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Nasry WHS, Jones K, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Tesch M, Martin CK. Expression of mPGES1 and p16 in feline and human oral squamous cell carcinoma: A comparative oncology approach. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:204-216. [PMID: 38378135 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Comparative cancer studies help us determine if discoveries in one species apply to another. Feline and human oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC and HOSCC) are invasive tumours in which inflammation and abnormal p16 expression are reported. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of p16 and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (mPGES1) in 42 HOSCC and 45 FOSCC samples with known expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147). High p16 expression was more common in HOSCC tumour cells compared to adjacent stroma and oral epithelium (p < .05), with a similar but statistically nonsignificant pattern in FOSCC. Interestingly, high mPGES1 expression in FOSCC was more common in the adjacent epithelium compared to the other compartments (p < .05). In HOSCC, mPGES1 was more similar between compartments but was numerically more common in the tumour compartment (p > .05). There were nominal (p > 0.05) differences in marker expression between high and low mPGES1 expressing tumours in both species, including high p16 observed more commonly in high mPGES1 tumours, and COX-2 positive tumours being more common in low mPGES1 tumours. High CD147 HOSCC tumours were more common in the high mPGES1 HOSCC group (p < .05). In the FOSCC cohort, where there was no statistical difference in CD147 expression between high and low mPGES1 tumours, there were numerically higher CD147 cases in the high mPGES1group. Different expression patterns in FOSCC and HOSCC could be related to different risk factors. For example, p16 is a marker of papillomavirus-driven HOSCC, but a causal relationship between papillomaviruses and FOSCC has yet to be definitively demonstrated. The significance of high P16 expression in the absence of papillomavirus infection deserves further study, and the relative contributions of COX2 and mPGES1 to tumour inflammation and progression should be explored. The findings reveal potential similarities in FOSCC and HOSCC biology, while also demonstrating differences that may relate to risk factors and pathogenesis that are unique to each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Hamed Shaker Nasry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Kathleen Jones
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Marvin Tesch
- Provincial Health Services, Health PEI, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Chelsea K Martin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Novack R, Chapman E, Gao J, Horst B, Hoang LN, Ng TL, Ko YCK. Utilization of p53 and p16 Immunohistochemistry in the Classification of Human Papillomavirus-Associated, p53 Wild-Type, and p53 Abnormal Oral Epithelial Dysplasia. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100348. [PMID: 37820765 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) has recently been shown to be a clinically useful marker for predicting risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). The literature supports the use of p53 IHC as a marker to identify TP53 mutation in in situ and invasive vulvar lesions and as a surrogate marker for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, but there is little documentation for similar use in OED. The purpose of this study was to determine whether p53 IHC is a reliable surrogate marker for detecting both TP53 mutation and high-risk HPV infection in OED. We studied 57 cases of OED (11 mild, 18 moderate, and 28 severe), and all were stained for p16 and p53 IHC. High-risk HPV RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed in selected cases (all p16-positive cases and all OED showing abundant apoptotic cells and karyorrhectic cells; N = 27). Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in 33 p16-negative cases and all high-risk HPV RNA ISH-negative cases (N = 36). We identified 21 cases with p53 basal sparing patterns (mid-epithelial and markedly reduced [null-like]), 14 cases with p53 wild-type patterns (scattered basal and patchy basal/parabasal), and 22 cases with p53 abnormal patterns (18 overexpression, 3 null, and 1 novel cytoplasmic pattern). Among cases with p53 basal sparing patterns, 20 were positive for p16 (20/21, 95%), and all were positive for high-risk HPV RNA ISH (21/21, 100%). The 36 sequenced cases had IHC patterns concordant with TP53 mutation status in 92% (33/36) of lesions. This study demonstrates that p53 IHC expression patterns are sensitive and specific for detection of both high-risk HPV infection and TP53 mutation. Coupled with selective p16 IHC testing, this IHC panel can accurately subclassify OED into HPV-associated, p53 wild-type (conventional), and p53 abnormal OED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Novack
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin Chapman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiangyuan Gao
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Basil Horst
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lynn N Hoang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tony L Ng
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yen Chen Kevin Ko
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, BC Oral Biopsy Service, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Wang X, Chen X, Xu C, Zhou W, Wu D. Identification of cuproptosis-related genes for predicting the development of prostate cancer. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230717. [PMID: 37711156 PMCID: PMC10499014 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper can be toxic at very high intracellular concentrations and can inhibit prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Recently, a study reported the mechanism of cuproptosis and the potentially associated genes. However, the function of these cuproptosis-related genes in PCa remains unknown. Based on the RNA sequence and clinical data from public databases, we analyzed the clinical value of cuproptosis-related genes in PCa. DLD, DLAT, PDHA1, and CDKN2A were expressed differently between normal and PCa tissues. The FDX1, LIAS, DLAT, GLS, and CDKN2A genes can affect PCa progression, while PDHA1 and CDKN2A influence the patients' disease-free survival (DFS) status. The expression of LIAS, LIPT1, DLAT, and PDHB did not alter upon the incidence of PCa in Chinese patients. A constructed regression model showed that FDX1, PDHA1, MTF1, and CDKN2A can be risk factors leading to PCa in both Western and Chinese patients with PCa. The lasso regression model reflected that these genes can affect the patients' DFS status. Additionally, the cuproptosis-related genes were associated with immune cell infiltration. We also verified the high expression of PDHA1 and CDKN2A, in clinical samples. In conclusion, we identified a novel cuproptosis-related gene signature for predicting the development of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin’an Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Chengdang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389, Xincun
Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389, Xincun
Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
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Yang H, Almadani N, Thompson EF, Tessier-Cloutier B, Chen J, Ho J, Senz J, McConechy MK, Chow C, Ta M, Cheng A, Karnezis A, Huvila J, McAlpine JN, Gilks B, Jamieson A, Hoang LN. Classification of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions by p16 and p53 Immunohistochemistry: Considerations, Caveats, and an Algorithmic Approach. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100145. [PMID: 36828360 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) can be prognostically subclassified into 3 groups based on human papillomavirus (HPV) and p53 status: HPV-associated (HPV+), HPV-independent/p53 wild-type (HPV-/p53wt), or HPV-independent/p53 abnormal (HPV-/p53abn). Our goal was to assess the feasibility of separating VSCC and its precursors into these 3 groups using p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC). A tissue microarray containing 225 VSCC, 43 usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN/HSIL), 10 verruciform acanthotic vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (vaVIN), and 34 differentiated VIN (dVIN), was stained for p16 and p53. Noncomplementary p16 and p53 patterns were resolved by repeating p53 IHC and HPV RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) on whole sections, and sequencing for TP53. Of 82 p16-positive VSCC, 73 (89%) had complementary p16 and p53 patterns and were classified into the HPV+ group, 4 (4.9%) had wild-type p53 staining, positive HPV ISH and were classified into the HPV+ group, whereas 5 (6.1%) had p53 abnormal IHC patterns (1 null, 4 overexpression), negativity for HPV ISH, and harbored TP53 mutations (1 splice site, 4 missense); they were classified as HPV-/p53abn. Of 143 p16-negative VSCC, 142 (99.3%) had complementary p53 and p16 patterns: 115 (80.4%) HPV-/p53abn and 27 (18.9%) HPV-/p53wt. One had a basal-sparing p53 pattern, positivity for HPV ISH and was negative for TP53 mutations-HPV+ category. The use of IHC also led to revised diagnoses-HSIL to dVIN (3/43), dVIN to vaVIN (8/34), and dVIN to HSIL (3/34). Overall, 215/225 VSCC (95.6%) could be easily classifiable into 3 groups with p16 and p53 IHC. We identified several caveats, with the major caveat being that "double-positive" p16/p53 should be classified as HPV-/p53abn. We propose an algorithm that will facilitate the application of p16 and p53 IHC to classify VSCC in pathology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Noorah Almadani
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emily F Thompson
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Julia Chen
- Medical Undergraduate Program, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julie Ho
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada; Genetic Pathology Evaluation Center (GPEC) and Molecular and Advanced Pathology Core (MAPcore), British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janine Senz
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Christine Chow
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Center (GPEC) and Molecular and Advanced Pathology Core (MAPcore), British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monica Ta
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Center (GPEC) and Molecular and Advanced Pathology Core (MAPcore), British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Cheng
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Center (GPEC) and Molecular and Advanced Pathology Core (MAPcore), British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony Karnezis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, California
| | - Jutta Huvila
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica N McAlpine
- Gynecologic Oncology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blake Gilks
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada; Genetic Pathology Evaluation Center (GPEC) and Molecular and Advanced Pathology Core (MAPcore), British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Jamieson
- Gynecologic Oncology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lynn N Hoang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada; Genetic Pathology Evaluation Center (GPEC) and Molecular and Advanced Pathology Core (MAPcore), British Columbia, Canada.
