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Li P, Zhang H, Chen T, Zhou Y, Yang J, Zhou J. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis and immunosuppression in gastric cancer. Matrix Biol 2024:S0945-053X(24)00088-X. [PMID: 38936680 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy and immunotherapy, the mortality rate for gastric cancer remains one of the highest in the world. A large body of evidence has demonstrated that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as core members of the stroma, can secrete cytokines, proteins and exosomes to create a tumour microenvironment that is conducive to cancer cell survival. CAFs can also interact with cancer cells to form a complex signalling network, enabling cancer cells to more easily metastasise to other organs and tissues in the body and develop metastatic foci. In this review, we provide an overview of the CAFs concept and activators. We focus on elucidating their effects on immune cells, intratumoural vasculature, extracellular matrix, as well as cancer cell activity, metastatic power and metabolism, and on enhancing the metastatic ability of cancer cells through activation of JAK/STAT, NF/κB and CXCL12/CXCR4. Various therapeutic agents targeting CAFs are also under development and are expected to improve the prognosis of gastric cancer in combination with existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Li
- Department of general surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of general surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of general surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yajing Zhou
- Department of general surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiaoyang Yang
- Department of general surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of general surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Ferrario N, Marras E, Vivona V, Randisi F, Fallica AN, Marrazzo A, Perletti G, Gariboldi MB. Mechanisms of the Antineoplastic Effects of New Fluoroquinolones in 2D and 3D Human Breast and Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2227. [PMID: 38927932 PMCID: PMC11201967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial fluoroquinolones have emerged as potential anticancer drugs, thus prompting the synthesis of novel molecules with improved cytotoxic characteristics. Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin derivatives, previously synthesized by our group, showed higher anticancer potency than their progenitors. However, no information about their mechanisms of action was reported. In this study, we selected the most active among these promising molecules and evaluated, on a panel of breast (including those triple-negative) and bladder cancer cell lines, their ability to induce cell cycle alterations and apoptotic and necrotic cell death through cytofluorimetric studies. Furthermore, inhibitory effects on cellular migration, metalloproteinase, and/or acetylated histone protein levels were also evaluated by the scratch/wound healing assay and Western blot analyses, respectively. Finally, the DNA relaxation assay was performed to confirm topoisomerase inhibition. Our results indicate that the highest potency previously observed for the derivatives could be related to their ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death. Moreover, they inhibited cellular migration, probably by reducing metalloproteinase levels and histone deacetylases. Finally, topoisomerase inhibition, previously observed in silico, was confirmed. In conclusion, structural modifications of progenitor fluoroquinolones resulted in potent anticancer derivatives possessing multiple mechanisms of action, potentially exploitable for the treatment of aggressive/resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ferrario
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Veronica Vivona
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Federica Randisi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Antonino Nicolò Fallica
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.N.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.N.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Gianpaolo Perletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.F.); (E.M.); (V.V.); (F.R.); (G.P.)
