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Autoimmunization of ewes against pregnancy-associated glycoproteins does not interfere with the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Animal 2009; 3:850-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109004145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
A literature survey was performed of human cathepsin D gene, cathepsin D biosynthesis, posttranslatory modifications, transport within the cell, substrate specificity and catalytic effect. Methods used to determine the activity and level of this proteinase as well as its role in the biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of cells, tissues and organs were considered.
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3
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Vashishta A, Ohri SS, Vetvickova J, Fusek M, Ulrichova J, Vetvicka V. Procathepsin D secreted by HaCaT keratinocyte cells - A novel regulator of keratinocyte growth. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:303-13. [PMID: 17532541 PMCID: PMC2140195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Procathepsin D (pCD), the precursor form of lysosomal aspartic protease, is overexpressed and secreted by various carcinomas. The fact that secreted pCD plays an essential role in progression of cancer has been established. In this study, we describe substantial secretion of pCD by the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, under serum-free conditions. Moreover, exogenous addition of purified pCD enhanced the proliferation of HaCaT cells. The proliferative effect of pCD was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against the activation peptide (AP) of pCD. Treatment of HaCaT cells with pCD or AP led to the secretion of a set of cytokines that might promote the growth of cells in a paracrine manner. The role of secreted pCD and its mechanism of action were studied in a scratch wound model and the presence of pCD and AP enhanced regeneration, while this effect was reversed by the addition of anti-AP antibody. Expression and secretion of pCD was upregulated in HaCaT cells exposed to various stress conditions. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the secretion of pCD is not only linked to cancer cells but also plays a role in normal physiological conditions like wound healing and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR Bldg., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR Bldg., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jana Vetvickova
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR Bldg., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Martin Fusek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR Bldg., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- *Corresponding author: Tel: ++ 502 852 1612; Fax: ++ 502 852 1177; E-mail: (V. Vetvicka)
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Fusek M, Vetvickova J, Vetvicka V. Secretion of Cytokines in Breast Cancer Cells: The Molecular Mechanism of Procathepsin D Proliferative Effects. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 27:191-9. [PMID: 17348817 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Procathepsin D (pCD) is a major secreted protein in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cell lines. Several independent studies have documented pronounced mitogenic effect of secreted pCD on cancer tissue-derived cell lines, including those from breast, lung, and prostate cancer. It has also been shown that the proliferative effect of pCD involves both autocrine and paracrine modes of action. Recent studies have suggested that pCD could act as a key paracrine communicator between cancer and stromal cells. We have shown earlier that the proliferative activity of pCD depends on the activation peptide sequence of pCD. The present study casts light on the mechanism by which pCD influences the proliferation of cancer cells expressing the ER. Results described in the current paper clearly show that pCD initiates secretion of cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta and (MIP-1beta) from such tumor cells. Secreted cytokines take part in the proliferation of the cancer cells, as proven by selective inhibition using antibodies. In addition, expression of cytokine receptors on tested cell lines corresponded to the effects of individual cytokines. An analogous pattern was also observed for fibroblasts, which, under physiologic conditions, are the cells in closest contact with the tumor tissue and play a role in tumor growth and invasion. Our observations were further supported by coculture experiments that are in agreement. Although very similar in response to addition of pCD, the invasive ER- cells do not secrete cytokines. Together with previous in vivo results, these data point to pCD as one of key molecules for therapeutic attack in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fusek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 161 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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5
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Green JA, Parks TE, Avalle MP, Telugu BP, McLain AL, Peterson AJ, McMillan W, Mathialagan N, Hook RR, Xie S, Roberts RM. The establishment of an ELISA for the detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in the serum of pregnant cows and heifers. Theriogenology 2005; 63:1481-503. [PMID: 15725453 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are a large gene family expressed in trophoblast cells of ruminant ungulates. The detection of PAGs (more specifically, PAG-1) in maternal serum has served as the basis for pregnancy detection in cattle. Unfortunately, PAG-1 and/or antigenically-related PAGs exhibit a long half-life in maternal serum (>8 d) and can be detected 80-100 d post-partum, thereby producing false positives in animals bred within 60-d of calving. The goal of the present studies was to develop a monoclonal-based assay that targeted early-pregnancy PAGs whose persistence in maternal serum post-partum might be relatively short-lived. Three anti-PAG monoclonal antibodies that recognized distinct subsets of PAGs were selected and used as trapping reagents in a 'sandwich' type of enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). A polyclonal antiserum with broad specificity was used for detecting bound PAGs. A total of 42 cows and heifers were bled daily on day 15, days 22 to 28, and then weekly throughout pregnancy and for 10 weeks (approximately 70 d) into the post-partum period. The ELISA was able to detect PAG in maternal serum of all animals unambiguously by day 28 post-insemination (PAG concentration: 8.75 +/- 3.04 ng/mL). In maternal serum, PAG concentrations peaked during the week of parturition at 588.9 +/- 249.9 ng/mL, and after calving, PAG was completely cleared (half-life: 4.3 d) by eight-week post-partum in 38 of 40 of the animals tested and was at very low concentrations in the remaining two (1.4 and 4.9 ng/mL, respectively). In summary, a monoclonal-based assay has been established that is sensitive enough to detect PAG in maternal serum by the forth week of pregnancy, but does not suffer from carry-over of antigen from a previous pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Green
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, 163 ASRC, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MS 65211, USA.
