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Deville-Foillard S, Billet A, Dubuisson RM, Johannes L, Durand P, Schmidt F, Volk A. High-Relaxivity Molecular MRI Contrast Agent to Target Gb3-Expressing Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:180-193. [PMID: 34986302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted contrast agents (CAs) can improve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for accurate cancer diagnosis. In this work, we used the Shiga toxin B-subunit (STxB) as a targeting agent, which binds to Gb3, a glycosphingolipid highly overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. We developed STxB-targeted MRI probes from cyclic peptide scaffolds functionalized with six to nine monoamide DO3A[Gd(III)] chelates. The influence of structural constraints on the longitudinal relaxivity (r1) of the CAs has been studied. The cyclic peptide carrying nine monoamide DO3A[Gd(III)] exhibited a r1 per compound of 32 and 93 mM-1s-1 at 9.4 and 1.5 T, respectively. Its conjugation to the pentameric STxB protein led to a 70 kDa compound with a higher r1 of 150 and 475 mM-1 s-1 at 9.4 and 1.5 T, respectively. Specific accumulation and cellular distribution of this conjugate in Gb3-expressing cancer cells were demonstrated using immunofluorescence microscopy and quantified by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry dosage of Gd(III). Such an agent should enable the in vivo detection by MRI of tumors expressing Gb3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Deville-Foillard
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Anne Billet
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France
- Université de Paris, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Rose-Marie Dubuisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, INSERM, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay 91401, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Philippe Durand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Andreas Volk
- Institut Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, CMIB, Orsay 91405, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, INSERM, BioMaps, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94800, France
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Shiga Toxins as Antitumor Tools. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100690. [PMID: 34678982 PMCID: PMC8538568 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), also known as Shiga-like toxins (SLT) or verotoxins (VT), constitute a family of structurally and functionally related cytotoxic proteins produced by the enteric pathogens Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Infection with these bacteria causes bloody diarrhea and other pathological manifestations that can lead to HUS (hemolytic and uremic syndrome). At the cellular level, Stxs bind to the cellular receptor Gb3 and inhibit protein synthesis by removing an adenine from the 28S rRNA. This triggers multiple cellular signaling pathways, including the ribotoxic stress response (RSR), unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy and apoptosis. Stxs cause several pathologies of major public health concern, but their specific targeting of host cells and efficient delivery to the cytosol could potentially be exploited for biomedical purposes. Moreover, high levels of expression have been reported for the Stxs receptor, Gb3/CD77, in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells and on various types of solid tumors. These properties have led to many attempts to develop Stxs as tools for biomedical applications, such as cancer treatment or imaging, and several engineered Stxs are currently being tested. We provide here an overview of these studies.
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Lingwood C. Therapeutic Uses of Bacterial Subunit Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060378. [PMID: 34073185 PMCID: PMC8226680 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The B subunit pentamer verotoxin (VT aka Shiga toxin-Stx) binding to its cellular glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptor, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) mediates internalization and the subsequent receptor mediated retrograde intracellular traffic of the AB5 subunit holotoxin to the endoplasmic reticulum. Subunit separation and cytosolic A subunit transit via the ER retrotranslocon as a misfolded protein mimic, then inhibits protein synthesis to kill cells, which can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome clinically. This represents one of the most studied systems of prokaryotic hijacking of eukaryotic biology. Similarly, the interaction of cholera AB5 toxin with its GSL receptor, GM1 ganglioside, is the key component of the gastrointestinal pathogenesis of cholera and follows the same retrograde transport pathway for A subunit cytosol access. Although both VT and CT are the cause of major pathology worldwide, the toxin–receptor interaction is itself being manipulated to generate new approaches to control, rather than cause, disease. This arena comprises two areas: anti neoplasia, and protein misfolding diseases. CT/CTB subunit immunomodulatory function and anti-cancer toxin immunoconjugates will not be considered here. In the verotoxin case, it is clear that Gb3 (and VT targeting) is upregulated in many human cancers and that there is a relationship between GSL expression and cancer drug resistance. While both verotoxin and cholera toxin similarly hijack the intracellular ERAD quality control system of nascent protein folding, the more widespread cell expression of GM1 makes cholera the toxin of choice as the means to more widely utilise ERAD targeting to ameliorate genetic diseases of protein misfolding. Gb3 is primarily expressed in human renal tissue. Glomerular endothelial cells are the primary VT target but Gb3 is expressed in other endothelial beds, notably brain endothelial cells which can mediate the encephalopathy primarily associated with VT2-producing E. coli infection. The Gb3 levels can be regulated by cytokines released during EHEC infection, which complicate pathogenesis. Significantly Gb3 is upregulated in the neovasculature of many tumours, irrespective of tumour Gb3 status. Gb3 is markedly increased in pancreatic, ovarian, breast, testicular, renal, astrocytic, gastric, colorectal, cervical, sarcoma and meningeal cancer relative to the normal tissue. VT has been shown to be effective in mouse xenograft models of renal, astrocytoma, ovarian, colorectal, meningioma, and breast cancer. These studies are herein reviewed. Both CT and VT (and several other bacterial toxins) access the cell cytosol via cell surface ->ER transport. Once in the ER they interface with the protein folding homeostatic quality control pathway of the cell -ERAD, (ER associated degradation), which ensures that only correctly folded nascent proteins are allowed to progress to their cellular destinations. Misfolded proteins are translocated through the ER membrane and degraded by cytosolic proteosome. VT and CT A subunits have a C terminal misfolded protein mimic sequence to hijack this transporter to enter the cytosol. This interface between exogenous toxin and genetically encoded endogenous mutant misfolded proteins, provides a new therapeutic basis for the treatment of such genetic diseases, e.g., Cystic fibrosis, Gaucher disease, Krabbe disease, Fabry disease, Tay-Sachs disease and many more. Studies showing the efficacy of this approach in animal models of such diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Sugawara S, Takayanagi M, Honda S, Tatsuta T, Fujii Y, Ozeki Y, Ito J, Sato M, Hosono AM. Catfish egg lectin affects influx and efflux rates of sunitinib in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Glycobiology 2020; 30:802-816. [PMID: 32248228 