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Murphy RM, Tasoulas J, Porrello A, Carper MB, Tsai YH, Coffey AR, Kumar S, Zeng PYF, Schrank TP, Midkiff BR, Cohen S, Salazar AH, Hayward MC, Hayes DN, Olshan A, Gupta GP, Nichols AC, Yarbrough WG, Pecot CV, Amelio AL. Tumor Cell Extrinsic Synaptogyrin 3 Expression as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Head and Neck Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:987-1004. [PMID: 36148399 PMCID: PMC9491693 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over 70% of oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) cases in the United States are positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) yet biomarkers for stratifying oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) patient risk are limited. We used immunogenomics to identify differentially expressed genes in immune cells of HPV(+) and HPV(-) squamous carcinomas. Candidate genes were tested in clinical specimens using both quantitative RT-PCR and IHC and validated by IHC using the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study (CHANCE) tissue microarray of HNSC cases. We performed multiplex immunofluorescent staining to confirm expression within the immune cells of HPV(+) tumors, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses, and assessed survival outcomes. The neuronal gene Synaptogyrin-3 (SYNGR3) is robustly expressed in immune cells of HPV(+) squamous cancers. Multiplex immunostaining and single cell RNA-seq analyses confirmed SYNGR3 expression in T cells, but also unexpectedly in B cells of HPV(+) tumors. ROC curve analyses revealed that combining SYNGR3 and p16 provides more sensitivity and specificity for HPV detection compared to p16 IHC alone. SYNGR3-high HNSC patients have significantly better prognosis with five-year OS and DSS rates of 60% and 71%, respectively. Moreover, combining p16 localization and SYNGR3 expression can further risk stratify HPV(+) patients such that high cytoplasmic, low nuclear p16 do significantly worse (Hazard Ratio, 8.6; P = 0.032) compared to patients with high cytoplasmic, high nuclear p16. SYNGR3 expression in T and B cells is associated with HPV status and enhanced survival outcomes of HNSC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Murphy
- Graduate Curriculum in Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason Tasoulas
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alessandro Porrello
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Miranda B. Carper
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Bioinformatics Core, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alisha R. Coffey
- Bioinformatics Core, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Technology Development, Naveris Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Peter YF. Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Travis P. Schrank
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bentley R. Midkiff
- Pathology Services Core, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie Cohen
- Pathology Services Core, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ashley H. Salazar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michele C. Hayward
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - D. Neil Hayes
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew Olshan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gaorav P. Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anthony C. Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendell G. Yarbrough
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chad V. Pecot
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Antonio L. Amelio
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Sharma V, Kumar D, Kumar S, Singh H, Sharma N, Gupta S. Impact of tobacco smoking on oral cancer genetics-A next-generation sequencing perspective. IMETA 2022; 1:e44. [PMID: 38868711 PMCID: PMC10989814 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This study identified a total of 28 genetic loci (comprising 31 genes), which were found to be altered in oral cancer patients having a habit of tobacco smoking. Three loci, that is, 17p13.1 (TP53), 9p21.3 (CDKN2A), and 9q34.3 (NOTCH1) were found to be modified and common in three records whereas one locus, that is, 3q26.32 (PIK3CA) was found to be modified and common in two records. This study suggests that oral cancer patients should be categorized into different subgroups based on (i) genetic signatures, and (ii) smoking status, then the treatment strategies for each group should be precisely defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwas Sharma
- Division of CytopathologyICMR—National Institute of Cancer Prevention and ResearchNoidaUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless TobaccoICMR‐ National Institute of Cancer Prevention and ResearchNoidaUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Shravan Kumar
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless TobaccoICMR‐ National Institute of Cancer Prevention and ResearchNoidaUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Indian Council of Medical ResearchInformatics, Systems & Research Management (ISRM)New DelhiIndia
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Biomedical Informatics DivisionIndian Council of Medical ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Division of CytopathologyICMR—National Institute of Cancer Prevention and ResearchNoidaUttar PradeshIndia
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Acosta AM, Al-Obaidy K, Sholl LM, Ulbright TM, Idrees MT. Molecular Analysis of Adenocarcinomas of the Rete Testis Demonstrates Frequent Alterations in Genes Involved in Cell Cycle Regulation. Histopathology 2022; 81:77-83. [PMID: 35395117 DOI: 10.1111/his.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenocarcinomas of the rete testis (ACRT) are rare and aggressive testicular neoplasms that present predominantly in older men and have a tendency for early systemic spread. Their morphology spans a wide spectrum, including tumors with glandular, solid, papillary, micropapillary, glomeruloid, cribriform and sarcomatoid growth patterns, or a combination thereof. The genomic alterations associated with these tumors have not been studied previously. We assessed eight ACRT published in prior clinicopathologic series using a solid tumor DNA sequencing panel. Pathogenic variants were identified in 6/8 cases. More specifically, 4 cases demonstrated inactivation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, including CDKN2A, BAP1, TP53 and RB1. CDKN2A was the only recurrently affected gene, with pathogenic variants detected in 3/8 cases. One of these 3 cases had molecular evidence of concurrent homozygous (i.e., biallelic) NF2 inactivation by a frameshift variant and loss of the wild-type copy of the gene. One case had an internal tandem duplication of AKT which has been previously described in juvenile granulosa cell tumor and sclerosing pneumocytoma and results in downstream activation of PI3K signaling. The remaining case with positive molecular findings harbored two concurrent truncating SETD2 variants. Multiple arm-level and chromosome-level copy number events were present in 3/8 cases, all of which harbored variants in genes involved in cell cycle regulation. In summary, ACRT are rare tumors with frequent inactivation of genes that play a major role cell cycle regulation, and a subset harbors variants which are potentially amenable to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas M Ulbright
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Muhammad T Idrees
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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8
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Silva de Araujo BE, Velleuer E, Dietrich R, Pomjanski N, de Santana Almeida Araujo IK, Schlensog M, Wells SI, Dorsman JC, Schramm M. Detection of cytogenetic changes and chromosomal aneuploidy with fluorescent in situ hybridization in cytological specimens of oral cancers in Fanconi anemia-Proof of concept. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 8:108-116. [PMID: 34854575 PMCID: PMC8874072 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited DNA instability disorder with a remarkably elevated risk of neoplasia compared with the general population, mainly leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Two thirds of the SCCs arise in the oral cavity and are typically preceded by visible lesions. These lesions can be classified with brush biopsy-based cytological methods regarding their risk of a malignant transformation. As a proof of concept, this study aims to investigate genetic changes and chromosomal aneuploidy using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on oral squamous cells derived from FA affected individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five FA oral SCC (OSCC) tumor cell lines, one FA OSCC cervical lymph node metastasis as well as tumor-negative and atypical smears from oral brush biopsies were analyzed with FISH probes covering 5p15.2, MYC, EGFR, TERC, 9q34.1, CCND1, 9p21 and centromeres of chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 17. RESULTS OSCC specimens showed gains of all analyzed chromosomal regions. Chromosomal aneuploidy was observed in five of the six OSCC specimens in two multicolor FISH assays with panels of four probes each. Five out of six OSCC specimens displayed a relative deletion of 9p21. Applied on atypical brush biopsy-based smears, chromosomal aneuploidy was detected in malignant lesions but not in the smear derived from a severe parodontitis. CONCLUSIONS As proof of concept, FISH was able to detect genetic changes and chromosomal aneuploidy discriminating oral cancer from noncancerous lesions in individuals with FA. This supports its application on oral brush biopsy-based cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunike Velleuer
- Department of Cytopathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, HELIOS Klinikum, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Dietrich
- German Fanconi Anemia Support Group, Eschau, Germany
| | - Natalia Pomjanski
- Department of Cytopathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schlensog
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Irmtraud Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Josephine Christine Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schramm
- Department of Cytopathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Chantre-Justino M, Gonçalves da Veiga Pires I, Cardoso Figueiredo M, Dos Santos Moreira A, Alves G, Faria Ornellas MH. Genetic and methylation status of CDKN2A (p14 ARF/p16 INK4A) and TP53 genes in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Hum Pathol 2021; 119:94-104. [PMID: 34826422 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare and chronic disease affecting the upper airway with papillomatous lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially HPV-6 and/or HPV-11 types. Little is known about the genetic and epigenetic drivers in RRP pathophysiology. For this purpose, we analyzed 27 papillomatous lesions from patients with RRP to evaluate somatic mutations and methylation status in CDKN2A (p14ARF/p16INK4A) and TP53, which are key tumor suppressor genes for the cell cycle control. Sanger sequencing analysis revealed one somatic mutation in TP53 (c.733_734insA) and four mutations in CDKN2A (c.-30G > T, c.29_30insA, c.69delT, and c.300C > A). These mutations were observed in 10 patients, 6 of which carried double mutation. Furthermore, 50% (5/10) of these patients carrying somatic mutations had RRP severity, representing 62.5% (5/8) of the severity cases in this study, albeit no significant association was found between somatic mutations and disease severity. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assays revealed p14ARF promoter hypermethylation in 100% of cases, followed by TP53 (96.3%) and p16INK4A (55.6%), suggesting the influence of HPV in the DNA methylation machinery. In conclusion, somatic mutations were not common events identified in patients with RRP. However, epigenetic modulation by high methylation rates, particularly for the p14ARF/TP53 pathway, seems to be in the course of RRP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Chantre-Justino
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid Gonçalves da Veiga Pires
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cardoso Figueiredo
- Respiratory Endoscopy and Head and Neck Surgery Service at Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro 21041-030, Brazil
| | - Aline Dos Santos Moreira
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, PTDIS/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Gilda Alves
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Faria Ornellas
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
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10
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Chaudhary S, Pothuraju R, Rachagani S, Siddiqui JA, Atri P, Mallya K, Nasser MW, Sayed Z, Lyden ER, Smith L, Gupta SD, Ralhan R, Lakshmanan I, Jones DT, Ganti AK, Macha MA, Batra SK. Dual blockade of EGFR and CDK4/6 delays head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression by inducing metabolic rewiring. Cancer Lett 2021; 510:79-92. [PMID: 33878394 PMCID: PMC8153085 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite preclinical success, monotherapies targeting EGFR or cyclin D1-CDK4/6 in Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have shown a limited clinical outcome. Here, we aimed to determine the combined effect of palbociclib (CDK4/6) and afatinib (panEGFR) inhibitors as an effective strategy to target HNSCC. Using TCGA-HNSCC co-expression analysis, we found that patients with high EGFR and cyclin D1 expression showed enrichment of gene clusters associated with cell-growth, glycolysis, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition processes. Phosphorylated S6 (p-S6), a downstream effector of EGFR and cyclin D1-CDK4/6 signalling, showed a progressive increase from normal oral tissues to leukoplakia and frank malignancy, and associated with poor outcome of the patients. This increased p-S6 expression was drastically reduced after combination treatment with afatinib and palbociclib in the cell lines and mouse models, suggesting its utiliy as a prognostic marker in HNSCC. Combination treatment also reduced the cell growth and induced cell senescence via increasing reactive oxygen species with concurrent ablation of glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Finally, our findings in sub-cutaneous and genetically engineered mouse model (K14-CreERtam;LSL-KrasG12D/+;Trp53R172H/+) studies showed a significant reduction in the tumor growth and delayed tumor progression after combination treatment. This study collectively demonstrates that dual targeting may be a critical therapeutic strategy in blocking tumor progression via inducing metabolic alteration and warrants clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Pranita Atri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mohd W Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Zafar Sayed
