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Voisset C, Weiss RA, Griffiths DJ. Human RNA "rumor" viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:157-96, table of contents. [PMID: 18322038 PMCID: PMC2268285 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are an important group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Four human retroviruses are currently known, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, which causes cancer and inflammatory disease. For many years, there have been sporadic reports of additional human retroviral infections, particularly in cancer and other chronic diseases. Unfortunately, many of these putative viruses remain unproven and controversial, and some retrovirologists have dismissed them as merely "human rumor viruses." Work in this field was last reviewed in depth in 1984, and since then, the molecular techniques available for identifying and characterizing retroviruses have improved enormously in sensitivity. The advent of PCR in particular has dramatically enhanced our ability to detect novel viral sequences in human tissues. However, DNA amplification techniques have also increased the potential for false-positive detection due to contamination. In addition, the presence of many families of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) within our DNA can obstruct attempts to identify and validate novel human retroviruses. Here, we aim to bring together the data on "novel" retroviral infections in humans by critically examining the evidence for those putative viruses that have been linked with disease and the likelihood that they represent genuine human infections. We provide a background to the field and a discussion of potential confounding factors along with some technical guidelines. In addition, some of the difficulties associated with obtaining formal proof of causation for common or ubiquitous agents such as HERVs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Voisset
- CNRS-UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille et Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Lerche NW, Switzer WM, Yee JL, Shanmugam V, Rosenthal AN, Chapman LE, Folks TM, Heneine W. Evidence of infection with simian type D retrovirus in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. J Virol 2001; 75:1783-9. [PMID: 11160676 PMCID: PMC114087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.4.1783-1789.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian type D retrovirus (SRV) is enzootic in many populations of Asian monkeys of the genus Macaca and is associated with immunodeficiency diseases. However, the zoonotic potential of this agent has not been well defined. Screening for antibodies to SRV was performed as part of an ongoing study looking for evidence of infection with simian retroviruses among persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates (NHPs). Of 231 persons tested, 2 (0.9%) were found to be strongly seropositive, showing reactivity against multiple SRV antigens representing gag, pol, and env gene products by Western immunoblotting. Persistent long-standing seropositivity, as well as neutralizing antibody specific to SRV type 2, was documented in one individual (subject 1), while waning antibody with eventual seroreversion was observed in a second (subject 2). Repeated attempts to detect SRV by isolation in tissue culture and by using sensitive PCR assays for amplification of two SRV gene regions (gag and pol) were negative. Both individuals remain apparently healthy. We were also unable to transmit this seropositivity to an SRV-negative macaque by using inoculation of whole blood from subject 1. The results of this study provide evidence that occupational exposure to NHPs may increase the risk of infection with SRV and underscore the importance of both occupational safety practices and efforts to eliminate this virus from established macaque colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Lerche
- Simian Retrovirus Laboratory, California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616-8542, USA.
