1
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Zhang B, Liu Y, Yu J, Lin X. Upregulation of FGF9 and NOVA1 in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes cell proliferation, invasion and migration of triple negative breast cancer. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22185. [PMID: 38657094 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in cancer progression. This study aimed to explore the roles of CAFs-derived Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) and Neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (NOVA1) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression. MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells were cocultured with CAF conditioned-medium (CAF-CM) or normal fibroblasts conditioned-medium (NF-CM). MTT, EdU, colony formation, wound healing, transwell migration, and invasion assays were employed to determine cell proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. Western blot and RT-qPCR were carried out to examine the protein and mRNA expression of FGF9 and NOVA1. Xenograft tumor experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of CAFs, FGF9, and NOVA1 on tumor growth in vivo. Our results showed that CAFs significantly promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of TNBC cells. FGF9 and NOVA1 were significantly upregulated in TNBC CAFs, tissues and cells. CAF-CM also could increase the expression of FGF9 and NOVA1 in TNBC cells. Knockdown of FGF9 or NOVA1 could hamper cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT of TNBC cells. Moreover, CAFs with FGF9/NOVA1 knockdown also could inhibit TNBC progression. Besides, CAFs significantly accelerated tumor growth in vivo, which was blocked by FGF9/NOVA1 knockdown in nude mice. In conclusion, our results indicated the tumor-promoting role of CAFs in TNBC progression. FGF9 and NOVA1 upregulation in CAFs induced cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and facilitated tumor growth in vivo in TNBC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Endocrinology Department of integrated Chinese and Western medicine, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Jinsong Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Nanyang First People's Hospital affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Thyroid Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Nanyang First People's Hospital affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Herniation Surgery, Tiantai County People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
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2
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Sato S. Adipo-oncology: adipocyte-derived factors govern engraftment, survival, and progression of metastatic cancers. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:52. [PMID: 38238841 PMCID: PMC10797898 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapies for metastatic cancers have limited efficacy. Recently, cancer therapies targeting noncancerous cells in tumor microenvironments have shown improved clinical outcomes in patients. However, further advances in our understanding of the metastatic tumor microenvironment are required to improve treatment outcomes. Adipocytes are distributed throughout the body, and as a part of the metastatic tumor microenvironment, they interact with cancer cells in almost all organs. Adipocytes secrete various factors that are reported to exert clinical effects on cancer progression, including engraftment, survival, and expansion at the metastatic sites. However, only a few studies have comprehensively examined their impact on cancer cells. In this review, we examined the impact of adipocytes on cancer by describing the adipocyte-secreted factors that are involved in controlling metastatic cancer, focusing on adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, chemerin, resistin, apelin, and omentin. Adipocyte-secreted factors promote cancer metastasis and contribute to various biological functions of cancer cells, including migration, invasion, proliferation, immune evasion, and drug resistance at the metastatic sites. We propose the establishment and expansion of "adipo-oncology" as a research field to enhance the comprehensive understanding of the role of adipocytes in metastatic cancers and the development of more robust metastatic cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- Morphological Analysis Laboratory, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2, Asahi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan.
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2, Asahi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan.
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center Hospital, 2-3-2, Asahi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan.
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3
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Borah S, Mishra R, Dey S, Suchanti S, Bhowmick NA, Giri B, Haldar S. Prognostic Value of Circulating Mitochondrial DNA in Prostate Cancer and Underlying Mechanism. Mitochondrion 2023; 71:40-49. [PMID: 37211294 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Circulating DNAs are considered as degraded DNA fragments of approximately 50-200 bp, found in blood plasma, consisting of cell-free mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Such cell-free DNAs in the blood are found to be altered in different pathological conditions including lupus, heart disease, and malignancies. While nuclear DNAs are being used and being developed as a powerful clinical biomarker in liquid biopsies, mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) are associated with inflammatory conditions including cancer progression. Patients with cancer including prostate cancer are found to have measurable concentrations of mitochondrial DNA in circulation in comparison with healthy controls. The plasma content of mitochondrial DNA is dramatically elevated in both prostate cancer patients and mouse models treated with the chemotherapeutic drug. Cell-free mtDNA, in its oxidized form, induced a pro-inflammatory condition and activates NLRP3-mediated inflammasome formation which causes IL-1β-mediated activation of growth factors. On the other hand, interacting with TLR9, mtDNAs trigger NF-κB-mediated complement C3a positive feedback paracrine loop and activate pro-proliferating signaling through upregulating AKT, ERK, and Bcl2 in the prostate tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the growing evidence supporting cell-free mitochondrial DNA copy number, size, and mutations in mtDNA genes as potential prognostic biomarkers in different cancers and targetable prostate cancer therapeutic candidates impacting stromal-epithelial interactions essential for chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Borah
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, CA, USA
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208012, India
| | - Sananda Dey
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Surabhi Suchanti
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, CA, USA; Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India.
| | - Subhash Haldar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700091, India.
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4
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Wieder R. Fibroblasts as Turned Agents in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072014. [PMID: 37046676 PMCID: PMC10093070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells reside in the homeostatic microenvironment of the native organ stroma. The stroma supports their normal function, their G0 differentiated state, and their expansion/contraction through the various stages of the life cycle and physiologic functions of the host. When malignant transformation begins, the microenvironment tries to suppress and eliminate the transformed cells, while cancer cells, in turn, try to resist these suppressive efforts. The tumor microenvironment encompasses a large variety of cell types recruited by the tumor to perform different functions, among which fibroblasts are the most abundant. The dynamics of the mutual relationship change as the sides undertake an epic battle for control of the other. In the process, the cancer “wounds” the microenvironment through a variety of mechanisms and attracts distant mesenchymal stem cells to change their function from one attempting to suppress the cancer, to one that supports its growth, survival, and metastasis. Analogous reciprocal interactions occur as well between disseminated cancer cells and the metastatic microenvironment, where the microenvironment attempts to eliminate cancer cells or suppress their proliferation. However, the altered microenvironmental cells acquire novel characteristics that support malignant progression. Investigations have attempted to use these traits as targets of novel therapeutic approaches.