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment protocols are aiming to reduce the dose of the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, as sunitinib elicits many adverse effects depending on its dosage. Silurus asotus egg lectin (SAL) has been reported to enhance the incorporation of propidium iodide as well as doxorubicin into Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells through binding to globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on the cell surface. The objective of this study was to examine whether SAL enhances the cytotoxic effect of sunitinib in Gb3-expressing HeLa cells. Although the treatment with SAL delayed the cell growth and enhanced the propidium iodide uptake, cell death accompanied by membrane collapse was not observed. The viability of sunitinib-treated HeLa cells was significantly reduced when the treatment occurred in combination with SAL compared to their separate usage. Sunitinib uptake significantly increased for 30 min in SAL-treated cells, and this increment was almost completely abolished by the addition of L-rhamnose, a hapten sugar of SAL, but not by D-glucose. After removal of SU from the medium, the intracellular sunitinib level in SAL-treated cells was higher than in untreated cells for 24 h, which was not observed in Gb3-deficient HeLa cells. Furthermore, we observed that SAL promoted the formation of lysosome-like structures, which are LAMP1 positive but not acidic in HeLa cells, which can trap sunitinib. Interestingly, SAL-induced vacuolation in HeLa cells was not observed in another Gb3 positive Raji cells. Our findings suggest that SAL/Gb3 interaction promoted sunitinib uptake and suppressed sunitinib excretion and that sunitinib efficiently exerted cytotoxicity against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Sugawara
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Madoka Takayanagi
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.,Chemiluminescent Reagents Department, R&D Section, Kagamida Factory, DENKA SEIKEN Co. Ltd., 1359-1 Kagamida, Kigoshi Gosen-shi, Niigata 959-1695, Japan
| | - Shota Honda
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Takeo Tatsuta
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Laboratory of Glycobiology and Marine Biochemistry, Graduate School of NanoBio Sciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
| | - And Masahiro Hosono
- Division of Cell Recognition Study, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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New opportunities and challenges of venom-based and bacteria-derived molecules for anticancer targeted therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:356-369. [PMID: 32846203 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to advances in detection and treatment of cancer, especially the rise in the targeted therapy, the five-year relative survival rate of all cancers has increased significantly. However, according to the analysis of the survival rate of cancer patients in 2019, the survival rate of most cancers is still less than five years. Therefore, to combat complex cancer and further improve the 5-year survival rate of cancer patients, it is necessary to develop some new anticancer drugs. Because of the adaptive evolution of toxic species for millions of years, the venom sac is a "treasure bank", which has millions of biomolecules with high affinity and stability awaiting further development. Complete utilization of venom-based and bacteria-derived drugs in the market is still staggering because of incomplete understanding regarding their mode of action. In this review, we focused on the currently identified targets for anticancer effects based on venomous and bacterial biomolecules, such as ion channels, membrane non-receptor molecules, integrins, and other related target molecules. This review will serve as the key for exploring the molecular mechanisms behind the anticancer potential of venom-based and bacteria-derived drugs and will also lay the path for the development of anticancer targeted therapy.
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Verotoxin-1-Induced ER Stress Triggers Apoptotic or Survival Pathways in Burkitt Lymphoma Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050316. [PMID: 32403276 PMCID: PMC7291219 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) expressed by the enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and enteric Shigella dysenteriae 1 pathogens are protein synthesis inhibitors. Stxs have been shown to induce apoptosis via the activation of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in many cell types (epithelial, endothelial, and B cells) but the link between the protein synthesis inhibition and caspase activation is still unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by the inhibition of protein synthesis may be this missing link. Here, we show that the treatment of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells with verotoxin-1 (VT-1 or Stx1) consistently induced the ER stress response by activation of IRE1 and ATF6-two ER stress sensors-followed by increased expression of the transcription factor C/REB homologous protein (CHOP). However, our data suggest that, although ER stress is systematically induced by VT-1 in BL cells, its role in cell death appears to be cell specific and can be the opposite: ER stress may enhance VT-1-induced apoptosis through CHOP or play a protective role through ER-phagy, depending on the cell line. Several engineered Stxs are currently under investigation as potential anti-cancer agents. Our results suggest that a better understanding of the signaling pathways induced by Stxs is needed before using them in the clinic.
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Differential role of FL-BID and t-BID during verotoxin-1-induced apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:2410-2421. [PMID: 29440708 PMCID: PMC5931984 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The globotriaosylceramide Gb3 is a glycosphingolipid expressed on a subpopulation of germinal center B lymphocytes which has been recognized as the B cell differentiation antigen CD77. Among tumoral cell types, Gb3/CD77 is strongly expressed in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells as well as other solid tumors including breast, testicular and ovarian carcinomas. One known ligand of Gb3/CD77 is Verotoxin-1 (VT-1), a Shiga toxin produced in specific E. coli strains. Previously, we have reported that in BL cells, VT-1 induces apoptosis via a caspase-dependent and mitochondria-dependent pathway. Yet, the respective roles of various apoptogenic factors remained to be deciphered. Here, this apoptotic pathway was found to require cleavage of the BID protein by caspase-8 as well as activation of two other apoptogenic proteins, BAK and BAX. Surprisingly however, t-BID, the truncated form of BID resulting from caspase-8 cleavage, played no role in the conformational changes of BAK and BAX. Rather, their activation occurred under the control of full length BID (FL-BID). Indeed, introducing a non-cleavable form of BID (BID-D59A) into BID-deficient BL cells restored BAK and BAX activation following VT-1 treatment. Still, t-BID was involved along with FL-BID in the BAK-dependent and BAX-dependent cytosolic release of CYT C and SMAC/DIABLO from the mitochondrial intermembrane space: FL-BID was found to control the homo-oligomerization of both BAK and BAX, likely contributing to the initial release of CYT C and SMAC/DIABLO, while t-BID was needed for their hetero-oligomerization and ensuing release amplification. Together, our results reveal a functional cooperation between BAK and BAX during VT-1-induced apoptosis and, unexpectedly, that activation of caspase-8 and production of t-BID were not mandatory for initiation of the cell death process.
