1
|
Morgos DT, Stefani C, Miricescu D, Greabu M, Stanciu S, Nica S, Stanescu-Spinu II, Balan DG, Balcangiu-Stroescu AE, Coculescu EC, Georgescu DE, Nica RI. Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1848. [PMID: 38339127 PMCID: PMC10856016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, with more than 1 million cases diagnosed every year. Helicobacter pylori represents the main risk factor, being responsible for 78% of the cases. Increased amounts of salt, pickled food, red meat, alcohol, smoked food, and refined sugars negatively affect the stomach wall, contributing to GC development. Several gene mutations, including PIK3CA, TP53, ARID1A, CDH1, Ras, Raf, and ERBB3 are encountered in GC pathogenesis, leading to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-PI3K/AKT/mTOR-and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway activation and promoting tumoral activity. Helicobacter pylori, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and oxidative stress also activate both pathways, enhancing GC development. In clinical trials, promising results have come from monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab and ramucirumab. Dual inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways were used in vitro studies, also with promising results. The main aim of this review is to present GC incidence and risk factors and the dysregulations of the two protein kinase complexes together with their specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Theodora Morgos
- Discipline of Anatomy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Constantin Stefani
- Department I of Family Medicine and Clinical Base, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Miricescu
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Maria Greabu
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Silviu Stanciu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Silvia Nica
- Emergency Discipline, University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Iulia-Ioana Stanescu-Spinu
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (D.G.B.); (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Daniela Gabriela Balan
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (D.G.B.); (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Andra-Elena Balcangiu-Stroescu
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (D.G.B.); (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Elena-Claudia Coculescu
- Discipline of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Dragos-Eugen Georgescu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 50474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of General Surgery, “Dr. Ion Cantacuzino” Clinical Hospital, 020475 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Remus Iulian Nica
- Central Military Emergency University Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010825 Bucharest, Romania;
- Discipline of General Surgery, Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong Z, Wang T, Zang R, Zang Y, Feng Y, Yan S, Geng C, Zhu N, Wang Q. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF-04979064 regulates tumor growth in gastric cancer and enhances drug sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116086. [PMID: 38159377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is characterized by high tumor heterogeneity, increased surgical difficulty, and limited chemotherapy efficacy, and it is associated with a poor prognosis. The abnormal proliferation of cells involves abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Inhibition of this signaling pathway can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. This study evaluated the effect of PF-04979064, a dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR, on human GC cells. PF-04979064 significantly inhibited the proliferation of human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells and the undifferentiated GC cell line HGC-27, promoting cell apoptosis. Combination treatment with PF-04979064 and the GC first-line clinical drug 5-FU showed synergistic effects, and PF-04979064 markedly increased the sensitivity of GC cells to chemotherapy drugs. Western blot results showed that PF-04979064 significantly inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in GC cells, whereas RNA seq results demonstrated substantial alterations in gene expression profiles upon treatment with PF-04979064. This study provides insight into the effects of PF-04979064, thereby establishing a solid foundation for its potential clinical application in the treatment of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Zhong
- School of Medical Laboratory, WeiFang Medical University, No.7166, Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Tengkai Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ruochen Zang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yufei Zang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yaoyao Feng
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shujun Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035, China
| | - Congcong Geng
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Na Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdullah Y. An Overview of Current Biomarkers, the Therapeutic Implications, and the Emerging Role of hERG1 Expression in Gastric Cancer: A Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e47501. [PMID: 37877107 PMCID: PMC10591113 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the world. It carries a high mortality rate, with cases being more prevalent in the developing world, and has been linked to diet and Helicobacter pylori infection. It is a highly heterogeneous disease, with most cases being of a sporadic nature. Most patients present at an advanced stage due to the asymptomatic nature of the early stages of the disease. A multidisciplinary approach is often best implemented to help decide how to best manage individual cases. However, the overall clinical outcome and survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer remain poor. Recent therapeutic advancements focus on the identification of molecular biomarkers associated with gastric cancer that have predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic implications. This enables the development of specific targeted therapies that have shown efficacy in numerous trials, either as monotherapy or in combination with standard chemotherapy. Despite this, tumour heterogeneity and treatment resistance are still issues leading to poor survival outcomes. An emerging approach is focusing efforts on the bidirectional crosstalk between tumour cells and the microenvironment through targeting ion channels. A key player in this is human ether-á-go-go-related gene 1 (hERG1). This voltage-gated potassium ion channel has been shown to have predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic significance, enabling the stratification of high-risk individuals. In addition, targeting hERG1 in combination with chemotherapy has been shown to potentiate tumour regression. This comprehensive literature review will aim to consolidate our understanding of current biomarkers in gastric cancer. The relevance of hERG1 in gastric cancer as a useful novel biomarker and the potential therapeutic implications as targeted therapy will be explored. This offers a new and personalised approach to helping to manage patients with gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Abdullah
- Internal Medicine, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, GBR
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han EJ, Choi EY, Jeon SJ, Lee SW, Moon JM, Jung SH, Kim B, Cho SD, Nam JS, Choi C, Che JH, Jung JY. Piperlongumine induces apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in KB human cervical cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114051. [PMID: 37734464 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are continuously being researched to develop safe and effective treatment options for cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer in women. Piperlongumine (PL), an amide alkaloid mainly present in long pepper, exhibits neuroprotective and anti-cancer properties. However, the specific effect of PL in cervical cancer and the relationship between the anti-cancer pathway and autophagy remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate PL-induced apoptosis in KB human cervical cancer cells and the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy therein. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and wound-healing assays showed that PL treatment suppressed KB cell viability and proliferation. Apoptosis was identified through 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and annexin V-propidium iodide staining, increased cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and Bcl-2 associated X levels, and decreased B cell lymphoma 2 levels. Acridine orange staining and increased microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-II and Beclin-1 levels confirmed autophagy. We determined that KB cell-related autophagy exerted cytoprotective effects using the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and hydroxychloroquine. PL treatment promoted apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in KB cells; inhibiting the pathway using PI3K inhibitors increased autophagy. We suggest that PL is a potential natural anticancer agent for cervical cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Han
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Ji Jeon
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Moon
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Nam
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-ang University, Ansung, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Natural Products, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma G, Sun Y, Cai F, Zhang M, Liang H, Deng J, Zhang R, Zhang L. DEPTOR as a novel prognostic marker inhibits the proliferation via deactivating mTOR signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2023; 427:113598. [PMID: 37054772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Aberrantly activated mTOR signaling pathway is commonly found in malignancies including gastric cancer (GC). DEPTOR, as a naturally occurred inhibitor of mTOR, functions in the pro- or anti-tumor manner depending on distinct tumor contexts. However, the roles of DEPTOR in GC remain largely unknown. In this study, DEPTOR expression was identified to be significantly decreased in GC tissues compared with matched normal gastric tissues, and reduced DEPTOR level was indicative of poor prognosis in patients. Restored DEPTOR expression inhibited the propagation in AGS and NCI-N87 cells, whose DEPTOR levels are low, via deactivating mTOR signaling pathway. Likewise, cabergoline (CAB) attenuated the proliferation in AGS and NCI-N87 cells via partially rescuing DEPTOR protein level. Targeted metabolomics analysis showed that several key metabolites, such as l-serine, significantly changed in AGS cells with DEPTOR restoration. These results revealed the anti-proliferation function of DEPTOR in GC cells, suggesting that restored DEPTOR expression using CAB may be a potential therapeutic approach for patients with GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fenglin Cai
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Rupeng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ouyang L, Li J, Chen X, Huang H, Tian Y, Li X, Pang D, Wei X, Xie J, Wang L, Liu D, Tu P, Li J, Hu Z. Chinese dragon's blood ethyl acetate extract suppresses gastric cancer progression through induction of apoptosis and autophagy mediated by activation of MAPK and downregulation of the mTOR-Beclin1 signalling cascade. Phytother Res 2023; 37:689-701. [PMID: 36245270 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy with high morbidity and mortality. Chinese dragon's blood is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from the red resin of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. C. Chen. However, the antigastric cancer effect of Chinese dragon's blood has not yet been reported. Herein, we demonstrated that Chinese dragon's blood ethyl acetate extract (CDBEE) suppressed the proliferative and metastatic potential of human gastric cancer MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells. CDBEE suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells. Moreover, CDBEE induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death in MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells. The cytotoxicity of CDBEE in human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells was dramatically weaker than that in human gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway was involved in the growth inhibition of MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells by CDBEE. Additionally, CDBEE-induced autophagic cell death was mediated by downregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-Beclin1 signalling cascade and upregulation of the ATG3/ATG7-LC3 signalling cascade. Importantly, CDBEE exhibited potent anti-GC efficacy in vivo without obvious toxicity or side effects. Therefore, CDBEE may be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of gastric cancer, especially for GC patients with aberrant MAPK signalling or mTOR signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Ouyang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Daoran Pang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longyan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Huang Y, Yang M, Yu Y, Chen X, Ma L, Xiao L, Liu C, Liu B, Yuan X. Comprehensive Pan-Cancer Analyses of Immunogenic Cell Death as a Biomarker in Predicting Prognosis and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235952. [PMID: 36497433 PMCID: PMC9736000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD), a form of regulated cell death, is related to anticancer therapy. Due to the absence of widely accepted markers, characterizing ICD-related phenotypes across cancer types remained unexplored. Here, we defined the ICD score to delineate the ICD landscape across 33 cancerous types and 31 normal tissue types based on transcriptomic, proteomic and epigenetics data from multiple databases. We found that ICD score showed cancer type-specific association with genomic and immune features. Importantly, the ICD score had the potential to predict therapy response and patient prognosis in multiple cancer types. We also developed an ICD-related prognostic model by machine learning and cox regression analysis. Single-cell level analysis revealed intra-tumor ICD state heterogeneity and communication between ICD-based clusters of T cells and other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment in colon cancer. For the first time, we identified IGF2BP3 as a potential ICD regulator in colon cancer. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the relation between ICD and clinical relevance, gaining insights into identification of ICD as a potential cancer-related biomarker and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Liu