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3
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Kzhyshkowska JG, Kiselev AV, Gordina GA, Kurmashow VI, Portjanko NM, Ostashkin AS, Ilyin KV. Markers of type D retroviruses in children with Burkitt's-type lymphoma. Immunol Lett 1996; 53:101-4. [PMID: 9024985 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(96)02625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to gag-coded proteins of type D retroviruses have been detected in children with lymphadenopathy [1]. We tested 41 HIV noninfected children with lymphoproliferative diseases (27 cases of Burkitt's-type lymphoma, six cases of Hodgkin's disease, four cases of T-cell lymphoma, three cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma and one case of large-cell anaplastic lymphoma) for the presence of type D retroviral serological and genetical markers. Twenty-five healthy donors were tested as a control. DNA samples from peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blotting for the presence of type D retroviral related sequences. MPMV pro-pol specific sequences have been detected in 18 out of 27 children with Burkitt's-type lymphoma. By means of Western blotting, six patients positive in PCR/Southern blotting analysis were also found to contain Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) specific antibodies, in their sera. All children with other lymphoproliferative diseases as well as healthy donors were negative in PCR/Southern blotting and Western blotting analysis. These data suggest the possible association of type D retroviral markers with Burkitt's-type lymphoma of children.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Burkitt Lymphoma/etiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Female
- Hodgkin Disease/etiology
- Hodgkin Disease/virology
- Humans
- Lymphocytes
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/etiology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/virology
- Male
- Mason-Pfizer monkey virus/genetics
- Mason-Pfizer monkey virus/immunology
- Mason-Pfizer monkey virus/isolation & purification
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/etiology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/virology
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Kzhyshkowska
- Cancer Virus Immunology Laboratory, Blokhin Cancer Research Center of RAMS, Moscow, Russia
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Lerche NW, Heneine W, Kaplan JE, Spira T, Yee JL, Khabbaz RF. An expanded search for human infection with simian type D retrovirus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:527-9. [PMID: 7632467 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N W Lerche
- Virology and Immunology Unit, California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Bohannon RC, Donehower LA, Ford RJ. Isolation of a type D retrovirus from B-cell lymphomas of a patient with AIDS. J Virol 1991; 65:5663-72. [PMID: 1717707 PMCID: PMC250226 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.11.5663-5672.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An atypical syncytial variant of a high-grade Burkitt's-type B-cell lymphoma from a patient with AIDS who was seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 was studied. A productive type D retrovirus infection was identified in early-passage cell lines derived from two lymphomas from this patient. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis as well as immunologic reactivity indicated that the isolated virus was highly related to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV). MPMV is an immunosuppressive type D retrovirus that causes an AIDS-like syndrome in rhesus macaques. Amplification of DNA from the patient's diagnostic bone marrow biopsy specimen by polymerase chain reaction generated the appropriate MPMV-specific fragments and indicated that the patient was infected with the MPMV-like retrovirus. In addition, the patient's serum contained antibodies which recognized type D viral env proteins (gp70 and gp20) and gag proteins (p27 and p14). Although there have been reports of human cell lines infected with type D retroviruses and of type D-reactive human sera, this is the first evidence of a type D retrovirus infection in a human confirmed by virus isolation, serum reactivity, and viral DNA identification in tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Bohannon
- Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
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Gardner MB, Luciw P, Lerche N, Marx P. Nonhuman primate retrovirus isolates and AIDS. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1988; 32:171-226. [PMID: 2903617 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039232-2.50011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Sun L, Kawakami TG. Isolation and identification of lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia-specific sequences in genomes of gibbon oncornaviruses. J Virol 1980; 35:400-8. [PMID: 6255180 PMCID: PMC288824 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.35.2.400-408.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Five gibbon ape leukemia virus substrains (two from gibbons with lymphocytic leukemia and three from gibbons with myelogenous leukemia) were examined for unique genomic sequences specific for each form of leukemia. By using sequential adsorption procedures, the genome from each gibbon ape leukemia virus was fractionated into four sets of distinct nucleotide sequences. Based on their hybridization specificities toward DNAs of leukemic tissues, these sequences were designated as follows: (i) "COM," (ii) "LYM" or "MYE," (iii) "UNI," and (iv) "UND." The COM fraction represented sequences common to all of the viral genomes. The LYM fraction, which was isolated only from gibbon ape leukemia viruses associated with lymphocytic leukemia, represented genomic sequences associated with lymphocytic leukemia since the RNA hybridized at a 4- to 15-fold-higher rate to infected tissue DNA from lymphocytic leukemic gibbons than to infected tissue DNA from myelogenous leukemic gibbons. The MYE fraction, which was isolated only from gibbon ape leukemia viruses associated with myelogenous leukemia, represented genomic sequences associated with myelogenous leukemia since the RNA hybridized at a 5- to 15-fold-higher rate to infected tissue DNA from myelogenous leukemic gibbons than to infected tissue DNA from lymphocytic leukemic gibbons. The UNI fraction contained sequences unique to one virus substrain. The UND fraction contained sequences which varied depending upon the substrains involved in the adsorption procedures. These findings suggest that each gibbon ape leukemia virus examined in this study contains subgenomic sequences that are specifically identifiable only with the form of leukemia from which the virus was isolated.