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lyden
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Lynette Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Siddhartha D Gupta
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ranju Ralhan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Dwight T Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Apar Kishor Ganti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir, 192122, India.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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11
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Huang L, Yu X, Jiang Z, Zeng P. Novel Autophagy-Related Gene Signature Investigation for Patients With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:673319. [PMID: 34220946 PMCID: PMC8248343 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.673319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation between autophagy defects and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been previously studied, but only based on a limited number of autophagy-related genes in cell lines or animal models. The aim of the present study was to analyze differentially expressed autophagy-related genes through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to explore enriched pathways and potential biological function. Based on TCGA database, a signature composed of four autophagy-related genes (CDKN2A, NKX2-3, NRG3, and FADD) was established by using multivariate Cox regression models and two Gene Expression Omnibus datasets were applied for external validation. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to study the function of autophagy-related genes and their pathways. The most significant GO and KEGG pathways were enriched in several key pathways that were related to the progression of autophagy and OSCC. Furthermore, a prognostic risk score was constructed based on the four genes; patients were then divided into two groups (i.e., high risk and low risk) in terms of the median of risk score. Prognosis of the two groups and results showed that patients at the low-risk group had a much better prognosis than those at the high-risk group, regardless of whether they were in the training datasets or validation datasets. Multivariate Cox regression results indicated that the risk score of the autophagy-related gene signatures could greatly predict the prognosis of patients after controlling for several clinical covariates. The findings of the present study revealed that autophagy-related gene signatures play an important role in OSCC and are potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghao Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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12
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Chen X, Zhao W, Chen S, Yu D. Mutation profiles of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. ADVANCES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adoms.2021.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Ji P, Chang J, Wei X, Song X, Yuan H, Gong L, Li Y, Ding D, Zhang E, Yan C, Zhu M, Miao X, Wu C, Jin G, Hu Z, Shen H, Ma H. Genetic variants associated with expression of TCF19 contribute to the risk of head and neck cancer in Chinese population. J Med Genet 2021; 59:335-345. [PMID: 34085947 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and includes cancers arising from the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Genome-wide association studies have found several genetic variants related to the risk of SCCHN; however, they could only explain a small fraction of the heritability. Thus, more susceptibility loci associated with SCCHN need to be identified. METHODS An association study was conducted by genotyping 555 patients with SCCHN and 1367 controls in a Chinese population. Single-variant association analysis was conducted on 63 373 SNPs, and the promising variants were then confirmed by a two-stage validation with 1875 SCCHN cases and 4637 controls. Bioinformatics analysis and functional assays were applied to uncover the potential pathogenic mechanism of the promising variants and genes associated with SCCHN. RESULTS We first identified three novel genetic variants significantly associated with the risk of SCCHN (p=7.45×10-7 for rs2517611 at 6p22.1, p=1.76×10-9 for rs2524182 at 6p21.33 and p=2.17×10-10 for rs3131018 at 6p21.33). Further analysis and biochemical assays showed that rs3094187, which was in a region in high linkage disequilibrium with rs3131018, could modify TCF19 expression by regulating the binding affinity of the transcription factor SREBF1 to the promoter of TCF19. In addition, experiments revealed that the inhibition of TCF19 may affect several important pathways involved in tumourigenesis and attenuate the cell proliferation and migration of SCCHN. CONCLUSION These findings offer important evidence that functional genetic variants could contribute to development of SCCHN and that TCF19 may function as a putative susceptibility gene for SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueyao Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linnan Gong
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongsheng Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erbao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caiwang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Chen SH, Hsiao SY, Chang KY, Chang JY. New Insights Into Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Clinical Aspects to Molecular Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052252. [PMID: 33668218 PMCID: PMC7956378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a prevalent malignant disease worldwide, especially so in Taiwan. Early- or even preclinical-stage detection is critical for reducing morbidity and mortality from oral SCC. Epidemiological and genome association studies are useful for identifying clinicopathological risk factors for preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches of oral SCC. For advanced oral SCC, effective treatments are critical to prolonging survival and enhancing quality of life. As oral SCC is characteristic of regional invasion with lymph node metastases, understanding the aggressive features of oral SCC, particularly in lymphangiogenesis, is essential for determining effective treatments. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastases. Recent clinical successes in immune checkpoint inhibitors either alone or combined with chemotherapy have also supported the therapeutic value of immunotherapy in oral SCC. This review summarizes critical advances in basic knowledge of oral SCC from the perspective of clinicopathological risk factors, molecular tumorigenesis, and the TME. We also highlight our recent investigations on the microbiome, genome association studies, lymphangiogenesis, and immunomodulation in oral SCC. This review may provide new insights for oral SCC treatment by systematically interpreting emerging evidence from various preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hung Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yen Hsiao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan 736402, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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15
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Bahethi RR, Stepan KO, Pinotti R, Li R, Agrawal N, Puram SV, Miles BA, Barber B. Genetic Mutations in Young Nonsmoking Patients With Oral Cavity Cancer: A Systematic Review. OTO Open 2020; 4:2473974X20970181. [PMID: 33210069 PMCID: PMC7643225 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x20970181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This investigation aims to review the known genetic mutations associated with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) in young adults with limited environmental risk factors (YLERs). Data Sources A comprehensive search strategy was designed to identify studies in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and Scopus from database inception to May 2017 that included adults ≤50 years of age with OCSCC and minimal tobacco use history (≤10 pack-years) who had their tumors genetically sequenced or mutational profiles analyzed. Review Methods Identified articles were screened by 2 reviewers. Quality of evidence was graded by the MINORS criteria for case-control studies; other studies were graded by assigning a level of evidence for gene mutation literature. Results Thirteen studies met our inclusion criteria, and 130 patients met our criteria for age and tobacco history. TP53 was the most commonly evaluated gene (10 of 13 studies) and the most frequently observed mutation. One study reported that nonsmokers had significantly fewer TP53 mutations, while 9 studies found no difference in the prevalence of TP53 mutations. No other mutations were found specific to this cohort. Conclusions TP53 mutations may occur at a similar rate in YLERs with OCSCC as compared with older patients or those with risk factors. However, few studies have aimed to characterize the genetic landscape of oral cavity tumors in this population, often with small sample sizes. Future studies are needed to explore unidentified genetic alterations leading to tumor susceptibility or alternative mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini R Bahethi
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katelyn O Stepan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Pinotti
- Gustave L. and Janet W. Levy Library, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brett A Miles
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brittany Barber
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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16
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Blahak J, Zelinka J, Gumulec J, Machacek C, Danek Z, Bulik O. HPV, protein p16 and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2020; 164:292-299. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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17
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Jin Y, Qin X. Development of a Prognostic Signature Based on Autophagy-related Genes for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:860-867. [PMID: 32948377 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a malignant tumor with relative low survival rate. Increasingly evidences have emphasized the importance of autophagy in cancer initiation, progression, and the responses to cancer treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the potential biological and prognostic significance of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in HNSCC patients. METHODS We collected a list of ARGs from Human Autophagy Database and obtained expression profiles and clinical information of HNSCC samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) portal. Differential expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis were performed by R software. The prognostic value of differentially expressed ARGs was detected by Cox regression analysis and prognosis-related ARGs were subjected to LASSO regression analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were applied to identify promising independent prognosticators for HNSCC. RESULTS A total of 35 differentially expressed ARGs were screened out and functional enrichment analysis results indicated these genes were mainly associated with autophagy-related biological processes and pathways. Seven prognosis-related ARGs (ITGA3, CDKN2A, FADD, NKX2-3, BAK1, CXCR4, and HSPB8) were selected to construct a risk signature, which proved to be effective in predicting the survival rate of HNSCC patients. Moreover, univariate analysis showed risk score, tumor stage, T stage, and N stage were negatively correlated with patient overall survival and the multivariate Cox regression analysis results indicated risk score, age, and N stage was significantly associated with patient prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may provide novel evidences for the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, PR China
| | - Xing Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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18
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Palsgrove D, Bishop JA. HPV-related carcinoma of the oropharynx: challenges on small biopsy specimens. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2020; 9:359-368. [PMID: 32651129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal carcinoma can morphologically mimic many processes from benign to malignant and lead pathologists to incorrectly diagnose them and/or use inappropriate diagnostic terminology. Recognition of HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma and its variants is critical for appropriate prognostic and therapeutic considerations in small biopsy material. Various pitfalls in diagnosing these tumors on limited biopsies are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Palsgrove
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Justin A Bishop
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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19
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Somatic Mutation Profiling in Premalignant Lesions of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144880. [PMID: 32664330 PMCID: PMC7402303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) originates from the progression of either a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or differentiated-type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), often in a background of lichen sclerosus (LS). The mechanisms leading to the progression of these premalignant lesions to VSCC are elusive. This study aims to identify pathogenic mutations implicated in VSCC development. Using next-generation sequencing, 38 HSIL, 19 dVIN, 20 LS, of which 10 were solitary lesions and 10 with adjacent VSCC, and 10 VSCC adjacent to LS, were screened for hotspot mutations in 50 genes covered by the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Pathogenic mutations of TP53 were the most common genetic alterations identified in 53% and 24% of dVIN and HSIL cases, respectively, followed by CDKN2A (p16) mutated in 42% and 0% of dVIN and HSIL, respectively. Seven (70%) and three (30%) of 10 cases of VSCC associated with LS carried TP53 and CDKN2A mutations, respectively, whereas neither solitary LS nor LS associated with VSCC cases harbored mutations in these genes. It appears that TP53 mutations are early events during VSCC carcinogenesis, being present in both HSIL and dVIN lesions. Our preliminary data do not support a genetic background for the notion of LS as the VSCC premalignant lesion.
