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Kim J, Song H, Lee J, Kim YJ, Chung HS, Yu JM, Jang G, Park R, Chung W, Oh CM, Moon S. Smoking and passive smoking increases mortality through mediation effect of cadmium exposure in the United States. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3878. [PMID: 36890267 PMCID: PMC9995499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable and premature death worldwide. Even worse, many people are generally exposed to passive smoking, which leads to several respiratory diseases and related mortalities. Considering, more than 7000 compounds are included in cigarettes, their combustion results intoxicants that have deleterious effects on health. However, there is a lack of research analyzing the effects of smoking and passive smoking on all-cause and disease-specific mortality through its chemical compounds including heavy metals. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking and passive smoking on all-cause and disease-specific mortality mediated by cadmium, one of the representative smoking-related heavy metals using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018 in the United States. We found that current smoking and passive smoking was related to increased risk of all-cause, CVD-related, and cancer-related mortality. Notably, passive smoking showed a synergistic effect with smoking status on the risk of mortality. In particular, current smokers with passive smoking had the highest risk of all-cause and disease-specific deaths. In addition, the accumulation of cadmium in the blood due to smoking and passive smoking mediates the increased risk of all-cause mortality. Further studies are needed to monitor and treat cadmium toxicity to improve smoking-related mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hangyul Song
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Junghoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Soo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Myung Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyuho Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wankyo Chung
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Shinje Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Flores RM, Liu B, Taioli E. Association of serum cotinine levels and lung cancer mortality in non-smokers. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:1062-1069. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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