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5
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Pérez Piñero C, Giulianelli S, Lamb CA, Lanari C. New Insights in the Interaction of FGF/FGFR and Steroid Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6491899. [PMID: 34977930 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Luminal breast cancer (BrCa) has a favorable prognosis compared with other tumor subtypes. However, with time, tumors may evolve and lead to disease progression; thus, there is a great interest in unraveling the mechanisms that drive tumor metastasis and endocrine resistance. In this review, we focus on one of the many pathways that have been involved in tumor progression, the fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) axis. We emphasize in data obtained from in vivo experimental models that we believe that in luminal BrCa, tumor growth relies in a crosstalk with the stromal tissue. We revisited the studies that illustrate the interaction between hormone receptors and FGFR. We also highlight the most frequent alterations found in BrCa cell lines and provide a short review on the trials that use FGFR inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapies. Analysis of these data suggests there are many players involved in this pathway that might be also targeted to decrease FGF signaling, in addition to specific FGFR inhibitors that may be exploited to increase their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pérez Piñero
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Giulianelli
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos, IBIOMAR-CCT CENPAT-CONICET, U9120ACD Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Caroline A Lamb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Krishnaswamy U, Balachandar K, Kathirazhagan T. Giant pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of breast: Management challenge of gigantomastia with ptosis. APOLLO MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/am.am_100_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Cho J, Lee HJ, Hwang SJ, Min HY, Kang HN, Park AY, Hyun SY, Sim JY, Lee HJ, Jang HJ, Suh YA, Hong S, Shin YK, Kim HR, Lee HY. The Interplay between Slow-Cycling, Chemoresistant Cancer Cells and Fibroblasts Creates a Proinflammatory Niche for Tumor Progression. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2257-2272. [PMID: 32193288 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quiescent cancer cells are believed to cause cancer progression after chemotherapy through unknown mechanisms. We show here that human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line-derived, quiescent-like, slow-cycling cancer cells (SCC) and residual patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors after chemotherapy experience activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)-mediated upregulation of various cytokines, which acts in a paracrine manner to recruit fibroblasts. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) underwent transcriptional upregulation of COX2 and type I collagen (Col-I), which subsequently triggered a slow-to-active cycling switch in SCC through prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)- and integrin/Src-mediated signaling pathways, leading to cancer progression. Both antagonism of ATF6 and cotargeting of Src/COX2 effectively suppressed cytokine production and slow-to-active cell cycling transition in SCC, withholding cancer progression. Expression of COX2 and Col-I and activation of Src were observed in patients with NSCLC who progressed while receiving chemotherapy. Public data analysis revealed significant association between COL1A1 and SRC expression and NSCLC relapse. Overall, these findings indicate that a proinflammatory niche created by the interplay between SCC and CAF triggers tumor progression. SIGNIFICANCE: Cotargeting COX2 and Src may be an effective strategy to prevent cancer progression after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaebeom Cho
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Min
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Kang
- JE-UK Institute for Cancer Research, JEUK Co. Ltd., Gumi-City, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Young Park
- JE-UK Institute for Cancer Research, JEUK Co. Ltd., Gumi-City, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeob Hyun
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Sim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Jang
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Suh
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Stromal Cell Signature Associated with Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121566. [PMID: 31817155 PMCID: PMC6953077 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stromal compartment, may influence responsiveness to chemotherapy. Our aim was to detect a stromal cell signature (using a direct approach of microdissected stromal cells) associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (neoCT) in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). The tumor samples were collected from 44 patients with LABC (29 estrogen receptor (ER) positive and 15 ER negative) before the start of any treatment. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisted of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by paclitaxel. Response was defined as downstaging to maximum ypT1a-b/ypN0. The stromal cells, mainly composed of fibroblast and immune cells, were microdissected from fresh frozen tumor samples and gene expression profile was determined using Agilent SurePrint G3 Human Gene Expression microarrays. Expression levels were compared using MeV (MultiExperiment Viewer) software, applying SAM (significance analysis of microarrays). To classify samples according to tumor response, the order of median based on confidence statements (MedOr) was used, and to identify gene sets correlated with the phenotype downstaging, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Nine patients presented disease downstaging. Eleven sequences (FDR 17) were differentially expressed, all of which (except H2AFJ) more expressed in responsive tumors, including PTCHD1 and genes involved in abnormal cytotoxic T cell physiology, TOX, LY75, and SH2D1A. The following four pairs of markers could correctly classify all tumor samples according to response: PTCHD1/PDXDC2P, LOC100506731/NEURL4, SH2D1A/ENST00000478672, and TOX/H2AFJ. Gene sets correlated with tumor downstaging (FDR < 0.01) were mainly involved in immune response or lymphocyte activation, including CD47, LCK, NCK1, CD24, CD3E, ZAP70, FOXP3, and CD74, among others. In locally advanced breast cancer, stromal cells may present specific features of immune response that may be associated with chemotherapy response.
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9
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Langsten KL, Kim JH, Sarver AL, Dewhirst M, Modiano JF. Comparative Approach to the Temporo-Spatial Organization of the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1185. [PMID: 31788448 PMCID: PMC6854022 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex ecosystem in which tumor cells reside and interact, termed the tumor microenvironment (TME), encompasses all cells and components associated with a neoplasm that are not transformed cells. Interactions between tumor cells and the TME are complex and fluid, with each facet coercing the other, largely, into promoting tumor progression. While the TME in humans is relatively well-described, a compilation and comparison of the TME in our canine counterparts has not yet been described. As is the case in humans, dog tumors exhibit greater heterogeneity than what is appreciated in laboratory animal models, although the current level of knowledge on similarities and differences in the TME between dogs and humans, and the practical implications of that information, require further investigation. This review summarizes some of the complexities of the human and mouse TME and interjects with what is known in the dog, relaying the information in the context of the temporo-spatial organization of the TME. To the authors' knowledge, the development of the TME over space and time has not been widely discussed, and a comprehensive review of the canine TME has not been done. The specific topics covered in this review include cellular invasion and interactions within the TME, metabolic derangements in the TME and vascular invasion, and the involvement of the TME in tumor spread and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall L Langsten
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jong Hyuk Kim
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark Dewhirst
- Radiation Oncology Department, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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10
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Yoon JH, Han K, Koh J, Kim GR, Kim HJ, Park YM, Youk JH, Chung J, Chae IH, Choi EJ, Moon HJ. Outcomes of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ According to Detection Modality: A Multicenter Study Comparing Recurrence Between Mammography and Breast US. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2623-2633. [PMID: 31351671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.06.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether disease recurrence and intrinsic characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are associated with the imaging method of detection in asymptomatic women. This multicenter, retrospective study included 844 women treated for asymptomatic DCIS who had pre-operative mammography and breast ultrasonography (US) studies available. Of the 844 women, 25 (3.0%) developed recurrences. Patients in the US group had significantly lower 5- and 10-y recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates compared with patients in the mammography group (p = 0.011). US-detected DCIS showed significantly lower 5-and 10-y RFS rates compared with mammography-detected DCIS in patients <50 y or with mammographically dense breasts (p = 0.002 and 0.002, respectively). US as the detection modality (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.451; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.530, 12.950; p = 0.006) and HER2 positivity (HR: 4.036; 95% CI: 1.438; 11.330; p = 0.008) were significantly associated with recurrence. We concluded that US as the detection modality and HER2 positivity were significantly associated with recurrence in patients treated for asymptomatic DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Han
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Koh
- Department of Radiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ga Ram Kim
- Department of Radiology, Inha University, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Mi Park
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Youk
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Radiology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hye Chae
- Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Moon
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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11
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Plava J, Cihova M, Burikova M, Matuskova M, Kucerova L, Miklikova S. Recent advances in understanding tumor stroma-mediated chemoresistance in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:67. [PMID: 30927930 PMCID: PMC6441200 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although solid tumors comprise malignant cells, they also contain many different non-malignant cell types in their micro-environment. The cellular components of the tumor stroma consist of immune and endothelial cells combined with a heterogeneous population of stromal cells which include cancer-associated fibroblasts. The bi-directional interactions between tumor and stromal cells therefore substantially affect tumor cell biology.Herein, we discuss current available information on these interactions in breast cancer chemo-resistance. It is acknowledged that stromal cells extrinsically alter tumor cell drug responses with profound consequences for therapy efficiency, and it is therefore essential to understand the molecular mechanisms which contribute to these substantial alterations because they provide potential targets for improved cancer therapy. Although breast cancer patient survival has improved over the last decades, chemo-resistance still remains a significant obstacle to successful treatment.Appreciating the important experimental evidence of mesenchymal stromal cells and cancer-associated fibroblast involvement in breast cancer clinical practice can therefore have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Plava