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20
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Ishida H, Kasajima A, Fujishima F, Akaishi R, Ueki S, Yamazaki Y, Onodera Y, Gao X, Okamoto H, Taniyama Y, Kamei T, Sasano H. p16 in highly malignant esophageal carcinomas: the correlation with clinicopathological factors and human papillomavirus infection. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:219-229. [PMID: 32556556 PMCID: PMC7969492 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
p16 is generally considered to be a surrogate maker of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and also a predictive marker of favorable clinical outcome of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. p16 overexpression is also known to be induced by deregulation of RB1 in neuroendocrine carcinomas. In highly malignant esophageal neoplasms, however, the status of p16 has remained largely unknown. We immunolocalized p16 and Rb1 in 82 surgically resected esophageal high-grade squamous cell carcinomas (46 poorly differentiated and 36 basaloid squamous cell carcinomas) and 15 esophageal small-cell carcinomas in order to clarify the clinical and biological significance of p16. p16 immunoreactivity was detected in 7/82 (9%) high-grade squamous cell carcinomas and 15 (100%) small-cell carcinomas. p16 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with Rb1 protein loss in both groups (P < 0.001). HPV was detected in none of the p16-positive cases examined. Clinical outcome of the p16-positive high-grade squamous cell carcinomas was not different from that of the p16-negative counterparts (P = 0.687) but significantly better than those with the small-cell carcinomas (P = 0.023). p16 was therefore considered to be induced through an inactivation of the RB1 signaling pathway and not through HPV infection in highly malignant esophageal neoplasms. Nevertheless, patients’ clinical outcome of these neoplasms significantly differs; therefore, small-cell carcinomas have to be carefully differentiated from other neoplasms. In addition, p16 overexpression is not predictive of favorable clinical outcome in high-grade squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishida
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Atsuko Kasajima
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryujiro Akaishi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ueki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Onodera
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Taniyama
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Kayahara GM, Valente VB, Pereira RB, Lopes FYK, Crivelini MM, Miyahara GI, Biasoli ÉR, Oliveira SHP, Bernabé DG. Pineal gland protects against chemically induced oral carcinogenesis and inhibits tumor progression in rats. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1816-1831. [PMID: 32499868 PMCID: PMC7244010 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical investigations suggest that melatonin suppression and circadian dysfunction may be related to cancer development in shift workers. Studies also show that melatonin suppression after pinealectomy increases cancer incidence in preclinical models. However, no study evaluated the influence of pinealectomy on oral cancer development. In the current study, we investigated the effects of pinealectomy on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) occurrence and progression in rats. Rats submitted to sham surgery were used as control. Pinealectomy promoted an increase of 140% in OSCC occurrence when compared to sham animals. Tumors from pinealectomized rats displayed a higher volume and thickness than the tumors from sham-operated animals. Pinealectomy induced atrophy of the epithelium adjacent to the oral lesions. Pinealectomized rats showed higher mean number of tumor-associated macrophages and eosinophils in the invasive front of OSCC. In addition, nuclear overexpression of ERK1/2 and p53 was also observed in the front of carcinomas from pinealectomized rats. These results reveal that pineal gland plays a protective role against oral carcinogenesis. The melatonin suppression caused by the pinealectomy might contribute to oral cancer development by acting on ERK1/2 and p53 pathways and regulating tumor inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giseli Mitsuy Kayahara
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Psychosomatic Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bonetti Valente
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Psychosomatic Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosani Belzunces Pereira
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Psychosomatic Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Yudi Kabeya Lopes
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Psychosomatic Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Crivelini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauco Issamu Miyahara
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Psychosomatic Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Éder Ricardo Biasoli
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Psychosomatic Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Psychosomatic Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Galera Bernabé
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Psychosomatic Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Na Rangsee N, Yanatatsaneejit P, Pisitkun T, Somparn P, Jintaridth P, Topanurak S. Host proteome linked to HPV E7-mediated specific gene hypermethylation in cancer pathways. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:7. [PMID: 32025240 PMCID: PMC6998090 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes around 90% of cervical cancer cases, and cervical cancer is a leading cause of female mortality worldwide. HPV-derived oncoprotein E7 participates in cervical carcinogenesis by inducing aberrant host DNA methylation. However, the targeting specificity of E7 methylation of host genes is not fully understood but is important in the down-regulation of crucial proteins of the hallmark cancer pathways. In this study, we aim to link E7-driven aberrations in the host proteome to corresponding gene promoter hypermethylation events in the hope of providing novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers to indicate the progression of cervical cancer. Methods HEK293 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-E7 plasmid and empty vector and subjected to mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Down-regulated proteins (where relative abundance was determined significant by paired T-test) relevant to cancer pathways were selected as gene candidates for mRNA transcript abundance measurement by qPCR and expression compared with that in SiHa cells (HPV type 16 positive). Methylation Specific PCR was used to determine promoter hypermethylation in genes downregulated in both SiHa and transfected HEK293 cell lines. The FunRich and STRING databases were used for identification of potential regulatory transcription factors and the proteins interacting with transcription factor gene candidates, respectively. Results Approximately 400 proteins totally were identified in proteomics analysis. The transcripts of six genes involved in the host immune response and cell proliferation (PTMS, C1QBP, BCAP31, CDKN2A, ZMYM6 and HIST1H1D) were down-regulated, corresponding to proteomic results. Methylation assays showed four gene promoters (PTMS, C1QBP, BCAP31 and CDKN2A) were hypermethylated with 61, 55.5, 70 and 78% increased methylation, respectively. Those four genes can be regulated by the GA-binding protein alpha chain, specificity protein 1 and ETS-like protein-1 transcription factors, as identified from FunRich database predictions. Conclusions HPV E7 altered the HEK293 proteome, particularly with respect to proteins involved in cell proliferation and host immunity. Down-regulation of these proteins appears to be partly mediated via host DNA methylation. E7 possibly complexes with the transcription factors of its targeting genes and DNMT1, allowing methylation of specific target gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopphamon Na Rangsee
- 1Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | | | - Trairak Pisitkun
- 3Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- 3Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand.,4Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Pornrutsami Jintaridth
- 5Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Supachai Topanurak
- 1Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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23
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Li X, Yang T, Li CS, Song Y, Wang D, Jin L, Lou H, Li W. Polymerase chain reaction - surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PCR-SERS) method for gene methylation level detection in plasma. Theranostics 2020; 10:898-909. [PMID: 31903158 PMCID: PMC6929977 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene promoter hypermethylation is a vital step in tumorigenesis. This paper set out to explore the use of polymerase chain reaction - surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PCR-SERS) for the detection of gene methylation levels, with a focus on cancer diagnosis. Methods: PCR with methylation independent primers were used on DNA samples to amplify target genes regardless of their methylation states. SERS was used on the obtained PCR products to generate spectra that contained peak changes belonging to CG and AT base pairs. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was then used to deconvolute the SERS spectra so that the CG/AT ratios of the sample could be obtained. These MLR results were used to calculate methylation levels of the target genes. For protocol verification, three sets of seven reference DNA solutions with known methylation levels (0%, 1%, 5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were analysed. Clinically, blood plasma samples were taken from 48 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and 51 healthy controls. The methylation levels of the genes p16, MGMT, and RASSF1 were determined for each patient using this method. Results: Verification experiment on the mixtures with known methylation levels resulted in an error of less than 6% from the actual levels. When applied to our clinical samples, the frequency of methylation in at least one of the three target genes among the NSCLC patients was 87.5%, but this percentage decreased to 11.8% for the control group. The methylation levels of p16 were found to be significantly higher in NSCLC patients with more pack-years smoked (p=0.04), later cancer stages (p=0.03), and cancer types of squamous cell and large cell versus adenocarcinoma (p=0.03). Prediction accuracy of 88% was achieved from classification and regression trees (CART) based on methylation levels and states, respectively. Conclusion: This research showed that the PCR-SERS protocol could quantitatively measure the methylation levels of genes in plasma. The methylation levels of the genes p16, MGMT, and RASSF1 were higher in NSCLC patients than in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Li
- School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China
- College of Environmental Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Tianyue Yang
- School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China
- College of Environmental Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Caesar Siqi Li
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown 44272, USA
| | - Youtao Song
- College of Environmental Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Deli Wang
- School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China
| | - Lili Jin
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Hong Lou
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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24
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Batta N, Pandey M. Mutational spectrum of tobacco associated oral squamous carcinoma and its therapeutic significance. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:198. [PMID: 31775759 PMCID: PMC6882338 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) is a common malignancy attributed to use of chewing smokeless tobacco and smoking. Most of the targeted strategies are based on EGFR expression and mutation; however, none of them has shown significant improvement in survival and response rates. We carried out this study to evaluate mutational profile of tobacco associated oral carcinoma with special emphasis on EGFR and its downstream events. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 46 histologically proven cases were recruited between January 2017 and January 2019. Apart from detailed clinical and histological studies, the paraffin-embedded tissue was submitted for expression of 50 genes using Next Generation Sequencing using Ion Ampliseq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 47.8 ± 10.9 years. Majority had tumors on buccal mucosa (24) and tongue (13). Nineteen of these tumors were larger than 4 cm, and 5 had adjacent site involvement. Thirty one were node positive. TP53 mutations were commonest seen in 19 followed by CDKN2A in 11, HRAS in 8, PIK3CA in 3, SMARCB1 in 2, and KIT, EGFR, BRAF, STK11, ABL1, RB1 in one case each. Concomitant TP53 mutation was identified with other mutations like CDKN2A, HRAS, KIT, PIK3CA, STK11, SMARCB1, ABL1, and RB1 making tobacco-associated OSCC as a heterogeneous mutational tumor with multiple events. A patient with TP53 mutations has poor disease free survival (47.4 vs 63% p = 0.17); however, this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The study shows a heterogeneous mutational spectrum with multiple mutational events in OSCC. The low EGFR mutation rates and higher mutations in EGFR downstream pathways including that in TP53 and HRAS suggest that anti EGFR strategies may not succeed in these tumors and newer agents and therapeutic combinations need to be tried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Batta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Manoj Pandey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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25
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MARRA A, VIOLATI M, BROGGIO F, CODECÀ C, BLASI M, LUCIANI A, ZONATO S, RABBIOSI D, MONEGHINI L, SAIBENE A, MACCARI A, FELISATI G, FERRARI D. Long-term disease-free survival in surgically-resected oral tongue cancer: a 10-year retrospective study. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2019; 39:84-91. [PMID: 31097825 PMCID: PMC6522864 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early and loco-regionally advanced oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) can be treated by surgery alone or followed by adjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Nevertheless, up to 40% of patients develop tumour relapse. The aim of our study is to investigate the clinical and pathological features associated with reduced disease-free survival (DFS) in a cohort of surgically-resected OTSCC patients. One hundred and six patients surgically resected for OTSCC were retrospectively identified from clinical records. DFS was calculated according to the Kaplan–Meier method and differences between variables were assessed with Log-Rank test. A multivariable Cox regression model was used to analyse the impact of different prognostic factors on DFS. After a median of follow-up of 8.9 years, 22 events, including 11 deaths, were observed. Overall, the 5-year DFS-rate was 87.4%. The presence of extra-nodal extension (p = 0.023) and perineural invasion (p = 0.003) were significantly correlated with shorter DFS (in univariate analysis). In multivariable analysis, extra-nodal extension and perineural invasion confirmed their role as independent prognostic factors associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) 2.87, 95% CI 1.11-7.42, p = 0.03; HR 3.85, 95% CI 1.49-9.96, p = 0.006, respectively]. p16 and p53 expressions in tumour cells were detected in 12% (n = 9) and 46% (n = 40) of cases, respectively. No differences in DFS were observed between p16+ and p16- (p = 0.125) and between p53+ and p53- tumours (p = 0.213). In conclusion, radical surgery, eventually followed by adjuvant radiotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy, can achieve high cure rates in OTSCC. After long-term follow-up, perineural invasion and extra-nodal extension confirmed their role as prognostic factors associated with reduced DFS in OTSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. MARRA