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (X.Y.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao C, Wang Y, Wu X, Li Z, Guo J, Sun W. The roles and mechanisms of circular RNAs related to mTOR in cancers. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24783. [PMID: 36426933 PMCID: PMC9757007 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable molecules with covalently closed structures that have an irreplaceable role in the occurrence, progression, and even treatment of plenty of cancers. Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator in cancers and plays several biological functions, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, autophagy, and apoptosis. METHODS All data were collected through PubMed and CNKI, using terms including "circRNA," "mTOR," "caner," "signaling pathway," "biomarker," "diagnosis," "treatment." Articles published in Chinese and English were included. RESULTS In this review, the expression, function, and mechanism of circRNA-associated mTOR in cancers were described. CircRNA-associated-mTOR can regulate the progression and therapy of a variety of cancers in multiple signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/mTOR, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR axis. These cancers including esophageal carcinoma (circLPAR3, ciRS-7), gastric cancer (circNRIP1, hsa_circ_0010882, hsa_circ_0000117, hsa_circ_0072309, and circST3GAL6), colorectal cancer (hsa_circ_0000392, hsa_circ_0084927, hsa_circ_0104631, and circFBXW7), liver cancer (circC16orf62, hsa_circ_100338, hsa_circ_0004001, hsa_circ_0004123, hsa_circ_0075792, hsa_circ_0079299, and hsa_circ_0002130), pancreatic cancer (circ-IARS and circRHOBTB3), renal carcinoma (ciRS-7), bladder cancer (circUBE2K), prostate cancer (circMBOAT2 and circ-ITCH), ovarian cancer (circEEF2, circRAB11FIP1, circMYLK, and circTPCN), endometrial cancer (hsa_circ_0002577 and circWHSC1), lung cancer (circHIPK3, hsa_circ_0001666), thyroid cancer (hsa_circ_0007694 and hsa_circ_0008274), glioma (circGFRA1, circ-MAPK4, circPCMTD1, and hsa_circ_0037251), osteosarcoma (circTCF25), leukemia (circ-PRKDC), and breast cancer (hsa_circ_0000199, circUBAP2, and circWHSC1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of PathophysiologyMedical School of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- The Affiliated People's HospitalNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of PathophysiologyMedical School of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of PathophysiologyMedical School of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Junming Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of PathophysiologyMedical School of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Weiliang Sun
- The Affiliated People's HospitalNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen J, Li L, Sun L, Yuan Y, Jing J. Associations of individual and joint expressions of ERCC6 and ERCC8 with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of gastric cancer. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11791. [PMID: 34316408 PMCID: PMC8286707 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excision repair cross-complementing group 6 and 8 (ERCC6 and ERCC8) have been implicated in ailments such as genetic diseases and cancers. However, the relationship between individual and joint expressions of ERCC6/ERCC8 and clinicopathological parameters as well as prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) still remains unclear. Methods In this study, protein expressions of ERCC6, ERCC8 and ERCC6-ERCC8 were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 109 paired GC and para-cancerous normal tissue samples. The mRNA expression was detected in 36 pairs of tissue samples. IHC results and RNA-seq data extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to explore the clinical value of ERCC6 and ERCC8 expression in GC. We further conducted protein-protein interaction analysis, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, gene set enrichment analysis, and gene-gene interaction analysis to explore the function and regulation networks of ERCC6 and ERCC8 in GC. Results Individual and joint ERCC6/ERCC8 expression were significantly higher in adjacent normal mucosa compared with GC tissues. ERCC6 mRNA expression showed no difference in GC and paired tissues, while ERCC8 mRNA was significantly decreased in GC tissues. Protein expression of ERCC6, ERCC8, double negative ERCC6-ERCC8 and double positive ERCC6-ERCC8 and overexpressed ERCC6 mRNA were related to better clinicopathologic parameters, while overexpressed ERCC8 mRNA suggested worse parameters. Univariate survival analysis indicated that the OS was longer when ERCC6 protein expression and ERCC8 mRNA expression increased, and double negative ERCC6-ERCC8 expression was associated with a short OS. Bioinformatics analyses showed ERCC6 and ERCC8 were associated with nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, and six and ten gene sets were figured out to be related with ERCC6 and ERCC8, respectively. KEGG pathway showed that ERCC6/ERCC8 related gene sets were mainly involved in the regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Direct physical interactions were found between ERCC6 and ERCC8. Conclusions Individual and joint expressions of ERCC6/ERCC8 were associated with clinical features of GC. Protein expression of ERCC6, ERCC6-ERCC8, and mRNA expression of ERCC8 were related to prognosis of GC. ERCC6 and ERCC8 primarily function in the NER pathway, and may regulate GC progression through the regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingjing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang B, Deng Y, Jin J, Wu Y, Shen L. Long Noncoding RNA LIT3527 Knockdown induces Apoptosis and Autophagy through inhibiting mTOR pathway in Gastric Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:4901-4911. [PMID: 34234860 PMCID: PMC8247385 DOI: 10.7150/jca.58185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers and the leading causes of cancer mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer malignancy remain unclear. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been well documented in controlling cancer progression. Identification of critical lncRNAs in gastric cancer will provide new sights into the regulation mechanism of gastric cancer. Here, we screened differentially expressed lncRNAs in gastric cancer tissues and matched adjacent tissues and found that lncRNA LIT3527, a 486-nucleotide (nt) sense transcript, was frequently upregulated in gastric cancer tissues. Knockdown of LIT3527 dramatically suppressed proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells through inducing severe cell death but not affecting cell cycle. Mechanistically, we uncovered that depletion of LIT35227 induced significant cell apoptosis and autophagy through inhibiting AKT/ERK/mTOR signaling pathway. Targeting LIT3527 showed a robust inhibition of lung metastasis of gastric cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that LIT3527 is essential for gastric cancer cell survival through maintaining mTOR activity, suggesting that it may be clinically valuable as a therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boya Wang
- Department of pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yujie Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Lirong Shen
- Department of pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang G, Zhan T, Li F, Shen J, Gao X, Xu L, Li Y, Zhang J. The prediction of survival in Gastric Cancer based on a Robust 13-Gene Signature. J Cancer 2021; 12:3344-3353. [PMID: 33976744 PMCID: PMC8100809 DOI: 10.7150/jca.49658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer represents a major public health problem. Owing to the great heterogeneity of GC, conventional clinical characteristics are limited in the accurate prediction of individual outcomes and survival. This study aimed to establish a robust gene signature to predict the prognosis of GC based on multiple datasets. Initially, we downloaded raw data from four independent datasets of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and performed univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to identify prognostic genes associated with overall survival (OS) from each dataset. Thirteen common genes from four datasets were screened as candidate prognostic signatures. Then, a risk score model was developed based on this 13‑gene signature and validated by four independent datasets and the entire cohort. Patients with a high-risk score had poorer OS and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Multivariate regression and stratified analysis revealed that the 13-gene signature was not only an independent predictive factor but also associated with recurrence when adjusting for other clinical factors. Furthermore, in the high-risk group, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that the mTOR signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway were significantly enriched. The present study provided a robust and reliable gene signature for prognostic prediction of both OS and RFS of patients with GC, which may be useful for delivering individualized management of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Zhan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu D, Li H, Wang J, Li H, Xiao Q, Zhao X, Huo Z. LncRNA NEAT1 promotes gastric cancer progression via miR-1294/AKT1 axis. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:1028-1038. [PMID: 33336058 PMCID: PMC7718639 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were reported to promote the development of gastric cancer (GC). Nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) played a great role in diverse cancers, but the mechanism of NEAT1 in GC remains indistinct. NEAT1 and AKT1 were distinctly up-regulated and miR-1294 was down-regulated in GC tissues and cells. Cell proliferation and metastasis were refrained but apoptosis was promoted in GC cells after knockdown of NEAT1. NEAT1 negatively regulated miR-1294 expression, and the miR-1294 inhibitor reverted the si-NEAT1-induced effect on GC cells. NEAT1 modulated AKT1 expression through miR-1294, and the si-NEAT1-induced effect was relieved by AKT1. NEAT1 affected phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway via regulating miR-1294 and AKT1. NEAT1 could modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis in GC cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway via the miR-1294/AKT1 axis, showing the great potential for NEAT1 as a valid biomarker in the progression and treatment of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianchao Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, No.16, Hongxing Street, Xingtai, 054031, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, No.16, Hongxing Street, Xingtai, 054031, Hebei, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, No.16, Hongxing Street, Xingtai, 054031, Hebei, China
| | - Qihai Xiao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, No.16, Hongxing Street, Xingtai, 054031, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, No.16, Hongxing Street, Xingtai, 054031, Hebei, China
