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Placha W, Suder P, Panek A, Bronowicka-Adamska P, Zarzycka M, Szczygieł M, Zagajewski J, Piwowar MW. The Blocking of Drug Resistance Channels by Selected Hydrophobic Statins in Chemoresistance Human Melanoma. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1682. [PMID: 38136555 PMCID: PMC10741734 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of modern drugs, drug resistance in oncology remains the main factor limiting the curability of patients. This paper shows the use of a group of hydrophobic statins to inhibit drug resistance (Pgp protein). In a chemoresistance melanoma cell model, viability, necroptosis with DNA damage, the absorption of the applied pharmaceuticals, and the functional activity of the ABCB1 drug transporter after administration of docetaxel or docetaxel with a selected hydrophobic statin were studied. Taxol-resistant human melanoma cells from three stages of development were used as a model: both A375P and WM239A metastatic lines and radial growth phase WM35 cells. An animal model (Mus musculus SCID) was developed for the A375P cell line. The results show that hydrophobic statins administered with docetaxel increase the accumulation of the drug in the tumor cell a.o. by blocking the ABCB1 channel. They reduce taxol-induced drug resistance. The tumor size reduction was observed after the drug combination was administrated. It was shown that the structural similarity of statins is of secondary importance, e.g., pravastatin and simvastatin. Using cytostatics in the presence of hydrophobic statins increases their effectiveness while reducing their overall toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Placha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7b St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (P.B.-A.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Panek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Patrycja Bronowicka-Adamska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7b St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (P.B.-A.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Marta Zarzycka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7b St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (P.B.-A.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jacek Zagajewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7b St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (P.B.-A.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Monika Weronika Piwowar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7e St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
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Jiang F, Ren J, Gao Y, Wang J, Zhao Y, Dai F. Legumain-induced intracerebrally crosslinked vesicles for suppressing efflux transport of Alzheimer's disease multi-drug nanosystem. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1750-1764. [PMID: 33313452 PMCID: PMC7718144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain barrier is both a protective permeability hurdle and a limitation site where therapeutic agents are excluded to enter the target region. Designing drug vehicle to overcome this notorious barrier bottle is challenging. Herein, we construct a stimuli-responsive self-assembled nanovesicle that delivers water-soluble drugs to prevent the efflux transport of brain barriers by responding to the endogenously occurring signals in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain microenvironment. Once stimuli-responsive vesicles are accumulated in intracerebrally, the intrinsically occurring legumain endopeptidase cleaves the Ac-Ala-Ala-Asn-Cys-Asp (AK) short peptide on the drug vesicles to expose the 1,2 thiol amino group to cyclize with the cyano groups on 2-cyano-6-aminobenzothiazole (CABT) of the chaperone vesicles, thus triggering the formation of cross-linked micrometre-scale vesicles. Such a structural alteration completely prevents further brain barriers efflux. The superior neuroprotective capacity of cross-linked vesicles is validated in senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). This smart multi-drug delivery vesicle is promising to serve as a powerful system for AD treatment and can be adapted for the therapy of other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Jiang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jian Ren
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yachai Gao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jinna Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Fengying Dai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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Manda K, Juerß D, Fischer P, Schröder A, Koenen A, Hildebrandt G. Simvastatin treatment varies the radiation response of human breast cells in 2D or 3D culture. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:658-669. [PMID: 33313978 PMCID: PMC8068713 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Statins inhibit the cholesterol biosynthesis and are used as cholesterol-lowering agents in fat-metabolism disorders. Furthermore, several studies state that statins have supportive functions in breast cancer treatment. Therefore, simvastatin (SVA) as a potential radiosensitizer should be investigated on the basis of human breast cells. Methods First, an optimal concentration of SVA for normal (MCF10A) and cancer (MCF-7) cells was identified via growth and cytotoxicity assays that, according to the definition of a radiosensitizer in the narrower sense, enhances the effect of radiation therapy but has no cytotoxic effect. Next, in combination with radiation SVA's influence on DNA repair capacity and clonogenic survival in 2D and 3D was determined. Furthermore cell cycle distribution, expression of survivin and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) as well as ERK1 map kinase were analysed. Results 1 μM SVA was identified as highest concentration without an influence on cell growth and cytotoxicity and was used for further analyses. In terms of early and residual γH2AX-foci, SVA affected the number of foci in both cell lines with or without irradiation. Different radiation responses were detected in 2D and 3D culture conditions. During the 2D cultivation, a radiosensitizing effect within the clonogenic survival was observable, but not in 3D. Conclusion The present study suggests that SVA may have potential for radiosensitization. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the role of SVA in relation to the extent of radiosensitization and how it could be used to positively influence the therapy of breast cancer or other entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Manda