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Geyer PE, Maak M, Nitsche U, Perl M, Novotny A, Slotta-Huspenina J, Dransart E, Holtorf A, Johannes L, Janssen KP. Gastric Adenocarcinomas Express the Glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77: Targeting of Gastric Cancer Cells with Shiga Toxin B-Subunit. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1008-17. [PMID: 26826119 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunit of the bacterial Shiga toxin (STxB), which is nontoxic and has low immunogenicity, can be used for tumor targeting of breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer. Here, we tested whether human gastric cancers, which are among the most aggressive tumor entities, express the cellular receptor of Shiga toxin, the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77). The majority of cases showed an extensive staining for Gb3 (36/50 cases, 72%), as evidenced on tissue sections of surgically resected specimen. Gb3 expression was detected independent of type (diffuse/intestinal), and was negatively correlated to increasing tumor-node-metastasis stages (P = 0.0385), as well as with markers for senescence. Gb3 expression in nondiseased gastric mucosa was restricted to chief and parietal cells at the bottom of the gastric glands, and was not elevated in endoscopic samples of gastritis (n = 10). Gb3 expression in established cell lines of gastric carcinoma was heterogeneous, with 6 of 10 lines being positive, evidenced by flow cytometry. STxB was taken up rapidly by live Gb3-positive gastric cancer cells, following the intracellular retrograde transport route, avoiding lysosomes and rapidly reaching the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. Treatment of the Gb3-expressing gastric carcinoma cell line St3051 with STxB coupled to SN38, the active metabolite of the topoisomerase type I inhibitor irinotecan, resulted in >100-fold increased cytotoxicity, as compared with irinotecan alone. No cytotoxicity was observed on gastric cancer cell lines lacking Gb3 expression, demonstrating receptor specificity of the STxB-SN38 compound. Thus, STxB is a highly specific transport vehicle for cytotoxic agents in gastric carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1008-17. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emanuel Geyer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Maak
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Novotny
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institut Curie, Paris, France. CNRS UMR3666, Paris, France. INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Anne Holtorf
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institut Curie, Paris, France. CNRS UMR3666, Paris, France. INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Chan YS, Ng TB. Shiga toxins: from structure and mechanism to applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1597-1610. [PMID: 26685676 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxins are a group of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) produced in several types of bacteria. The toxins possess an AB5 structure, which comprises a catalytic A chain with N-glycosidase activity, and five identical B chains and recognize and bind to the target cells with specific carbohydrate moieties. In humans, the major molecular target which recognizes the Shiga toxins is the Gb3 receptor, which is mainly expressed on the cell surface of endothelial cells of the intestine, kidney, and the brain. This causes these organs to be susceptible to the toxicity of Shiga toxins. When a person is infected by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria, the toxin is produced in the gut, translocated to the circulatory system, and carried to the target cells. Toxicity of the toxin causes inflammatory responses and severe cell damages in the intestine, kidneys, and brain, bringing about the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can be fatal. The Shiga toxin requires a couple of steps to exert its toxicity to the target cells. After binding with the target cell surface receptor, the toxin requires a complicated process to be transported into the cytosol of the cell before it can approach the ribosomes. The mechanisms for the interactions of the toxin with the cells are described in this review. The consequences of the toxin on the cells are also discussed. It gives an overview of the steps for the toxin to be produced and transported, expression of catalytic activity, and the effects of the toxin on the target cells, as well as effects on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau Sang Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Lo Kwee Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Lo Kwee Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Xu H, Gong L, Xia Y, Qu L, Li Q, Pang L, Si J, Li Z. Frizzled-7 promoter is highly active in tumors and promoter-driven Shiga-like toxin I inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth. Oncotarget 2015; 6:39908-23. [PMID: 26498690 PMCID: PMC4741869 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Frizzled-7 protein plays a significant role in the formation of several malignant tumors. Up regulation of the Frizzled-7 in cancer cell lines is associated with nuclear accumulation of wild-type β-catenin from the Wnt/β-catenin pathway which is frequently activated in tumors. To analyze activity of the Frizzled-7 promoter in tumor cells, we constructed two recombinant plasmid vectors in which the Frizzled-7 promoter was used to drive the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Shiga-like toxin I (Stx1) (pFZD7-GFP/Stx1) genes. The Frizzled-7 protein was found to be expressed in the cancer cell lines but not in the normal cell lines. The GFP expression was restricted to the cancer cell lines and xenografts in the BALB/C mice but not to normal cell lines. Moreover, cell proliferation and tumor growth decreased significantly after transfection with the pFZD7-Stx1. Results from this study will help determine a highly effective strategy for gene therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Lailing Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Yanyan Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Lili Qu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Lu Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Jin Si
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
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Titov DV, Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Glycoconjugates of porphyrins with carbohydrates: methods of synthesis and biological activity. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n06abeh004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Engedal N, Skotland T, Torgersen ML, Sandvig K. Shiga toxin and its use in targeted cancer therapy and imaging. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 4:32-46. [PMID: 21255370 PMCID: PMC3023029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga and the Shiga‐like toxins are related protein toxins produced by Shigella dysenteriae and certain strains of Escherichia coli. These toxins are composed of two non‐covalently attached, modular parts: the A moiety (StxA) containing the enzymatically active A1 fragment, and the non‐toxic, pentameric binding moiety (StxB). Stx binds specifically to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) at the surface of target cells and is then internalized by endocytosis. Subsequently, in toxin‐sensitive cells, the Stx/Gb3 complex is transported in a retrograde manner via the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the enzymatically active part of Stx is translocated to the cytosol, enabling it to irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis via modification of ribosomal 28S RNA. Whereas Gb3 shows a relatively restricted expression in normal human tissues, it has been reported to be highly expressed in many types of cancers. This review gives a brief introduction to Stx and its intracellular transport. Furthermore, after a description of Gb3 and the methods that are currently used to detect its cellular expression, we provide an updated overview of the published reports on Gb3 overexpression in human cancers. Finally, we discuss the possibility of utilizing Stx or StxB coupled to therapeutic compounds or contrast agents in targeted cancer therapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Engedal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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Kim M, Binnington B, Sakac D, Fernandes KR, Shi SP, Lingwood CA, Branch DR. Comparison of detection methods for cell surface globotriaosylceramide. J Immunol Methods 2011; 371:48-60. [PMID: 21726561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface-expressed glycosphingolipid (GSL), globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)), is becoming increasingly important and is widely studied in the areas of verotoxin (VT)-mediated cytotoxicity, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, immunology and cancer. However, despite its diverse roles and implications, an optimized detection method for cell surface Gb(3) has not been determined. GSLs are differentially organized in the plasma membrane which can affect their availability for protein binding. To examine various detection methods for cell surface Gb(3), we compared four reagents for use in flow cytometry analysis. A natural ligand (VT1B) and three different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were optimized and tested on various human cell lines for Gb(3) detection. A differential detection pattern of cell surface Gb(3) expression, which was influenced by the choice of reagent, was observed. Two mAb were found to be suboptimal. However, two other methods were found to be useful as defined by their high percentage of positivity and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values. Rat IgM anti-Gb(3) mAb (clone 38-13) using phycoerythrin-conjugated secondary antibody was found to be the most specific detection method while the use of VT1B conjugated to Alexa488 fluorochrome was found to be the most sensitive; showing a rare crossreactivity only when Gb(4) expression was highly elevated. The findings of this study demonstrate the variability in detection of Gb(3) depending on the reagent and cell target used and emphasize the importance of selecting an optimal methodology in studies for the detection of cell surface expression of Gb(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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14
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Couture O, Dransart E, Dehay S, Nemati F, Decaudin D, Johannes L, Tanter M. Tumor Delivery of Ultrasound Contrast Agents Using Shiga Toxin B Subunit. Mol Imaging 2011. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Couture
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Dransart
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Dehay
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Fariba Nemati
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Didier Decaudin
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- From the Institut Langevin Ondes et Images, (CNRS UMR 7587), INSERM U979 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, Paris, France; CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Département du Transfert, Paris, France; Institut Curie, Department of Clinical Hematology, Paris, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
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Daniels C, Krell T, Michán C, Ramos JL. Struggling to get a universal meningococcal vaccine and novel uses for bacterial toxins in cancer treatment. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 3:359-61. [PMID: 21255335 PMCID: PMC3815803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Daniels
- Structural Proteomics in Toronto, UHN and University of Toronto, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, C.H. Best Institute, 112 College Street, M5G 1L6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Biochemical, pathological and oncological relevance of Gb3Cer receptor. Med Oncol 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S675-84. [PMID: 21069478 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are amphipathic molecules composed of hydrophilic oligosaccharide chain and a hydrophobic ceramide part, located primarily in the membrane microdomains of animal cells. Their oligosaccharide chains make them excellent candidates for the cell surface recognition molecules. Natural glycosphingolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gal α1-4, Gal β1-4, Glc β1-1, ceramide), is also called CD77 and its expression was previously associated with proliferating centroblasts undergoing somatic hypermutation, but it has been demonstrate that globotriaosylceramide is not a reliable marker to discriminate human centroblasts from centrocytes. Globotriaosylceramide constitutes rare P k blood group antigen on erythrocytes, and it is also known as Burkitt's lymphoma antigen. On endothelial cells, globotriaosylceramide plays as the receptor for bacterial toxins of the Shiga family, also called verotoxins. Precise biological function and significance of globotriaosylceramide expression on endothelial cells remains to be the subject of many studies and it is believed globotriaosylceramide represents an example of a glycolipid antigen able to transduce a signal leading to apoptosis. In past decade, cancer researches put a great afford in determining new therapeutic agents such as bacterial toxins against tumor malignancies. Reports have demonstrated that verotoxin-1 induces apoptosis in solid tumor cell lines expressing globotriaosylceramide such as astrocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, colon cancer and breast cancer due to verotoxin-1 high specificity and apoptosis-inducing properties, and therefore, it is suggested to be an anticancer agent. Verotoxins have been investigated weather they could reduce treatment side-effects and toxicity to normal tissues and become a new oncological tool in cancer labeling.