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marina Cihova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Burikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Matuskova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kucerova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Svetlana Miklikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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12
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Shin SU, Lee J, Kim JH, Kim WH, Song SE, Chu A, Kim HS, Han W, Ryu HS, Moon WK. Gene expression profiling of calcifications in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11427. [PMID: 28900139 PMCID: PMC5595962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the gene expression profiles of calcifications in breast cancer. Gene expression analysis of surgical specimen was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Gene 2.0 ST arrays in 168 breast cancer patients. The mammographic calcifications were reviewed by three radiologists and classified into three groups according to malignancy probability: breast cancers without suspicious calcifications; breast cancers with low-to-intermediate suspicious calcifications; and breast cancers with highly suspicious calcifications. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these three groups, a one-way analysis of variance was performed with post hoc comparisons with Tukey's honest significant difference test. To explore the biological significance of DEGs, we used DAVID for gene ontology analysis and BioLattice for clustering analysis. A total of 2551 genes showed differential expression among the three groups. ERBB2 genes are up-regulated in breast cancers with highly suspicious calcifications (fold change 2.474, p < 0.001). Gene ontology analysis revealed that the immune, defense and inflammatory responses were decreased in breast cancers with highly suspicious calcifications compared to breast cancers without suspicious calcifications (p from 10-23 to 10-8). The clustering analysis also demonstrated that the immune system is associated with mammographic calcifications (p < 0.001). Our study showed calcifications in breast cancers are associated with high levels of mRNA expression of ERBB2 and decreased immune system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ui Shin
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Lee
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Song
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ajung Chu
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoe Suk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Suk Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Moon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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13
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Tao L, Huang G, Song H, Chen Y, Chen L. Cancer associated fibroblasts: An essential role in the tumor microenvironment. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2611-2620. [PMID: 28927027 PMCID: PMC5588104 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts in the tumor stroma are well recognized as having an indispensable role in carcinogenesis, including in the initiation of epithelial tumor formation. The association between cancer cells and fibroblasts has been highlighted in several previous studies. Regulation factors released from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) into the tumor microenvironment have essential roles, including the support of tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapy resistance. A mutual interaction between tumor-induced fibroblast activation, and fibroblast-induced tumor proliferation and metastasis occurs, thus CAFs act as tumor supporters. Previous studies have reported that by developing fibroblast-targeting drugs, it may be possible to interrupt the interaction between fibroblasts and the tumor, thus resulting in the suppression of tumor growth, and metastasis. The present review focused on the reciprocal feedback loop between fibroblasts and cancer cells, and evaluated the potential application of anti-CAF agents in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Guichun Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Haizhu Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yitian Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Longbang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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14
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Zhang D, Wu X, Liu X, Cai C, Zeng G, Rohozinski J, Zhang Y, Wei G, He D. Piwil2-transfected human fibroblasts are cancer stem cell-like and genetically unstable. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12259-12271. [PMID: 28103575 PMCID: PMC5355342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis are considered to be vital for cancer initiation, maintenance, infiltration, metastasis and recurrence after anti-cancer therapy. Here we report the generation of a novel cell line by reprogramming child foreskin fibroblast with the full length apoptosis inhibitor gene PIWIL2. The fibroblasts transfected with PIWIL2 expressed the stem cell markers OCT-4, NANOG, SOX-2, KLF-4 and C-MYC; endoderm marker AFP and GATA6; mesoderm markers ACTA2 and BRACHYURY; and ectoderm markers NESTIN and TUBB3. The karyotype was found to be hyperdiploid. The PIWIL2 transfected fibroblast cells grew into tumorous masses within 5 weeks of subcutaneous injection into adult nude mice. Although the injected cell expressed markers for all three germlines, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, they did not form teratomas in vivo. This study indicates that the PIWIL2 gene could play a key role in cancer induction and maintenance. This method for generating induced tumorigenic cells (ITGC) provides a new research tool to study oncogenesis that in turn may lead to a better understanding of cancer etiology and the development of novel anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Chunhong Cai
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Guangping Zeng
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jan Rohozinski
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103, USA
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
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15
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Gascard P, Tlsty TD. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts: orchestrating the composition of malignancy. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1002-19. [PMID: 27151975 PMCID: PMC4863733 DOI: 10.1101/gad.279737.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor stroma is no longer seen solely as physical support for mutated epithelial cells but as an important modulator and even a driver of tumorigenicity. Within the tumor stromal milieu, heterogeneous populations of fibroblast-like cells, collectively termed carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are key players in the multicellular, stromal-dependent alterations that contribute to malignant initiation and progression. This review focuses on novel insights into the contributions of CAFs to disease progression, emergent events leading to the generation of CAFs, identification of CAF-specific biomarkers predictive of disease outcome, and recent therapeutic approaches aimed at blunting or reverting detrimental protumorigenic phenotypes associated with CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gascard
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Thea D Tlsty
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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16
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Zhang H, Xie C, Yue J, Jiang Z, Zhou R, Xie R, Wang Y, Wu S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts mediated chemoresistance by a FOXO1/TGFβ1 signaling loop in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:1150-1163. [PMID: 27769097 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Zhang
- Hangzhou Cancer Institution; Hangzhou Cancer Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology; Zhongnan Hospital; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Jing Yue
- Hangzhou Cancer Institution; Hangzhou Cancer Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Zhenzhen Jiang
- Hangzhou Cancer Institution; Hangzhou Cancer Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Rongjing Zhou
- Department of Pathology; Hangzhou Cancer Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Ruifei Xie
- Department of Bio-Informatics; Hangzhou Cancer Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hangzhou Cancer Institution; Hangzhou Cancer Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Shixiu Wu
- Hangzhou Cancer Institution; Hangzhou Cancer Hospital; Hangzhou China
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17
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Yeong J, Thike AA, Tan PH, Iqbal J. Identifying progression predictors of breast ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:102-108. [PMID: 27864452 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) refers to neoplastic epithelial cells proliferating within the mammary ducts of the breast, which have not breached the basement membrane nor invaded surrounding tissues. Traditional thinking holds that DCIS represents an early step in a linear progression towards invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). However, as only approximately half of DCIS cases progress to IDC, important questions around the key determinants of malignant progression need to be answered. Recent studies have revealed that molecular differences between DCIS and IDC cells are not found at the genomic level; instead, altered patterns of gene expression and post-translational regulation lead to distinct transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. Therefore, understanding malignant progression will require a different approach that takes into account the diverse tumour cell extrinsic factors driving changes in tumour cell gene expression necessary for the invasive phenotype. Here, we review the roles of the tumour stroma (including mesenchymal cells, immune cells and the extracellular matrix) and myoepithelial cells in malignant progression and make a case for a more integrated approach to the study and assessment of DCIS and its progression, or lack thereof, to invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Yeong
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aye Aye Thike
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jabed Iqbal
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Screening and analysis of breast cancer genes regulated by the human mammary microenvironment in a humanized mouse model. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5261-5268. [PMID: 28101242 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironments play critical regulatory roles in tumor growth. Although mouse cancer models have contributed to the understanding of human tumor biology, the effectiveness of mouse cancer models is limited by the inability of the models to accurately present humanized tumor microenvironments. Previously, a humanized breast cancer model in severe combined immunodeficiency mice was established, in which human breast cancer tissue was implanted subcutaneously, followed by injection of human breast cancer cells. It was demonstrated that breast cancer cells showed improved growth in the human mammary microenvironment compared with a conventional subcutaneous mouse model. In the present study, the novel mouse model and microarray technology was used to analyze changes in the expression of genes in breast cancer cells that are regulated by the human mammary microenvironment. Humanized breast and conventional subcutaneous mouse models were established, and orthotopic tumor cells were obtained from orthotopic tumor masses by primary culture. An expression microarray using Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip and database analyses were performed to investigate changes in gene expression between tumors from each microenvironment. A total of 94 genes were differentially expressed between the primary cells cultured from the humanized and conventional mouse models. Significant upregulation of genes that promote cell proliferation and metastasis or inhibit apoptosis, such as SH3-domain binding protein 5 (BTK-associated), sodium/chloride cotransporter 3 and periostin, osteoblast specific factor, and genes that promote angiogenesis, such as KIAA1618, was also noted. Other genes that restrain cell proliferation and accelerate cell apoptosis, including tripartite motif containing TRIM36 and NES1, were downregulated. The present results revealed differences in various aspects of tumor growth and metabolism between the two model groups and indicated the functional changes specific to the human mammary microenvironment.