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dajana Juerß
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Paul Fischer
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Annemarie Schröder
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Annelie Koenen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Rabea S, Alanazi FK, Ashour AE, Salem-Bekhit MM, Yassin AS, Moneib NA, Hashem AEM, Haq N. Salmonella-innovative targeting carrier: Loading with doxorubicin for cancer treatment. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1253-1262. [PMID: 33132719 PMCID: PMC7584810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell- based targeted delivery is recently gain attention as a promising platform for delivery of anticancer drug in selective and efficient manner. As a new biotechnology platform, bacterial ghosts (BGs) have novel biomedical application as targeted drug delivery system (TDDS). In the current work, Salmonellas' BGs was utilized for the first time as hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in-vitro targeted delivery system. Successful BGs loading and accurate analysis of doxorubicin (DOX) were necessary steps for testing the applicability of DOX loaded BGs in targeting the liver cancer cells. Loading capacity was maximized to reach 27.5 µg/mg (27.5% encapsulation efficiency), by incubation of 10 mg BGs with 1 mg DOX at pH 9 in constant temperature (25 °C) for 10 min. In-vitro release study of DOX loaded BGs showed a sustained release (182 h) obeying Higuchi sustained kinetic release model. The death rate (tested by MTT assay) of HepG2 reached to 64.5% by using of 4 μg/ml, while it was about 51% using the same concentration of the free DOX (P value < 0.0001 One-way ANOVA analysis). The proliferative inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the DOX combined formula was 1.328 µg/ml that was about one third of the IC50 of the free DOX (3.374 μg/ml). Apoptosis analysis (tested by flow-cytometry) showed more accumulation in early apoptosis (8.3%) and late apoptosis/necrosis (91%) by applying 1 μg/ml BGs combined DOX, while 1 μg/ml free DOX showed 33.4% of cells in early apoptosis and 39.3% in late apoptosis/necrosis, (P value˃ 0.05: one-way ANOVA). In conclusion, DOX loaded Salmonellas' BGs are successfully prepared and tested in vivo with promising potential as hepatocellular cancer (HCC) targeted delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Rabea
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Maarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K. Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelkader E. Ashour
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota Campus, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aymen S. Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11652, Egypt
| | - Nayera A. Moneib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11652, Egypt
| | - Abd Elgawad M. Hashem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, P.O. Box 43, Egypt
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Anderson CC, Khatri M, Roede JR. Time-dependent simvastatin administration enhances doxorubicin toxicity in neuroblastoma. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:520-528. [PMID: 32368502 PMCID: PMC7184108 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have a primary indication for the reduction and management of hypercholesterolemia; however, evidence shows that statins have the ability to increase the toxicity of chemotherapeutics within cancer cells by inducing anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects. More recently, lipophilic statins have shown complex interaction with energy metabolism, specifically acute mitochondrial dysfunction and delayed inhibition of glycolysis. With the goal to demonstrate that statin-mediated enhancement of chemotherapeutics is time-dependent, we hypothesized that the lipophilic statin simvastatin, in conjunction with variable co-exposure of doxorubicin or cisplatin, will enhance the toxicity of these drugs in neuroblastoma. Utilizing human SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells, we assessed cell proliferation, necrosis, caspase activation, and overall apoptosis of these cells. After determining the toxicity of simvastatin at 48 h post-treatment, 10μM was chosen as the intervention concentration. We found that significant cell death resulted from 1.0μM dose of doxorubicin with 24 h pre-treatment of simvastatin. On the other hand, simvastatin enhancement of cisplatin toxicity was only observed in the co-exposure model. As doxorubicin has strict dosage limits due to its primary off-target toxicity in cardiac muscle, we further compared the effects of this drug combination on rat H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. We found that simvastatin did not enhance doxorubicin toxicity in this cell line. We conclude that simvastatin provides time-dependent sensitization of neuroblastoma cells to doxorubicin toxicity, and our results provide strong argument for the consideration of simvastatin as an adjuvant in doxorubicin-based chemotherapy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Meera Khatri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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Delineation of cell death mechanisms induced by synergistic effects of statins and erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC) lines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:959. [PMID: 31969600 PMCID: PMC6976657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to overcome tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in vivo and in vitro. However, little is known about the putative induction of non-apoptotic cell death pathways by statins. We investigated the effects of pitavastatin and