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Hatakeyama S, Kyan A, Yamamoto H, Okamoto A, Sugiyama N, Suzuki Y, Yoneyama T, Hashimoto Y, Koie T, Yamada S, Saito H, Arai Y, Fukuda M, Ohyama C. Core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 expression induces aggressive potential of testicular germ cell tumor. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1052-9. [PMID: 20017138 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied orchiectomy specimens from 130 patients immuhistochemically with testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) using anti-core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (C2GnT-1) antibody. The incidence of C2GnT-1 positivity in stage I disease (29.5%, 21/71) was significantly lower than that in higher stages (84.7%, 50/59) (P < 0.001, chi(2) test). This significant difference was also found when the cases were divided into seminoma and NSGCT according to histopathological classification. Kaplan-Meier plots and the log rank test showed that in the patients with stage I seminoma, C2GnT-1-positive cases had a higher risk for recurrence (P < 0.001). This was also the case with the patients with stage I NSGCT (P < 0.001). To determine whether C2GnT-1 promotes aggressive behavior of cancer cells, a C2GnT-1-negative human TGCT cell line, JKT-1, was stably transfected with a mammalian expression vector containing C2GnT-1 cDNA. In vitro assays revealed that JKT-1-C2 cells are more invasive than mock transfectants, although there are no differences in proliferation activity. When orthotopically inoculated into athymic nude mice, JKT-1-C2 cells produced larger testicular tumors extending to the retroperitoneum with mesenteric metastasis, while mock transfectants produced small tumors without metastasis (P < 0.01, Mann-Whitney's U-test). When injected via the tail vein, JKT-1-C2 cells produced a number of metastatic lung foci. In contrast, mock transfectants produced a small number of nodules (p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney's U-test). These results strongly suggest that C2GnT-1 enhances the metastatic potential of TGCT and may be a reliable biomarker for aggressive potential of TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hatakeyama
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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18
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Müthing J, Distler U. Advances on the compositional analysis of glycosphingolipids combining thin-layer chromatography with mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:425-479. [PMID: 19609886 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), composed of a hydrophilic carbohydrate chain and a lipophilic ceramide anchor, play pivotal roles in countless biological processes, including infectious diseases and the development of cancer. Knowledge of the number and sequence of monosaccharides and their anomeric configuration and linkage type, which make up the principal items of the glyco code of biologically active carbohydrate chains, is essential for exploring the function of GSLs. As part of the investigation of the vertebrate glycome, GSL analysis is undergoing rapid expansion owing to the application of novel biochemical and biophysical technologies. Mass spectrometry (MS) takes part in the network of collaborations to further unravel structural and functional aspects within the fascinating world of GSLs with the ultimate aim to better define their role in human health and disease. However, a single-method analytical MS technique without supporting tools is limited yielding only partial structural information. Because of its superior resolving power, robustness, and easy handling, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is widely used as an invaluable tool in GSL analysis. The intention of this review is to give an insight into current advances obtained by coupling supplementary techniques such as TLC and mass spectrometry. A retrospective view of the development of this concept and the recent improvements by merging (1) TLC separation of GSLs, (2) their detection with oligosaccharide-specific proteins, and (3) in situ MS analysis of protein-detected GSLs directly on the TLC plate, are provided. The procedure works on a nanogram scale and was successfully applied to the identification of cancer-associated GSLs in several types of human tumors. The combination of these two supplementary techniques opens new doors by delivering specific structural information of trace quantities of GSLs with only limited investment in sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Viel T, Dransart E, Nemati F, Henry E, Thézé B, Decaudin D, Lewandowski D, Boisgard R, Johannes L, Tavitian B. In Vivo Tumor Targeting by the B-Subunit of Shiga Toxin. Mol Imaging 2008. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2008.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of drugs to the appropriate target cells would improve efficacy and reduce potential side effects. The nontoxic B-subunit of the intestinal pathogen-produced Shiga toxin (STxB) binds specifically to the glycosphingolipid Gb3, overex-pressed in membranes of certain tumor cells, and enters these cells through the retrograde pathway. Therefore, STxB binding to Gb3 receptors may be useful for cell-specific vectorization or imaging purposes. Here we labeled STxB with a fluorophore to evaluate its potential as an in vivo cell-specific targeting reagent in two different models of human colorectal carcinoma. Fluorescent STxB was administered systemically to xenografted nude mice, and its biodistribution was studied by optical imaging. The use of fluorescent STxB allowed the combination of the macroscopic observations with analyses at the cellular level using confocal microscopy. After administration, the fluorescent STxB was slowly eliminated by renal excretion. However, it accumulated in the tumor area. Furthermore, STxB was demonstrated to enter the Gb3-expressing tumoral cells, as well as the epithelial cells of the neovascularization and the monocytes and macrophages surrounding the xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Viel
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Estelle Dransart
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Fariba Nemati
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Emilie Henry
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Benoit Thézé
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Didier Decaudin
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Daniel Lewandowski
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Raphael Boisgard
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Ludger Johannes
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
| | - Bertrand Tavitian
- From the Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Orsay, France; Laboratoire de Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Clinique, Laboratoire d'Investigation Préclinique, Département de Transfert, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris, France; and Laboratoire de recherche sur la réparation et la transcription dans les
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20
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Falguières T, Maak M, von Weyhern C, Sarr M, Sastre X, Poupon MF, Robine S, Johannes L, Janssen KP. Human colorectal tumors and metastases express Gb3 and can be targeted by an intestinal pathogen-based delivery tool. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2498-508. [PMID: 18687997 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The targeting of solid tumors requires delivery tools that resist intracellular and extracellular inactivation, and that are taken up specifically by tumor cells. We have shown previously that the recombinant nontoxic B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) can serve as a delivery tool to target digestive tumors in animal models. The aim of this study was to expand these experiments to human colorectal cancer. Tissue samples of normal colon, benign adenomas, colorectal carcinomas, and liver metastases from 111 patients were obtained for the quantification of the expression of the cellular STxB receptor, the glycosphingolipid globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb(3) or CD77). We found that compared with normal tissue, the expression of Gb(3) was strongly increased in colorectal adenocarcinomas and their metastases, but not in benign adenomas. Short-term primary cultures were prepared from samples of 43 patients, and STxB uptake was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. Of a given tumor sample, on average, 80% of the cells could visibly bind STxB, and upon incubation at 37 degrees C, STxB was transported to the Golgi apparatus, following the retrograde route. This STxB-specific intracellular targeting allows the molecule to avoid recycling and degradation, and STxB could consequently be detected on tumor cells even 5 days after initial uptake. In conclusion, the targeting properties of STxB could be diverted for the delivery of contrast agents to human colorectal tumors and their metastases, whose early detection and specific targeting remains one of the principal challenges in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Falguières