| | - Zhibin Huo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, No.16, Hongxing Street, Xingtai, 054031, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mir-20a-5p induced WTX deficiency promotes gastric cancer progressions through regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:212. [PMID: 33032635 PMCID: PMC7545863 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The X-linked gene WTX (also called AMER1) has been reported to function as a tumour suppressor gene in Wilms' tumour. In our previous study, WTX expression was shown to be significantly reduced in gastric cancer (GC), but the function and mechanism associated with WTX loss had yet to be fully elucidated. METHODS WTX expression and clinical significance were father analyzed in GC and control normal gastric tissues, and validated in public databases. The candidate pathway which was regulated by WTX during GC progression was searched by KEGG pathway analysis. The miRNA which monitored WTX expression was screened by miRNA microarray. After verified the pathway and miRNA both in vitro and in vivo, the relationship of miRNA, WTX and the downstream pathway were analyzed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and luciferase analyses. RESULTS The results showed that WTX serves as a tumour suppressor gene in GC. The loss of WTX which is associated with the aggressiveness of GC by promoting GC cell proliferation in vitro and high metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, WTX expression was positively correlated with the overall survival of GC patients. Microarray assays, bioinformatics analysis, and verification experiments showed that WTX loss activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promotes GC cell proliferation and invasion. And the aberrant miR-20a-5p upregulation contributes to WTX loss in GC, which stimulates PI3K phosphorylation to activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and promoted GC progression. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study elucidated the mechanism of GC progression, which is at least partially caused by aberrant miR-20a-5p upregulation leading to the inhibition of WTX expression and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activation. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the action of the miR-20a-5p/WTX/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in the progression and metastasis of GC.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang H, Li J. A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol of clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of mammalian target of rapamycin for gastric cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21138. [PMID: 32769866 PMCID: PMC7593057 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high morbidity and mortality of Gastric cancer (GC) is seriously endangered human health. Owing to the low rate of early diagnosis and human body can resistant to the anti-tumor drugs, so an early diagnostic biology marker is essential. However, recently studies indicated that Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is usually frequently deregulated in many cancers, especially in GC. And the efficacy of mTOR inhibitor was promising in a phase II clinical trial which could inhibited the proliferation of GC cells and delayed tumor progression. Therefore, mTOR were identified as a potential prognosis biomarker for GC, and its inhibitor will be promising in anti-GC therapy. The main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the relationships between the expression level and prognostic value of mTOR in patients with GC. METHODS Four electronic databases were systematically searched as follow: the PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science databases, and the Cochrane Library. All the data will be extracted by independent researchers from the eligible studies with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. And the data will be analyzed through STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This meta-analysis indicated that overexpressed mTOR was significantly in predicting a poorer prognosis for GC patients. The expression level of mTOR should be considered as a potential independent prognostic predictor for GC patients. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020159690.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou City
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Despite a decreasing incidence in the USA, gastric cancer is highly prevalent worldwide. Furthermore, gastric cancer remains highly lethal with median survival of less than 1 year for metastatic disease. The backbone of therapy against metastatic gastric cancer remains cytotoxic chemotherapy, but recent advances in the molecular understanding of gastric cancer have renewed hope within that targeted agents can be leveraged to improve survival and reduce toxicity. For example, in patients with human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2)-positive gastric cancer, the addition of trastuzumab to frontline chemotherapy improves survival. In the second line, oncologists can now administer a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitor, ramucirumab, as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy, and the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab is approved in multiple settings dependent on the Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) status. For patients with metastatic disease, our approach to standard of care in the first-line setting is a 5FU/platinum doublet with trastuzumab for HER2-positive tumors. In the second-line setting, most patients receive ramucirumab + paclitaxel, but those that are MSI high receive pembrolizumab. For squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus with high PD-L1 status (combined positive score (CPS) ≥ 10), we recommend pembrolizumab in the second line. While for PD-L1 ≥ 1% gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, we do not recommend pembrolizumab before the third-line setting, although this may change in the near future for CPS ≥ 10. The future landscape for targeted therapy in gastric cancer is promising. Numerous clinical trials evaluating the combination immune therapy with molecularly targeted agents are generating much excitement. Moreover, genomic data from The Cancer Center Genome (TCGA) and Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) classifications is being used to identify molecular subtypes to enable future clinical trials to include biomarker-enriched patient populations.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pádua D, Figueira P, Ribeiro I, Almeida R, Mesquita P. The Relevance of Transcription Factors in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells Identification and Eradication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:442. [PMID: 32626705 PMCID: PMC7314965 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric and colorectal cancers have a high incidence and mortality worldwide. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor mass has been indicated as the main reason for tumor relapse, metastasis and therapy resistance, leading to poor overall survival. Thus, the elimination of CSCs became a crucial goal for cancer treatment. The identification of these cells has been performed by using cell-surface markers, a reliable approach, however it lacks specificity and usually differs among tumor type and in some cases even within the same type. In theory, the ideal CSC markers are those that are required to maintain their stemness features. The knowledge that CSCs exhibit characteristics comparable to normal stem cells that could be associated with the expression of similar transcription factors (TFs) including SOX2, OCT4, NANOG, KLF4 and c-Myc, and signaling pathways such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog (Hh), Notch and PI3K/AKT/mTOR directed the attention to the use of these similarities to identify and target CSCs in different tumor types. Several studies have demonstrated that the abnormal expression of some TFs and the dysregulation of signaling pathways are associated with tumorigenesis and CSC phenotype. The disclosure of common and appropriate biomarkers for CSCs will provide an incredible tool for cancer prognosis and treatment. Therefore, this review aims to gather the new insights in gastric and colorectal CSC identification specially by using TFs as biomarkers and divulge promising drugs that have been found and tested for targeting these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pádua
- i3S – Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Figueira
- i3S – Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Ribeiro
- i3S – Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Almeida
- i3S – Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Mesquita
- i3S – Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zu X, Ma X, Xie X, Lu B, Laster K, Liu K, Dong Z, Kim DJ. 2,6-DMBQ is a novel mTOR inhibitor that reduces gastric cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:107. [PMID: 32517736 PMCID: PMC7285595 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Fermented wheat germ extract has been reported to exert various pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-cell growth and cell apoptosis in various cancer cells. Although 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DMBQ) is a benzoquinone compound and found in fermented wheat germ extract, its anticancer effects and molecular mechanism(s) against gastric cancer have not been investigated. Methods Anticancer effects of 2,6-DMBQ were determined by MTT, soft agar, cell cycle and Annexin V analysis. Potential candidate proteins were screened via in vitro kinase assay and Western blotting. mTOR knockdown cell lines were established by lentiviral infection with shmTOR. The effect of 2,6-DMBQ on tumor growth was assessed using gastric cancer patient-derived xenograft models. Results 2,6-DMBQ significantly reduced cell growth and induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. 2,6-DMBQ reduced the activity of mTOR in vitro. The inhibition of cell growth by 2,6-DMBQ is dependent upon the expression of the mTOR protein. Remarkably, 2,6-DMBQ strongly reduced patient-derived xenograft gastric tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model. Conclusions 2,6-DMBQ is an mTOR inhibitor that can be useful for treating gastric cancer. It has therapeutic implications for gastric cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Zu
- The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xie
- The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Bingbing Lu
- The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Kyle Laster
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.,The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China. .,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China. .,The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China. .,International joint research center of cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China. .,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang C, Zhang CD, Liang Y, Wu KZ, Pei JP, Dai DQ. The comprehensive upstream transcription and downstream targeting regulation network of miRNAs reveal potential diagnostic roles in gastric cancer. Life Sci 2020; 253:117741. [PMID: 32360623 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that miRNAs can be regulated by multiple mechanisms and can participate in tumorigenesis and progression through binding to 3'-UTRs of target mRNAs. The present study identified differentially expressed miRNAs, mRNAs, and TFs by analyzing miRNA-Seq and mRNA-Seq data to construct a TFs/miRNAs/mRNAs regulation network for GC. We found five miRNAs (miR-18a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-96-5p, miR-182-5p, and miR-196b-5p) that were significantly overexpressed in GC tissues. Clinical analyses indicated that higher miR-21-5p expression was associated with T3 + T4 and stage III + IV. The expression of miR-96-5p, miR-182-5p, and miR-196b-5p were positively correlated with the patients' ages. The five miRNAs had diagnostic efficacy in distinguishing GC from normal tissues. The gene interaction network showed that the five miRNAs were transcriptionally regulated by 11 TFs and negatively regulated 53 mRNA expressions through binding to the 3'-UTRs. Biological pathway analysis suggested that these TFs and target genes were involved in the p53 pathway, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, ErbB receptor, mTOR, VEGF, and VEGFR signaling networks. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these genes were enriched in some cancer-associated pathways, including in GC. The five miRNAs may act as potential diagnostic markers and the TFs/miRNAs/mRNAs network could suggest a regulation mechanism of miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Kun-Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Jun-Peng Pei
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Dong-Qiu Dai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; Cancer Center, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of Environmental pH on the Growth of Gastric Cancer Cells. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:3245359. [PMID: 32211041 PMCID: PMC7085403 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3245359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and other acid-suppressing drugs are widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcer, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, gastritis, and gastric cancer (GC). About 80% of GC patients receive acid suppression treatment. PPI suppresses the production of gastric acid by inhibiting the function of H+/K+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells and raises the pH value to achieve therapeutic purposes. Some studies have found that PPI had a certain antitumor effect in the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells. But the effects of environmental pH on the growth of GC cells and its mechanism are unknown. Therefore, we hoped to find the effects of culture medium pH on the biological behavior of GC cells by in vitro experiments and provide guidance for the use of acid-suppressing drugs in GC patients. Aims We aimed to observe the effects of pH changes in GC cell culture medium on the cell biological behavior of cancer cells and to analyze the potential mechanisms. We hoped to find out the effect of acid suppression on the growth of GC cells. Methods The GC cell lines (SGC-7901 and MKN45) were used as the research object. We adjusted the pH value in the cell culture medium to observe the changes in cell viability (MTT), apoptosis (flow cytometry), and invasion (Transwell) at pH 6, pH 7, and pH 8. qRT-PCR and western blot (WB) assays were used to determine the expression changes of genes and proteins (mTOR, AKT, Wnt, Glut, and HIF-1α) at pH 6, pH 7, and pH 8. Results The results of MTT showed that the viability of SGC-7901 and MKN45 in the pH 8.0 group was significantly weaker than that in the pH 6.0 or pH 7.0 group (P < 0.001). Flow cytometry results showed that the apoptosis of SGC-7901 and MKN45 in the pH 8.0 group was more obvious than that in the pH 6.0 or pH 7.0 group (P < 0.001). Flow cytometry results showed that the apoptosis of SGC-7901 and MKN45 in the pH 8.0 group was more obvious than that in the pH 6.0 or pH 7.0 group (P < 0.001). Flow cytometry results showed that the apoptosis of SGC-7901 and MKN45 in the pH 8.0 group was more obvious than that in the pH 6.0 or pH 7.0 group (α) at pH 6, pH 7, and pH 8. P < 0.001). Flow cytometry results showed that the apoptosis of SGC-7901 and MKN45 in the pH 8.0 group was more obvious than that in the pH 6.0 or pH 7.0 group ( Conclusions Compared with the microacid environment, the microalkaline environment inhibited the viability, invasion, and expression of genes and proteins (mTOR, AKT, Wnt, Glut, and HIF-1α) but promoted the apoptosis of GC cells and thus inhibited the growth of GC.α) at pH 6, pH 7, and pH 8.