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | - M. VIOLATI
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | - F. BROGGIO
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | - C. CODECÀ
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | - M. BLASI
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | - A. LUCIANI
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | - S. ZONATO
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | - D. RABBIOSI
- Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - A. SAIBENE
- Otolaryngology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Italy
| | - A. MACCARI
- Otolaryngology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Italy
| | - G. FELISATI
- Otolaryngology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Italy
| | - D. FERRARI
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Milan, Italy
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26
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Delmonico L, Costa MASM, Fournier MV, Romano SDO, Nascimento CMD, Barbosa AS, Moreira ADS, Scherrer LR, Ornellas MHF, Alves G. Mutation profiling in the PIK3CA, TP53, and CDKN2A genes in circulating free DNA and impalpable breast lesions. Ann Diagn Pathol 2019; 39:30-35. [PMID: 30634138 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast impalpable lesions have become a clinical dilemma because they are small, presenting a heterogeneous cellular phenotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutational profile of the PIK3CA, TP53, and CDKN2A genes, comparing the mammary tissue with the respective circulating free DNA (cfDNA). The PIK3CA, TP53, and CDKN2A genes were sequenced (PCR-Sanger) in 58 women with impalpable lesions (49 malignant and 9 benign) with the respective cfDNA. The chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate statistical significance between the clinical variables and mutational profile. A total of 51 out of 58 samples generated successful mutation profiles in both breast lesion and cfDNA. Of the 37 mutations detected, 10 (27%) and 16 (43%) mutations were detected in benign and malignant breast lesions, respectively, while 2 (5%) and 9 (24%) were found in cfDNA of women with benign and malignant lesions, respectively. The lymph node involvement with mutations in the PIK3CA in malignant lesions (P = 0.001), and the relationship between mutations in PIK3CA, comparing ductal tumors with benign lesions (P = 0.05), were statistically significant. This study detected different mutations in PIK3CA, TP53, and CDKN2A genes, which represent, in part, the heterogeneity of impalpable lesions. The results confirm that more studies should be conducted on the functional role of cfDNA in the impalpable lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Delmonico
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aline Dos Santos Moreira
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, PTDIS/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Helena Faria Ornellas
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Gilda Alves
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
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27
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Rose TL, Chism DD, Alva AS, Deal AM, Maygarden SJ, Whang YE, Kardos J, Drier A, Basch E, Godley PA, Dunn MW, Kim WY, Milowsky MI. Phase II trial of palbociclib in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer after failure of first-line chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:801-807. [PMID: 30293995 PMCID: PMC6189143 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of urothelial cancers (UC) harbor alterations in retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway genes that can lead to loss of Rb tumour suppressor function. Palbociclib is an oral, selective inhibitor of CDK 4/6 that restores Rb function and promotes cell cycle arrest. Methods In this phase II trial, patients with metastatic platinum-refractory UC molecularly selected for p16 loss and intact Rb by tumour immunohistochemistry received palbociclib 125 mg p.o. daily for 21 days of a 28-day cycle. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 4 months (PFS4) using a Simon’s two-stage design. Next-generation sequencing including Rb pathway alterations was conducted. Results Twelve patients were enrolled and two patients (17%) achieved PFS4 with insufficient activity to advance to stage 2. No responses were seen. Median PFS was 1.9 months (95% CI 1.8–3.7 months) and median overall survival was 6.3 months (95% CI 2.2–12.6 months). Fifty-eight percent of patients had grade ≥3 hematologic toxicity. There were no CDKN2A alterations found and no correlation of Rb pathway alterations with clinical outcome. Conclusions Palbociclib did not demonstrate meaningful activity in selected patients with platinum-refractory metastatic UC. Further development of palbociclib should only be considered with improved integral biomarker selection or in rational combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Rose
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David D Chism
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ajjai S Alva
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allison M Deal
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan J Maygarden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Young E Whang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jordan Kardos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Drier
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ethan Basch
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul A Godley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mary W Dunn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew I Milowsky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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28
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Yang H, Cao Y, Li ZM, Li YJ, Jiang WQ, Shi YX. The role of protein p16 INK4a in non-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Southern China. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6147-6155. [PMID: 30333880 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16INK4a) protein is a surrogate immunohistochemical marker of human papillomavirus infection in oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). However, the effects of p16INK4a in non-OPSCC require additional analysis. In addition, major gaps remain in the literature, including small volumes of data for China. Therefore, the present study evaluated the frequency of p16INK4a positivity in patients with non-OPSCC in Southern China, and assessed its prognostic value. p16INK4a expression status in patients with non-OPSCC was determined by immunohistochemistry. p16INK4a-positive expression was defined as a strong and diffuse staining in ≥70% of the tumor cells. Then, the diagnostic value of p16INK4a in predicting overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rate was determined. The positive rate of p16INK4a was 26.3% in larynx cancer and 24.8% in oral cavity cancer. Multivariate analysis revealed that the protein status independently predicted improved OS rate, but not DFS rate (P=0.096). Comparing different disease stages, patients at an early stage with p16INK4a-positive non-OPSCC exhibited improved DFS and OS rates compared with those exhibited by patients who were negative. The p16INK4a-positive rate in patients with non-OPSCC was 25.1% [26.3% in Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and 24.8% in Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC)] in the present cohort from South China. The present study suggested that p16INK4a expression in non-OPSCC predicts favorable clinical outcomes, particularly in early stage non-OPSCC and oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ye Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Li
- Department of Lymphoma and Hematology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China.,Department of Lymphoma and Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qi Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Hussein AA, Forouzanfar T, Bloemena E, de Visscher J, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR, Helder MN. A review of the most promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:724-736. [PMID: 30131545 PMCID: PMC6173763 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a great interest in developing biomarkers to enhance early detection and clinical management of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). However, the developmental path towards a clinically valid biomarker remains extremely challenging. Ideally, the initial key step in moving a newly discovered biomarker towards clinical implementation is independent replication. Therefore, the focus of this review is on biomarkers that consistently showed clinical relevance in two or more publications. METHODS We searched PubMed database for relevant papers across different TSCC sample sources, i.e., body fluids (saliva, serum/plasma) and tissues. No restriction regarding the date of publication was applied except for immunohistochemistry (IHC); only studies published between 2010 and June 2017 were included. RESULTS The search strategy identified 1429 abstracts, of which 96 papers, examining 150 biomarkers, were eventually included. Of these papers, 66% were exploratory studies evaluating single or a panel of biomarkers in one publication. Ultimately, based on studies that had undergone validation for their clinical relevance in at least two independent studies, we identified 10 promising candidates, consisting of different types of molecules (IL-6, IL-8, and Prolactin in liquid samples; HIF-1α, SOX2, E-cadherin, vimentin, MALAT1, TP53, and NOTCH1 in tissue biopsies) CONCLUSIONS: Although more exploratory research is needed with newer methods to identify biomarkers for TSCC, rigorous validation of biomarkers that have already shown unbiased assessment in at least two publications should be considered a high priority. Further research on these promising biomarkers or their combination in multi-institutional studies, could provide new possibilities to develop a specific panel for early diagnosis, prognosis, and individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A Hussein
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tymour Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jgam de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco N Helder
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Valente VB, Verza FA, Lopes FYK, Ferreira JZ, Dos Santos PSP, Sundefeld MLMM, Biasoli ÉR, Miyahara GI, Soubhia AMP, de Andrade M, de Oliveira SHP, Bernabé DG. Stress hormones concentrations in the normal microenvironment predict risk for chemically induced cancer in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:229-238. [PMID: 29150404 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence show that stress hormones can influence cancer progression, but its role in carcinogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we used a new method based on oral carcinogenesis model in rats to test the hypothesis that physiological levels of stress hormones in the normal tissue microenvironment would have significant predictive value for chemically induced cancer occurrence. Male Wistar rats were submitted to a tongue biopsy for measuring not-stress induced levels of norepinephrine, corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the tissue before carcinogenic induction. Rats were treated with the 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) chemical carcinogen for twenty weeks and then euthanized for microscopic evaluation of the tongue lesions. Increased pre-carcinogen norepinephrine concentrations and reduced basal corticosterone levels in the normal tissue microenvironment were predictive for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) occurrence. Likewise, increased pre-carcinogen norepinephrine levels in the normal microenvironment were associated a lower expression of pCDKN2a-p16 in OSCCs. Post-carcinogen levels of corticosterone and BDNF in oral leukoplakia tissues (precursor lesion of OSCC) and post-carcinogen corticosterone concentrations in OSCCs were higher than basal levels in the normal mucosa. Increased norepinephrine concentrations in OSCCs were associated to a greater tumor volume and thickness. Furthermore, higher levels of norepinephrine, ACTH and BDNF in OSCCs were associated to a lesser intensity of the lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate. This study shows that pre-carcinogen stress hormones levels in the normal microenvironment may be predictive for chemically induced cancer in rats. Moreover, chemical carcinogenesis can promote stressor-like effects with hormonal changes in the tissue microenvironment, which may be associated to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Bonetti Valente
- Psychoneuroimmunology Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Verza
- Psychoneuroimmunology Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Yudi Kabeya Lopes
- Psychoneuroimmunology Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joana Zafalon Ferreira
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clóvis Pestana St., SP 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Patto Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clóvis Pestana St., SP 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Marçal Mazza Sundefeld
- Department of Statistics, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Éder Ricardo Biasoli
- Psychoneuroimmunology Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Clinical Propedeutics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauco Issamu Miyahara
- Psychoneuroimmunology Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Clinical Propedeutics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Pires Soubhia
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Propedeutics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, MN 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sandra Helena Penha de Oliveira
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Galera Bernabé
- Psychoneuroimmunology Research Center, Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Clinical Propedeutics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, 1193 José Bonifácio St., SP 15050-015, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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31
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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Genomics and emerging biomarkers for immunomodulatory cancer treatments. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:228-240. [PMID: 29355614 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx. While many HNSCCs are related to classical etiologic factors of smoking and alcohol, a clinically, genomically, and immunologically distinct subgroup of tumors arise from the epithelium of the tonsil and the base of tongue as a result of infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). In this review we describe the genomic and immunologic landscape of HNSCC, highlighting differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC. While HPV-negative tumors are characterized by tobacco-associated mutations in genes including TP53 and CDKN2A, in HPV-positive HNSCC integration of viral genome from HPV into the host cellular genome results in expression of the E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins, with consequent degradation of p53 and functional inactivation of Rb. The immune microenvironment of HNSCC is characterized by changes in immune cell populations, immune checkpoints, as well as tumor or microenvironmental factors that alter the balance of the immune milieu in favor of immunosuppression, allowing tumor evasion and escape from immune surveillance. Immune therapies, in particular those targeting the PD1 receptor or its ligand PD-L1, including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, and atezolizumab have shown significant efficacy in subsets of patients with HNSCC. Current trials are evaluating the efficacy of these agents in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other immune therapies including CTLA-4 and IDO-1 inhibitors. While biomarkers including PD-L1 expression, PD-L2 expression and the interferon-gamma gene signature show potential to predict benefit from checkpoint inhibitor therapy - it is hoped that improved understanding of the genomic and immune landscape will lead to ways to improved strategies to stratify patients and to select which HNSCC are most likely to benefit from these therapies.