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Barbacid M, Bolognesi D, Aaronson SA. Humans have antibodies capable of recognizing oncoviral glycoproteins: demonstration that these antibodies are formed in response to cellular modification of glycoproteins rather than as consequence of exposure to virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:1617-21. [PMID: 6154936 PMCID: PMC348548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is controversy in the literature concerning the presence in humans of antibodies directed against the envelope glycoproteins of known oncoviruses. In the present report, we show that antibodies capable of precipitating a wide variety of oncoviral glycoproteins can be demonstrated under certain assay conditions. Substances as diverse as normal components of serum, extracts of bacteria, and even nonprotein molecules such as glycogen also shared the oncoviral glycoprotein determinants recognized by normal human sera. It was found that immunoprecipitation of a given viral glycoprotein by human sera was entirely dependent upon the cell in which the virus was grown. Human sera specifically did not recognize glycoproteins purified from oncoviruses grown in human or higher primate cells. These findings not only demonstrate that the antibodies were directed against cellular rather than the virus-coded antigenic determinants but also exclude the possibility that this immune response was elicited as a consequence of oncovirus exposure.
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Snyder HW, Fleissner E. Specificity of human antibodies to oncovirus glycoproteins: recognition of antigen by natural antibodies directed against carbohydrate structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:1622-6. [PMID: 6246496 PMCID: PMC348549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies in human sera from healthy individuals were shown to be reactive with highly purified 70,000-dalton envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of the simian sarcoma virus-simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSV-SSAV) complex in radioimmunoprecipitation assays under certain conditions. The specificity of the reaction was analyzed in absorption tests with normal human serum proteins, assays of viral gp70 antigenicity after exposure to exo- and endoglycosidases or trypsin, and carbohydrate hapten inhibition studies. On the basis of the results obtained in these experiments we have concluded that immune recognition of SSV-SSAV gp70 can be mediated by naturally occurring heterophil antibodies in human sera that are reactive by virtue of binding to the carbohydrate moiety of the viral gp70 molecules. The results are consistent with the idea that the antibodies in question are elicited as a result of exposure to many natural substances possessing widely crossreacting antigens and are not a result of widespread infection of man with replication-competent oncoviruses.
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Dion AS. Virus-like particles and macromolecules in human milk and breast tumors. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1979; 11:245-70. [PMID: 92388 DOI: 10.3109/10408367909105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Relevant data pertaining to present evidence for virus-like particles and virus-related macromolecules in human milk and breast tumors are presented. A critical review and discussion of reported observations concerning virus-related macromolecules will include RNA-directed DNA polymerase, viral antigens, and RNA related to murine mammary tumor virus and/or Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. From the standpoint of clinical applications, the finding of viral-related antigens in human breast tumors and evidence for specific host immune responses to one or more of these antigens may be especially pertinent. The latter data, therefore, will be discussed in depth as to possible employment of these parameters in diagnosis, prognosis and possible management of the human disease.
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Thiry L, Sprecher-Goldberger S, Cogniaux-Leclerc J, Cappel R, Bossens M. Comparison of different tests to measure immune responses to primate retroviruses. J Immunol Methods 1979; 25:197-209. [PMID: 105051 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(79)90108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Hogg N, Hope J, Teich N, Wallace D. A search for type-C virus expression in man. HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION 1979; 23:401-5. [PMID: 232463 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67057-2_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Micheel B, Baumbach L, Wunderlich V, Niezabitowski A, Bierwolf D. Serological evidence for antigenic differences between the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) and an MPMV-like virus (PMFV) detected in a malignant permanent human cell line. Eur J Cancer 1979; 15:101-8. [PMID: 369867 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(79)90211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Phillips PE. Type C oncornavirus studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1978; 21:S76-81. [PMID: 208583 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780210911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The following paper critically reviews published evidence that concerns the occurence of viruses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Special emphasis is placed on the recent studies that implicate type C oncornaviruses. Evidence from our laboratory regarding the occurence of type C viruses in these patients is predominantly negative. It is concluded that the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus is almost certainly multifactorial and that the part that viruses play remains hypothetical.
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