinogenesis: what can we learn for the prevention of human hepatocellular carcinoma? Oncotarget 2011; 1:373-8. [PMID: 21307402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that chronic inflammatory processes are involved in triggering the sequence from chronic liver injury to liver fibrosis, ultimately leading to liver cancer. In the last years this process has been recapitulated in a growing number of different mouse models. However, it has remained unclear whether and how these mouse models reflect the clinical reality of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Research with animal models but also human liver specimens has indicated that the NF-κB signaling pathway might withhold a crucial function in the mediation of chronic hepatic inflammation and the transition to HCC in humans. However, previous studies led to divergent and partly conflicting results with regards to the functional role of NF-κB in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we discuss a new genetic mouse model for HCC, the liver-specific TAK1 knockout mouse, which lacks the NF-κB activating kinase TAK1 specifically in parenchymal liver cells. Molecular findings in this mouse model and their possible significance for chemopreventive strategies against HCC are compared to other murine HCC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Vucur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
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10
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Roderburg C, Urban GW, Bettermann K, Vucur M, Zimmermann H, Schmidt S, Janssen J, Koppe C, Knolle P, Castoldi M, Tacke F, Trautwein C, Luedde T. Micro-RNA profiling reveals a role for miR-29 in human and murine liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2011; 53:209-18. [PMID: 20890893 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver fibrosis is orchestrated by a complex network of signaling pathways regulating the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins during fibrogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a family of small noncoding RNAs controlling translation and transcription of many genes. Recently, miRNAs have been suggested to crucially modulate cellular processes in the liver such as hepatocarcinogenesis. However, their role in liver fibrosis is not well understood. We systematically analyzed the regulation of miRNAs in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrogenesis (CCl(4) ) by gene array analysis, which revealed a panel of miRNA that were specifically regulated in livers of mice undergoing hepatic fibrosis. Within those, all three members of the miR-29-family were significantly down-regulated in livers of CCl(4) -treated mice as well as in mice that underwent bile duct ligation. Specific regulation of miR-29 members in murine fibrosis models correlated with lower expression of miR-29 in livers from patients with advanced liver fibrosis. Moreover, patients with advanced liver cirrhosis showed significantly lower levels of miR-29a in their serum when compared with healthy controls or patients with early fibrosis. On a cellular level, down-regulation of miR-29 in murine hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was mediated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) as well as inflammatory signals, namely, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Furthermore, overexpression of miR-29b in murine HSC resulted in down-regulation of collagen expression. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that miR-29 mediates the regulation of liver fibrosis and is part of a signaling nexus involving TGF-β- and NF-κB-dependent down-regulation of miR-29 family members in HSC with subsequent up-regulation of extracellular matrix genes. Thus they may represent targets for novel therapeutic strategies against hepatic fibrogenesis and also might evolve as biomarkers in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Vucur M, Roderburg C, Bettermann K, Tacke F, Heikenwalder M, Trautwein C, Luedde T. Mouse models of hepatocarcinogenesis: what can we learn for the prevention of human hepatocellular carcinoma? Oncotarget 2010; 1:373-378. [PMID: 21307402 PMCID: PMC3157729 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that chronic inflammatory processes are involved in triggering the sequence from chronic liver injury to liver fibrosis, ultimately leading to liver cancer. In the last years this process has been recapitulated in a growing number of different mouse models. However, it has remained unclear whether and how these mouse models reflect the clinical reality of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Research with animal models but also human liver specimens has indicated that the NF-κB signaling pathway might withhold a crucial function in the mediation of chronic hepatic inflammation and the transition to HCC in humans. However, previous studies led to divergent and partly conflicting results with regards to the functional role of NF-κB in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we discuss a new genetic mouse model for HCC, the liver-specific TAK1 knockout mouse, which lacks the NF-κB activating kinase TAK1 specifically in parenchymal liver cells. Molecular findings in this mouse model and their possible significance for chemopreventive strategies against HCC are compared to other murine