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32
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Ku BM, Yi SY, Koh J, Bae YH, Sun JM, Lee SH, Ahn JS, Park K, Ahn MJ. The CDK4/6 inhibitor LY2835219 has potent activity in combination with mTOR inhibitor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14803-13. [PMID: 26909611 PMCID: PMC4924753 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of CDKN2A (p16) or amplification of CCND1 (cyclin D1) occurs commonly in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and induces sustained cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 activation. Here, we report the antiproliferative activity of LY2835219, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor through inhibition of CDK4/6-dependent Ser780 phosphorylation in retinoblastoma (RB) and induction of cell cycle arrest in HNSCC cells. In addition, we demonstrated the antitumor effects of HNSCC xenografts to LY2835219 in vivo. Given the limited effect in HNSCC as a single-agent treatment with LY2835219, a combinational strategy is required to enhance antitumor activity. At the molecular level, we found that LY2835219 inhibited activation of AKT and ERK, but not mTOR. The combination of LY2835219 with mTOR inhibitor was found to be more effective than either drug alone in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that a combinational treatment with LY2835219 and mTOR inhibitor is a promising therapeutic approach for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Mi Ku
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Yoon Yi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jiae Koh
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Bae
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Sun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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33
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Belobrov S, Cornall AM, Young RJ, Koo K, Angel C, Wiesenfeld D, Rischin D, Garland SM, McCullough M. The role of human papillomavirus in p16-positive oral cancers. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 47:18-24. [PMID: 29024035 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify the presence and frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) nucleic acid in p16-positive oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), to assess whether the virus was transcriptionally active and to assess the utility of p16 overexpression as a surrogate marker for HPV in OSCC. METHODS Forty-six OSCC patients treated between 2007 and 2011 with available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens were included. Twenty-three patients were positive for p16 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and these were matched with 23 patients with p16-negative tumours. Laser capture microdissection of the FFPE OSCC tissues was undertaken to isolate invasive tumour tissue. DNA was extracted and tested for high-risk HPV types using a PCR-ELISA method based on the L1 SPF10 consensus primers, and a real-time PCR method targeting HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 region. Genotyping of HPV-positive cases was performed using a reverse line blot hybridization assay (Inno-LiPA). RNAScope® (a chromogenic RNA in situ hybridization assay) was utilized to detect E6/E7 mRNA of known high-risk HPV types for detection of transcriptionally active virus. RESULTS HPV DNA was found in 3 OSCC cases, all of which were p16 IHC-positive. Two cases were genotyped as HPV-16 and one as HPV-33. Only one of the HPV-16 cases was confirmed to harbour transcriptionally active virus via HPV RNA ISH. CONCLUSION We have shown that the presence of transcriptionally active HPV rarely occurs in OSCC and that p16 is not an appropriate surrogate marker for HPV in OSCC cases. We propose that non-viral mechanisms are responsible for the majority of IHC p16 overexpression in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Belobrov
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyssa M Cornall
- Regional HPV Labnet Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Young
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kendrick Koo
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Angel
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Wiesenfeld
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Head and Neck Oncology Tumour Stream, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Danny Rischin
- Divison of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Regional HPV Labnet Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Minami K, Kogashiwa Y, Ebihara Y, Nakahira M, Sugasawa M, Fujino T, Yasuda M. Human papillomavirus and p16 protein expression as prognostic biomarkers in mobile tongue cancer. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:1121-1126. [PMID: 28669249 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2017.1339327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in mobile tongue cancer (MTC) and evaluate associations and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent surgical resection as primary treatment for MTC (n = 127) were retrospectively evaluated. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens were assessed for p16 and p53 by immunohistochemistry; for HPV DNA by nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two pairs of consensus primers (MY09-MY11 and GP5+-GP6+); and for E6 and E7 oncogenes from 13 high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68) by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS There were 18 (14.2%) p16-positive, 45 (35.4%) p53-positive, 9 (7.1%) HPV DNA-positive, and 7 (5.5%) E6 and/or E7 mRNA-positive tumors, but the correlation of all pairs was poor. There was no demographic or histopathologic association with HPV status. Cause-specific survival was significantly better with p16-positive than with p16-negative tumors (p = .037). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HPV and p16 positivity was relatively low and p16 status was a poor surrogate marker for HPV status. The results showed the importance of p16 expression in prognosticating mobile tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Minami
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasunao Kogashiwa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ebihara
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Nakahira
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Sugasawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujino
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
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35
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Almangush A, Heikkinen I, Mäkitie AA, Coletta RD, Läärä E, Leivo I, Salo T. Prognostic biomarkers for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:856-866. [PMID: 28751758 PMCID: PMC5589992 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying informative prognostic biomarkers for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is of great importance in order to better predict tumour behaviour and to guide treatment planning. Here, we summarise existing evidence regarding immunohistochemical prognostic biomarkers for OTSCC. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was performed using the databases of Scopus, Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. All studies which had investigated the prognostic significance of immunohistochemical biomarkers in OTSCC during the period from 1985 to 2015 were retrieved. For the five most often evaluated biomarkers a random-effects meta-analysis on overall survival was performed, including those studies that provided the necessary statistical results. RESULTS A total of 174 studies conducted during the last three decades were found, and in these 184 biomarkers were evaluated for the prognostication of OTSCC. The five biomarkers most frequently assessed were p53, Ki-67, p16, VEGFs and cyclin D1. In the meta-analyses, the most promising results of the prognostic power for OTSCC were obtained for cyclin D1. For studies of VEGF A and C the results were equivocal, but the pooled analysis of VEGF A separately showed it to be a useful prognosticator for OTSCC. There was no sufficient evidence to support p53, Ki-67 and p16 as prognostic biomarkers for OTSCC. Limitations in the quality of the published studies (e.g., small cohorts, lack of compliance with REMARK guidelines) are widespread. CONCLUSIONS Numerous biomarkers have been presented as useful prognosticators for OTSCC, but the quality of the conduct and reporting of original studies is overall unsatisfactory which does not allow reliable conclusions. The value of two biomarkers (VEGF-A and cyclin D1) should be validated in a multicentre study setting following REMARK guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhadi Almangush
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya
| | - Ilkka Heikkinen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti A Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esa Läärä
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Statistics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Research Group of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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36
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Padhi SS, Roy S, Kar M, Saha A, Roy S, Adhya A, Baisakh M, Banerjee B. Role of CDKN2A/p16 expression in the prognostication of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2017; 73:27-35. [PMID: 28939073 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CDKN2A/p16 is a known tumor suppressor gene with a homologous deletion in Oral Squamous cell carcinoma. CDKN2A/p16 is found to be inactivated in a broad spectrum of solid tumors and in more than 80% of OSCC. Molecular alteration of CDKN2A/p16 in progression of OSCC can pose an important tool for the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHOD Systematic network analysis was carried out to obtain involvement of CDKN2A/p16 in oral cancer by polysearch and FunDO. In the present study we have screened 104 OSCC patients from eastern region of India for CDKN2A/p16 expression in recurrent and non-recurrent OSCC. The observation was validated by Comparative Genomic Hybridisation and Next generation sequencing in recurrent cases. RESULT Systematic analysis revealed direct involvement of CDKN2A/p16 in oral cancer. There was a consistent downregulated expression of CDKN2A/p16 in the recurrent cases. The gene expression study confirmed a >5-fold downregulation of CDKN2A/p16 in recurrent tumors as compared to non-recurrent ones. Array CGH analysis revealed a copy number deletion in the recurrent case. Furthermore, next generation sequencing validated deletion of CDKN2A/p16 and reported it asa common variant with a nonsense mutation having stop /loss of function of the gene in recurrent cases. Recurrent cases with deleted CDKN2A/p16 expression had poor prognosis and low survival rate. CONCLUSION CDKN2A/p16 frequently alters in oral cancer progression with a deletion/loss of function in the recurrent cases displaying its role in aiding several molecular events for the malignant transformations occurring throughout disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shree Padhi
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Souvick Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Madhabananda Kar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751016, India
| | - Arka Saha
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Shomereeta Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Amit Adhya
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Manas Baisakh
- Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
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Gamell C, Gulati T, Levav-Cohen Y, Young RJ, Do H, Pilling P, Takano E, Watkins N, Fox SB, Russell P, Ginsberg D, Monahan BJ, Wright G, Dobrovic A, Haupt S, Solomon B, Haupt Y. Reduced abundance of the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP contributes to decreased expression of the INK4/ARF locus in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/461/eaaf8223. [PMID: 28074012 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf8223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p16INK4a, one protein encoded by the INK4/ARF locus, is frequently absent in multiple cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Whereas increased methylation of the encoding gene (CDKN2A) accounts for its loss in a third of patients, no molecular explanation exists for the remainder. We unraveled an alternative mechanism for the silencing of the INK4/ARF locus involving the E3 ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional cofactor E6AP (also known as UBE3A). We found that the expression of three tumor suppressor genes encoded in the INK4/ARF locus (p15INK4b, p16INK4a, and p19ARF) was decreased in E6AP-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts. E6AP induced the expression of the INK4/ARF locus at the transcriptional level by inhibiting CDC6 transcription, a gene encoding a key repressor of the locus. Luciferase assays revealed that E6AP inhibited CDC6 expression by reducing its E2F1-dependent transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that E6AP reduced the amount of E2F1 at the CDC6 promoter. In a subset of NSCLC samples, an E6AP-low/CDC6-high/p16INK4a-low protein abundance profile correlated with low methylation of the gene encoding p16INK4a (CDKN2A) and poor patient prognosis. These findings define a previously unrecognized tumor-suppressive role for E6AP in NSCLC, reveal an alternative silencing mechanism of the INK4/ARF locus, and reveal E6AP as a potential prognostic marker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gamell
