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The Migration and Invasion of Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells: Matrix, Growth Factor and Signalling Involvement. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112633. [PMID: 34071963 PMCID: PMC8198562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between the migration of cancer cells and the spread of cancers has been established for many years [...].
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Schor AM, Woolston AM, Kankova K, Harada K, Aljorani LE, Perrier S, Felts PA, Keatch RP, Schor SL. Migration Stimulating Factor (MSF): Its Role in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:351-397. [PMID: 34664248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Migration Stimulating Factor (MSF) is a 70 kDa truncated isoform of fibronectin (FN); its mRNA is generated from the FN gene by an unusual two-stage processing. Unlike full-length FN, MSF is not a matrix molecule but a soluble protein which displays cytokine-like activities not displayed by any other FN isoform due to steric hindrance. There are two isoforms of MSF; these are referred to as MSF+aa and MSF-aa, while the term MSF is used to include both.MSF was first identified as a motogen secreted by foetal and cancer-associated fibroblasts in tissue culture. It is also produced by sprouting (angiogenic) endothelial cells, tumour cells and activated macrophages. Keratinocytes and resting endothelial cells secrete inhibitors of MSF that have been identified as NGAL and IGFBP-7, respectively. MSF+aa and MSF-aa show distinct functionality in that only MSF+aa is inhibited by NGAL.MSF is present in 70-80% of all tumours examined, expressed by the tumour cells as well as by fibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages in the tumour microenvironment (TME). High MSF expression is associated with tumour progression and poor prognosis in all tumours examined, including breast carcinomas, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), salivary gland tumours (SGT) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Epithelial and stromal MSF carry independent prognostic value. MSF is also expressed systemically in cancer patients, being detected in serum and produced by fibroblast from distal uninvolved skin. MSF-aa is the main isoform associated with cancer, whereas MSF+aa may be expressed by both normal and malignant tissues.The expression of MSF is not invariant; it may be switched on and off in a reversible manner, which requires precise interactions between soluble factors present in the TME and the extracellular matrix in contact with the cells. MSF expression in fibroblasts may be switched on by a transient exposure to several molecules, including TGFβ1 and MSF itself, indicating an auto-inductive capacity.Acting by both paracrine and autocrine mechanisms, MSF stimulates cell migration/invasion, induces angiogenesis and cell differentiation and alters the matrix and cellular composition of the TME. MSF is also a survival factor for sprouting endothelial cells. IGD tri- and tetra-peptides mimic the motogenic and angiogenic activities of MSF, with both molecules inhibiting AKT activity and requiring αvβ3 functionality. MSF is active at unprecedently low concentrations in a manner which is target cell specific. Thus, different bioactive motifs and extracellular matrix requirements apply to fibroblasts, endothelial cells and tumour cells. Unlike other motogenic and angiogenic factors, MSF does not affect cell proliferation but it stimulates tumour growth through its angiogenic effect and downstream mechanisms.The epithelial-stromal pattern of expression and range of bioactivities displayed puts MSF in the unique position of potentially promoting tumour progression from both the "seed" and the "soil" perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schor
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - A M Woolston
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - K Kankova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - L E Aljorani
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - S Perrier
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - P A Felts
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - R P Keatch
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - S L Schor
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Wu RX, Yin Y, He XT, Li X, Chen FM. Engineering a Cell Home for Stem Cell Homing and Accommodation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:e1700004. [PMID: 32646164 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Distilling complexity to advance regenerative medicine from laboratory animals to humans, in situ regeneration will continue to evolve using biomaterial strategies to drive endogenous cells within the human body for therapeutic purposes; this approach avoids the need for delivering ex vivo-expanded cellular materials. Ensuring the recruitment of a significant number of reparative cells from an endogenous source to the site of interest is the first step toward achieving success. Subsequently, making the "cell home" cell-friendly by recapitulating the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) in terms of its chemistry, structure, dynamics, and function, and targeting specific aspects of the native stem cell niche (e.g., cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions) to program and steer the fates of those recruited stem cells play equally crucial roles in yielding a therapeutically regenerative solution. This review addresses the key aspects of material-guided cell homing and the engineering of novel biomaterials with desirable ECM composition, surface topography, biochemistry, and mechanical properties that can present both biochemical and physical cues required for in situ tissue regeneration. This growing body of knowledge will likely become a design basis for the development of regenerative biomaterials for, but not limited to, future in situ tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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Walraven M, Akershoek JJ, Beelen RHJ, Ulrich MMW. In vitro cultured fetal fibroblasts have myofibroblast-associated characteristics and produce a fibrotic-like environment upon stimulation with TGF-β1: Is there a thin line between fetal scarless healing and fibrosis? Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 309:111-121. [PMID: 28004279 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine occurring in three isoforms with an important function in development and wound healing. In wound healing, prolonged TGF-β signaling results in myofibroblast differentiation and fibrosis. In contrast, the developing second-trimester fetal skin contains high levels of all three TGF-β isoforms but still has the intrinsic capacity to heal without scarring. Insight into TGF-β signal transduction during fetal wound healing might lead to methods to control the signaling pathway during adult wound healing. In this study, we imitated wound healing in vitro by stimulating fibroblasts with TGF-β1 and examining myofibroblast differentiation. The aim was to gain insight into TGF-β signaling in human fibroblasts from fetal and adult dermis. First, TGF-β1 stimulation resulted in similar or even more severe upregulation of myofibroblast-associated genes in fetal fibroblasts compared to adult fibroblasts. Second, fetal fibroblasts also had higher protein levels of myofibroblast-marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Third, stimulated fetal fibroblasts in collagen matrices had higher protein levels of α-SMA, produced more of the fibrotic protein fibronectin splice-variant extra domain A (FnEDA), and showed enhanced contraction. Finally, fetal fibroblasts also produced significant higher levels of TGF-β1. Altogether, these data show that in vitro cultured fetal fibroblasts have myofibroblast-associated characteristics and do produce a fibrotic environment. As healthy fetal skin has high levels of TGF-β1, FnEDA, and collagen-III as well, these findings correlate with the in vivo situation. Therefore, our study demonstrates that there are similarities between fetal skin development and fibrosis and shows the necessity to discriminate between these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walraven
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (MCBI), VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, 1941 AJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, 1941 AJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Akershoek
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (MCBI), VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, 1941 AJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, 1941 AJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R H J Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology (MCBI), VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, 1941 AJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M W Ulrich
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, 1941 AJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Repair and reconstruction of damaged tissues and organs has been a major issue in the medical field. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, as rapid evolving technologies, may offer alternative treatments and hope for patients with serious defects and end-stage diseases. Most urologic diseases could benefit from the development of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This article discusses the role of cells and materials in regenerative medicine, as well as the status of current role of regenerative medicine for the generation of specific urologic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sean V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157.
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Migration-stimulating factor (MSF) is over-expressed in non-small cell lung cancer and promotes cell migration and invasion in A549 cells over-expressing MSF. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2545-53. [PMID: 23791940 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Migration-stimulating factor (MSF), an oncofetal truncated isoform of fibronectin, is a potent stimulator of cell invasion. However, its distribution and motogenic role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have never been identified. In this study, real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) were performed to detect MSF mRNA and protein levels in tumor tissues and matched adjacent tumor-free tissues. Furthermore, to examine the effect of MSF on invasiveness, MSF was upregulated in A549 cells. The invasiveness and viability of A549 cells were then determined using a transwell migration assay and the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assays, respectively. The expression level of MSF in NSCLC tissue was markedly higher than in matched adjacent tumor-free tissue. Additionally, the level of MSF protein expression in stage III and IV NSCLC samples was higher than in stage I and II NSCLC samples. More importantly, we also demonstrated that migration and invasion of A549 cells increased substantially after upregulating MSF, although proliferation remained unchanged. Meanwhile, we found no correlation between increasing motility and invasiveness of MSF-overexpressing cells and expression levels and activities of matrix metalloprotease MMP-2 and MMP-9. Our current study shows that MSF plays a role in migration and invasion of A549 cells and suggests that MSF may be a potential biomarker of NSCLC progression.
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Keatch RP, Schor AM, Vorstius JB, Schor SL. Biomaterials in regenerative medicine: engineering to recapitulate the natural. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:579-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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