Collapse
|
20
|
Streleckiene G, Inciuraite R, Juzenas S, Salteniene V, Steponaitiene R, Gyvyte U, Kiudelis G, Leja M, Ruzgys P, Satkauskas S, Kupcinskiene E, Franke S, Thon C, Link A, Kupcinskas J, Skieceviciene J. miR-20b and miR-451a Are Involved in Gastric Carcinogenesis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway: Data from Gastric Cancer Patients, Cell Lines and Ins-Gas Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030877. [PMID: 32013265 PMCID: PMC7038213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and lethal gastrointestinal malignancies worldwide. Many studies have shown that development of GC and other malignancies is mainly driven by alterations of cellular signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding molecules that function as tumor-suppressors or oncogenes, playing an essential role in a variety of fundamental biological processes. In order to understand the functional relevance of miRNA dysregulation, studies analyzing their target genes are of major importance. Here, we chose to analyze two miRNAs, miR-20b and miR-451a, shown to be deregulated in many different malignancies, including GC. Deregulated expression of miR-20b and miR-451a was determined in GC cell lines and the INS-GAS mouse model. Using Western Blot and luciferase reporter assay we determined that miR-20b directly regulates expression of PTEN and TXNIP, and miR-451a: CAV1 and TSC1. Loss-of-function experiments revealed that down-regulation of miR-20b and up-regulation of miR-451a expression exhibits an anti-tumor effect in vitro (miR-20b: reduced viability, colony formation, increased apoptosis rate, and miR-451a: reduced colony forming ability). To summarize, the present study identified that expression of miR-20b and miR-451a are deregulated in vitro and in vivo and have a tumor suppressive role in GC through regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Streleckiene
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Ruta Inciuraite
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Simonas Juzenas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Violeta Salteniene
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Ruta Steponaitiene
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Ugne Gyvyte
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Gediminas Kiudelis
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute for Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga LV-1586, Latvia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga LV-1586, Latvia
- Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital, Riga LV-1038, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, Riga LV-1079, Latvia
| | - Paulius Ruzgys
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas LT-44404, Lithuania; (P.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Saulius Satkauskas
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas LT-44404, Lithuania; (P.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Eugenija Kupcinskiene
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas LT-44404, Lithuania;
| | - Sabine Franke
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Cosima Thon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (C.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (C.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Juozas Kupcinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Skieceviciene
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas LT-50161, Lithuania; (G.S.); (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.S.); (R.S.); (U.G.); (G.K.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-37-327236
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lin S, Wang H, Yang W, Wang A, Geng C. Silencing of Long Non-Coding RNA Colon Cancer-Associated Transcript 2 Inhibits the Growth and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer Through Blocking mTOR Signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:337-349. [PMID: 32021279 PMCID: PMC6968811 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s220302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the specific role of colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) on gastric cancer (GC), and reveal the potential regulatory mechanism relating to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Methods The expression of CCAT2 was detected in GC tissues and cells by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and its relation with the pathologic characteristics of GC patients was analyzed. HGC-27 and SGC-7901 cells were transfected with siRNA-CCAT2 to silence CCAT2, and HGC-27 cells were then treated with an mTOR agonist Leucine (Leu) to activate mTOR signaling. The cell proliferation was evaluated by cell viability and colony formation. The cell cycle and apoptosis, and the migration and invasion abilities were detected by Flow cytometry, and Transwell assay, respectively. The expression of PCNA (proliferation marker), Snail, N-cadherin, E-cadherin (invasion markers), P53, Caspase-8, Bcl-2 (apoptosis markers), LC3-II/LC3-I, ATG3, p62 (autophagy makers), phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), p-AKT, and p-p70S6K (mTOR signaling markers) were detected by Western blot. Results CCAT2 was upregulated in GC tissues and cells, and positively associated with the maximum tumor diameter, lymphatic metastasis, TNM staging, and low overall survival rate (P < 0.05). siRNA-CCAT2 transfection significantly inhibited the viability, colony formation, and migration and invasion abilities, blocked the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, and promoted the apoptosis and autophagy of SGC-7901 and HGC-27 cells (P < 0.05). In addition, siRNA-CCAT2 transfection significantly upregulated P53, Caspase-8, LC3-II/LC3-I and ATG3, and downregulated PCNA, Bcl-2, p62, p-mTOR, p-AKT and p-p70S6K in SGC-7901 and HGC-27 cells (P < 0.05). siRNA-CCAT2 reversed the tumor-promoting effect of mTOR signaling activation on HGC-27 cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion Silencing of CCAT2 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis and autophagy of GC cells through blocking mTOR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan City, Shangdong 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan City, Shangdong 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Department of Nursing, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan City, Shangdong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan City, Shangdong 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shouguang People's Hospital, Shouguang City, Shangdong 262799, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ye DM, Xu G, Ma W, Li Y, Luo W, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Significant function and research progress of biomarkers in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:17-29. [PMID: 31897111 PMCID: PMC6924079 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal tumor types, and the incidence and mortality rates are higher in men compared with women. Various studies have revealed that gastric cancer is a spectrum of tumor types, which have biological and genetic diversity. It has proven to be difficult to improve the overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with gastric cancer through the use of traditional surgery and chemoradiation, as gastric cancer is usually identified at an advanced stage. In consequence, the outcome is frequently poor. Thus, novel biomarkers and anticancer targets are required to improve the outcome. As the identification of biomarkers has increased due to advances in research and the greater availability of bioinformatics and functional genomics, the potential therapeutic regimens available have also increased concurrently. These advances have also improved the ability to predict responses to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, whilst other biomarkers predict post-treatment survival and recurrence based on their expression. This review focuses closely on the important functions of biomarkers in the timely diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, in addition to the advances in the study of certain novel markers in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Mei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Gaosheng Xu
- Department of Surgery, Yueyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Surgery, Yueyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Weiru Luo
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Xiao
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hsieh HL, Tsai MM. Tumor progression-dependent angiogenesis in gastric cancer and its potential application. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:686-704. [PMID: 31558974 PMCID: PMC6755109 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i9.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in the early diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer (GC), human GC remains one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumors in the world, and the survival rate of GC patients remains very poor. Thus, a suitable therapeutic strategy for GC is important for prolonging survival. Both tumor cells themselves and the tumor microenvironment play an important role in tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis, inflammation, immunosuppression and metastasis. Importantly, these cells contribute to gastric carcinogenesis by altering the angiogenic phenotype switch. The development, relapse and spreading of tumors depend on new vessels that provide the nutrition, growth factors and oxygen required for continuous tumor growth. Therefore, a state of tumor dormancy could be induced by blocking tumor-associated angiogenesis. Recently, several antiangiogenic agents have been identified, and their potential for the clinical management of GC has been tested. Here, we provide an up-to-date summary of angiogenesis and the angiogenic factors associated with tumor progression in GC. We also review antiangiogenic agents with a focus on the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-mediated pathway for endothelial cell growth and their angiogenesis ability in GC. However, most antiangiogenic agents have reported no benefit to overall survival (OS) compared to chemotherapy alone in local or advanced GC. In phase III clinical trials, only ramucirumab (anti-VEGFR blocker) and apatinib (VEGFR-TKI blocker) have reported an improved median overall response rate and prolonged OS and progression-free survival outcomes as a 2nd-line agent combined with chemotherapy treatment in advanced GC. By providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis associated with tumor progression in GC, this review will hopefully aid the optimization of antiangiogenesis strategies for GC therapy in combination with chemotherapy and adjuvant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fukamachi H, Kim SK, Koh J, Lee HS, Sasaki Y, Yamashita K, Nishikawaji T, Shimada S, Akiyama Y, Byeon SJ, Bae DH, Okuno K, Nakagawa M, Tanioka T, Inokuchi M, Kawachi H, Tsuchiya K, Kojima K, Tokino T, Eishi Y, Kim YS, Kim WH, Yuasa Y, Tanaka S. A subset of diffuse-type gastric cancer is susceptible to mTOR inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:127. [PMID: 30866995 PMCID: PMC6416873 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is essential for the growth of gastric cancer (GC), but mTOR inhibitor everolimus was not effective for the treatment of GCs. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) researchers reported that most diffuse-type GCs were genomically stable (GS). Pathological analysis suggested that some diffuse-type GCs developed from intestinal-type GCs. Methods We established patient-derived xenograft (PDX) lines from diffuse-type GCs, and searched for drugs that suppressed their growth. Diffuse-type GCs were classified into subtypes by their gene expression profiles. Results mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus strongly suppressed the growth of PDX-derived diffuse-type GC-initiating cells, which was regulated via Wnt-mTOR axis. These cells were microsatellite unstable (MSI) or chromosomally unstable (CIN), inconsistent with TCGA report. Diffuse-type GCs in TCGA cohort could be classified into two clusters, and GS subtype was major in cluster I while CIN and MSI subtypes were predominant in cluster II where PDX-derived diffuse-type GC cells were included. We estimated that about 9 and 55% of the diffuse-type GCs in cluster II were responders to mTOR inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors, respectively, by identifying PIK3CA mutations and MSI condition in TCGA cohort. These ratios were far greater than those of diffuse-type GCs in cluster I or intestinal-type GCs. Further analysis suggested that diffuse-type GCs in cluster II developed from intestinal-type GCs while those in cluster I from normal gastric epithelial cells. Conclusion mTOR inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors might be useful for the treatment of a subset of diffuse-type GCs which may develop from intestinal-type GCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1121-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yasushi Sasaki
- Medical Genome Sciences, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taketo Nishikawaji
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Present Address: Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan
| | - Shu Shimada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sun-Ju Byeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuck Bae
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Keisuke Okuno
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Tanioka
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikito Inokuchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawachi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Present Address: Department of Pathology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kojima
- Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokino