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3
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Pan T, Li J, Zhang O, Zhu Y, Zhou H, Ma M, Yu Y, Lyu J, Chen Y, Xu L. Knockdown of ribosome RNA processing protein 15 suppresses migration of hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibiting PATZ1-associated LAMC2/FAK pathway. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:334. [PMID: 38475740 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribosomal RNA processing protein 15 (RRP15) has been found to regulate the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, the extent to which it contributes to the spread of HCC cells remains uncertain. Thus, the objective of this research was to assess the biological function of RRP15 in the migration of HCC. METHODS The expression of RRP15 in HCC tissue microarray (TMA), tumor tissues and cell lines were determined. In vitro, the effects of RRP15 knockdown on the migration, invasion and adhesion ability of HCC cells were assessed by wound healing assay, transwell and adhesion assay, respectively. The effect of RRP15 knockdown on HCC migration was also evaluated in vivo in a mouse model. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed that high expression of RRP15 was significantly associated with low survival rate of HCC. The expression level of RRP15 was strikingly upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines compared with the corresponding controls, and TMA data also indicated that RRP15 was a pivotal prognostic factor for HCC. RRP15 knockdown in HCC cells reduced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inhibited migration in vitro and in vivo, independent of P53 expression. Mechanistically, blockade of RRP15 reduced the protein level of the transcription factor POZ/BTB and AT hook containing zinc finger 1 (PATZ1), resulting in decreased expression of the downstream genes encoding laminin 5 subunits, LAMC2 and LAMB3, eventually suppressing the integrin β4 (ITGB4)/focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/nuclear factor κB kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS RRP15 promotes HCC migration by activating the LAMC2/ITGB4/FAK pathway, providing a new target for future HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhai Li
- Department of Liver and Gall Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325200, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ouyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongfei Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaojian Lyu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lishui People's Hospital, 323000, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Boyd LNC, Andini KD, Peters GJ, Kazemier G, Giovannetti E. Heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 82:184-196. [PMID: 33737108 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a notably poor prognosis, in urgent need of improved treatment strategies. The desmoplastic PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME), marked by a high concentration of cancer-associated-fibroblasts (CAFs), is a dynamic part of PDAC pathophysiology which occasions a variety of effects throughout the course of pancreatic tumorigenesis and disease evolution. A better understanding of the desmoplastic TME and CAF biology in particular, should provide new opportunities for improving therapeutics. That CAFs have a tumor-supportive role in oncogenesis is well known, yet research evidence has shown that CAFs also have tumor-repressive functions. In this review, we seek to clarify the intriguing heterogeneity and plasticity of CAFs and their ambivalent role in PDAC tumorigenesis and progression. Additionally, we provide recommendations to advance the implementation of CAF-directed PDAC care. An improved understanding of CAFs' origins, spatial location, functional diversity, and marker determination, as well as CAF behavior during the course of PDAC progression and metastasis will provide essential knowledge for the future improvement of therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka N C Boyd
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Katarina D Andini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017, San Giuliano Terme PI, Pisa, Italy.
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5
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Fallica A, Barbaraci C, Amata E, Pasquinucci L, Turnaturi R, Dichiara M, Intagliata S, Gariboldi MB, Marras E, Orlandi VT, Ferroni C, Martini C, Rescifina A, Gentile D, Varchi G, Marrazzo A. Nitric Oxide Photo-Donor Hybrids of Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin: A Shift in Activity from Antimicrobial to Anticancer Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11597-11613. [PMID: 34319100 PMCID: PMC8389907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential anticancer effect of fluoroquinolone antibiotics has been recently unveiled and related to their ability to interfere with DNA topoisomerase II. We herein envisioned the design and synthesis of novel Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin nitric oxide (NO) photo-donor hybrids to explore the potential synergistic antitumor effect exerted by the fluoroquinolone scaffold and NO eventually produced upon light irradiation. Anticancer activity, evaluated on a panel of tumor cell lines, showed encouraging results with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Some compounds displayed intense antiproliferative activity on triple-negative and doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cell lines, paving the way for their potential use to treat aggressive, refractory and multidrug-resistant breast cancer. No significant additive effect was observed on PC3 and DU145 cells following NO release. Conversely, antimicrobial photodynamic experiments on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms displayed a significant killing rate in Staphylococcus aureus, accounting for their potential effectiveness as selective antimicrobial photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino
Nicolò Fallica
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Barbaraci