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19
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Regier MC, Maccoux LJ, Weinberger EM, Regehr KJ, Berry SM, Beebe DJ, Alarid ET. Transitions from mono- to co- to tri-culture uniquely affect gene expression in breast cancer, stromal, and immune compartments. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:70. [PMID: 27432323 PMCID: PMC5076020 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterotypic interactions in cancer microenvironments play important roles in disease initiation, progression, and spread. Co-culture is the predominant approach used in dissecting paracrine interactions between tumor and stromal cells, but functional results from simple co-cultures frequently fail to correlate to in vivo conditions. Though complex heterotypic in vitro models have improved functional relevance, there is little systematic knowledge of how multi-culture parameters influence this recapitulation. We therefore have employed a more iterative approach to investigate the influence of increasing model complexity; increased heterotypic complexity specifically. Here we describe how the compartmentalized and microscale elements of our multi-culture device allowed us to obtain gene expression data from one cell type at a time in a heterotypic culture where cells communicated through paracrine interactions. With our device we generated a large dataset comprised of cell type specific gene-expression patterns for cultures of increasing complexity (three cell types in mono-, co-, or tri-culture) not readily accessible in other systems. Principal component analysis indicated that gene expression was changed in co-culture but was often more strongly altered in tri-culture as compared to mono-culture. Our analysis revealed that cell type identity and the complexity around it (mono-, co-, or tri-culture) influence gene regulation. We also observed evidence of complementary regulation between cell types in the same heterotypic culture. Here we demonstrate the utility of our platform in providing insight into how tumor and stromal cells respond to microenvironments of varying complexities highlighting the expanding importance of heterotypic cultures that go beyond conventional co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Regier
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lindsey J. Maccoux
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emma M. Weinberger
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Keil J. Regehr
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott M. Berry
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaine T. Alarid
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Exosome-mediated delivery of miR-9 induces cancer-associated fibroblast-like properties in human breast fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2312. [PMID: 27468688 PMCID: PMC4973361 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is established that the interaction between microenvironment and cancer cells has a critical role in tumor development, given the dependence of neoplastic cells on stromal support. However, how this communication promotes the activation of normal (NFs) into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is still not well understood. Most microRNA (miRNA) studies focused on tumor cell, but there is increasing evidence of their involvement in reprogramming NFs into CAFs. Here we show that miR-9, upregulated in various breast cancer cell lines and identified as pro-metastatic miRNA, affects the properties of human breast fibroblasts, enhancing the switch to CAF phenotype, thus contributing to tumor growth. Expressed at higher levels in primary triple-negative breast CAFs versus NFs isolated from patients, miR-9 improves indeed migration and invasion capabilities when transfected in immortalized NFs; viceversa, these properties are strongly impaired in CAFs upon miR-9 inhibition. We also demonstrate that tumor-secreted miR-9 can be transferred via exosomes to recipient NFs and this uptake results in enhanced cell motility. Moreover, we observed that this miRNA is also secreted by fibroblasts and in turn able to alter tumor cell behavior, by modulating its direct target E-cadherin, and NFs themselves. Consistently with the biological effects observed, gene expression profiles of NFs upon transient transfection with miR-9 show the modulation of genes mainly involved in cell motility and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways. Finally, we were able to confirm the capability of NFs transiently transfected with miR-9 to promote in vivo tumor growth. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the role of miR-9 as an important player in the cross-talk between cancer cells and stroma.
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21
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Zhu X, Wang K, Zhang K, Xu F, Yin Y, Zhu L, Zhou F. Galectin-1 knockdown in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts inhibits migration and invasion of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by modulating MMP-9 expression. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:462-7. [PMID: 27025601 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play central roles in facilitating tumor progression and metastasis in breast cancer. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a marker of CAFs, was previously reported to be associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis of various types of tumors. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Gal-1 in CAF-mediated breast cancer metastasis and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that CAFs isolated from human breast tumor tissues expressed higher level of Gal-1 compared with paired normal fibroblasts, and the conditioned medium (CM) of CAFs significantly induced the migration and invasion of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Knockdown of Gal-1 in CAFs dramatically inhibited CAF-CM-induced cell migration and invasion, probably by inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloprotein 9 (MMP-9). Our findings demonstrate that Gal-1-regulated CAFs activation promotes breast cancer cell metastasis by upregulating MMP-9 expression, which indicated that Gal-1 in CAFs might be a potential novel target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Yongxiang Yin
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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22
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Specific upregulation of RHOA and RAC1 in cancer-associated fibroblasts found at primary tumor and lymph node metastatic sites in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9589-97. [PMID: 26142737 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of tumor-stromal cell interactions in breast tumor progression and invasion is well established. Here, an evaluation of differential genomic profiles of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) compared to fibroblasts derived from tissues adjacent to fibroadenomas (NAFs) revealed altered focal adhesion pathways. These data were validated through confocal assays. To verify the possible role of fibroblasts in lymph node invasion, we constructed a tissue microarray consisting of primary breast cancer samples and corresponding lymph node metastasis and compared the expression of adhesion markers RhoA and Rac1 in fibroblasts located at these different locations. Two distinct tissue microarrays were constructed from the stromal component of 43 primary tumors and matched lymph node samples, respectively. Fibroblasts were characterized for their expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin. Moreover, we verified the level of these proteins in the stromal compartment from normal adjacent tissue and in non-compromised lymph nodes. Our immunohistochemistry revealed that 59 % of fibroblasts associated with primary tumors and 41 % of the respective metastatic lymph nodes (p = 0.271) displayed positive staining for RhoA. In line with this, 57.1 % of fibroblasts associated with primary tumors presented Rac1-positive staining, and the frequency of co-positivity within the lymph nodes was 42.9 % (p = 0.16). Expression of RhoA and Rac1 was absent in fibroblasts of adjacent normal tissue and in compromised lymph nodes. Based on our findings that no significant changes were observed between primary and metastatic lymph nodes, we suggest that fibroblasts are active participants in the invasion of cancer cells to lymph nodes and support the hypothesis that metastatic tumor cells continue to depend on their microenvironment.
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23
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Characteristic Gene Expression Profiles of Human Fibroblasts and Breast Cancer Cells in a Newly Developed Bilateral Coculture System. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:960840. [PMID: 26171396 PMCID: PMC4480803 DOI: 10.1155/2015/960840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment of cancer cells has been implicated in cancer development and progression. Cancer-associated fibroblast constitutes a major stromal component of the microenvironment. To analyze interaction between cancer cells and fibroblasts, we have developed a new bilateral coculture system using a two-sided microporous collagen membrane. Human normal skin fibroblasts were cocultured with three different human breast cancer cell lines: MCF-7, SK-BR-3, and HCC1937. After coculture, mRNA was extracted separately from cancer cells and fibroblasts and applied to transcriptomic analysis with microarray. Top 500 commonly up- or downregulated genes were characterized by enrichment functional analysis using MetaCore Functional Analysis. Most of the genes upregulated in cancer cells were downregulated in fibroblasts while most of the genes downregulated in cancer cells were upregulated in fibroblasts, indicating that changing patterns of mRNA expression were reciprocal between cancer cells and fibroblasts. In coculture, breast cancer cells commonly increased genes related to mitotic response and TCA pathway while fibroblasts increased genes related to carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis, glycogenesis, and glucose transport, indicating that fibroblasts support cancer cell proliferation by supplying energy sources. We propose that the bilateral coculture system using collagen membrane is useful to study interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells by mimicking in vivo tumor microenvironment.