fluvastatin alone or in combination with erlotinib in three NSCLC cell lines and examined the activation of different cell death pathways. We assessed apoptosis via fluorometric caspase assay and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP) cleavage. Furthermore, annexinV/propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry was performed. Small molecule inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD), necrostatin 1 (Nec1), ferrostatin 1 (Fer1), Ac-Lys-Lys-Norleucinal (Calp1) were used to characterise cell death pathway(s) putatively (co-)activated by pitavastatin/erlotinib co-treatment. Synergism was calculated by additivity and isobolographic analyses. Pitavastatin and fluvastatin induced cell death in EGFR TKI resistant NSCLC cells lines A549, Calu6 and H1993 as shown by caspase 3 activation and PARP cleavage. Co-treatment of cells with pitavastatin and the EGFR TKI erlotinib resulted in synergistically enhanced cytotoxicity compared to pitavastatin monotherapy. Flow cytometry indicated the induction of alternative regulated cell death pathways. However, only co-treatment with mevalonic acid (Mev) or the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD could restore cell viability. The results show that cytotoxicity mediated by statin/erlotinib co-treatment is synergistic and can overcome erlotinib resistance in K-ras mutated NSCLC and relies only on apoptosis.
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Danielak D, Karaźniewicz-Łada M, Główka F. Assessment of the Risk of Rhabdomyolysis and Myopathy During Concomitant Treatment with Ticagrelor and Statins. Drugs 2019; 78:1105-1112. [PMID: 30003466 PMCID: PMC6061431 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of ticagrelor, one of the first directly-acting oral antiplatelet drugs, provided new possibilities in the prevention of thrombotic events in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Current guidelines recommend ticagrelor in dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin over clopidogrel for prevention of stent thrombosis in patients with ACS. Moreover, in the management of ACS, lipid-lowering treatment with high-intensity statin therapy is advised for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events over the long term. Despite the apparent advantages of combined antiplatelet and lipid-lowering treatments, a possible interaction between statins and ticagrelor may lead to myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. In this review, relevant information was gathered on the ticagrelor-statin interaction that might lead to this life-threatening condition. This review focuses on the most widely used statins—simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin. Possible mechanisms of this interaction are discussed, including CYP3A4 isoenzymes, organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATPs), P-glycoprotein and glucuronidation. PubMed database was searched for relevant case reports and all data gathered from the introduction of ticagrelor to March 2018 are presented and discussed. In summary, co-administration of statins and ticagrelor was found to be relatively safe in routinely prescribed doses. However, caution should be exercised, especially in elder populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Danielak
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 St, 60-781, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marta Karaźniewicz-Łada
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 St, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Franciszek Główka
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 St, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
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Środa-Pomianek K, Michalak K, Palko-Łabuz A, Uryga A, Świątek P, Majkowski M, Wesołowska O. The Combined Use of Phenothiazines and Statins Strongly Affects Doxorubicin-Resistance, Apoptosis, and Cox-2 Activity in Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040955. [PMID: 30813251 PMCID: PMC6412564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since none of the multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators tested so far found their way into clinic, a novel approach to overcome the MDR of cancer cells has been proposed. The combined use of two MDR modulators of dissimilar mechanisms of action was suggested to benefit from the synergy between them. The effect of three phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents and in combination with simvastatin on cell growth, apoptosis induction, activity, and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in doxorubicin-resistant colon cancer cells (LoVo/Dx) was investigated. Treatment of LoVo/Dx cells by phenothiazine derivatives combined with simvastatin resulted in an increase of doxorubicin cytotoxicity and its intracellular accumulation as compared to the treatment with phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents. Similarly, LoVo/Dx cells treated with two-component mixture of modulators showed the reduced expression of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) transporter and COX-2 enzyme, both on mRNA and protein level. Reduced expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax were also detected. Additionally, COX-2 activity was diminished, and caspase-3 activity was increased to a higher extent by phenothiazine derivative:simvastatin mixtures than by phenothiazine derivatives themselves. Therefore, the introduction of simvastatin strengthened the anti-MDR, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic properties of phenothiazines in LoVo/Dx cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Palko-Łabuz
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Uryga
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Chemistry of Drugs, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Majkowski