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yaara Levav-Cohen
- The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Richard J Young
- Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Hongdo Do
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Pat Pilling
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Elena Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Neil Watkins
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Prudence Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Doron Ginsberg
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Brendon J Monahan
- Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 2555, Australia
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alex Dobrovic
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ben Solomon
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Lim AM, Wong NC, Pidsley R, Zotenko E, Corry J, Dobrovic A, Clark SJ, Rischin D, Solomon B. Genome-scale methylation assessment did not identify prognostic biomarkers in oral tongue carcinomas. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:74. [PMID: 27433284 PMCID: PMC4948090 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation profiling of heterogeneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cohorts has been reported to predict patient outcome. We investigated if a prognostic DNA methylation profile could be found in tumour tissue from a single uniform subsite, the oral tongue. The methylation status of 109 comprehensively annotated oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from a single institution were examined with the Illumina HumanMethylation450K (HM450K) array. Data pre-processing, quality control and analysis were performed using R packages. Probes mapping to SNPs, sex chromosomes and unreliable probes were accounted for prior to downstream analyses. The relationship between methylation and patient survival was examined using both agnostic approaches and feature selection. The cohort was enlarged by incorporation of 331 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC samples, which included 91 TCGA OTSCC samples with HM450K and survival data available. Results Given the use of FFPE-derived DNA, we defined different cohorts for separate analyses. Overall, similar results were found between cohorts. With an unsupervised approach, no distinct hypermethylated group of samples was identified and nor was a prognostic methylation profile identified. The use of multiple downstream feature selection approaches, including a linear models for microarray data (LIMMA), centroid feature selection (CFS), and recursive feature elimination (RFE) support vector machines, similarly failed to identify a significant methylation signature informative for patient prognosis or any clinicopathological data available. Furthermore, we were unable to confirm the prognostic methylation profiles or specific prognostic loci reported within the literature for HNSCC. Conclusions With genome-scale assessment of DNA methylation using HM450K in one of the largest OTSCC cohorts to date, we were unable to identify a hypermethylated group of tumours or a prognostic methylation signature. This suggests that either DNA methylation in isolation is not likely to be of prognostic value or larger cohorts are required to identify such a biomarker for OTSCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0235-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009 Australia.,The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Ruth Pidsley
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia
| | - Elena Zotenko
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia
| | - June Corry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre Building, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.,Department of Cancer Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3084 Australia
| | - Susan J Clark
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia
| | - Danny Rischin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre Building, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre Building, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Australia
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Aung KL, Siu LL. Genomically personalized therapy in head and neck cancer. CANCERS OF THE HEAD & NECK 2016; 1:2. [PMID: 31093332 PMCID: PMC6457141 DOI: 10.1186/s41199-016-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current treatment paradigm in head and neck cancer does not adequately address its clinical and biological heterogeneity. Data from genomic profiling studies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have revealed the molecular features that are unique to HNSCC subgroups. This progress in the understanding of HNSCC biology provides an opportunity to develop personalized therapies for patients with distinct molecular subtypes to achieve better clinical outcomes including survival. However there are several well-recognized challenges that need to be overcome before genotype-matched therapies make precision medicine a reality for patients with HNSCC. Selection of appropriate patients for biomarker directed clinical trials based on sound scientific rationale will be critical in making cancer genomics more applicable in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw L Aung
- Drug Development Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Drug Development Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
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Kemp MW, Molloy TJ, Usuda H, Woodward E, Miura Y, Payne MS, Ireland DJ, Jobe AH, Kallapur SG, Stock SJ, Spiller OB, Newnham JP, Saito M. Outside-in? Acute fetal systemic inflammation in very preterm chronically catheterized sheep fetuses is not driven by cells in the fetal blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:281.e1-281.e10. [PMID: 26408085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preterm birth syndrome (delivery before 37 weeks gestation) is a major contributor to the global burden of perinatal morbidity and death. The cause of preterm birth is complex, multifactorial, and likely dependent, at least in part, on the gestational age of the fetus. Intrauterine infection is frequent in preterm deliveries that occur at <32 weeks gestation; understanding how the fetus responds to proinflammatory insult will be an important step towards early preterm birth prevention. However, animal studies of infection and inflammation in prematurity commonly use older fetuses that possess comparatively mature immune systems. OBJECTIVE Aiming to characterize acute fetal responses to microbial agonist at a clinically relevant gestation, we used 92-day-old fetuses (62% of term) to develop a chronically catheterized sheep model of very preterm pregnancy. We hypothesized that any acute fetal systemic inflammatory responses would be driven by signaling from the tissues exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide that is introduced into the amniotic fluid. STUDY DESIGN Eighteen ewes that were carrying a single fetus at 92 days of gestation had recovery surgery to place fetal tracheal, jugular, and intraamniotic catheters. Animals were recovered for 24 hours before being administered either intraamniotic E coli lipopolysaccharide (n = 9) or sterile saline solution (n = 9). Samples were collected for 48 hours before euthanasia and necroscopy. Fetal inflammatory responses were characterized by microarray analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide reached the distal trachea within 2 hours. Lipopolysaccharide increased tracheal fluid interleukin-8 within 2 hours and generated a robust inflammatory response that was characterized by interleukin-6 signaling pathway activation and up-regulation of cell proliferation but no increases in inflammatory mediator expression in cord blood RNA. CONCLUSIONS In very preterm sheep fetuses, lipopolysaccharide stimulates inflammation in the fetal lung and fetal skin and stimulates a systemic inflammatory response that is not generated by fetal blood cells. These data argue for amniotic fluid-exposed tissues that play a key role in driving acute fetal and intrauterine inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Timothy J Molloy
- Blood, Stem Cells and Cancer Research Programme, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Haruo Usuda
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Eleanor Woodward
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yuichiro Miura
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Demelza J Ireland
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan H Jobe
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati, School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati, School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sarah J Stock
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen B Spiller
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - John P Newnham
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Division of Perinatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Rischin D, Spigel DR, Adkins D, Wein R, Arnold S, Singhal N, Lee O, Murugappan S. PRISM: Phase 2 trial with panitumumab monotherapy as second-line treatment in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2015; 38 Suppl 1:E1756-61. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.24311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Rischin
- Division of Cancer Medicine; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | | | - Douglas Adkins
- Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Richard Wein
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Tufts Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Susanne Arnold
- University of Kentucky, Markey Cancer Center; Lexington Kentucky
| | - Nimit Singhal
- Royal Adelaide Hospital and University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
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Chinn SB, Myers JN. Oral Cavity Carcinoma: Current Management, Controversies, and Future Directions. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:3269-76. [PMID: 26351335 PMCID: PMC5320919 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.61.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity carcinoma (OCC) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with head and neck cancer. Although the incidence has decreased over the last decade, outcomes remain stagnant with only a 5% improvement in overall survival in the last 20 years. Although surgical resection remains the primary treatment modality, several areas of controversy exist with regard to work-up, management of the primary and neck tumors, and adjuvant therapy. As surgical techniques evolve, so has the delivery of radiotherapy and systemic treatment, which have helped to improve the outcomes for patients with advanced disease. Recently, the addition of cetuximab has shown promise as a way to improve outcomes while minimizing toxicity, and this remains an active area of study in the adjuvant setting. Advances in microvascular free-flap reconstruction have extended the limits of resection and enabled enhanced restoration of function and cosmesis. While these advances have led to limited survival benefit, evaluation of alternative modalities has gained interest on the basis of success in other head and neck subsites. Organ preservation with definitive chemoradiotherapy, though proven in the larynx and pharynx, remains controversial in OCC. Likewise, although the association of human papillomavirus is well established in oropharyngeal carcinoma, it has not been proven in the pathogenesis or survival of OCC. Future study of the molecular biology and pathogenesis of OCC should offer additional insight into screening, treatment selection, and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Chinn
- All authors: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- All authors: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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D'Souza W, Saranath D. Clinical implications of epigenetic regulation in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:1061-8. [PMID: 26421863 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a high incidence cancer which is of major public health concern in India being the most common cancer in males and fifth most common cancer in females in India, contributing to 26% of the global oral cancer burden. The major risk factors of oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol and high risk Human Papilloma Virus type 16/18. However, only 3-12% of the high risk individuals with dysplasia develop oral cancer. Thus, individual genomic variants representing the genomic constitution and epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the development of oral cancer. Extensive epigenetic studies on the molecular lesions including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes associated with apoptosis, DNA damage repair have been reported. The current review highlights epigenetic regulation with a focus on molecular biomarkers and epidrug therapy in oral cancer. Epigenetic regulation by hypermethylation, histone modifications and specific microRNAs are often associated with early events and advanced stages in oral cancer, and thus indicate epidrug therapy for intervention. The presence of epigenetic marks in oral lesions, cancers and tumor associated mucosa emphasizes indications as biomarkers and epidrugs with therapeutic potential for better patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Dhananjaya Saranath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai 400056, India.