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Amata
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Lorella Pasquinucci
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Turnaturi
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Dichiara
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Intagliata
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department
of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Department
of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department
of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferroni
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity − ISOF, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Martini
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity − ISOF, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Gentile
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute
for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity − ISOF, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department
of Drug and Health Sciences (DSFS), University
of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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6
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Abstract
It is suggested that evolution has equipped humans and other species with powerful and, largely non-immunological resistance mechanisms that can nip pre-neoplastic cells, as well as cells disseminating from established tumors in the bud. These mechanisms must operate while maintaining tissue structure, polarity and a large variety of cell-to-cell interactions. Altogether, they are essential for microenvironmental tissue integrity. It has further been postulated that the genes underpinning microenvironmental control are not merely alleles of known cancer susceptibility genes, but constitute sui generis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Xia Y, Tang D, Zeng Z, Wang X, Wang S. Cell Adhesion and Migration Behaviors on Patterned Thermoresponsive Microgel Stripes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8551-8558. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Xia
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dachao Tang
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zhujun Zeng
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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8
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Elisha Y, Sagi Y, Klein G, Straussman R, Geiger B. Cooperativity between stromal cytokines drives the invasive migration of human breast cancer cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180231. [PMID: 31431170 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between cancer cells and the stromal microenvironment plays a key role in regulating cancer invasion. Here, we employed an ex vivo invasion model system for exploring the regulation of breast cancer cells infiltration into a variety of stromal fibroblast monolayers. Our results revealed considerable variability in the stromal induction of invasiveness, with some lines promoting and others blocking invasion. It was shown that conditioned medium (CM), derived from invasion-promoting fibroblasts, can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process in the cancer cells, and trigger their infiltration into a monolayer of invasion-blocking fibroblasts. To identify the specific invasion-promoting molecules, we analysed the cytokines in stimulatory CM, screened a library of purified cytokines for invasion-promoting activity and tested the effect of specific inhibitors of selected cytokine receptors on the CM-induced invasion. Taken together, these experiments indicated that the invasiveness of BT-474 is induced by the combined action of IL1 and IL6 and that IL1 can induce IL6 secretion by invasion-blocking fibroblasts, thereby triggering cancer cell invasion into the stroma. This unexpected observation suggests that stromal regulation of cancer invasion may involve not only cross-talk between stromal and cancer cells, but also cooperation between different stromal subpopulations. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Elisha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Sagi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Georg Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravid Straussman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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9
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Palethorpe HM, Leach DA, Need EF, Drew PA, Smith E. Myofibroblast androgen receptor expression determines cell survival in co-cultures of myofibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19100-19114. [PMID: 29721186 PMCID: PMC5922380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts express androgen receptor (AR) in the normal prostate and during prostate cancer development. We have reported that loss of AR expression in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts is a poor prognostic indicator. Here we report outcomes of direct and indirect co-cultures of immortalised AR-positive (PShTert-AR) or AR-negative (PShTert) myofibroblasts with prostate cancer cells. In the initial co-cultures the AR-negative PC3 cell line was used so AR expression and signalling were restricted to the myofibroblasts. In both direct and indirect co-culture with PShTert-AR myofibroblasts, paracrine signalling to the PC3 cells slowed proliferation and induced apoptosis. In contrast, PC3 cells proliferated with PShTert myofibroblasts irrespective of the co-culture method. In direct co-culture PC3 cells induced apoptosis in and destroyed PShTerts by direct signalling. Similar results were seen in direct co-cultures with AR-negative DU145 and AR-positive LNCaP and C4-2B prostate cancer cell lines. The AR ligand 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibited the proliferation of the PShTert-AR myofibroblasts, thereby reducing the extent of their inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth. These results suggest loss of stromal AR would favour prostate cancer cell growth in vivo, providing an explanation for the clinical observation that reduced stromal AR is associated with a poorer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Palethorpe