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Polish Center for Technology Development, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Wasinger C, Hofer A, Spadiut O, Hohenegger M. Amino Acid Signature in Human Melanoma Cell Lines from Different Disease Stages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6245. [PMID: 29674683 PMCID: PMC5908844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells rewire metabolism to sustain high proliferation rates. Beside glycolysis and glutaminolysis, amino acids substitute as energy source, feed fatty acid biosynthesis and represent part of the secretome of transformed cells, including melanoma. We have therefore investigated acetate, pyruvate and the amino acid composition of the secretome of human melanoma cells representing the early slow (WM35, WM278, WM793b and VM21) and metastatic fast (A375, 518a2, 6F and WM8) growth phase in order to identify possible signalling components within these profiles. Proliferation assays and a principle component analysis revealed a stringent difference between the fast and slow growing melanoma cells. Moreover, upon inhibition of the mevalonate pathway, glutamic acid and alanine were identified as the central difference in the conditional media. A supplementation of the media with glutamic acid and the combination with alanine significantly accelerated the proliferation, migration and invasion of early stage melanoma cells, but not metastatic cells. Finally, the inhibition of the mevalonate pathway abolished the growth advantage of the melanoma cells in a time dependent manner. Taken together, these data corroborate a stage specific response in growth and aggressiveness to extracellular glutamic acid and alanine, indicative for microenvironmental signalling of individual amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wasinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Hofer
- Institute for Chemical, Enviromental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, A-1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute for Chemical, Enviromental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, A-1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Hohenegger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Höhn A, Krüger K, Skowron MA, Bormann S, Schumacher L, Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ, Niegisch G, Fritz G. Distinct mechanisms contribute to acquired cisplatin resistance of urothelial carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41320-41335. [PMID: 27191498 PMCID: PMC5173062 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CisPt) is frequently used in the therapy of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Its therapeutic efficacy is limited by inherent or acquired drug resistance. Here, we comparatively investigated the CisPt-induced response of two different parental urothelial carcinoma cell lines (RT-112, J-82) with that of respective drug resistant variants (RT-112R, J-82R) obtained upon month-long CisPt selection. Parental RT-112 cells were ~2.5 fold more resistant to CisPt than J-82 cells and showed a different expression pattern of CisPt-related resistance factors. CisPt resistant RT-112R and J-82R variants revealed a 2–3-fold increased CisPt resistance as compared to their corresponding parental counterparts. Acquired CisPt resistance was accompanied by morphological alterations resembling epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). RT-112R cells revealed lower apoptotic frequency and more pronounced G2/M arrest following CisPt exposure than RT-112 cells, whereas no differences in death induction were observed between J-82 and J-82R cells. CisPt resistant J-82R cells however were characterized by a reduced formation of CisPt-induced DNA damage and related DNA damage response (DDR) as compared to J-82 cells. Such difference was not observed between RT-112R and RT-112 cells. J-82R cells showed an enhanced sensitivity to pharmacological inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and, moreover, could be re-sensitized to CisPt upon Chk1 inhibition. Based on the data we suggest that mechanisms of acquired CisPt resistance of individual UC cells are substantially different, with apoptosis- and DDR-related mechanisms being of particular relevance. Moreover, the findings indicate that targeting of Chk1 might be useful to overcome acquired CisPt resistance of certain subtypes of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Höhn
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Krüger
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bormann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Schumacher
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Enkhjargal B, McBride DW, Manaenko A, Reis C, Sakai Y, Tang J, Zhang JH. Intranasal administration of vitamin D attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption through endogenous upregulation of osteopontin and activation of CD44/P-gp glycosylation signaling after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2555-2566. [PMID: 27671249 PMCID: PMC5531351 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16671147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of vitamin D3 (VitD3) on endogenous osteopontin (OPN), a neuroprotective glycoprotein, after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The endovascular perforation SAH model in Sprague-Dawley rats was used to study the effect of intranasal VitD3 (30 ng/kg) before (Pre-SAH + VitD3) and after (Post-SAH + VitD3) subarachnoid hemorrhage. Vitamin D3 (30, 60, 120 ng/kg/day) increased more than one fold endogenous OPN expression in astrocytes and endothelial cells of rat brain. Vitamin D3 significantly decreased brain edema and Evans blue extravasation. In addition, neurobehavioral scores were significantly higher in Pre-SAH + VitD3, but partly higher in Post-SAH + VitD3, group compared with SAH group. These protective effects of vitamin D3 were completely attenuated by intracerebroventricular injection of transcription inhibitor Actinomycin D and significantly inhibited by small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for vitamin D receptor and OPN in Pre-SAH + VitD3 rats. OPN expression was significantly higher in Pre-SAH + VitD3 rats, specifically A and C, but not B, isomers were upregulated in the astrocytes, leading to CD44 splicing, and P-gp glycosylation in brain endothelial cells. The results show that intranasal vitamin D3 attenuates blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption through endogenous upregulation of OPN and subsequent CD44 and P-gp glycosylation signals in brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, this study identifies a novel strategy for the cost-effective management of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budbazar Enkhjargal