- Medical Genome Sciences, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yasuhito Yuasa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mun DG, Bhin J, Kim S, Kim H, Jung JH, Jung Y, Jang YE, Park JM, Kim H, Jung Y, Lee H, Bae J, Back S, Kim SJ, Kim J, Park H, Li H, Hwang KB, Park YS, Yook JH, Kim BS, Kwon SY, Ryu SW, Park DY, Jeon TY, Kim DH, Lee JH, Han SU, Song KS, Park D, Park JW, Rodriguez H, Kim J, Lee H, Kim KP, Yang EG, Kim HK, Paek E, Lee S, Lee SW, Hwang D. Proteogenomic Characterization of Human Early-Onset Gastric Cancer. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:111-124.e10. [PMID: 30645970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report proteogenomic analysis of diffuse gastric cancers (GCs) in young populations. Phosphoproteome data elucidated signaling pathways associated with somatic mutations based on mutation-phosphorylation correlations. Moreover, correlations between mRNA and protein abundances provided potential oncogenes and tumor suppressors associated with patient survival. Furthermore, integrated clustering of mRNA, protein, phosphorylation, and N-glycosylation data identified four subtypes of diffuse GCs. Distinguishing these subtypes was possible by proteomic data. Four subtypes were associated with proliferation, immune response, metabolism, and invasion, respectively; and associations of the subtypes with immune- and invasion-related pathways were identified mainly by phosphorylation and N-glycosylation data. Therefore, our proteogenomic analysis provides additional information beyond genomic analyses, which can improve understanding of cancer biology and patient stratification in diffuse GCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gi Mun
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea; Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sangok Kim
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea; Research Data Hub Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hun Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yong-in 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Jung
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Jang
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Jung
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangyeore Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingi Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Back
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Honglan Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Baek Hwang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Yook
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sik Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wan Ryu
- Department of Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Youn Park
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yong Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuck Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Han
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Song
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Park
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Park
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Hookeun Lee
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yong-in 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Gyeong Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hark Kyun Kim
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunok Paek
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanghyuk Lee
- Department of Life Science and Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Proteogenome Research, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Roles of DDX5 in the tumorigenesis, proliferation, differentiation, metastasis and pathway regulation of human malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:85-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
27
|
Ding H, Sun J, Li R, Wang G. Retracted Article: Long non-coding RNA GACAT1 alleviates doxorubicin and vincristine resistance through a PTEN/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 regulatory pathway in gastric cancer. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8048-8055. [PMID: 35521206 PMCID: PMC9061239 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major global health problem. Chemotherapy is a common therapeutic strategy for cancers including GC. However, chemoresistance strikingly limits the clinical applications of chemotherapeutic drugs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been widely reported to be implicated in the pathogenesis and chemoresistance of cancers including GC. Our work aims to investigate the roles and molecular mechanisms of lncRNA gastric cancer-associated transcript 1 (GACAT1) in regulating doxorubicin (ADR) and vincristine (VCR) resistance in GC. In this text, RT-qPCR assay showed that GACAT1 expression was markedly reduced in ADR- or VCR-resistant GC (SGC7901/ADR or SGC7901/VCR) cells and GC tissues. CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis revealed that GACAT1 overexpression alleviated the resistance of GC cells to ADR and VCR. RT-qPCR and western blot assay disclosed that GACAT1 deactivated the AKT/mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway and promoted PTEN expression in SGC7901/ADR or SGC7901/VCR cells. Restoration experiments demonstrated that GACAT1 attenuated ADR or VCR resistance by regulating the PTEN/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 pathway in SGC7901/ADR or SGC7901/VCR cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that GACAT1 overexpression inhibited tumor growth and enhanced ADR- or VCR-mediated anti-tumor effects in GC xenograft tumor models. Taken together, these data revealed that GACAT1 weakened the resistance of GC cells to ADR and VCR by the PTEN/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 regulatory pathway in vitro and in vivo, shedding new light on GACAT1 upregulation as a potential strategy to alleviate chemoresistance in GC. Gastric cancer (GC) is a major global health problem.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengxuan Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- P. R. China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- P. R. China
| | - Guojun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Carrasco-Garcia E, Álvarez-Satta M, García-Puga M, Ribeiro ML, Arevalo S, Arauzo-Bravo M, Matheu A. Therapeutic relevance of SOX9 stem cell factor in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:143-152. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes)
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Puga
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Arevalo
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcos Arauzo-Bravo
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dai JY, Wang X, Buas MF, Zhang C, Ma J, Wei B, Li Y, Zhao B, Hyun TS, Chen X, Loeb KR, Odze R, Yao L, Sun X, Self S, Vaughan TL, Guo Y. Whole-genome sequencing of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Chinese patients reveals distinct mutational signatures and genomic alterations. Commun Biol 2018; 1:174. [PMID: 30374464 PMCID: PMC6200836 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen drastically in Western countries over the last 40 years, a similar trend has not been observed for EAC in China. Here, we analyzed mutational spectrum, copy number alterations, and structural variants from whole-genome sequencing of 10 Chinese EAC tumor samples and their matched normal samples, and compared them to previously reported EAC tumor specimens from Western countries. The mutational burden in Chinese EAC was significantly lower than that found in EAC from Western countries. The hallmark A>C mutational signature observed at high frequency in EAC from Western countries, which has been linked to acid reflux, is completely absent in Chinese samples. Furthermore, none of the Chinese samples showed evidence of chromothripsis and genome doubling that are often found in EAC from Western countries. In summary, Chinese EAC tumor samples had distinct genomic profiles and signatures, suggesting that EAC in Chinese individuals may arise from a different etiological pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Y Dai
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, USA
| | - Matthew F Buas
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, 14203, NY, USA
| | - Chengjuan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, He Nan Province, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, He Nan Province, China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, He Nan Province, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, He Nan Province, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, 450008, He Nan Province, China
| | - Teresa S Hyun
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Keith R Loeb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Robert Odze
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Lena Yao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Steve Self
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, USA
| | - Thomas L Vaughan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Yongjun Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, He Nan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ma X, Li J, Hou J, Lv X. Beneficial Effects of Electroacupuncture on Neuropathic Pain Evoked by Spinal Cord Injury and Involvement of PI3K-mTOR Mechanisms. Biol Res Nurs 2018; 21:5-13. [PMID: 30328377 DOI: 10.1177/1099800418804896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the beneficial effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on neuropathic pain evoked by spinal cord injury (SCI) and determine the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects. SCI was induced in rats. Behavioral tests were performed to examine pain responses induced by mechanical and thermal stimulation. Western blot analysis was used to measure the protein expression of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), mTOR-mediated phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (p-S6K1), and phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (p-4E-BP1) in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. We showed that SCI increased the expression of p-mTOR, p-S6K1, and p-4E-BP1. The EA intervention attenuated the upregulation of mTOR signaling and alleviated mechanical and thermal pain responses in SCI rats. Blocking spinal mTOR by intrathecal injection of rapamycin also inhibited mechanical and thermal pain. In addition, blocking spinal phosphorylated phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K) pathway attenuated p-mTOR pathways and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in SCI rats. EA also decreased the enhanced p-PI3K in the superficial dorsal horn of SCI rats. In conclusion, findings revealed specific signaling pathways that lead to neuropathic pain in response to SCI, including activation of PI3K-mTOR signaling. Further, results link the beneficial role of EA in alleviating SCI-induced neuropathic pain to its effect on these molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- 1 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- 2 Tumor Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- 2 Tumor Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Li
- 3 Department of Radiology, The First Hospital (Eastern Division) of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junling Hou
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohong Lv
- 1 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang X, Jiang N, Li J, Zhang D, Lv X. Rapamycin alleviates proinflammatory cytokines and nociceptive behavior induced by chemotherapeutic paclitaxel. Neurol Res 2018; 41:52-59. [PMID: 30325723 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1531199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims: Paclitaxel is largely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of several types of cancers. However, one of the significant limiting complications of paclitaxel is painful peripheral neuropathy during its therapy. The purposes of this study were to examine (1) the effects of blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) on mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity evoked by paclitaxel; and (2) the underlying mechanisms responsible for the role of mTOR in regulating paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. Methods: Behavioral test was performed to determine mechanical and thermal sensitivity in rats. ELISA was used to examine the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the dorsal root ganglion (DGR); and Western blot analysis was used to examine expression of mTOR signal pathway. Results: Paclitaxel increased mechanical and thermal sensitivity as compared with vehicle control animals (P < 0.05 vs. controls). Paclitaxel also amplified the expression of p-mTOR, mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 (p-S6K1), 4E-binding protein 1 (p-4E-BP1) in the DRG. Blocking mTOR using rapamycin attenuated peripheral painful neuropathy observed in paclitaxel rats (P < 0.05 vs. without rapamycin). This inhibitory effect was accompanied with decreases of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α as well as substance P and CGRP. In addition, inhibition of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K) attenuated expression of p-mTOR and PICs/substance P/CGRP in paclitaxel rats and this further attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Conclusions: The data revealed specific signaling pathways leading to paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathic pain, including the activation of PI3K-mTOR, PIC signal, and substance P and CGRP. Inhibition of these pathways alleviates neuropathic pain. Targeting one or more of these molecular mediators may present new opportunities for treatment and management of neuropathic pain observed during chemotherapeutic application of paclitaxel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine , The First Hospital (Eastern Division) of Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Nan Jiang
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine , The First Hospital (Eastern Division) of Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Jing Li
- b Department of Radiology , The First Hospital (Eastern Division) of Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- c Department of Ophthalmology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Xiaohong Lv