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Damien A Leach
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor F Need
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Paul A Drew
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
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10
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Dai G, Yao X, Zhang Y, Gu J, Geng Y, Xue F, Zhang J. Colorectal cancer cell-derived exosomes containing miR-10b regulate fibroblast cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Bull Cancer 2018; 105:336-349. [PMID: 29496262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contribute to the proliferation of colorectal cancer(CRC) cells. However, the mechanism by which CAFs develop in the tumor microenvironment remains unknown. Exosomes may be involved in activating CAFs. METHODS Using a miRNA expression profiling array, we determined the miRNA expression profile of secretory exosomes in CRC cells and then identified potential miRNAs with significant differential expression compared to normal cells via enrichment analysis. Predicted targets of candidate miRNAs were then assessed via bioinformatics analysis. Realtime qPCR, western blot, and cell cycle analyses were performed to evaluate the role of candidate exosomal miRNAs. Luciferase reporter assays were applied to confirm whether candidate exosomal miRNAs control target pathway expression. A CRC xenograft mouse model was constructed to evaluate tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS Exosomes from CRC cells contained significantly higher levels of miR-10b than did exosomes from normal colorectal epithelial cells. Moreover, exosomes containing miR-10b were transferred to fibroblasts. Bioinformatics analysis identified PIK3CA, as a potential target of miR-10b. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-10b directly inhibited PIK3CA expression. Co-culturing fibroblasts with exosomes containing miR-10b significantly suppressed PIK3CA expression and decreased PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activity. Finally, exosomes containing miR-10b reduced fibroblast proliferation but promoted expression of TGF-β and SM α-actin, suggesting that exosomal miR-10b may activate fibroblasts to become CAFs that express myofibroblast markers. These activated fibroblasts were able to promote CRC growth in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION CRC-derived exosomes actively promote disease progression by modulating surrounding stromal cells, which subsequently acquire features of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Dai
- First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Department of General Surgery, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yao
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-kidney Patterns, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Department of General Surgery, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianbin Gu
- First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Department of General Surgery, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunfeng Geng
- First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Department of General Surgery, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fei Xue
- First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Department of General Surgery, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Department of General Surgery, Shijiazhuang, China.
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11
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Sarig R, Tzahor E. The cancer paradigms of mammalian regeneration: can mammals regenerate as amphibians? Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:359-366. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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12
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RhoA knockout fibroblasts lose tumor-inhibitory capacity in vitro and promote tumor growth in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1413-E1421. [PMID: 28174275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621161114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are a main player in the tumor-inhibitory microenvironment. Upon tumor initiation and progression, fibroblasts can lose their tumor-inhibitory capacity and promote tumor growth. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this switch have not been defined completely. Previously, we identified four proteins overexpressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts and linked to Rho GTPase signaling. Here, we show that knocking out the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) gene in normal fibroblasts decreased their tumor-inhibitory capacity, as judged by neighbor suppression in vitro and accompanied by promotion of tumor growth in vivo. This also induced PC3 cancer cell motility and increased colony size in 2D cultures. RhoA knockout in fibroblasts induced vimentin intermediate filament reorganization, accompanied by reduced contractile force and increased stiffness of cells. There was also loss of wide F-actin stress fibers and large focal adhesions. In addition, we observed a significant loss of α-smooth muscle actin, which indicates a difference between RhoA knockout fibroblasts and classic cancer-associated fibroblasts. In 3D collagen matrix, RhoA knockout reduced fibroblast branching and meshwork formation and resulted in more compactly clustered tumor-cell colonies in coculture with PC3 cells, which might boost tumor stem-like properties. Coculturing RhoA knockout fibroblasts and PC3 cells induced expression of proinflammatory genes in both. Inflammatory mediators may induce tumor cell stemness. Network enrichment analysis of transcriptomic changes, however, revealed that the Rho signaling pathway per se was significantly triggered only after coculturing with tumor cells. Taken together, our findings in vivo and in vitro indicate that Rho signaling governs the inhibitory effects by fibroblasts on tumor-cell growth.