- 1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,2 Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Medical University, Mongolia
| | - Devin W McBride
- 1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- 1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cesar Reis
- 1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yasushi Sakai
- 3 Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Science Technology, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jiping Tang
- 1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- 1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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12
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Chan T, Lu X, Shams T, Zhu L, Murray M, Zhou F. The Role of N-Glycosylation in Maintaining the Transporter Activity and Expression of Human Oligopeptide Transporter 1. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3449-3456. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chan
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xiaoxi Lu
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tahiatul Shams
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Retinal
Therapeutics Research Group, Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics
and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of
Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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13
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Lezina L, Aksenova V, Fedorova O, Malikova D, Shuvalov O, Antonov AV, Tentler D, Garabadgiu AV, Melino G, Barlev NA. KMT Set7/9 affects genotoxic stress response via the Mdm2 axis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25843-55. [PMID: 26317544 PMCID: PMC4694870 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic stress inflicted by anti-cancer drugs causes DNA breaks and genome instability. DNA double strand breaks induced by irradiation or pharmacological inhibition of Topoisomerase II activate ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated) kinase signalling pathway that in turn triggers cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. ATM-dependent gamma-phosphorylation of histone H2Ax and other histone modifications, including ubiquitnylation, promote exchange of histones and recruitment of DNA damage response (DDR) and repair proteins. Signal transduction pathways, besides DDR itself, also control expression of genes whose products cause cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis thus ultimately affecting the sensitivity of cells to genotoxic stress. In this study, using a number of experimental approaches we provide evidence that lysine-specific methyltransferase (KMT) Set7/9 affects DDR and DNA repair, at least in part, by regulating the expression of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, Mdm2. Furthermore, we show that Set7/9 physically interacts with Mdm2. Several cancer cell lines with inverse expression of Set7/9 and Mdm2 displayed diminished survival in response to genotoxic stress. These findings are signified by our bioinformatics studies suggesting that the unleashed expression of Mdm2 in cancer patients with diminished expression of Set7/9 is associated with poor survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lezina
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Vasilisa Aksenova
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Daria Malikova
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | | | - Dmitri Tentler
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Alexander V Garabadgiu
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Technology, Saint-Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.,Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Technology, Saint-Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Barlev
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia.,Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Technology, Saint-Petersburg, 190013, Russia
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14
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Tocilizumab unmasks a stage-dependent interleukin-6 component in statin-induced apoptosis of metastatic melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2016; 25:284-94. [PMID: 26020489 PMCID: PMC4492793 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-6 inhibits the growth of early-stage melanoma cells, but not metastatic cells. Metastatic melanoma cells are susceptible to statin-induced apoptosis, but this is not clear for early-stage melanoma cells. This study aimed to investigate the IL-6 susceptibility of melanoma cells from different stages in the presence of simvastatin to overcome loss of growth arrest. ELISA was used to detect secreted IL-6 in human melanoma cells. The effects of IL-6 were measured by western blots for STAT3 and Bcl-2 family proteins. Apoptosis and proliferation were measured by caspase 3 activity, Annexin V staining, cell cycle analysis, and a wound-healing assay. Human metastatic melanoma cells A375 and 518A2 secrete high amounts of IL-6, in contrast to early-stage WM35 cells. Canonical IL-6 signaling is intact in these cells, documented by transient phosphorylation of STAT3. Although WM35 cells are highly resistant to simvastatin-induced apoptosis, coadministration with IL-6 enhanced the susceptibility to undergo apoptosis. This proapoptotic effect of IL-6 might be explained by a downregulation of Bcl-XL, observed only in WM35 cells. Furthermore, the IL-6 receptor blocking antibody tocilizumab was coadministered and unmasked an IL-6-sensitive proportion in the simvastatin-induced caspase 3 activity of metastatic melanoma cells. These results confirm that simvastatin facilitates apoptosis in combination with IL-6. Although endogenous IL-6 secretion is sufficient in metastatic melanoma cells, exogenously added IL-6 is needed for WM35 cells. This effect may explain the failure of simvastatin to reduce melanoma incidence in clinical trials and meta-analyses.