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich, Germany
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21
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Amessou M, Carrez D, Patin D, Sarr M, Grierson DS, Croisy A, Tedesco AC, Maillard P, Johannes L. Retrograde delivery of photosensitizer (TPPp-O-beta-GluOH)3 selectively potentiates its photodynamic activity. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:532-8. [PMID: 18205329 DOI: 10.1021/bc7003999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy involves administration of a photosensitizing drug and its subsequent activation by visible light of the appropriate wavelength. Several approaches to increasing the specificity of photosensitizers for cancerous tissues and, in particular, through their conjugation to ligands that are directed against tumor-associated antigens have been investigated. Here, we have studied the delivery of the photocytotoxic porphyrin compound TPP(p-O-beta-D-GluOH)3 into tumor cells that overexpress the glycosphingolipid Gb3, using the Gb3-binding nontoxic B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) as a vector. To allow for site-directed chemical coupling, an STxB variant carrying a free sulfhydryl moiety at its C-terminal end has been used. Binding affinity, cellular uptake, singlet oxygen quantum yield, and phototoxicity of the conjugate have been examined. Despite some effect of coupling on both the photophysical properties of TPP(p-O-beta-D-GluOH)3 and the affinity of STxB for its receptor, the conjugate exhibited a higher photocytotoxic activity than the photosensitizer alone and was exquisitely selective for Gb3-expressing tumor cells. Furthermore, our data strongly suggest that STxB-mediated retrograde delivery of the photosensitizer to the biosynthetic/secretory pathway is critical for optimal cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, a strong rationale for using retrograde delivery tools such as STxB in combination with photosensitizing agents for the photodynamic therapy of tumors is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amessou
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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22
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Tarragó-Trani MT, Storrie B. Alternate routes for drug delivery to the cell interior: pathways to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:782-97. [PMID: 17669543 PMCID: PMC2134838 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of drugs to the cell interior can be accomplished by taking advantage of the various receptor-mediated endocytic pathways operating in a particular cell. Among these pathways, the retrograde trafficking pathway from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum is of special importance since it provides a route to deliver drugs bypassing the acid pH, hydrolytic environment of the lysosome. The existence of pathways for drug or antigen delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus has been to a large extent an outcome of research on the trafficking of A/B type-bacterial or plant toxins such as Shiga toxin within the cell. The targeting properties of these toxins reside in their B subunit. In this article we present an overview of the multiplicity of pathways to deliver drugs intracellularly. We highlight the retrograde trafficking pathway illustrated by Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin, and the potential role of the B subunit of these toxins as carriers of drugs, antigens and imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Tarragó-Trani
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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23
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Janssen KP, Vignjevic D, Boisgard R, Falguières T, Bousquet G, Decaudin D, Dollé F, Louvard D, Tavitian B, Robine S, Johannes L. In vivo tumor targeting using a novel intestinal pathogen-based delivery approach. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7230-6. [PMID: 16849571 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient methods for tumor targeting are eagerly awaited and must satisfy several challenges: molecular specificity, transport through physiologic barriers, and capacity to withstand extracellular or intracellular degradation and inactivation by the immune system. Through interaction with its hosts, the intestinal pathogen-produced Shiga toxin has evolved molecular properties that are of interest in this context. Its nontoxic B-subunit binds to the cellular toxin receptor, glycosphingolipid Gb3, which is highly expressed on human cancers and has recently been reported to be involved in the formation of metastasis in colorectal cancers. Its function as a target for cancer therapy has already been addressed in xenograft experiments. We here show that after oral or i.v. injections in mice, the B-subunit targets spontaneous digestive Gb3-expressing adenocarcinomas. The nontumoral mucosa is devoid of labeling, with the exception of rare enteroendocrine and CD11b-positive cells. As opposed to other delivery tools that are often degraded or recycled on cancer cells, the B-subunit stably associates with these cells due to its trafficking via the retrograde transport route. This can be exploited for the in vivo delivery of contrast agents to tumors, as exemplified using fibered confocal fluorescence endoscopy and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In conclusion, the data presented in this manuscript lay the groundwork for a novel delivery technology that, in addition to its use for molecular imaging applications such as noninvasive PET, could also be exploited for targeted tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Janssen
- UMR144 Curie/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Kovbasnjuk O, Mourtazina R, Baibakov B, Wang T, Elowsky C, Choti MA, Kane A, Donowitz M. The glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide in the metastatic transformation of colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:19087-92. [PMID: 16365318 PMCID: PMC1323164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506474102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The most devastating aspect of cancer is the emergence of metastases. Thus, identification of potentially metastatic cells among a tumor cell population and the underlying molecular changes that switch cells to a metastatic state are among the most important issues in cancer biology. Here we show that, although normal human colonic epithelial cells lack the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)), this molecule is highly expressed in metastatic colon cancer. In addition, a subpopulation of cells that are greatly enriched in Gb(3) and have an invasive phenotype was identified in human colon cancer cell lines. In epithelial cells in culture, Gb(3) was necessary and sufficient for cell invasiveness. Transfection of Gb(3) synthase, resulting in Gb(3) expression in noncancerous polarized epithelial cells lacking endogenous Gb(3), induced cell invasiveness. Furthermore, Gb(3) knockdown by small inhibitory RNA in colon cancer epithelial cells inhibited cell invasiveness. Gb(3) is the plasma membrane receptor for Shiga toxin 1. The noncatalytic B subunit of Shiga toxin 1 causes apoptosis of human colon cancer cells expressing Gb(3). Injections of the B subunit of Shiga toxin 1 into HT29 human colon cancer cells engrafted into the flanks of nude mice inhibited tumor growth. These data demonstrate the appearance of a subpopulation of Gb(3) containing epithelial cells in the metastatic stage of human colon cancer and suggest their possible role in colon cancer invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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25