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24
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Ferreira EN, de Campos Molina G, Puga RD, Nagai MA, Campos AHJFM, Guimarães GC, Nunes DN, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Brentani H, Dias-Neto E, Brentani RR, Carraro DM. Linear mRNA amplification approach for RNAseq from limited amount of RNA. Gene 2015; 564:220-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Freire J, Domínguez-Hormaetxe S, Pereda S, De Juan A, Vega A, Simón L, Gómez-Román J. Collagen, type XI, alpha 1: An accurate marker for differential diagnosis of breast carcinoma invasiveness in core needle biopsies. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:879-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Del Valle PR, Milani C, Brentani MM, Katayama MLH, de Lyra EC, Carraro DM, Brentani H, Puga R, Lima LA, Rozenchan PB, Nunes BDS, Góes JCGS, Azevedo Koike Folgueira MA. Transcriptional profile of fibroblasts obtained from the primary site, lymph node and bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:480-9. [PMID: 25249769 PMCID: PMC4171766 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) influence tumor development at primary as well as in metastatic sites, but there have been no direct comparisons of the transcriptional profiles of stromal cells from different tumor sites. In this study, we used customized cDNA microarrays to compare the gene expression profile of stromal cells from primary tumor (CAF, n = 4), lymph node metastasis (N+, n = 3) and bone marrow (BM, n = 4) obtained from breast cancer patients. Biological validation was done in another 16 samples by RT-qPCR. Differences between CAF vs N+, CAF vs BM and N+ vs BM were represented by 20, 235 and 245 genes, respectively (SAM test, FDR < 0.01). Functional analysis revealed that genes related to development and morphogenesis were overrepresented. In a biological validation set, NOTCH2 was confirmed to be more expressed in N+ (vs CAF) and ADCY2, HECTD1, HNMT, LOX, MACF1, SLC1A3 and USP16 more expressed in BM (vs CAF). Only small differences were observed in the transcriptional profiles of fibroblasts from the primary tumor and lymph node of breast cancer patients, whereas greater differences were observed between bone marrow stromal cells and the other two sites. These differences may reflect the activities of distinct differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Del Valle
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | - Cintia Milani
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | - Maria Mitzi Brentani
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Hirata Katayama
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | | | - Dirce Maria Carraro
- Centro Internacional de Pesquisa e Ensino , Hospital A.C. Camargo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Departamento de Psiquiatria , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | - Renato Puga
- Centro Internacional de Pesquisa e Ensino , Hospital A.C. Camargo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | - Leandro A Lima
- Centro Internacional de Pesquisa e Ensino , Hospital A.C. Camargo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | - Patricia Bortman Rozenchan
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
| | - Bárbara Dos Santos Nunes
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brazil
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Weigelt B, Ghajar CM, Bissell MJ. The need for complex 3D culture models to unravel novel pathways and identify accurate biomarkers in breast cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:42-51. [PMID: 24412474 PMCID: PMC4186247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent cataloging of the genomic aberrations in breast cancer has revealed the diversity and complexity of the disease at the genetic level. To unravel the functional consequences of specific repertoires of mutations and copy number changes on signaling pathways in breast cancer, it is crucial to develop model systems that truly recapitulate the disease. Here we discuss the three-dimensional culture models currently being used or recently developed for the study of normal mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer, including primary tumors and dormancy. We discuss the insights gained from these models in regards to cell signaling and potential therapeutic strategies, and the challenges that need to be met for the generation of heterotypic breast cancer model systems that are amenable for high-throughput approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial-Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Cyrus M Ghajar
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: morphological and molecular features implicated in progression. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20130077. [PMID: 27919043 PMCID: PMC3894794 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of mammographic screening programmes around the world, including in developing countries, has substantially contributed to the diagnosis of small non-palpable lesions, which has increased the detection rate of DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ). DCIS is heterogeneous in several ways, such as its clinical presentation, morphology and genomic profile. Excellent outcomes have been reported; however, many questions remain unanswered. For example, which patients groups are overtreated and could instead benefit from minimal intervention and which patient groups require a more traditional multidisciplinary approach. The development of a comprehensive integrated analysis that includes the radiological, morphological and genetic aspects of DCIS is necessary to answer these questions. This review focuses on discussing the significant findings about the morphological and molecular features of DCIS and its progression that have helped to uncover the biological and genetic heterogeneity of this disease. The knowledge gained in recent years might allow the development of tailored clinical management for women with DCIS in the future.
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Markers of breast cancer stromal fibroblasts in the primary tumour site associated with lymph node metastasis: a systematic review including our case series. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:BSR20130060. [PMID: 24229053 PMCID: PMC3860578 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CAFs (cancer-associated fibroblasts), the most abundant cell type in breast cancer stroma, produce a plethora of chemokines, growth factors and ECM (extracellular matrix) proteins, that may contribute to dissemination and metastasis. Axillary nodes are the first metastatic site in breast cancer; however, to the present date, there is no consensus of which specific proteins, synthesized by CAFs, might be related with lymph node involvement. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of CAF biomarkers associated with the presence of regional metastasis. PubMed was searched using the words: ‘breast cancer’ and ‘lymph node’ and fibroblast or stroma or microenvironment. After exclusions, eight studies evaluating biomarkers immunoexpression in CAFs and lymph node status were selected. Biomarkers evaluated in these studies may be divided in two groups, according to their ontology: extracellular matrix components [MMP13 (matrix metalloproteinase 13), TIMP2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2), THBS1 (thrombospondin 1), LGALS1 (lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1)] and response to wounding [PDPN (podoplanin), PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), PLAUR (plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor), CAV1 (caveolin 1), THBS1, LGALS1]. A positive expression of MMP13 and LGALS1 in CAFs was associated with enhanced OR (odds ratio) for regional metastasis. Contrariwise, CAV1 positive staining of fibroblasts was associated with decreased OR for nodal involvement. Expression of MMP13, PDPN and CAV1 was further tested in a new series of 65 samples of invasive ductal breast carcinomas by immunohistochemistry and no association between biomarkers expression in CAFs and nodal status was found. It was suggested that breast cancer subtypes may differentially affect CAFs behaviour. It would be interesting to evaluate the prognostic significance of these biomarkers in CAFs from different tumour types.