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Ferroni C, Sotgiu G, Sagnella A, Varchi G, Guerrini A, Giuri D, Polo E, Orlandi VT, Marras E, Gariboldi M, Monti E, Aluigi A. Wool Keratin 3D Scaffolds with Light-Triggered Antimicrobial Activity. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2882-90. [PMID: 27463471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable keratin sponges were prepared from protein aqueous solutions by the freeze-drying method, followed by photofunctionalization with two different photosensitizers (PS): Azure A (AzA) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis [4-(2-N,N,N-trimethylethylthio)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl]porphyrin tetraiodide salt (TTFAP). The prepared sponges have a porosity between 49% and 80% and a mean pore size in the 37-80 μm range. As compared to AzA, TTFAP interacts more strongly with the sponges as demonstrated by a lower PS release (6% vs 20%), a decreased swelling ratio (1.6 vs 7.4), and a slower biodegradation rate. Nevertheless, AzA-loaded sponges showed the highest photoactivity, as also demonstrated by their higher antibactericidal activity toward both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The obtained results suggest that the antimicrobial photodynamic effect can be finely triggered through a proper selection of the amount and type of photosensitizer, as well as through the irradiation time. Finally, all the prepared sponges support human fibroblast cells growth, while no significant cell viability impairment is observed upon light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ferroni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sotgiu
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Sagnella
- MIST E-R Laboratory, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Demetra Giuri
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Polo
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - Italian National Research Council, UOS Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy
| | - Marzia Gariboldi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Monti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita (DBSV), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Aluigi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Tumor-associated fibroblasts predominantly come from local and not circulating precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7551-6. [PMID: 27317748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600363113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are common cell types in cancer stroma and lay down collagen required for survival and growth of cancer cells. Although some cancer therapy strategies target tumor fibroblasts, their origin remains controversial. Multiple publications suggest circulating mesenchymal precursors as a source of tumor-associated fibroblasts. However, we show by three independent approaches that tumor fibroblasts derive primarily from local, sessile precursors. First, transplantable tumors developing in a mouse expressing green fluorescent reporter protein (EGFP) under control of the type I collagen (Col-I) promoter (COL-EGFP) had green stroma, whereas we could not find COL-EGFP(+) cells in tumors developing in the parabiotic partner lacking the fluorescent reporter. Lack of incorporation of COL-EGFP(+) cells from the circulation into tumors was confirmed in parabiotic pairs of COL-EGFP mice and transgenic mice developing autochthonous intestinal adenomas. Second, transplantable tumors developing in chimeric mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from COL-EGFP mice very rarely showed stromal fibroblasts expressing EGFP. Finally, cancer cells injected under full-thickness COL-EGFP skin grafts transplanted in nonreporter mice developed into tumors containing green stromal cells. Using multicolor in vivo confocal microscopy, we found that Col-I-expressing fibroblasts constituted approximately one-third of the stromal mass and formed a continuous sheet wrapping the tumor vessels. In summary, tumors form their fibroblastic stroma predominantly from precursors present in the local tumor microenvironment, whereas the contribution of bone marrow-derived circulating precursors is rare.
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15
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Tran TB, Baek C, Min J. Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) with Microelectrode Arrays for Investigation of Cancer Cell-Fibroblasts Interaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153813. [PMID: 27088611 PMCID: PMC4835071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, including stromal cells, surrounding blood vessels and extracellular matrix components, has been defined as a crucial factor that influences the proliferation, drug-resistance, invasion and metastasis of malignant epithelial cells. Among other factors, the communications and interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells have been reported to play pivotal roles in cancer promotion and progression. To investigate these relationships, an on-chip co-culture model was developed to study the cellular interaction between A549—human lung carcinoma cells and MRC-5—human lung epithelial cells in both normal proliferation and treatment conditions. In brief, a co-culture device consisting of 2 individual fluidic chambers in parallel, which were separated by a 100 μm fence was utilized for cell patterning. Microelectrodes arrays were installed within each chamber including electrodes at various distances away from the confrontation line for the electrochemical impedimetric sensing assessment of cell-to-cell influence. After the fence was removed and cell-to-cell contact occurred, by evaluating the impedance signal responses representing cell condition and behavior, both direct and indirect cell-to-cell interactions through conditioned media were investigated. The impact of specific distances that lead to different influences of fibroblast cells on cancer cells in the co-culture environment was also defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Binh Tran
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoon Baek