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine , The First Hospital (Eastern Division) of Jilin University , Changchun , China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen C, Maimaiti A, Zhang X, Qu H, Sun Q, He Q, Yu W. Knockdown of RAI14 suppresses the progression of gastric cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6693-6703. [PMID: 30349303 PMCID: PMC6186306 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s175502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid induced 14 (RAI14), also known as NORPEG, is reported as being deregulated in non-small-cell lung cancer, together with having involvement in its cell proliferation as a super enhancer related gene. Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the role of RAI14 in the progression and metastasis of gastric cancer and explore the associated mechanism. Materials and methods GEPIA database was used to analyze the expression of RAI14 in gastric cancer. MNK45 and AGS cells were transfected with siRNA-RAI14 to block the expression of RAI14. Cell Counting Kit 8 and colony formation assays were performed to measure cell proliferation. Cell migration and invasion capacities was examined by transwell assay. Apoptosis rate was detected using flow cytometry, and the protein levels of apoptosis-related proteins was determined using Western blot assay. Reverse-transcription PCR assay was used to detect the expressions of RAB31. Results Gene expression profiling interactive analysis revealed that RAI14 was substantially upregu-lated in gastric cancer and higher expression of RAI14 was associated with worse prognosis. We also observed that the knockdown of RAI14 by siRNA-RAI14 transfection suppressed growth capacity of MKN45 and AGS cells. Also, RAI14 knockdown inhibited migration and invasion of MKN45 and AGS cells in vitro. Moreover, RAI14 knockdown was observed to accelerate cell apoptosis via down-regulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax in MKN45 and AGS cells. Furthermore, downregulation of RAI14 inhibited the activation of Akt pathway, and activation of Akt by IGF-1 could restore the reduced proliferation induced by RAI14 knockdown. In addition, we found that RAI14 had a positive correlation with the RAB31 in gastric cancer by GEPIA reverse-transcription PCR and Western blot assays, and the reduced proliferation caused by RAI14 knockdown was restored by RAB31. Conclusion RAI14 knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis by downregulating the Akt pathway in gastric cancer cells, and RAB31 might be a downstream target gene of RAI14, providing a novel sight into the molecular mechanism of RAI14 and a potential target for gastric cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China,
| | - Aihemaiti Maimaiti
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hui Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qilong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qingsi He
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wenbin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Duan Z, Su Z, Wang H, Pang X. Involvement of pro-inflammation signal pathway in inhibitory effects of rapamycin on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918769426. [PMID: 29587559 PMCID: PMC5898663 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918769426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxaliplatin is a third-generation chemotherapeutic agent that is commonly used to treat metastatic digestive tumors; however, one of the main limiting complications of oxaliplatin is painful peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to examine the underlying mechanisms by which mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its signal are responsible for oxaliplatin-evoked neuropathic pain. Methods Neuropathic pain was induced by intraperitoneal injection of oxaliplatin in rats. ELISA and Western blot analysis were used to examine the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and the expression of mTOR signal pathway. Results Oxaliplatin increased mechanical and cold sensitivity as compared with control animals (P < 0.05 vs. control rats). Oxaliplatin also amplified the expression of p-mTOR and mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 and 4E-binding protein 1 in the lumbar dorsal root ganglion. Blocking mTOR using rapamycin attenuated peripheral painful neuropathy observed in oxaliplatin rats (P < 0.05 vs. vehicle control). This inhibitory effect was accompanied with decreases of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In addition, inhibition of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K) attenuated the expression of p-mTOR and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in oxaliplatin rats, and this further attenuated mechanical and cold hypersensitivity. Conclusions The data revealed specific signaling pathways leading to oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathic pain, including the activation of PI3K-mTOR and pro-inflammatory cytokine signal. Inhibition of these pathways alleviates neuropathic pain. Targeting one or more of these molecular mediators may present new opportunities for treatment and management of neuropathic pain observed during chemotherapeutic application of oxaliplatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongsheng Duan
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenbo Su
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hushan Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochuan Pang
- 3 Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao Y, Diao Y, Wang X, Lin S, Wang M, Kang H, Yang P, Dai C, Liu X, Liu K, Li S, Zhu Y, Dai Z. Impacts of the mTOR gene polymorphisms rs2536 and rs2295080 on breast cancer risk in the Chinese population. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58174-58180. [PMID: 27533457 PMCID: PMC5295422 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene polymorphisms exert the major effects on the regulation of transcriptional activity and miRNA binding or splicing, which may be associated with cancer risk by affecting mTOR gene expression. However, inconsistent results have been previously reported. The present study evaluated the correlation between mTOR rs2536/rs2295080 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. This case-control study was performed with 560 breast cancer patients and 583 healthy controls from the northwest of China. mTOR polymorphisms (rs2536 and rs2295080) were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY. We assessed the associations with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The association between mTOR rs2536 polymorphism and breast cancer risk was undetectable in our study (P > 0.05). In parallel, the significant effects were observed between mTOR rs2295080 polymorphism and breast cancer risk in the allele, codominant, and recessive models (P < 0.05). We detected no significant correlations between rs2536 polymorphism and the clinical parameters of breast cancer patients, while rs2295080 polymorphism was associated with lymph node (LN) metastasis. The Crs2536Grs2295080 haplotype was correlated with a significantly decreased risk of breast cancer (P < 0.05). In sum, the findings suggested that mTOR rs2295080 had a protective role on breast cancer susceptibility among Chinese population, while rs2536 polymorphism had no association with breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yan Diao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - XiJing Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - HuaFeng Kang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - PengTao Yang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Cong Dai
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - XingHan Liu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - ShanLi Li
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - YuYao Zhu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - ZhiJun Dai
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 as a promising therapeutic strategy against paclitaxel-resistant gastric cancer via targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:123. [PMID: 29374144 PMCID: PMC5833539 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is widely used in the front-line chemotherapy for gastric cancer (GC), but resistance limits its use. Due to the lack of proper models, mechanisms underlying PTX resistance in GC were not well studied. Using established PTX-resistant GC cell sublines HGC-27R, we for the first time integrated biological traits and molecular mechanisms of PTX resistance in GC. Data revealed that PTX-resistant GC cells were characterized by microtubular disorders, an EMT phenotype, reduced responses to antimitotic drugs, and resistance to apoptosis (marked by upregulated β-tubulin III, vimentin, attenuated changes in G2/M molecules or pro-apoptotic factors in response to antimitotic drugs or apoptotic inducers, respectively). Activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, the serine/threonine kinase Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were also observed, which might be the reason for above phenotypic alternations. In vitro data suggested that targeting these pathways were sufficient to elicit antitumor responses in PTX-resistant GC, in which the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 displayed higher therapeutic efficiency than the mTOR inhibitor everolimus or the MEK inhibitor AZD6244. Antitumor effects of BEZ235 were also confirmed in mice bearing HGC-27R tumors. Thus, these data suggest that PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathway inhibition, especially PI3K/mTOR dual blockade, might be a promising therapeutic strategy against PTX-resistant GC.
Collapse
|
36
|
Pinto MP, Owen GI, Retamal I, Garrido M. Angiogenesis inhibitors in early development for gastric cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1007-1017. [PMID: 28770623 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1361926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiogenesis, or the generation of new blood vessels from pre-existent ones is a critical process for tumor growth and progression. Hence, the development of angiogenesis inhibitors with therapeutic potential has been a central focus for researchers. Most angiogenesis inhibitors target the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) pathway, however a number of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and inhibitors of the mammalian Target-Of-Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway also display antiangiogenic activity. Areas covered: Here we review the effectiveness of a variety of compounds with antiangiogenic properties in preclinical and clinical settings in gastric cancer (GC). Expert opinion: In coming years angiogenesis will remain as a therapeutic target in GC. To date, ramucirumab a monoclonal antibody that targets VEGFR2 is the most successful antiangiogenic tested in clinical studies, and it is now well established as a second-line therapy in GC. The arrival of precision medicine and the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors will increase the number of clinical trials using targeted agents like ramucirumab in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. A hypothetical working model that combines ramucirumab with immunotherapy is presented. Also, the impact of nanotechnology and a molecular subtype classification of GC are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- a School of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- b Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO) , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- c School of Chemistry and Biology, Laboratory on the Immunology of Reproduction , Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- a School of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- b Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO) , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- d School of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ignacio Retamal
- b Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO) , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- d School of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Marcelo Garrido
- b Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO) , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- d School of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang J, Shi Z, Huang J, Zou X. CSTB Downregulation Promotes Cell Proliferation and Migration and Suppresses Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer SGC-7901 Cell Line. Oncol Res 2017; 24:487-494. [PMID: 28281969 PMCID: PMC7838608 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14685034103752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the pivotal role of cystatin B (CSTB) in the development of gastric cancer and to explore its possible regulatory mechanism. Human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells as a model in vitro were transfected with plasmid PCDNA3.1-CSTB and siRNA-CSTB using Lipofectamine 2000. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were performed to determine the relative expression of CSTB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related protein. Moreover, MTT assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were used to assess cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, respectively. The results showed that CSTB was significantly downregulated in SGC-7901 cells compared with gastric epithelial cells. CSTB was successfully overexpressed and suppressed after cells were transfected with pc-CSTB and si-CSTB, respectively. Moreover, cell viability and migration were significantly decreased after being transfected with pc-CSTB when compared with the control group, while being obviously increased after transfection with si-CSTB. However, cell apoptosis was significantly induced after being transfected with pc-CSTB, while being obviously suppressed after transfection with si-CSTB. Besides, the expression levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR proteins were all significantly decreased in the pc-CSTB transfection group when compared with the control group, while being increased in the si-CSTB transfection group. Our findings suggest that CSTB downregulation may promote the development of gastric cancer by affecting cell proliferation and migration, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was activated in this process. CSTB may serve as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Center, The First People's Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Du C, Li DQ, Li N, Chen L, Li SS, Yang Y, Hou MX, Xie MJ, Zheng ZD. DDX5 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo through mTOR signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42876. [PMID: 28216662 PMCID: PMC5316961 DOI: 10.1038/srep42876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 5 (DDX5) is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that is overexpressed in various malignancies. Increasing evidence suggests that DDX5 participates in carcinogenesis and cancer progression via promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. However, the functional role of DDX5 in gastric cancer is largely unknown. In this study, we observed that DDX5 was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues compared with the paired adjacent normal tissues. The expression of DDX5 correlated strongly with Ki67 index and pathological stage of gastric cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies suggested that knockdown of DDX5 inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation, colony formation and xenografts growth, whereas ectopic expression of DDX5 promoted these cellular functions. Mechanically, DDX5 induced gastric cancer cell growth by activating mTOR/S6K1. Treatment of everolimus, the specific mTOR inhibitor, significantly attenuated DDX5-mediated cell proliferation. Interestingly, the expression of DDX5 and p-mTOR in gastric cancer tissues demonstrated a positive correlation. Taken together, these results revealed a novel role of DDX5 in gastric cancer cell proliferation via the mTOR pathway. Therefore, DDX5 may serve as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Du