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15
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Atil B, Berger-Sieczkowski E, Bardy J, Werner M, Hohenegger M. In vitro and in vivo downregulation of the ATP binding cassette transporter B1 by the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 389:17-32. [PMID: 26319048 PMCID: PMC4700083 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion of chemotherapeutics by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters like ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) represents a crucial mechanism of multidrug resistance in cancer therapy. We have previously shown that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor simvastatin directly inhibits ABCB1, alters the glycosylation of the transporter, and enhances the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin with subsequent anti-cancer action. Here, we show that simvastatin reduces endogenous dolichol levels and ABCB1 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Coapplication with dolichol prevents the downregulation of the ABCB1 transporter. Importantly, dolichol also attenuated simvastatin-induced apoptosis, unmasking involvement of unfolded protein response. Direct monitoring of the fluorescent fusion protein YFP-ABCB1 further confirms concentration-dependent reduction of ABCB1 in HEK293 cells by simvastatin. In simvastatin-treated murine xenografts, ABCB1 was also reduced in the liver and rhabdomyosarcoma but did not reach significance in neuroblastoma. Nevertheless, the in vivo anti-cancer effects of simvastatin are corroborated by increased apoptosis in tumor tissues. These findings provide experimental evidence for usage of simvastatin in novel chemotherapeutic regimens and link dolichol depletion to simvastatin-induced anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihter Atil
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Bardy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanuschkrankenhaus, Heinrich-Collin-Strasse 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanuschkrankenhaus, Heinrich-Collin-Strasse 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Hohenegger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Wasinger C, Künzl M, Minichsdorfer C, Höller C, Zellner M, Hohenegger M. Autocrine secretion of 15d-PGJ2 mediates simvastatin-induced apoptotic burst in human metastatic melanoma cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5708-27. [PMID: 25091578 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite new therapeutic approaches, metastatic melanomas still have a poor prognosis. Statins reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative actions. We have recently shown that simvastatin triggers an apoptotic burst in human metastatic melanoma cells by the synthesis of an autocrine factor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The current in vitro study was performed in human metastatic melanoma cell lines (A375, 518a2) and primary human melanocytes and melanoma cells. The secretome of simvastatin-stressed cells was analysed with two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and MS. The signalling pathways involved were analysed at the protein and mRNA level using pharmacological approaches and siRNA technology. KEY RESULTS Simvastatin was shown to activate a stress cascade, leading to the synthesis of 15-deoxy-12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2 ), in a p38- and COX-2-dependent manner. Significant concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 were reached in the medium of melanoma cells, which were sufficient to activate caspase 8 and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Inhibition of lipocalin-type PGD synthase, a key enzyme for 15d-PGJ2 synthesis, abolished the apoptotic effect of simvastatin. Moreover, 15d-PGJ2 was shown to bind to the fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5), which was up-regulated and predominantly detected in the secretome of simvastatin-stressed cells. Knockdown of FABP5 abolished simvastatin-induced activation of PPAR-γ and amplified the apoptotic response. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We characterized simvastatin-induced activation of the 15d-PGJ2 /FABP5 signalling cascades, which triggered an apoptotic burst in melanoma cells but did not affect primary human melanocytes. These data support the rationale for the pharmacological targeting of 15d-PGJ2 in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wasinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Importance of the difference in surface pressures of the cell membrane in doxorubicin resistant cells that do not express Pgp and ABCG2. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 66:499-512. [PMID: 23314884 PMCID: PMC3726932 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) represents the archetypal mechanism of drug resistance. But Pgp alone cannot expel drugs. A small but growing body of works has demonstrated that the membrane biophysical properties are central to Pgp-mediated drug resistance. For example, a change in the membrane surface pressure is expected to support drug–Pgp interaction. An interesting aspect from these models is that under specific conditions, the membrane is predicted to take over Pgp concerning the mechanism of drug resistance especially when the surface pressure is high enough, at which point drugs remain physically blocked at the membrane level. However it remains to be determined experimentally whether the membrane itself could, on its own, affect drug entry into cells that have been selected by a low concentration of drug and that do not express transporters. We demonstrate here that in the case of the drug doxorubicin, alteration of the surface pressure of membrane leaflets drive drug resistance.