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zhou L, Yang K, Andl T, Wickett RR, Zhang Y. Perspective of Targeting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Melanoma. J Cancer 2015; 6:717-26. [PMID: 26185533 PMCID: PMC4504107 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is known as an exceptionally aggressive and treatment-resistant human cancer. Although a great deal of progress has been made in the past decade, including the development of immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy using BRAF, MEK or KIT inhibitors, treatment for unresectable stage III, stage IV, and recurrent melanoma is still challenging with limited response rate, severe side effects and poor prognosis, highlighting an urgent need for discovering and designing more effective approaches to conquer melanoma. Melanoma is not only driven by malignant melanocytes, but also by the altered communication between neoplastic cells and non-malignant cell populations, including fibroblasts, endothelial and inflammatory cells, in the tumor stroma. Infiltrated and surrounding fibroblasts, also known as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), exhibit both phenotypical and physiological differences compared to normal dermal fibroblasts. They acquire properties of myofibroblasts, remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) and architecture of the diseased tissue and secrete chemical factors, which all together promote the transformation process by encouraging tumor growth, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis and contribute to drug resistance. A number of in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that stromal fibroblasts promote melanoma cell proliferation and they have been targeted to suppress tumor growth effectively. Evidently, a combination therapy co-targeting tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts may provide promising strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes and overcome treatment resistance. A significant benefit of targeting CAFs is that the approach aims to create a tumor-resistant environment that inhibits growth of melanomas carrying different genetic mutations. However, the origin of CAFs and precise mechanisms by which CAFs contribute to melanoma progression and drug resistance remain poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the origin, activation and heterogeneity of CAFs in the melanoma tumor microenvironment and examine the contributions of stromal fibroblasts at different stages of melanoma development. We also highlight the recent progression in dissecting and characterizing how local fibroblasts become reprogrammed and build a dynamic yet optimal microenvironment for tumors to develop and metastasize. In addition, we review key developments in ongoing preclinical studies and clinical applications targeting CAFs and tumor-stroma interactions for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Zhou
- 1. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- 1. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas Andl
- 2. Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2600, USA
| | - R Randall Wickett
- 1. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- 1. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Alexeyenko A, Alkasalias T, Pavlova T, Szekely L, Kashuba V, Rundqvist H, Wiklund P, Egevad L, Csermely P, Korcsmaros T, Guven H, Klein G. Confrontation of fibroblasts with cancer cells in vitro: gene network analysis of transcriptome changes and differential capacity to inhibit tumor growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:62. [PMID: 26081588 PMCID: PMC4472614 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that emerging malignancies in solid tissues might be kept under control by physical intercellular contacts with normal fibroblasts. METHODS Here we characterize transcriptional landscapes of fibroblasts that confronted cancer cells. We studied four pairs of in vitro and ex vivo fibroblast lines which, within each pair, differed in their capacity to inhibit cancer cells. The natural process was modeled in vitro by confronting the fibroblasts with PC-3 cancer cells. Fibroblast transcriptomes were recorded by Affymetrix microarrays and then investigated using network analysis. RESULTS The network enrichment analysis allowed us to separate confrontation- and inhibition-specific components of the fibroblast transcriptional response. Confrontation-specific differences were stronger and were characterized by changes in a number of pathways, including Rho, the YAP/TAZ cascade, NF-kB, and TGF-beta signaling, as well as the transcription factor RELA. Inhibition-specific differences were more subtle and characterized by involvement of Rho signaling at the pathway level and by potential individual regulators such as IL6, MAPK8, MAP2K4, PRKCA, JUN, STAT3, and STAT5A. CONCLUSIONS We investigated the interaction between cancer cells and fibroblasts in order to shed light on the potential mechanisms and explain the differential inhibitory capacity of the latter, which enabled both a holistic view on the process and details at the gene/protein level. The combination of our methods pointed to proteins, such as members of the Rho pathway, pro-inflammatory signature and the YAP1/TAZ cascade, that warrant further investigation via tools of experimental perturbation. We also demonstrated functional congruence between the in vitro and ex vivo models. The microarray data are made available via the Gene Expression Omnibus as GSE57199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Alexeyenko
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Box 1031, 171 21, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Twana Alkasalias
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,College of Science, Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan-Iraq.
| | - Tatiana Pavlova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Laszlo Szekely
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vladimir Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, UNAS, Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Wiklund
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, section of Urology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444, Budapest 8, Hungary.