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Qi Li
- Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Sen Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Xiao Hou
- Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma of PLA, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, P. R. China
| | - Man-Jiang Xie
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Zheng
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liang S, Li J, Gou X, Chen D. Blocking mammalian target of rapamycin alleviates bladder hyperactivity and pain in rats with cystitis. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916668868. [PMID: 27780878 PMCID: PMC5084610 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916668868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder disorders associated with interstitial cystitis are frequently characterized by increased contractility and pain. The purposes of this study were to examine (1) the effects of blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) on the exaggerated bladder activity and pain evoked by cystitis and (2) the underlying mechanisms responsible for the role of mTOR in regulating cystic sensory activity. RESULTS The expression of p-mTOR, mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 (p-S6K1), 4 E-binding protein 4 (p-4 E-BP1), as well as phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K) pathway were amplified in cyclophosphamide rats as compared with control rats. Blocking mTOR by intrathecal infusion of rapamycin attenuated bladder hyperactivity and pain. In addition, blocking PI3K signal pathway attenuated activities of mTOR, which was accompanied with decreasing bladder hyperactivity and pain. Inhibition of either mTOR or PI3K blunted the enhanced spinal substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in cyclophosphamide rats. CONCLUSIONS The data for the first time revealed specific signaling pathways leading to cyclophosphamide-induced bladder hyperactivity and pain, including the activation of mTOR and PI3K. Inhibition of these pathways alleviates cystic pain. Targeting one or more of these signaling molecules may present new opportunities for treatment and management of overactive bladder and pain often observed in cystitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Gou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daihui Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang XY, Zhang PY. Gastric cancer: somatic genetics as a guide to therapy. J Med Genet 2016; 54:305-312. [PMID: 27609016 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality across the world, with poor prognosis and a median overall survival of ≤12 months for advanced stage gastric cancer. Environmental, genetic and other predisposing factors contribute to the development of gastric cancer and a predominant factor was found to be infection of Helicobacter pylori Advances in understanding the deranged signalling pathways that are critical for normal cellular homeostasis helped in the development of novel drugs that target specific proteins and pathways to curtail the growth of gastric cancer. Genetic studies revealed several single nucleotide polymorphisms, chromosomal aberrations and epigenetic alterations that likely play a major role in elevating the susceptibility to develop gastric cancer. Methylation pattern of specific genes may likely prove to be a valid biomarker for early detection of gastric cancer, but much progress is needed to establish specific markers. Important developments have been made in targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 for treating advanced gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, using specific monoclonal antibodies. Lack of efficacy with regard to targeting other signalling pathways including mesenchymal-epithelial transition/hepatocyte growth factor and mammalian target of rapamycin is probably due to suboptimal patient selection for these clinical trials, which is probably due to the lack of appropriate biomarkers, to decide on responsive patient population. Besides the development of antagonists for the cell growth-related signalling pathways, advances are also being made to tackle gastric cancer by immunotherapies, targeting immune check-points, which may hold promise for better treatment options in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Information Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei-Ying Zhang
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,The Affiliated XuZhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Xuzhou Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Weber H, Leal P, Stein S, Kunkel H, García P, Bizama C, Espinoza JA, Riquelme I, Nervi B, Araya JC, Grez M, Roa JC. Rapamycin and WYE-354 suppress human gallbladder cancer xenografts in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31877-88. [PMID: 26397134 PMCID: PMC4741647 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly malignant tumor characterized by a poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy of mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and WYE-354. In vitro assays showed WYE-354 significantly reduced cell viability, migration and invasion and phospho-P70S6K expression in GBC cells. Mice harboring subcutaneous gallbladder tumors, treated with WYE-354 or rapamycin, exhibited a significant reduction in tumor mass. A short-term treatment with a higher dose of WYE-354 decreased the tumor size by 68.6% and 52.4%, in mice harboring G-415 or TGBC-2TKB tumors, respectively, compared to the control group. By contrast, treatment with a prolonged-low-dose regime of rapamycin almost abrogated tumor growth, exhibiting 92.7% and 97.1% reduction in tumor size, respectively, compared to control mice. These results were accompanied by a greater decrease in the phosphorylation status of P70S6K and a lower cell proliferation Ki67 index, compared to WYE-354 treated mice, suggesting a more effective mTOR pathway inhibition. These findings provide a proof of concept for the use of rapamycin or WYE-354 as potentially good candidates to be studied in clinical trials in GBC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helga Weber
- Department of Pathology, Center of Genetic and Immunological Studies (CEGIN) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Department of Pathology, Center of Genetic and Immunological Studies (CEGIN) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Stefan Stein
- Gene Therapy Unit, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hana Kunkel
- Gene Therapy Unit, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patricia García
- Department of Pathology, UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Department of Pathology, Center of Genetic and Immunological Studies (CEGIN) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Bruno Nervi
- Department of Hematology Oncology, UC-Center for Investigation in Translational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Araya
- Department of Pathology, Center of Genetic and Immunological Studies (CEGIN) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Manuel Grez
- Gene Therapy Unit, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juan C Roa
- Department of Pathology, UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lazăr DC, Tăban S, Cornianu M, Faur A, Goldiş A. New advances in targeted gastric cancer treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6776-99. [PMID: 27570417 PMCID: PMC4974579 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i30.6776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a decrease in incidence over past decades, gastric cancer remains a major global health problem. In the more recent period, survival has shown only minor improvement, despite significant advances in diagnostic techniques, surgical and chemotherapeutic approaches, the development of novel therapeutic agents and treatment by multidisciplinary teams. Because multiple genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, and aberrant molecular signalling pathways are involved in the development of gastric cancers, recent research has attempted to determine the molecular heterogeneity responsible for the processes of carcinogenesis, spread and metastasis. Currently, some novel agents targeting a part of these dysfunctional molecular signalling pathways have already been integrated into the standard treatment of gastric cancer, whereas others remain in phases of investigation within clinical trials. It is essential to identify the unique molecular patterns of tumours and specific biomarkers to develop treatments targeted to the individual tumour behaviour. This review analyses the global impact of gastric cancer, as well as the role of Helicobacter pylori infection and the efficacy of bacterial eradication in preventing gastric cancer development. Furthermore, the paper discusses the currently available targeted treatments and future directions of research using promising novel classes of molecular agents for advanced tumours.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang X, Li X, Huang B, Ma S. Blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) improves neuropathic pain evoked by spinal cord injury. Transl Neurosci 2016; 7:50-55. [PMID: 28123821 PMCID: PMC5234518 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an extremely serious type of physical trauma observed in clinics. Neuropathic pain resulting from SCI has a lasting and significant impact on most aspects of daily life. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular pathways responsible for the cause of neuropathic pain observed in SCI is important to develop effective therapeutic agents and treatment strategies. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is well known for its critical roles in regulating protein synthesis and growth. Furthermore, compelling evidence supports the notion that widespread dysregulation of mTOR and its downstream pathways are involved in neuropathic pain. Thus, in this study we specifically examined the underlying mechanisms by which mTOR and its signaling pathways are involved in SCI-evoked neuropathic pain in a rat model. Overall, we demonstrated that SCI increased the protein expression of p-mTOR, and mTORmediated- phosphorylation of 4E–binding protein 4 (4E-BP1) and p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 (S6K1) in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Also, we showed that blocking spinal mTOR by intrathecal injection of rapamycin significantly inhibited pain responses induced by mechanical and thermal stimulation. In addition, blocking spinal phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K) pathway significantly attenuated activities of p-mTOR pathways as well as mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in SCI rats. Moreover, blocking mTOR and PI3K decreased the enhanced levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the dorsal horn of SCI rats. We revealed specific signaling pathways leading to SCI-evoked neuropathic pain, including the activation of PI3K, mTOR and its downstream signaling pathways. Targeting one or more of these signaling molecules may present new opportunities for treatment and management of neuropathic pain often observed in patients with SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Li
- Department of Neurology Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurology Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Department of Neurology Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim HJ, Lee SY, Oh SC. The Inositide Signaling Pathway As a Target for Treating Gastric Cancer and Colorectal Cancer. Front Physiol 2016; 7:168. [PMID: 27242542 PMCID: PMC4861839 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer and colorectal cancer are the leading cause of cancer mortality and have a dismal prognosis. The introduction of biological agents to treat these cancers has resulted in improved outcomes, and combination chemotherapy with targeted agents and conventional chemotherapeutic agents is regarded as standard therapy. Additional newly clarified mechanisms of oncogenesis and resistance to targeted agents require the development of new biologic agents. Aberrant activation of the inositide signaling pathway by a loss of function PTEN mutation or gain of function mutation/amplification of PIK3CA is an oncogenic mechanism in gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Clinical trials with biologic agents that target the inositide signaling pathway are being performed to further improve treatment outcomes of patients with advanced gastric cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). In this review we summarize the inositide signaling pathway, the targeted agents that inhibit abnormal activation of this signaling pathway and the clinical trials currently being performed in patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer and metastatic CRC using these targeted agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jun Kim