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Bloushtain N, Qimron U, Bar-Ilan A, Hershkovitz O, Gazit R, Fima E, Korc M, Vlodavsky I, Bovin NV, Porgador A. Membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans are involved in the recognition of cellular targets by NKp30 and NKp46. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2392-401. [PMID: 15294952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysis of virus-infected and tumor cells by NK cells is mediated via natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). We have recently shown that the NKp44 and NKp46 NCRs, but not the NKp30, recognize viral hemagglutinins. In this study we explored the nature of the cellular ligands recognized by the NKp30 and NKp46 NCRs. We demonstrate that target cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are recognized by NKp30 and NKp46 and that 6-O-sulfation and N-acetylation state of the glucose building unit affect this recognition and lysis by NK cells. Tumor cells expressing cell surface heparanase, CHO cells lacking membranal heparan sulfate and glypican-1-suppressed pancreatic cancer cells manifest reduced recognition by NKp30 and NKp46 and are lysed to a lesser extent by NK cells. Our results are the first clue for the identity of the ligands for NKp30 and NKp46. Whether the ligands are particular HSPGs, unusual heparan sulfate epitopes, or a complex of HSPGs and either other protein or lipid moieties remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Bloushtain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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26
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Ishitoya S, Kurazono H, Nishiyama H, Nakamura E, Kamoto T, Habuchi T, Terai A, Ogawa O, Yamamoto S. Verotoxin induces rapid elimination of human renal tumor xenografts in SCID mice. J Urol 2004; 171:1309-13. [PMID: 14767339 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000100110.11129.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Verotoxins (VTs) are subunit toxins produced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. The VT receptor glycolipid Gb3, which mediates the cytotoxicity of VTs, has been reported to be elevated on the surface of several tumor cell lines. In this study the effect of VT1 as an antineoplastic agent was assessed using various human urological cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of Gb3 on human cancer cell lines originating from renal cell carcinoma (ACHN, A-704, CAKI-1 and CAKI- 2), prostate cancer (LNCaP and PC3) and testicular tumor (2102Ep) were examined by FACScan (Becton Dickinson, Sunnyvale, California). These cell lines were cultured with various concentrations of VT1 and subjected to microculture tetrazolium dye assay for determination of cell viability. Furthermore, ACHN cells were inoculated into the backs of SCID mice and intratumor injection of VT1 was performed. Pathological samples were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as by TUNEL assay. RESULTS The growth of ACHN, CAKI-1, A-704, 2102Ep and LNCaP but not CAKI-2 and PC3 was significantly inhibited by co-incubation with VT1, as determined by microculture tetrazolium dye assays, consistent with FACScan results for Gb3 expression. When mice bearing ACHN tumors were injected with VT1, rapid reduction in the size of subcutaneous tumors was observed with complete regression within 5 to 7 days. Pathological examination by the TUNEL method indicated that the cytotoxicity of VT1 was mediated by apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that VTs could be candidates for antineoplastic agents against Gb3 expressing tumors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishitoya
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Tolfvenstam T, Papadogiannakis N, Andersen A, Akre O. No association between human parvovirus B19 and testicular germ cell cancer. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:2321-2324. [PMID: 12185288 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-9-2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of testicular germ cell cancer, which is the most common cancer among young male adults, is increasing. The aetiology remains unknown, although a virus has been proposed. A previous study has shown a high prevalence of human parvovirus B19 (B19) DNA in the testes of patients with testicular germ cell tumours (85%) and suggested that B19 may play a role in tumour development. To address this question of causality, seroreactivity to B19 was studied among cases (n=80) and controls (n=241) using serum samples drawn before the onset of disease, in addition to an elucidation of the frequency of virus DNA in a retrospectively collected 2-year testicular carcinoma series. No association was found between B19 seropositivity and the risk of testicular cancer (odds ratio=1.03; 95% confidence interval=0.60-1.77) nor was there any dose-response relation (P for trend=0.53). This study did, however, confirm the observation that B19 DNA can be detected in testicular carcinoma tissue, as 4 of 24 cases were found to be positive, while no B19 DNA could be detected in the control cases. It is speculated that this finding may be due to susceptibility of the carcinoma cells to B19 virus owing to high-level expression of the viral receptor glycosphingolipid (Gb4) and possible other putative cellular factors resulting in a localized persistence initiated after the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tolfvenstam
- Department of Clinical Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Huddinge University Hospital, F68, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Papadogiannakis
- Department of Clinical Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Huddinge University Hospital, F68, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Andersen
- The Norwegian Cancer Registry, Oslo, Norway3
| | - O Akre
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden4
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28
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Kawamura S, Ohyama C, Watanabe R, Satoh M, Saito S, Hoshi S, Gasa S, Orikasa S. Glycolipid composition in bladder tumor: a crucial role of GM3 ganglioside in tumor invasion. Int J Cancer 2001; 94:343-7. [PMID: 11745412 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids were extracted from primary bladder tumors of 14 patients and 2 normal counterparts. Their expression pattern was assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The most remarkable change was massive accumulation of GM3 in superficial bladder tumors compared with invasive tumors. This change was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry using anti-GM3 monoclonal antibody. The activities of glycosyltransferases responsible for GM3 synthesis (GM3 synthase, Gb3 synthase and GD3 synthase) were consistent with upregulated expression of GM3 in superficial tumors. It was suggested that the marked GM3 accumulation in superficial tumors was caused not only by upregulated GM3 synthase but also by downregulated activities of Gb3 and GD3 synthase. Histopathologic examination revealed an inverse correlation of the amount of GM3 expressed with invasive potential. Exogenously supplemented GM3 suppressed invasion potential in human bladder tumor cell lines (T-24, KK-47). These results indicate that the amount of GM3 expressed may serve as an indicator of the invasion potential of bladder tumor. Furthermore, new antiinvasion therapeutics may be possible by administration of GM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawamura
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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29
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Abstract
The ribosome-inactivating protein, Shiga-like toxin-1 (SLT-1, SLT-I, Verotoxin 1, VT1) targets cells that express the glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (CD77) on their surface. The frequent occurrence of SLT-1 receptors on tumor cells derived from patients with hematological cancers (follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and their absence on human CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells suggest the ex vivo use of Shiga-like toxin-1 in purging CD77(+) tumor cells from autologous stem cell transplants. SLT-1 receptors are also commonly expressed on breast cancer, ovarian cancer and astrocytoma cells. In particular, the sensitivity of astrocytoma cell lines to this toxin provides an opportunity for using SLT-1 in vivo in the context of treating patients afflicted by this common form of brain tumor. Finally, the known structural features of SLT-1 allow one to contemplate altering its receptor specificity in an effort to target CD77(-) tumor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gariépy
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ont., Canada, M5G 2M9.