HCC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Vucur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Bettermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technical University München, Helmholtz Center München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Bettermann K, Vucur M, Haybaeck J, Koppe C, Janssen J, Heymann F, Weber A, Weiskirchen R, Liedtke C, Gassler N, Müller M, de Vos R, Wolf MJ, Boege Y, Seleznik GM, Zeller N, Erny D, Fuchs T, Zoller S, Cairo S, Buendia MA, Prinz M, Akira S, Tacke F, Heikenwalder M, Trautwein C, Luedde T. TAK1 suppresses a NEMO-dependent but NF-kappaB-independent pathway to liver cancer. Cancer Cell 2010; 17:481-96. [PMID: 20478530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The MAP3-kinase TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) critically modulates innate and adaptive immune responses and connects cytokine stimulation with activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Here, we report that conditional ablation of TAK1 in liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes and cholangiocytes) causes hepatocyte dysplasia and early-onset hepatocarcinogenesis, coinciding with biliary ductopenia and cholestasis. TAK1-mediated cancer suppression is exerted through activating NF-kappaB in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and through preventing Caspase-3-dependent hepatocyte and cholangiocyte apoptosis. Moreover, TAK1 suppresses a procarcinogenic and pronecrotic pathway, which depends on NF-kappaB-independent functions of the I kappaB-kinase (IKK)-subunit NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO). Therefore, TAK1 serves as a gatekeeper for a protumorigenic, NF-kappaB-independent function of NEMO in parenchymal liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bettermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Coker LH, Hogan PE, Bryan NR, Kuller LH, Margolis KL, Bettermann K, Wallace RB, Lao Z, Freeman R, Stefanick ML, Shumaker SA. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and subclinical cerebrovascular disease: the WHIMS-MRI Study. Neurology 2009; 72:125-34. [PMID: 19139363 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000339036.88842.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) hormone therapy (HT) trials reported that conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) increases risk for all-cause dementia and global cognitive decline. WHIMS MRI measured subclinical cerebrovascular disease as a possible mechanism to explain cognitive decline reported in WHIMS. METHODS We contacted 2,345 women at 14 WHIMS sites; scans were completed on 1,424 (61%) and 1,403 were accepted for analysis. The primary outcome measure was total ischemic lesion volume on brain MRI. Mean duration of on-trial HT or placebo was 4 (CEE+MPA) or 5.6 years (CEE-Alone) and scans were conducted an average of 3 (CEE+MPA) or 1.4 years (CEE-Alone) post-trial termination. Cross-sectional analysis of MRI lesions was conducted; general linear models were fitted to assess treatment group differences using analysis of covariance. A (two-tailed) critical value of alpha = 0.05 was used. RESULTS In women evenly matched within trials at baseline, increased lesion volumes were significantly related to age, smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, lower post-trial global cognition scores, and increased incident cases of on- or post-trial mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia. Mean ischemic lesion volumes were slightly larger for the CEE+MPA group vs placebo, except for the basal ganglia, but the differences were not significant. Women assigned to CEE-Alone had similar mean ischemic lesion volumes compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS Conjugated equine estrogen-based hormone therapy was not associated with a significant increase in ischemic brain lesion volume relative to placebo. This finding was consistent within each trial and in pooled analyses across trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Coker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Behr M, Rosentritt M, Bettermann K, Handel G. The influence of electron beam irradiation on the shear bond strength of glass-reinforced frameworks and veneer composites. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2006; 17:659-65. [PMID: 16770551 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-9229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The bond between glass fibre framework and veneer composite can be achieved by silane coupling agents or by monomers that penetrate into a polymer network. However, it has been clinically demonstrated that his bond can fail. This study investigated whether electron beam irradiation improved the bond strength of fibre-frameworks and veneer composite with and without additional coupling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Behr
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Regensburg, School of Dentistry, Regensburg, Germany.
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Bettermann K, Reynolds P, Tegeler C. Peripheral vascular disease in patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular ischemic events. Is there a need for routine screening? Akt Neurol 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-833239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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