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18
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S S, C. H A, C GPD, B R, Ravindran A. BSA nanoparticle loaded atorvastatin calcium--a new facet for an old drug. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86317. [PMID: 24498272 PMCID: PMC3911917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, the discovery of effective chemotherapeutic agents poses a major challenge to the field of cancer biology. The present study focuses on enhancing the therapeutic and anti cancer properties of atorvastatin calcium loaded BSA (ATV-BSA) nanoparticles in vitro. Methodology/Results BSA-ATV nanoparticles were prepared using desolvation technique. The process parameters were optimized based on the amount of desolvating agent, stabilization conditions as well as the concentration of the cross linker. The anti cancer properties of the protein coated ATV nanoparticles were tested on MiaPaCa-2 cell lines. In vitro release behavior of the drug from the carrier suggests that about 85% of the drug gets released after 72 hrs. Our studies show that ATV-BSA nanoparticles showed specific targeting and enhanced cytotoxicity to MiaPaCa-2 cells when compared to the bare ATV. Conclusion We hereby propose that the possible mechanism of cellular uptake of albumin bound ATV could be through caveolin mediated endocytosis. Hence our studies open up new facet for an existing cholesterol drug as a potent anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripriyalakshmi. S
- Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - Anjali. C. H
- Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
| | - George Priya Doss. C
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Rajith B
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Aswathy Ravindran
- Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
- * E-mail:
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19
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Künzl M, Wasinger C, Hohenegger M. Statins role in cancer prevention and development-recent meta-analyses. World J Pharmacol 2013; 2:100-106. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v2.i4.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic indications of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) include hypercholesterolaemia and the prevention of cardiovascular events. Statins are well tolerated and beyond their unambiguous positive cardiovascular effects there are a steadily increasing number of pleiotropic actions emerging. In this regard, growth inhibition, apoptosis, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions have been attributed to statins. The anti-proliferative effects have been the basis for massive preclinical investigations to elucidate a functional role for statins in carcinogenesis and tumor cell growth. However, preclinical and clinical studies are conflicting, although there is accumulating evidence that statins are capable to suppress and decrease the incidence and recurrence of some human cancers. Given the fact that statins are well tolerated they might also have some impact in combinations with conventional and targeted chemotherapy. While synergism has been shown for many combinations in vitro this does not hold true yet in the clinics. Here we review the rational behind usage of statins in oncological settings. Positive effects have been observed in patients with melanoma and cancers from the breast, colon, prostate, lung, liver and hematologic tissues. However, substantial evidence from clinical studies is still weak and confounded by several factors, which are inherent in the study design. The majority of the studies are observational or of retrospective nature. Definitely, there is substantial need for larger, prospective randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Finally, we conclude that statins at the current status of evidence should not be recommended in the prevention or during progression of any cancers, however, individual statins may have beneficial effects in specific tumor subgroups.