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- TGAC, The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. .,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Hayrettin Guven
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Alkasalias T, Flaberg E, Kashuba V, Alexeyenko A, Pavlova T, Savchenko A, Szekely L, Klein G, Guven H. Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and motility by fibroblasts is both contact and soluble factor dependent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17188-93. [PMID: 25404301 PMCID: PMC4260581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419554111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal human and murine fibroblasts can inhibit proliferation of tumor cells when cocultured in vitro. The inhibitory capacity varies depending on the donor and the site of origin of the fibroblast. We showed previously that effective inhibition requires formation of a morphologically intact fibroblast monolayer before seeding of the tumor cells. Here we show that inhibition is extended to motility of tumor cells and we dissect the factors responsible for these inhibitory functions. We find that inhibition is due to two different sets of molecules: (i) the extracellular matrix (ECM) and other surface proteins of the fibroblasts, which are responsible for contact-dependent inhibition of tumor cell proliferation; and (ii) soluble factors secreted by fibroblasts when confronted with tumor cells (confronted conditioned media, CCM) contribute to inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and motility. However, conditioned media (CM) obtained from fibroblasts alone (nonconfronted conditioned media, NCM) did not inhibit tumor cell proliferation and motility. In addition, quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) data show up-regulation of proinflammatory genes. Moreover, comparison of CCM and NCM with an antibody array for 507 different soluble human proteins revealed differential expression of growth differentiation factor 15, dickkopf-related protein 1, endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide II, ectodysplasin A2, Galectin-3, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, Nidogen1, urokinase, and matrix metalloproteinase 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twana Alkasalias
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University, 44002, Irbil, Kurdistan-Iraq
| | - Emilie Flaberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, 03680, Kiev, Ukraine; and
| | - Andrey Alexeyenko
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Pavlova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrii Savchenko
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laszlo Szekely
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Hayrettin Guven
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Klein G. Evolutionary aspects of cancer resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 25:10-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Zhou B, Chen WL, Wang YY, Lin ZY, Zhang DM, Fan S, Li JS. A role for cancer-associated fibroblasts in inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:585-92. [PMID: 24645915 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lymph node metastasis is a prominent clinical feature of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and is associated with a higher mortality rate. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), play an important role in tumor progression, and are associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to examine the role of CAFs in promoting the invasion of TSCC through the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of matched CAF and normal fibroblast (NF) pairs were assessed for cell morphology and for the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1), fibroblast-activating protein (FAP), vimentin, and cytokeratin (CK) markers. Transwell assays, Western blot analysis, reverse transcription-PCR, and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess the role of CAFs, as compared to that of NFs, in promoting proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT in TSCC. RESULTS Both CAF and NF primary cultures expressed vimentin but not CK. CAFs showed significantly higher α-SMA protein levels, SDF1 secretion, and mRNA levels of α-SMA, SDF1, and FAP. We also found that co-culture with CAFs enhanced the proliferation and invasion of SCC9 cells. Moreover, co-culture with CAFs induced upregulation of the EMT markers fibronectin and vimentin, downregulation of E-cadherin, and enhanced invasion in SCC9 cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CAFs induce EMT marker expression and functional changes in TSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Csermely P, Hódsági J, Korcsmáros T, Módos D, Perez-Lopez ÁR, Szalay K, Veres DV, Lenti K, Wu LY, Zhang XS. Cancer stem cells display extremely large evolvability: alternating plastic and rigid networks as a potential Mechanism: network models, novel therapeutic target strategies, and the contributions of hypoxia, inflammation and cellular senescence. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 30:42-51. [PMID: 24412105 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is increasingly perceived as a systems-level, network phenomenon. The major trend of malignant transformation can be described as a two-phase process, where an initial increase of network plasticity is followed by a decrease of plasticity at late stages of tumor development. The fluctuating intensity of stress factors, like hypoxia, inflammation and the either cooperative or hostile interactions of tumor inter-cellular networks, all increase the adaptation potential of cancer cells. This may lead to the bypass of cellular senescence, and to the development of cancer stem cells. We propose that the central tenet of cancer stem cell definition lies exactly in the indefinability of cancer stem cells. Actual properties of cancer stem cells depend on the individual "stress-history" of the given tumor. Cancer stem cells are characterized by an extremely large evolvability (i.e. a capacity to generate heritable phenotypic variation), which corresponds well with the defining hallmarks of cancer stem cells: the possession of the capacity to self-renew and to repeatedly re-build the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise a tumor in new environments. Cancer stem cells represent a cell population, which is adapted to adapt. We argue that the high evolvability of cancer stem cells is helped by their repeated transitions between plastic (proliferative, symmetrically dividing) and rigid (quiescent, asymmetrically dividing, often more invasive) phenotypes having plastic and rigid networks. Thus, cancer stem cells reverse and replay cancer development multiple times. We describe network models potentially explaining cancer stem cell-like behavior. Finally, we propose novel strategies including combination therapies and multi-target drugs to overcome the Nietzschean dilemma of cancer stem cell targeting: "what does not kill me makes me stronger".