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk-Young Lee
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Cheul Oh
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Riquelme I, Tapia O, Espinoza JA, Leal P, Buchegger K, Sandoval A, Bizama C, Araya JC, Peek RM, Roa JC. The Gene Expression Status of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Gastric Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:797-805. [PMID: 27156070 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of multiple cellular functions including cell growth, proliferation, metabolism and angiogenesis. Emerging evidence has shown that deregulation of this pathway has a role promoting gastric cancer (GC). The aim was to assess the expression of genes involved in this pathway by qPCR in 23 tumor and 23 non-tumor gastric mucosa samples from advanced GC patients, and in AGS, MKN28 and MKN45 gastric cancer cell lines. Results showed a slight overexpression of PIK3CA, PIK3CB, AKT1, MTOR, RPS6KB1, EIF4EBP1 and EIF4E genes, and a slightly decreased PTEN and TSC1 expression. In AGS, MKN28 and MKN45 cells a significant gene overexpression of PIK3CA, PIK3CB, AKT1, MTOR, RPS6KB1 and EIF4E, and a significant repression of PTEN gene expression were observed. Immunoblotting showed that PI3K-β, AKT, p-AKT, PTEN, mTOR, p-mTOR, P70S6K1, p-P70S6K1, 4E-BP1, p-4E-BP1, eIF4E and p-eIF4E proteins were present in cell lines at different levels, confirming activation of this pathway in vitro. This is the first time this extensive panel of 9 genes within PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been studied in GC to clarify the biological role of this pathway in GC and develop new strategies for this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Riquelme
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, Postal Code, 4810296, Temuco, Chile.,Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145,Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Oscar Tapia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, Postal Code, 4810296, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jaime A Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, Postal Code, 8330024, Santiago, Chile.,UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 61, Postal Code, 8330034, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, Postal Code, 8330024, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, CEGIN-BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, Postal Code, 4810296, Temuco, Chile
| | - Kurt Buchegger
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, Postal Code, 4810296, Temuco, Chile.,Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145,Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alejandra Sandoval
- UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 61, Postal Code, 8330034, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, Postal Code, 8330024, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, Postal Code, 8330024, Santiago, Chile.,UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 61, Postal Code, 8330034, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, Postal Code, 8330024, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Araya
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, Postal Code, 4810296, Temuco, Chile
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue Nashville, Postal Code, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, Postal Code, 8330024, Santiago, Chile. .,UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 61, Postal Code, 8330034, Santiago, Chile. .,Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, Postal Code, 8330024, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Riquelme I, Tapia O, Leal P, Sandoval A, Varga MG, Letelier P, Buchegger K, Bizama C, Espinoza JA, Peek RM, Araya JC, Roa JC. miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a act as potential tumor suppressors in gastric cancer through regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:23-33. [PMID: 26458815 PMCID: PMC4751587 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a deadly malignancy worldwide. In the past, it has been shown that cellular signaling pathway alterations play a crucial role in the development of GC. In particular, deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway seems to affect multiple GC functions including growth, proliferation, metabolism, motility and angiogenesis. Targeting alterations in this pathway by microRNAs (miRNAs) represents a potential therapeutic strategy, especially in inhibitor-resistant tumors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of 3 pre-selected miRNAs, miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a, in a series of primary GC tissues and matched non-GC tissues and in several GC-derived cell lines, and to subsequently evaluate the functional role of these miRNAs. METHODS Twenty-five primary GC samples, 25 matched non-GC samples and 3 GC-derived cell lines, i.e., AGS, MKN28 and MKN45, were included in this study. miRNA and target gene expression levels were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Subsequently, cell viability, clone formation, cell death, migration and invasion assays were performed on AGS cells. RESULTS miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a were found to be down-regulated in the primary GC tissues and the GC-derived cell lines tested. MiRNA mimic transfections significantly reduced cell viability and colony formation, increased cell death and reduced cell migration and invasion in AGS cells. We also found that exogenous expression of miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a decreased the expression of their putative targets MTOR, PIK3CB and TSC1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our expression analyses and in vitro functional assays suggest that miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a act as potential tumor suppressors in primary GCs as well as in GC-derived AGS cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Riquelme
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Oscar Tapia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, CEGIN-BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Alejandra Sandoval
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Matthew G. Varga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue Nashville, 37232 Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pablo Letelier
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, 4813302 Temuco, Chile
| | - Kurt Buchegger
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A. Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue Nashville, 37232 Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Araya
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li K, Li J. Current Molecular Targeted Therapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Mechanism, Clinical Trials, and Practical Application. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:4105615. [PMID: 26880889 PMCID: PMC4736909 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great progress in the treatment of gastric cancer, it is still the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Patients often miss the opportunity for a surgical cure, because the cancer has already developed into advanced cancer when identified. Compared to best supportive care, chemotherapy can improve quality of life and prolong survival time, but the overall survival is often short. Due to the molecular study of gastric cancer, new molecular targeted drugs have entered the clinical use. Trastuzumab, an antibody targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), can significantly improve survival in advanced gastric cancer patients with HER2 overexpression. Second-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer with ramucirumab, an antibody targeting VEGFR-2, alone or in combination with paclitaxel, has been proved to provide a beneficial effect. The VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, apatinib, can improve the survival of advanced gastric cancer patients after second-line chemotherapy failure. Unfortunately, none of the EGFR targeting antibodies (cetuximab or panitumumab), VEGF targeting monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab), mTOR inhibitor (everolimus), or HGF/MET pathway targeting drugs has a significant survival benefit. Many other clinical trials based on molecular markers are underway. This review will summarize targeted therapies for advanced gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaichun Li
- Tianyou Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China
| | - Jin Li
- Tianyou Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, China
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jiang Z, Wu S, Wu X, Zhong J, Lv A, Jiao J, Chen Z. Blocking mammalian target of rapamycin alleviates bone cancer pain and morphine toleranceviaµ-opioid receptor. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:2013-20. [PMID: 26566757 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongming Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University); Shaoxing Zhejiang 312000 China
| | - Shaoyong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong 510000 China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Department of Nephrology; Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University); Shaoxing Zhejiang 312000 China
| | - Junfeng Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University); Shaoxing Zhejiang 312000 China
| | - Anqing Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University); Shaoxing Zhejiang 312000 China
| | - Jing Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University); Shaoxing Zhejiang 312000 China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abeyrathna P, Su Y. The critical role of Akt in cardiovascular function. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:38-48. [PMID: 26025205 PMCID: PMC4659756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Akt kinase, a member of AGC kinases, is important in many cellular functions including proliferation, migration, cell growth and metabolism. There are three known Akt isoforms which play critical and diverse roles in the cardiovascular system. Akt activity is regulated by its upstream regulatory pathways at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Beta-catenin/Tcf-4, GLI1 and Stat-3 are some of few known transcriptional regulators of AKT gene. Threonine 308 and serine 473 are the two critical phosphorylation sites of Akt1. Translocation of Akt to the cell membrane facilitates PDK1 phosphorylation of the threonine site. The serine site is phosphorylated by mTORC2. Ack1, Src, PTK6, TBK1, IKBKE and IKKε are some of the non-canonical pathways which affect the Akt activity. Protein-protein interactions of Akt to actin and Hsp90 increase the Akt activity while Akt binding to other proteins such as CTMP and TRB3 reduces the Akt activity. The action of Akt on its downstream targets determines its function in cardiovascular processes such as cell survival, growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, vasorelaxation, and cell metabolism. Akt promotes cell survival via caspase-9, YAP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-x activities. Inhibition of FoxO proteins by Akt also increases cell survival by transcriptional mechanisms. Akt stimulates cell growth and proliferation through mTORC1. Akt also increases VEGF secretion and mediates eNOS phosphorylation, vasorelaxation and angiogenesis. Akt can increase cellular metabolism through its downstream targets GSK3 and GLUT4. The alterations of Akt signaling play an important role in many cardiovascular pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling. Several Akt inhibitors have been developed and tested as anti-tumor agents. They could be potential novel therapeutics for the cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Abeyrathna
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sha M, Ye J, Luan ZY, Guo T, Wang B, Huang JX. Celastrol induces cell cycle arrest by MicroRNA-21-mTOR-mediated inhibition p27 protein degradation in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:101. [PMID: 26500453 PMCID: PMC4619578 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Celastrol has anti-cancer effects by increase of apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. However, its role in gastric cancer
cell cycle is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of celastrol on gastric cancer cell cycle. Methods The effects of celastrol on cell cycle in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells were assayed via flow cytometry analysis. The expression of p27 and mTOR was detected by real-time PCR and western blot. The activity of mTOR and mTORC2 was measured by mTOR and mTORC2 kinase assays. miR-21 mimic was used to up-regulate miR-21 expression and mTOR expression plasmid was used to increase mTOR level in gastric cancer cells. Results Celastrol caused G2/M cell-cycle arrest that was accompanied by the down-regulation of miR-21 expression. In particular, miR-21 overexpression reversed cell cycle arrest effects of celastrol. Further study showed that celastrol increased levels of the p27 protein by inhibiting its degradation. miR-21 and mTOR signaling pathway was involved in the increase of p27 protein expression in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells treated with celastrol. Significantly, miR-21 overexpression restored the decrease of mTOR activity in cells exposed celastrol. Conclusions The effect of celastrol on cell cycle arrest of gastric cancer cells was due to an increase of p27 protein level via inhibiting miR-21-mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Sha
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University of Medicine, Taizhou, 225300 China
| | - Jun Ye
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University of Medicine, Taizhou, 225300 China
| | - Zheng-Yun Luan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University of Medicine, Taizhou, 225300 China
| | - Ting Guo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University of Medicine, Taizhou, 225300 China
| | - Bian Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University of Medicine, Taizhou, 225300 China
| | - Jun-Xing Huang
- Institute of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University of Medicine, 210 Yingchun, Taizhou, 225300 Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|