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20
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Werner M, Atil B, Sieczkowski E, Chiba P, Hohenegger M. Simvastatin-induced compartmentalisation of doxorubicin sharpens up nuclear topoisomerase II inhibition in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 386:605-17. [PMID: 23564041 PMCID: PMC3676642 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumours, which are initially sensitive to cytotoxic agents, often develop resistance to a broad spectrum of structurally unrelated drugs. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have been shown to inhibit ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters but have also impact on glycosylation of such proteins. Doxorubicin is a substrate for ABC transporters like P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) which is present in human RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells. It was therefore the aim of this study to identify the compartmentalisation and action of doxorubicin in simvastatin-treated RD cells. Due to autofluorescence of doxorubicin, intracellular distribution was monitored by confocal microscopy. The biological effects were traced on the level of colony formation, caspase activation and DNA injury. Here we show that simvastatin treatment leads to ABCB1 inhibition and down-regulation of the transporter. Consequently, these cells accumulate significant amounts of doxorubicin, predominantly in the nucleus and lysosomes. While clearance of the anthracycline into lysosomes is not altered by simvastatin treatment, it significantly enhanced nuclear accumulation in a HMG-CoA reductase-independent manner. Thus, in such treated cells, topoisomerase II activity is significantly inhibited, which is further corroborated by augmented double-strand DNA breaks. Moreover, colony formation was synergistically inhibited by the combination of simvastatin and doxorubicin. Given the fact that ABCB1 expression correlates with an adverse prognosis in many tumours, adjuvant chemotherapy including statins might represent a novel therapeutic concept to overcome ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance by direct inhibition and down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Werner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Cardiology, Parkkrankenhaus, Strümpellstraße 41, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bihter Atil
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Sieczkowski
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Hohenegger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Riganti C, Castella B, Kopecka J, Campia I, Coscia M, Pescarmona G, Bosia A, Ghigo D, Massaia M. Zoledronic acid restores doxorubicin chemosensitivity and immunogenic cell death in multidrug-resistant human cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60975. [PMID: 23593363 PMCID: PMC3625183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Durable tumor cell eradication by chemotherapy is challenged by the development of multidrug-resistance (MDR) and the failure to induce immunogenic cell death. The aim of this work was to investigate whether MDR and immunogenic cell death share a common biochemical pathway eventually amenable to therapeutic intervention. We found that mevalonate pathway activity, Ras and RhoA protein isoprenylation, Ras- and RhoA-downstream signalling pathway activities, Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1alpha activation were significantly higher in MDR+ compared with MDR− human cancer cells, leading to increased P-glycoprotein expression, and protection from doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity and immunogenic cell death. Zoledronic acid, a potent aminobisphosphonate targeting the mevalonate pathway, interrupted Ras- and RhoA-dependent downstream signalling pathways, abrogated the Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1alpha-driven P-glycoprotein expression, and restored doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity and immunogenic cell death in MDR+ cells. Immunogenic cell death recovery was documented by the ability of dendritic cells to phagocytise MDR+ cells treated with zoledronic acid plus doxorubicin, and to recruit anti-tumor cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. These data indicate that MDR+ cells have an hyper-active mevalonate pathway which is targetable with zoledronic acid to antagonize their ability to withstand chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity and escape immunogenic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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22
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Pinzón-Daza M, Garzón R, Couraud P, Romero I, Weksler B, Ghigo D, Bosia A, Riganti C. The association of statins plus LDL receptor-targeted liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin increases in vitro drug delivery across blood-brain barrier cells. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1431-47. [PMID: 22788770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The passage of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the efficacy of chemotherapy in brain tumours. For instance, the anticancer drug doxorubicin, which is effective against glioblastoma in vitro, has poor efficacy in vivo, because it is extruded by P-glycoprotein (Pgp/ABCB1), multidrug resistance-related proteins and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in BBB cells. The aim of this study was to convert poorly permeant drugs like doxorubicin into drugs able to cross the BBB. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments were performed on primary human cerebral microvascular endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells, alone and co-cultured with human brain and epithelial tumour cells. KEY RESULTS Statins reduced the efflux activity of Pgp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 in hCMEC/D3 cells by increasing the synthesis of NO, which elicits the nitration of critical tyrosine residues on these transporters. Statins also increased the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors exposed on the surface of BBB cells, as well as on tumour cells like human glioblastoma. We showed that the association of statins plus drug-loaded nanoparticles engineered as LDLs was effective as a vehicle for non-permeant drugs like doxorubicin to cross the BBB, allowing its delivery into primary and metastatic brain tumour cells and to achieve significant anti-tumour cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We suggest that our 'Trojan horse' approach, based on the administration of statins plus a LDL receptor-targeted liposomal drug, might have potential applications in the pharmacological therapy of different brain diseases for which the BBB represents an obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ml Pinzón-Daza
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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