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Grosso SHG, Katayama MLH, Roela RA, Nonogaki S, Soares FA, Brentani H, Lima L, Folgueira MAAK, Waitzberg AFL, Pasini FS, Góes JCGS, Brentani MM. Breast cancer tissue slices as a model for evaluation of response to rapamycin. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:671-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Transcriptional effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) physiological and supra-physiological concentrations in breast cancer organotypic culture. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:119. [PMID: 23497279 PMCID: PMC3637238 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D transcriptional effects were linked to tumor growth control, however, the hormone targets were determined in cell cultures exposed to supra physiological concentrations of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (50-100nM). Our aim was to evaluate the transcriptional effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in a more physiological model of breast cancer, consisting of fresh tumor slices exposed to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) at concentrations that can be attained in vivo. METHODS Tumor samples from post-menopausal breast cancer patients were sliced and cultured for 24 hours with or without 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM or 100nM. Gene expression was analyzed by microarray (SAM paired analysis, FDR≤0.1) or RT-qPCR (p≤0.05, Friedman/Wilcoxon test). Expression of candidate genes was then evaluated in mammary epithelial/breast cancer lineages and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), exposed or not to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM, using RT-qPCR, western blot or immunocytochemistry. RESULTS 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM or 100nM effects were evaluated in five tumor samples by microarray and seven and 136 genes, respectively, were up-regulated. There was an enrichment of genes containing transcription factor binding sites for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in samples exposed to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) near physiological concentration. Genes up-modulated by both 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations were CYP24A1, DPP4, CA2, EFTUD1, TKTL1, KCNK3. Expression of candidate genes was subsequently evaluated in another 16 samples by RT-qPCR and up-regulation of CYP24A1, DPP4 and CA2 by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was confirmed. To evaluate whether the transcripitonal targets of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM were restricted to the epithelial or stromal compartments, gene expression was examined in HB4A, C5.4, SKBR3, MDA-MB231, MCF-7 lineages and CAFs, using RT-qPCR. In epithelial cells, there was a clear induction of CYP24A1, CA2, CD14 and IL1RL1. In fibroblasts, in addition to CYP24A1 induction, there was a trend towards up-regulation of CA2, IL1RL1, and DPP4. A higher protein expression of CD14 in epithelial cells and CA2 and DPP4 in CAFs exposed to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM was detected. CONCLUSIONS In breast cancer specimens a short period of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) exposure at near physiological concentration modestly activates the hormone transcriptional pathway. Induction of CYP24A1, CA2, DPP4, IL1RL1 expression appears to reflect 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) effects in epithelial as well as stromal cells, however, induction of CD14 expression is likely restricted to the epithelial compartment.
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Shtilbans V. Role of stromal-epithelial interaction in the formation and development of cancer cells. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2013; 6:193-202. [PMID: 23430817 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-013-0131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Identification of gene expression mechanisms began with works on embryonic induction. The same mechanism of cell-cell interactions also contributes to the process of oncogenesis. Damage to epithelial cells' genetic apparatus turns them into precancerous stem cells that are not yet capable of tumor growth. They can be transformed into cancer stem cells and undergo further progression as a result of epigenetic effects of apocrine secretion by surrounding activated stromal cells (mostly myofibroblasts). These factors may activate the damaged genetic information. On the contrary, the level of malignancy can be decreased by adding culture medium from non-activated stromal cells. One must not exclude the possibility that in a number of cases genetically altered bone marrow may migrate to damaged or inflamed tissues and become there a source of stromal cells, as well as of parenchymal stem cells in a damaged organ, where they may give rise to changed epithelial (precancerous) stem cells or to activated stromal cells, thus leading to malignant tumor growth. Cancer treatment should also affect activated stromal cells. It may prevent emergence and progression of cancerous stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Shtilbans
- Division of Immunohistochemistry, Specialty Testing Group, Integrated Oncology, LabCorp, 521 West 57 Str, 6th Fl., New York, NY, 10029, USA,
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Campos LT, Brentani H, Roela RA, Katayama MLH, Lima L, Rolim CF, Milani C, Folgueira MAAK, Brentani MM. Differences in transcriptional effects of 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on fibroblasts associated to breast carcinomas and from paired normal breast tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 133:12-24. [PMID: 22939885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) on breast carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are still unknown. This study aimed to identify genes whose expression was altered after 1,25D treatment in CAFs and matched adjacent normal mammary associated fibroblasts (NAFs). CAFs and NAFs (from 5 patients) were cultured with or without (control) 1,25D 100 nM. Both CAF and NAF expressed vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1,25D induction of the genomic pathway was detected through up-regulation of the target gene CYP24A1. Microarray analysis showed that despite presenting 50% of overlapping genes, CAFs and NAFs exhibited distinct transcriptional profiles after 1,25D treatment (FDR<0.05). Functional analysis revealed that in CAFs, genes associated with proliferation (NRG1, WNT5A, PDGFC) were down regulated and those involved in immune modulation (NFKBIA, TREM-1) were up regulated, consistent with anti tumor activities of 1,25D in breast cancer. In NAFs, a distinct subset of genes was induced by 1,25D, involved in anti apoptosis, detoxification, antibacterial defense system and protection against oxidative stress, which may limit carcinogenesis. Co-expression network and interactome analysis of genes commonly regulated by 1,25D in NAFs and CAFs revealed differences in their co-expression values, suggesting that 1,25D effects in NAFs are distinct from those triggered in CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tojeiro Campos
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Sala 4112, CEP 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Angelucci C, Maulucci G, Lama G, Proietti G, Colabianchi A, Papi M, Maiorana A, De Spirito M, Micera A, Balzamino OB, Di Leone A, Masetti R, Sica G. Epithelial-stromal interactions in human breast cancer: effects on adhesion, plasma membrane fluidity and migration speed and directness. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50804. [PMID: 23251387 PMCID: PMC3519494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions occurring between malignant cells and the stromal microenvironment heavily influence tumor progression. We investigated whether this cross-talk affects some molecular and functional aspects specifically correlated with the invasive phenotype of breast tumor cells (i.e. adhesion molecule expression, membrane fluidity, migration) by co-culturing mammary cancer cells exhibiting different degrees of metastatic potential (MDA-MB-231>MCF-7) with fibroblasts isolated from breast healthy skin (normal fibroblasts, NFs) or from breast tumor stroma (cancer-associated fibroblasts, CAFs) in 2D or 3D (nodules) cultures. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis of the epithelial adhesion molecule E-cadherin on frozen nodule sections demonstrated that NFs and CAFs, respectively, induced or inhibited its expression in MCF-7 cells. An increase in the mesenchymal adhesion protein N-cadherin was observed in CAFs, but not in NFs, as a result of the interaction with both kinds of cancer cells. CAFs, in turn, promoted N-cadherin up-regulation in MDA-MB-231 cells and its de novo expression in MCF-7 cells. Beyond promotion of “cadherin switching”, another sign of the CAF-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was the induction of vimentin expression in MCF-7 cells. Plasma membrane labeling of monolayer cultures with the fluorescent probe Laurdan showed an enhancement of the membrane fluidity in cancer cells co-cultured with NFs or CAFs. An increase in lipid packing density of fibroblast membranes was promoted by MCF-7 cells. Time-lapsed cell tracking analysis of mammary cancer cells co-cultured with NFs or CAFs revealed an enhancement of tumor cell migration velocity, even with a marked increase in the directness induced by CAFs. Our results demonstrate a reciprocal influence of mammary cancer and fibroblasts on various adhesiveness/invasiveness features. Notably, CAFs' ability to promote EMT, reduction of cell adhesion, increase in membrane fluidity, and migration velocity and directness in mammary cancer cells can be viewed as an overall progression- and invasion-promoting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Angelucci
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Gina Lama
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Gabriella Proietti
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Anna Colabianchi
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | | | - Marco De Spirito
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Fondazione G.B. Bietti, Roma, Italia
| | - Omar Bijorn Balzamino
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Fondazione G.B. Bietti, Roma, Italia
| | - Alba Di Leone
- Dipartimento per la Tutela della Salute della Donna e della Vita Nascente, del Bambino e dell'Adolescente - Unità Operativa di Chirurgia Senologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Dipartimento per la Tutela della Salute della Donna e della Vita Nascente, del Bambino e dell'Adolescente - Unità Operativa di Chirurgia Senologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia “A. Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
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Down-regulation of ANAPC13 and CLTCL1: Early Events in the Progression of Preinvasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:113-23. [PMID: 22496928 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the gene expression profile in epithelial cells during breast ductal carcinoma (DC) progression have been shown to occur mainly between pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to the in situ component of a lesion with coexisting invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS-IDC) implying that the molecular program for invasion is already established in the preinvasive lesion. For assessing early molecular alterations in epithelial cells that trigger tumorigenesis and testing them as prognostic markers for breast ductal carcinoma progression, we analyzed, by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, eight genes previously identified as differentially expressed between epithelial tumor cells populations captured from preinvasive lesions with distinct malignant potential, pure DCIS and the in situ component of DCIS-IDC. ANAPC13 and CLTCL1 down-regulation revealed to be early events of DC progression that anticipated the invasiveness manifestation. Further down-regulation of ANAPC13 also occurred after invasion appearance and the presence of the protein in invasive tumor samples was associated with higher rates of overall and disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, tumors with low levels of ANAPC13 displayed increased copy number alterations, with significant gains at 1q (1q23.1-1q32.1), 8q, and 17q (17q24.2), regions that display common imbalances in breast tumors, suggesting that down-regulation of ANAPC13 contributes to genomic instability in this disease.