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Association between P16INK4a promoter methylation and HNSCC: a meta-analysis of 21 published studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122302. [PMID: 25835498 PMCID: PMC4383544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The p16INK4a is an important tumor suppressor gene (TSG) and aberrant methylation of promoter is known to be a major inactivation mechanism of the tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes. Aberrant TSG methylation was considered an important epigenetic silencing mechanism in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, some studies have reported differences in the methylation frequencies of P16INK4a promoter between cancer and the corresponding control group. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to better identify the association. Methods PubMed, Ovid, ISI Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched to identify eligible studies to evaluate the association of p16INK4a promoter methylation and HNSCC. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated to evaluate the strength of association between p16INK4a promoter methylation and HNSCC. Results A total of twenty-one studies with 1155 cases and 1017 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The frequencies of p16INK4a promoter methylation in the cancer group were significantly higher than those in the control group (cancer group: median: 46.67%, range = 7.84%-95.12%; control group: median: 18.37%, range = 0–83.33%; respectively). The pooled odds ratio was 3.37 (95%CI = 2.32–4.90) in the cancer group versus the corresponding control group under the random-effects model. Conclusion This meta-analysis of 21 published studies identified that aberrant methylation of p16INK4a promoter was found to be significantly associated with HNSCC.
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Young RJ, Urban D, Angel C, Corry J, Lyons B, Vallance N, Kleid S, Iseli TA, Solomon B, Rischin D. Frequency and prognostic significance of p16(INK4A) protein overexpression and transcriptionally active human papillomavirus infection in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1098-104. [PMID: 25688737 PMCID: PMC4366899 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a powerful prognostic biomarker in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, specifically oropharyngeal cancers. However, the role of HPV in non-oropharyngeal sites, such as the larynx, remains unconfirmed. Methods: We evaluated a cohort of 324 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients for the expression of p16INK4A (p16) protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for high-risk HPV E6 and E7 mRNA transcripts by RNA in situ hybridisation (ISH). p16 expression and HPV status were correlated with clinicopathological features and outcomes. Results: Of 307 patients assessable for p16 IHC, 20 (6.5%) were p16 positive. Females and node-positive patients were more likely to be p16 positive (P<0.05). There were no other significant clinical or demographic differences between p16-positive and -negative cases. There was no difference in overall survival (OS) between p16-positive and -negative patients with 2-year survival of 79% in each group (HR=0.83, 95% CI 0.36–1.89, P=0.65). There was no statistically significant difference in failure-free survival (FFS) with 2-year FFS of 79% and 66% for p16-positive and -negative patients, respectively (HR=0.60, 95% CI 0.26–1.36, P=0.22). Only seven cases were found to be HPV RNA ISH positive, all of which were p16 IHC positive. There was no statistically significant difference in OS between patients with HPV RNA ISH-positive tumours compared with -negative tumours with 2-year survival of 86% and 71%, respectively (HR=0.76, 95% CI 0.23–2.5, P=0.65). The 2-year FFS was 86% and 59%, respectively (HR=0.62, 95% CI 0.19–2.03, P=0.43). Conclusions: p16 overexpression is infrequent in LSCC and the proportion of cases with high-risk HPV transcripts is even lower. There are no statistically significant correlations between p16 IHC or HPV RNA ISH status and OS or disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Young
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Urban
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C Angel
- 1] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia [2] Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Corry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B Lyons
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Vallance
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Kleid
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T A Iseli
- Department of Surgery, Melbourne University, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B Solomon
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia [3] Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Rischin
- 1] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Quantitative methodology is critical for assessing DNA methylation and impacts on correlation with patient outcome. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 25859283 PMCID: PMC4391486 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA hypermethylation is reported as a frequent event and prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Methylation has been commonly assessed with non-quantitative methodologies, such as methylation-specific PCR (MSP). We investigated previously reported hypermethylated genes with quantitative methodology in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC). RESULTS The methylation status of 12 genes in 115 OTSCC samples was assessed by one or more of three quantitative analyses: methylation sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM), sensitive-melting analysis after real time-methylation specific PCR (SMART-MSP), and bisulfite pyrosequencing. In contrast to much of the literature, either no or infrequent locus-specific methylation was identified by MS-HRM for DAPK1, RASSF1A, MGMT, MLH1, APC, CDH1, CDH13, BRCA1, ERCC1, and ATM. The most frequently methylated loci were RUNX3 (18/108 methylated) and ABO (22/107 methylated). Interrogation of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC cohort confirmed the frequency of significant methylation for the loci investigated. Heterogeneous methylation of RUNX3 (18/108) and ABO (22/107) detected by MS-HRM, conferred significantly worse survival (P = 0.01, and P = 0.03). However, following quantification of methylation levels using pyrosequencing, only four tumors had significant quantities (>15%) of RUNX3 methylation which correlated with a worse patient outcome (P <0.001), while the prognostic significance of ABO hypermethylation was lost. RUNX3 methylation was not prognostic for the TCGA cohort (P = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the critical need for quantification of methylation levels and its impact on correlative analyses. In OTSCC, we found little evidence of significant or frequent hypermethylation of many loci reported to be commonly methylated. It is likely that previous reports have overestimated the frequency of significant methylation events as a consequence of the use of non-quantitative methodology.
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Ramshankar V, Soundara VT, Shyamsundar V, Ramani P, Krishnamurthy A. Risk Stratification of Early Stage Oral Tongue Cancers Based on HPV Status and p16 Immunoexpression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:8351-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Chung CH, Zhang Q, Kong CS, Harris J, Fertig EJ, Harari PM, Wang D, Redmond KP, Shenouda G, Trotti A, Raben D, Gillison ML, Jordan RC, Le QT. p16 protein expression and human papillomavirus status as prognostic biomarkers of nonoropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3930-8. [PMID: 25267748 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.54.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although p16 protein expression, a surrogate marker of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, is recognized as a prognostic marker in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), its prevalence and significance have not been well established in cancer of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, or larynx, collectively referred as non-OPSCC, where HPV infection is less common than in the oropharynx. PATIENTS AND METHODS p16 expression and high-risk HPV status in non-OPSCCs from RTOG 0129, 0234, and 0522 studies were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Hazard ratios from Cox models were expressed as positive or negative, stratified by trial, and adjusted for clinical characteristics. RESULTS p16 expression was positive in 14.1% (12 of 85), 24.2% (23 of 95), and 19.0% (27 of 142) and HPV ISH was positive in 6.5% (six of 93), 14.6% (15 of 103), and 6.9% (seven of 101) of non-OPSCCs from RTOG 0129, 0234, and 0522 studies, respectively. Hazard ratios for p16 expression were 0.63 (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.95; P = .03) and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.89; P = .01) for progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively. Comparing OPSCC and non-OPSCC, patients with p16-positive OPSCC have better PFS and OS than patients with p16-positive non-OPSCC, but patients with p16-negative OPSCC and non-OPSCC have similar outcomes. CONCLUSION Similar to results in patients with OPSCC, patients with p16-negative non-OPSCC have worse outcomes than patients with p16-positive non-OPSCC, and HPV may also have a role in outcome in a subset of non-OPSCC. However, further development of a p16 IHC scoring system in non-OPSCC and improvement of HPV detection methods are warranted before broad application in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Chung
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Christina S Kong
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Jonathan Harris
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Paul M Harari
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Dian Wang
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Kevin P Redmond
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - George Shenouda
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Andy Trotti
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - David Raben
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Maura L Gillison
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Richard C Jordan
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Christine H. Chung and Elana J. Fertig, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Qiang Zhang and Jonathan Harris, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Statistical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Christina S. Kong and Quynh-Thu Le, Stanford University, Stanford; Richard C. Jordan, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Paul M. Harari, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison; Dian Wang, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Kevin P. Redmond, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; Maura L. Gillison, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; George Shenouda, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Andy Trotti, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; and David Raben, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
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Young RJ, Waldeck K, Martin C, Foo JH, Cameron DP, Kirby L, Do H, Mitchell C, Cullinane C, Liu W, Fox SB, Dutton-Regester K, Hayward NK, Jene N, Dobrovic A, Pearson RB, Christensen JG, Randolph S, McArthur GA, Sheppard KE. Loss of CDKN2A expression is a frequent event in primary invasive melanoma and correlates with sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991 in melanoma cell lines. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:590-600. [PMID: 24495407 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the potential for the p16-cyclin D-CDK4/6-retinoblastoma protein pathway to be exploited as a therapeutic target in melanoma. In a cohort of 143 patients with primary invasive melanoma, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect gene copy number variations (CNVs) in CDK4, CCND1, and CDKN2A and immunohistochemistry to determine protein expression. CNVs were common in melanoma, with gain of CDK4 or CCND1 in 37 and 18% of cases, respectively, and hemizygous or homozygous loss of CDKN2A in 56%. Three-quarters of all patients demonstrated a CNV in at least one of the three genes. The combination of CCND1 gain with either a gain of CDK4 and/or loss of CDKN2A was associated with poorer melanoma-specific survival. In 47 melanoma cell lines homozygous loss, methylation or mutation of CDKN2A gene or loss of protein (p16(INK) (4A) ) predicted sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991, while RB1 loss predicted resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Young
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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