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444 Budapest 8, Hungary.
| | - János Hódsági
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444 Budapest 8, Hungary
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dezső Módos
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Semmelweis University, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Vas u. 17, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron R Perez-Lopez
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444 Budapest 8, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Szalay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444 Budapest 8, Hungary
| | - Dániel V Veres
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444 Budapest 8, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lenti
- Semmelweis University, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Vas u. 17, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 55, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiang-Sun Zhang
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 55, Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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The role played by the microenvironment in site-specific metastasis. Cancer Lett 2013; 352:54-8. [PMID: 23988268 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells that disseminate to metastatic sites may progress to frank metastasis or persist as dormant micrometastasis. Significant progress has been made in defining the genetic and phenotypic cancer-cell-autonomous determinants of metastasis and in the understanding of the cross-talk between metastasizing tumor cells and the metastatic microenvironment. However several questions remain open, in particular the identity of microenvironmental factors that keep micrometastatic cells in a state of dormancy and those that promote survival, proliferation and progression of such cells. Significantly more information is available on the latter factors than on microenvironmental cells and molecules that restrain micrometastasis. This mini-review summarizes findings suggesting that: In view of the above, it is not unlikely that metastases residing in different microenvironments may require "individualized" treatment modalities.
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23
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Csermely P, Korcsmáros T. Cancer-related networks: a help to understand, predict and change malignant transformation. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:209-12. [PMID: 23831276 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is increasingly described as a systems-level, network phenomenon. Genetic methods, such as next generation sequencing and RNA interference uncovered the complexity tumor-specific mutation-induced effects and the identification of multiple target sets. Network analysis of cancer-specific metabolic and signaling pathways highlighted the structural features of cancer-related proteins and their complexes to develop next-generation protein kinase inhibitors, as well as the modulation of inflammatory and autophagic pathways in anti-cancer therapies. Importantly, malignant transformation can be described as a two-phase process, where an initial increase of system plasticity is followed by a decrease of plasticity at late stages of tumor development. Late-stage tumors should be attacked by an indirect network influence strategy. On the contrary, the attack of early-stage tumors may target central network nodes. Cancer stem cells need special diagnosis and targeting, since they potentially have an extremely high ability to change the rigidity/plasticity of their networks. The early warning signals of the activation of fast growing tumor cell clones are important in personalized diagnosis and therapy. Multi-target attacks are needed to perturb cancer-specific networks to exit from cancer attractors and re-enter a normal attractor. However, the dynamic non-genetic heterogeneity of cancer cell population induces the replenishment of the cancer attractor with surviving, non-responsive cells from neighboring abnormal attractors. The development of drug resistance is further complicated by interactions of tumor clones and their microenvironment. Network analysis of intercellular cooperation using game theory approaches may open new areas of understanding tumor complexity. In conclusion, the above applications of the network approach open up new, and highly promising avenues in anti-cancer drug design.
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24
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Bozóky B, Savchenko A, Csermely P, Korcsmáros T, Dúl Z, Pontén F, Székely L, Klein G. Novel signatures of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:286-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Bozóky
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Andrii Savchenko
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Péter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | | | | | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology; Genetics and Pathology, Rudbecklaboratoriet; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - László Székely
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
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