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36
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Król M, Pawłowski KM, Szyszko K, Maciejewski H, Dolka I, Manuali E, Jank M, Motyl T. The gene expression profiles of canine mammary cancer cells grown with carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as a co-culture in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:35. [PMID: 22453032 PMCID: PMC3355042 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is supposed that fibroblasts present in tumour microenvironment increase cancer invasiveness and its ability to metastasize but the mechanisms have not been clearly defined yet. Thus, the current study was designed to assess changes in gene expression in five various cancer cell lines grown as a co-culture with the carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in vitro. Results A carcinoma-associated fibroblast cell line was isolated from a canine mammary cancer. Then, a co-culture of cancer cells with the CAFs was established and maintained for 72 hrs. Having sorted the cells, a global gene expression in cancer cells using DNA microarrays was examined. The analysis revealed an up-regulation of 100 genes and a down-regulation of 106 genes in the cancer cells grown as a co-culture with the CAFs in comparison to control conditions. The PANTHER binomial statistics tool was applied to determine statistically over-manifested pathways (p < 0.05). Bulk of the up-regulated genes are involved in the adhesion, the angiogenesis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and generally take part in the developmental processes. These results were further confirmed using real-time qPCR. Moreover, a wound-healing assay and growth characteristics on Matrigel matrix showed that CAFs increase cancer cell migration and matrix invasion. Conclusion The results of the current study showed that the co-culturing of cancer cells and the CAFs caused significant changes to the cancer gene expression. The presence of the CAFs in a microenvironment of cancer cells promotes adhesion, angiogenesis and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Król
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-WULS, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Gene expression analysis of in vitro cocultures to study interactions between breast epithelium and stroma. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:520987. [PMID: 22203785 PMCID: PMC3238808 DOI: 10.1155/2011/520987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between breast epithelium and stroma are fundamental to normal tissue homeostasis and for tumor initiation and progression. Gene expression studies of in vitro coculture models demonstrate that in vitro models have relevance for tumor progression in vivo. For example, stromal gene expression has been shown to vary in association with tumor subtype in vivo, and analogous in vitro cocultures recapitulate subtype-specific biological interactions. Cocultures can be used to study cancer cell interactions with specific stromal components (e.g., immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelium) and different representative cell lines (e.g., cancer-associated versus normal-associated fibroblasts versus established, immortalized fibroblasts) can help elucidate the role of stromal variation in tumor phenotypes. Gene expression data can also be combined with cell-based assays to identify cellular phenotypes associated with gene expression changes. Coculture systems are manipulable systems that can yield important insights about cell-cell interactions and the cellular phenotypes that occur as tumor and stroma co-evolve.
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38
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Holton SE, Walsh MJ, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Bhargava R. Label-free characterization of cancer-activated fibroblasts using infrared spectroscopic imaging. Biophys J 2011; 101:1513-21. [PMID: 21943433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glandular tumors arising in epithelial cells comprise the majority of solid human cancers. Glands are supported by stroma, which is activated in the proximity of a tumor. Activated stroma is often characterized by the molecular expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) within fibroblasts. However, the precise spatial and temporal evolution of chemical changes in fibroblasts upon epithelial tumor signaling is poorly understood. Here we report a label-free method to characterize fibroblast changes by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging and comparing spectra with α-SMA expression in primary normal human fibroblasts. We recorded the fibroblast activation process by spectroscopic imaging using increasingly tissue-like conditions: 1), stimulation with the growth factor TGFβ1; 2), coculture with MCF-7 human breast cancerous epithelial cells in Transwell coculture; and 3), coculture with MCF-7 in three-dimensional cell culture. Finally, we compared the spectral signatures of stromal transformation with normal and malignant human breast tissue biopsies. The results indicate that this approach reveals temporally complex spectral changes and thus provides a richer assessment than simple molecular imaging based on α-SMA expression. Some changes are conserved across culture conditions and in human tissue, providing a label-free method to monitor stromal transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Holton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Poly (A)+ transcriptome assessment of ERBB2-induced alterations in breast cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21022. [PMID: 21731642 PMCID: PMC3120832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first quantitative and qualitative analysis of the poly (A)+ transcriptome of two human mammary cell lines, differentially expressing (human epidermal growth factor receptor) an oncogene over-expressed in approximately 25% of human breast tumors. Full-length cDNA populations from the two cell lines were digested enzymatically, individually tagged according to a customized method for library construction, and simultaneously sequenced by the use of the Titanium 454-Roche-platform. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis followed by experimental validation confirmed novel genes, splicing variants, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and gene fusions indicated by RNA-seq data from both samples. Moreover, comparative analysis showed enrichment in alternative events, especially in the exon usage category, in ERBB2 over-expressing cells, data indicating regulation of alternative splicing mediated by the oncogene. Alterations in expression levels of genes, such as LOX, ATP5L, GALNT3, and MME revealed by large-scale sequencing were confirmed between cell lines as well as in tumor specimens with different ERBB2 backgrounds. This approach was shown to be suitable for structural, quantitative, and qualitative assessment of complex transcriptomes and revealed new events mediated by ERBB2 overexpression, in addition to potential molecular targets for breast cancer that are driven by this oncogene.