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30
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Satoh M, Nejad FM, Nakano O, Ito A, Kawamura S, Ohyama C, Saito S, Orikasa S. Four new human renal cell carcinoma cell lines expressing globo-series gangliosides. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1999; 189:95-105. [PMID: 10775053 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.189.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinicopathological studies revealed that monosialosyl galactosyl globoside (MSGG) and disialosyl galactosyl globoside (DSGG) expressed by renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are one of the biochemical indicator related to the metastatic potential. The present study examines the characteristics of four new human RCC cell lines and compares the expression of MSGG and DSGG among them using TLC immunostaining and flow cytometry. TOS-1 and TOS-2 were derived from metastatic subcutaneous tissues. TOS-3 and TOS-3LN were derived from the primary lesion and from metastatic lymph nodes respectively. Monolayer culture, light microscopy and electron microscopy of these cells showed that these cell lines were derived from RCC. TLC immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis revealed increased levels of MSGG in TOS-2 and TOS-3LN, and increased DSGG in TOS-1 and TOS-3LN. These cell lines would be useful for functional studies of globo-series ganglioside expressed by RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Satoh
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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31
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Liu XH, Lingwood CA, Ray PE. Recruitment of renal tubular epithelial cells expressing verotoxin-1 (Stx1) receptors in HIV-1 transgenic mice with renal disease. Kidney Int 1999; 55:554-61. [PMID: 9987079 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children are at risk of developing several renal parenchymal diseases, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is most frequently caused by infection with enteric Escherichia coli producing Shiga-like toxins (Stxs). In vitro studies have shown that cytokines known to be present at high systemic levels in HIV-1-infected children up-regulate the expression of the Stx glycolipid receptor (Gb3) in cultured endothelial cells. Thus, we studied whether HIV-1 or the HIV-associated "cytokine milieu" could modulate the expression of renal Stxs receptors in vivo. METHODS We used HIV-1 transgenic mice (HIV-Tg) expressing a deletion mutant of HIV-1 (pNL4-3). These mice develop renal disease similar to that of HIV-1-infected children. The expression of Gb3 was studied in renal sections from control and HIV-Tg mice by histochemistry, thin layer chromatography overlay studies, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS By histochemistry, we found a significant recruitment of renal tubular epithelial cells expressing Gb3 in HIV-Tg mice with nephropathy, whereas kidneys from control mice showed limited staining in renal tubules. Gb3 was not found in glomeruli of either control or HIV-Tg mice. Thin layer chromatography overlay studies with Stxs and high-pressure liquid chromatography studies confirmed the marked elevation of Gb3 in HIV-Tg kidneys with renal disease. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the presence of HIV-associated nephropathy is associated with the recruitment of renal tubular epithelial cells expressing Stx1 receptors. The up-regulation of Stx1 receptors in HIV-diseased kidneys may increase the sensitivity of these cells to the cytotoxic effects of Stxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Liu
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington D.C., USA
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32
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Ohmi K, Kiyokawa N, Takeda T, Fujimoto J. Human microvascular endothelial cells are strongly sensitive to Shiga toxins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 251:137-41. [PMID: 9790920 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We show here that the susceptibility of endothelial cells to Shiga toxin (Stx)s differs remarkably depending on their cellular origins. The concentration of Stx-1 required to reduce cell viability by 50% as measured by MTT assay was 30 and 300 fM for neonatal and adult human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC), respectively, and 30 pM for human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). Human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) and bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) showed no sensitivities to Stx-1. Surprisingly, Stx-2 was approximately 10-100 times more toxic to HMVEC than Stx-1. Moreover sodium butyrate sensitized HMVEC by 100-fold to the cytotoxic activity of Stxs. These results were found to reflect the amount of Gb3/CD77 on the cell surface on a per cell basis using flow cytometrical analysis. The high sensitivity of HMVEC to Stxs suggests their involvement in the pathogenesis of organ failure induced by Stx-producing Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohmi
- Department of Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases Research, National Children's Medical Reseach Center, 3-35-31, Taishido, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-8509, Japan
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Ohyama C, Kawamura S, Satoh M, Saito S, Yoshikawa K, Hoshi S, Orikasa S. Endoscopic observation for detection and monitoring of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine--induced bladder tumor in rats. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1997; 25:183-6. [PMID: 9228670 DOI: 10.1007/bf00941980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in tumor carbohydrate biochemistry have demonstrated antitumor effects of locally administered GM3 ganglioside on mouse MBT-2 tumor. When intravesical therapy in N-butyl-N(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)-induced rat bladder tumor is attempted, it is essential to identify the tumor, to classify its size before therapy and to monitor the effect of the therapy. To establish a more reliable experimental therapeutic system, we assessed the development of BBN-induced rat-bladder tumor by endoscopic observation. BBN-induced bladder tumors in rats were observed serially using a 4.2-F flexible fiberscope. The endoscopic findings were compared with the histopathological findings. Intravesical tumor growth varied greatly between individual rats. The smallest change detected by endoscopy was a small edematous lesion histologically proved to be papilloma. The largest nodular lesion was determined to be a papillary, transitional cell carcinoma. This noninvasive method makes the BBN rat experimental system more reliable by allowing confirmation of tumor formation and classification of the tumor volume prior to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ohyama
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Taeda Y, Nose M, Hiraizumi S, Ohuchi N. Expression of L-PHA-binding proteins in breast cancer: reconstitution and molecular characterization of beta 1-6 branched oligosaccharides in three-dimensional cell culture. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996; 38:313-24. [PMID: 8739085 DOI: 10.1007/bf01806151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression of beta 1-6 branched oligosaccharides in human breast cancer cells was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Lectin histochemical and lectin blotting analyses of surgically resected specimens were performed using L-PHA (phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin) lectin, which binds to beta 1-6 oligosaccharides. The glycoproteins bearing beta 1-6 oligosaccharides of breast cancer tissues were found to be 170 kD and 120 kD in molecular weight, and the former appeared to be an epitope of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The beta 1-6 oligosaccharides were expressed in both cancer cell lines at the outer layer of the colonies when cultured in type I collagen, but not in agarose gel. No correlation was observed between beta 1-6 expression and cell cycle. The beta 1-6 oligosaccharides did not coincide with breast cancer-associated antigens, such as CEA, MUC1, and cathepsin D. The beta 1-6 oligosaccharides of these cell lines were markedly inhibited when swainsonine, a mannosidase II inhibitor, was added to the culture medium. The 120 kD molecule, which was obtained from MCF-7 cells cultured in type I collagen gel, was consistent with that of breast cancer tissues and was similar to lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins (LAMPs). The results suggest that the glycoproteins bearing beta 1-6 branched oligosaccharides in human breast cancer incorporate an epitope of CEA and human LAMPs and that the expression of LAMPs may depend on their surrounding matrices and may play an important role in cancer invasion or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Taeda
- Second Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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35