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Holton SE, Walsh MJ, Bhargava R. Subcellular localization of early biochemical transformations in cancer-activated fibroblasts using infrared spectroscopic imaging. Analyst 2011; 136:2953-8. [PMID: 21647505 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, or stroma, is chemically and morphologically modified during carcinoma progression. The predominant cell type in the stroma, the fibroblast, maintains collagen properties in normal tissue and often transformed during tumor progression. Biochemical changes within fibroblasts upon initial cancer activation, however, are relatively poorly defined. Here, we hypothesized that Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging could potentially be employed to examine these early transformations. Further, we employ attenuated total reflectance (ATR) microscopy to characterize subcellular spectra and their changes upon transformation. We characterized fibroblast transitions upon stimulation with both a molecular agent and a carcinoma-mimicking cellular co-culture system. Changes were predominantly observed in the 1080 cm(-1) and 1224 cm(-1) peak absorbance, commonly associated with nucleic acids, as well as in the band at 2930 cm(-1) associated with the C-H stretching of proteins in the cytoplasmic compartment. In conclusion, biochemical changes in cancer-associated fibroblasts that express α-SMA are dominated by the cytoplasm, rather than the nucleus. This ensures that spectral changes are not associated with proliferation or cell cycle processes of the cells and the cells are undergoing a true phenotypic change denoted by protein modifications in the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Holton
- Department of Bioengineering, Micro- and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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MPA-induced gene expression and stromal and parenchymal gene expression profiles in luminal murine mammary carcinomas with different hormonal requirements. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 129:49-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Santos RPC, Benvenuti TT, Honda ST, Del Valle PR, Katayama MLH, Brentani HP, Carraro DM, Rozenchan PB, Brentani MM, de Lyra EC, Torres CH, Salzgeber MB, Kaiano JHL, Góes JCS, Folgueira MAAK. Influence of the interaction between nodal fibroblast and breast cancer cells on gene expression. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:145-57. [PMID: 20820980 PMCID: PMC3003151 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the interaction between breast cancer cells and nodal fibroblasts, by means of their gene expression profile. Fibroblast primary cultures were established from negative and positive lymph nodes from breast cancer patients and a similar gene expression pattern was identified, following cell culture. Fibroblasts and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231, MDA-MB435, and MCF7) were cultured alone or co-cultured separated by a porous membrane (which allows passage of soluble factors) for comparison. Each breast cancer lineage exerted a particular effect on fibroblasts viability and transcriptional profile. However, fibroblasts from positive and negative nodes had a parallel transcriptional behavior when co-cultured with a specific breast cancer cell line. The effects of nodal fibroblasts on breast cancer cells were also investigated. MDA MB-231 cells viability and migration were enhanced by the presence of fibroblasts and accordingly, MDA-MB435 and MCF7 cells viability followed a similar pattern. MDA-MB231 gene expression profile, as evaluated by cDNA microarray, was influenced by the fibroblasts presence, and HNMT, COMT, FN3K, and SOD2 were confirmed downregulated in MDA-MB231 co-cultured cells with fibroblasts from both negative and positive nodes, in a new series of RT-PCR assays. In summary, transcriptional changes induced in breast cancer cells by fibroblasts from positive as well as negative nodes are very much alike in a specific lineage. However, fibroblasts effects are distinct in each one of the breast cancer lineages, suggesting that the inter-relationships between stromal and malignant cells are dependent on the intrinsic subtype of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Portilho Costa Santos
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, LIM24, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 4º andar, sala 4124, CEP: 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Milani C, Welsh J, Katayama MLH, Lyra EC, Maciel MS, Brentani MM, Folgueira MAAK. Human breast tumor slices: a model for identification of vitamin D regulated genes in the tumor microenvironment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:151-5. [PMID: 20307664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While many studies have addressed the direct effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 on breast cancer (BC) cells, stromal-epithelial interactions, which are important for the tumor development, have been largely ignored. In addition, high concentrations of the hormone, which cannot be attained in vivo, have been used. Our aim was to establish a more physiological breast cancer model, represented by BC tissue slices, which maintain epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, cultured with a relatively low 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 concentration, in order to evaluate the vitamin D pathway. Freshly excised human BC samples were sliced and cultured in complete culture media containing vehicle, 0.5 nM or 100 nM 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 for 24 h. BC slices remained viable for at least 24 h, as evaluated by preserved tissue morphology in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained sections and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation by 10% of tumor cells. VDR mRNA expression was detected in all samples and CYP24A1 mRNA expression was induced by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in both concentrations (but mainly with 100 nM). Our results indicate that the vitamin D signaling pathway is functional in BC slices, a model which preserves stromal-epithelial interactions and mimics in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Milani
- Departamento de Radiologia, Disciplina de Oncologia, LIM24, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
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Degnim AC, Frost MH, Radisky DC, Anderson SS, Vierkant RA, Boughey JC, Pankratz VS, Ghosh K, Hartmann LC, Visscher DW. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia and breast cancer risk. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17:3269-77. [PMID: 20567920 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a benign localized fibrotic lesion in which clusters of spindle cells form cleftlike spaces, resembling ectatic vessels. Its relationship to breast cancer risk has not been characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histological presence of PASH was evaluated by review of archival slides in a single institution cohort of women who underwent benign excisional breast biopsy from 1967 to 1991. Relative risks for subsequent breast cancer were estimated using standardized incidence ratios (SIR), comparing the observed number of cancers with those expected based on Iowa SEER data (mean follow-up 18.5 years). RESULTS PASH was identified in 579 of 9065 biopsies (6.4%). Women with PASH were younger, more likely to have a palpable mass as indication for biopsy, and had less lobular involution compared with those without PASH (all P < 0.001), while they did not differ by family history of breast cancer or degree of epithelial proliferation. Breast cancers occurred in 34 women with PASH (5.9%) and 789 without (8.8%). Women with PASH had lower risk of breast cancer (SIR 1.03, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.71-1.44) than those without PASH (SIR 1.54, 95% CI 1.43-1.65), P = 0.01. Lower levels of breast cancer risk for the PASH group persisted in analyses stratified by age, family history, epithelial proliferation, and involution. The cancers in the PASH group occurred predominantly in the ipsilateral breast more than 5 years after biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Despite clinical concern generated by palpable density often associated with PASH, this relatively uncommon histological finding does not connote increased risk of subsequent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Degnim
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Peng JY, Wang Y. Tumor stroma: a determinant role in local recurrence of rectal cancer patients receiving total mesorectal excision? Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:442-4. [PMID: 20447772 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Local recurrence (LR) dramatically decreases since the adoption of total mesorectal excision (TME) but still could not be avoided. Current mainstream views try to elucidate LR by focusing on tumor cells invasion, such as tumor stage or regional lymph nodes metastasis. But we hypothesize that not tumor cells but the cancer stroma should be responsible for the LR after TME. We believed current resection range of TME may cause remnant cancer stroma, which might act as the determinant role in LR by motivating carcinogenesis of neighboring normal epithelium. A series of supportive evidences are listed and future experiments to test our hypothesis are suggested. Once this hypothesis proved, current standards of TME should be substantially rewritten concerning the resection margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yuan Peng
- Department of Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
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Ge L, Meng W, Zhou H, Bhowmick N. Could stroma contribute to field cancerization? Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:26-31. [PMID: 20149555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The common oral diseases as well as oral cancer have the characteristic of field cancerization or field effect. Field cancerization, characterized by phenotypic and genetic changes in the neighboring cells of the frank cancer cells, is a clinical phenomenon first found in head and neck cancers. Field cancerization of the epithelia is currently a widely-accepted model in cancer biology as a manifestation of cancer progression. The concomitant changes in the tumor microenvironment have drawn more attention recently. Could the changes in the tumor microenvironment and the epithelial field cancerization concepts be linked? In view of the importance of stroma in the development of epithelium and evidence in carcinoma-associated stroma, we propose the question if stroma not only reciprocates the neoplastic changes of the epithelia, but also contributes to field cancerization. Actually one perspective paper pointed out that healing wound can influence the recurrence of field cancerization. In another words, the microenvironment of healing wound determines the prognosis of field cancerization. Based on the literatures published and our own work, we hypothesize a new model of field cancerization focusing on the co-evolution of the tumor microenvironment. We suggest that the microenvironment cannot be neglected when treating diseases with characteristics of field cancerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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