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Olie RA, Fenderson B, Daley K, Oosterhuis JW, Murphy J, Looijenga LH. Glycolipids of human primary testicular germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:133-40. [PMID: 8679447 PMCID: PMC2074619 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycolipid content of human non-seminomatous germ cell tumour cell lines correlates with their differentiation lineage. To analyse whether this reflects the situation in primary tumours, we studied five embryonal carcinomas, five yolk sac tumours and nine (mixed) non-seminomas, using thin-layer chromatography and carbohydrate immunostaining. We also analysed the glycolipid content of 19 seminomas to reveal their relationship with non-seminomas. Lactosylceramide (CDH) was detected in all embryonal carcinomas, but in fewer than half of the seminomas. Seminomas and embryonal carcinomas contained globoseries glycolipids, including globotriosylceramide (Gb3), globoside (Gb4), galactosy globoside (Gb5) and sialy1 galactosyl globoside (GL7). The lacto-series glycolipid Le(x) was found in all embryonal carcinomas, but only in one seminoma. Gangliosides GD3 and GT3 were detected in many seminomas, but rarely in embryonal carcinomas. Yolk sac tumours displayed a heterogeneous glycolipid profile. Compared with seminomas and pure embryonal carcinomas, differentiated non-seminomas had reduced levels of globo-series glycolipids, especially Gb3 and Gb5, whereas CDH, Le(x), GD3 and GT3 were found in the majority of cases. Thus, the glycolipid content of non-seminoma cell lines reflects the situation in primary tumours. Globo-series glycolipids are similarly expressed in seminomas and embryonal carcinomas. The expression of Gb3 and Gb5 is reduced in non-seminomas upon differentiation. Le(x) expression in non-seminomas, including embryonal carcinomas, allows discrimination from seminomas. Expression of gangliosides in seminomas might indicate their maturation from ganglioside-negative precursor cells. Reprogramming of these precursors would result in the formation of Le(x)-expressing embryonal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Olie
- Centre d'Immunologie, Insern-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, France
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36
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Ohyama C, Orikasa S, Kawamura S, Satoh M, Saito S, Fukushi Y, Levery SB, Hakomori S. Galactosylgloboside expression in seminoma. Inverse correlation with metastatic potential. Cancer 1995; 76:1043-50. [PMID: 8625206 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950915)76:6<1043::aid-cncr2820760619>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation is a common phenotype expressed in essentially all types of human cancer and has been found to be correlated closely with the invasive and metastatic properties of a given tumor. Because there was no prognostic information concerning aberrant glycosylation of seminoma, the authors studied this topic. METHODS Glycosphingolipid (GSL) composition of orchiectomy samples of seminoma were analyzed systematically. GSL patterns from seminoma samples of the following three groups were compared after a 44-month postoperative period: Stage I disease with no evidence of metastasis during the 44-month postoperative period, Stage I with metastatic relapse during this period, and Stage II with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis. Unknown GSLs detected were analyzed chemically by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. RESULTS All nonmetastatic seminomas (n = 12) contained a GSL band that was identified as galactosylgloboside (Gb5; Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc beta 1-->3Gal alpha 1-->4 Gal beta 1-->4Glc beta 1-->1Cer). All metastatic seminomas (n = 5) lacked this GSL, although the sample sizes were admittedly small. CONCLUSION Only the presence or absence of galactosylgloboside (Gb5), but of no other GSL or gangliosides, clearly correlated with metastatic potential in patients with seminoma. This observation is useful in the estimation of prognosis of patients with seminoma, especially those with Stage I disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ohyama
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University, School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Farkas-Himsley H, Hill R, Rosen B, Arab S, Lingwood CA. The bacterial colicin active against tumor cells in vitro and in vivo is verotoxin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:6996-7000. [PMID: 7624357 PMCID: PMC41458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.15.6996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified verotoxin 1 (VT1) as the active component within an antineoplastic bacteriocin preparation from Escherichia coli HSC10 studied over two decades. Recombinant VT1 can simulate the toxicity of anticancer proteins (ACP), and the antineoplastic activity of ACP (and VT1) was abrogated by treatment with anti-VT1 antibody. Similarly, VT1 mimics the protective effect of ACP in a murine metastatic fibrosarcoma model. Prior immunization with VT1 B subunit prevents the effect of VT1 or ACP in this model. The activity of ACP against a variety of human ovarian cell lines was mimicked by VT1, and multidrug-resistant variants were significantly hypersensitive. Primary ovarian tumors and metastases contain elevated levels of globotriaosylceramide compared with normal ovaries, and overlay of frozen tumor sections showed selective VT binding to tumor tissue and the lumen of invading blood vessels. Our contention that VT1 could provide an additional approach to the management of certain human neoplasms is discussed.
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Wenk J, Andrews PW, Casper J, Hata J, Pera MF, von Keitz A, Damjanov I, Fenderson BA. Glycolipids of germ cell tumors: extended globo-series glycolipids are a hallmark of human embryonal carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 1994; 58:108-15. [PMID: 8014006 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910580118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids of human germ cell tumor lines were analyzed to define the most common immunohistochemical profiles of embryonal carcinoma (EC), differentiated derivatives of EC, yolk sac carcinoma (YC) and choriocarcinoma (CC). Glycolipid composition was examined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) combined with immunostaining with a panel of anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). All EC cell lines were found to contain high levels of globo-series glycolipids, including globotriosylceramide (Gb3), globoside (Gb4), Gb5 (Gal beta 1-->3Gb4) and GL7 (sialyl Gal beta 1-->3Gb4). Somatic differentiated derivatives (e.g., EC cells treated with retinoic acid) contained decreased levels of globo-series glycolipids and increased levels of lacto- and ganglio-series glycolipids, including GD3, GT3 and GD2. CC cell lines contained relatively large amounts of Gb3 but did not contain extended globo-series glycolipids Gb5 and GL7. CC cell lines also contained a macroglycolipid reactive with the antibody to SSEA-1 (Lex). Glycolipids were not detected in two YC cell lines, while other YC cell lines contained globo-series core glycolipids (Gb3 and Gb4) and gangliosides. We conclude that EC, YC and CC have distinct patterns of membrane glycolipid expression that can be identified by HPTLC and immunostaining. Our results indicate that globo-series glycolipids Gb5 and GL7, which carry stage-specific embryonic antigens 3 and 4 (SSEA-3 and SSEA-4), are a hallmark of human EC cells. Cell lines derived from human germ cell tumors that do not express Gb5 and GL7 deserve to be re-evaluated, since they may represent different stem cells, most likely equivalent to somatic cells and their developmentally committed precursors (e.g., neuroblasts).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wenk
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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39
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Ohyama C, Orikasa S, Satoh M, Saito S, Ohtani H, Fukushi Y. Globotriaosyl ceramide glycolipid in seminoma: its clinicopathological importance in differentiation from testicular malignant lymphoma. J Urol 1992; 148:72-5. [PMID: 1613886 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids were biochemically extracted from 14 specimens of seminoma, 2 of testicular malignant lymphoma (both of which were difficult to differentiate from seminoma with a high mitotic index) and 4 of normal testicle. The pattern of their expression was compared. Marked accumulation of globotriaosyl ceramide was observed in seminoma but it was present in a small amount in testicular malignant lymphoma. Differentiation between seminoma and malignant lymphoma is sometimes difficult by histopathological findings but it is considered to be greatly facilitated by examination of the pattern of glycolipid expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ohyama
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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