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6
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Glondu M, Liaudet-Coopman E, Derocq D, Platet N, Rochefort H, Garcia M. Down-regulation of cathepsin-D expression by antisense gene transfer inhibits tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:5127-34. [PMID: 12140763 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2001] [Revised: 04/23/2002] [Accepted: 05/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of cathepsin-D in primary breast cancer has been associated with rapid development of clinical metastasis. To investigate the role of this protease in breast cancer growth and progression to metastasis, we stably transfected a highly metastatic human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, with a plasmid containing either the full-length cDNA for cathepsin-D or a 535 bp antisense cathepsin-D cDNA fragment. Clones expressing antisense cathepsin-D cDNA that exhibited a 70-80% reduction in cathepsin-D protein, both intra- and extracellularly compared to controls, were selected for further experiments. These antisense-transfected cells displayed a reduced outgrowth rate when embedded in a Matrigel matrix, formed smaller colonies in soft agar and presented a significantly decreased tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis in nude mice compared with controls. However, manipulating the cathepsin-D level in the antisense cells has no effect on their in vitro invasiveness. These studies demonstrate that cathepsin-D enhances anchorage-independent cell proliferation and subsequently facilitates tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Our overall results provide the first evidence on the essential role of cathepsin-D in breast cancer, and support the development of a new cathepsin-D-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Glondu
- INSERM U540 'Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers', Université de Montpellier 1, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
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7
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Rochefort H, Rouayrenc J, Roger P. Cathepsin D in Breast Cancer—20 Years Later. Breast Cancer 2002. [DOI: 10.1201/b14039-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Reaves BJ, Row PE, Bright NA, Luzio JP, Davidson HW. Loss of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor expression promotes the accumulation of lysobisphosphatidic acid in multilamellar bodies. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 22):4099-108. [PMID: 11058096 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.22.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies have highlighted the importance of lipid domains within endocytic organelles in the sorting and movement of integral membrane proteins. In particular, considerable attention has become focussed upon the role of the unusual phospholipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA). This lipid appears to be directly involved in the trafficking of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, and accumulates in a number of lysosomal storage disorders. Antibody-mediated disruption of LBPA function also leads to mis-sorting of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptors. We now report that the converse is also true, and that spontaneous loss of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptors from a rat fibroblast cell line led to the formation of aberrant late endocytic structures enriched in LBPA. Accumulation of LBPA was directly dependent upon the loss of the receptors, and could be reversed by expression of bovine cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptors in the mutant cell line. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that the abnormal organelles were electron-dense, had a multi-lamellar structure, accumulated endocytosed probes, and were distinct from dense-core lysosomes present within the same cells. The late endocytic structures present at steady state within any particular cell likely reflect the balance of membrane traffic through the endocytic pathway of that cell, and the rate of maturation of individual endocytic organelles. Moreover, there is considerable evidence which suggests that cargo receptors also play a direct mechanistic role in membrane trafficking events. Therefore, loss of such a protein may disturb the overall equilibrium of the pathway, and hence cause the accumulation of aberrant organelles. We propose that this mechanism underlies the phenotype of the mutant cell line, and that the formation of inclusion bodies in many lysosomal storage diseases is also due to an imbalance in membrane trafficking within the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Reaves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
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9
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Rochefort H, Garcia M, Glondu M, Laurent V, Liaudet E, Rey JM, Roger P. Cathepsin D in breast cancer: mechanisms and clinical applications, a 1999 overview. Clin Chim Acta 2000; 291:157-70. [PMID: 10675721 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(99)00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A short review of the literature first confirms the clinical value of cathepsin D as a prognostic marker in breast cancer, when using well standardized assays. We then summarize results of studies, mostly performed in our laboratory, aimed at understanding the effect of cathepsin D overexpression on metastasis and the molecular mechanisms involved. Cathepsin D-cDNA transfection increases tumor cell proliferation in vitro and the metastatic potential of 3Y1-Ad12 embryonic rat tumorigenic cells when injected in vivo into nude mice. The mechanism by which cathepsin D increases the incidence of clinical metastasis involves increased cell growth and decreased contact inhibition rather than escape of cancer cells through the basement membrane. Different mechanisms are considered to explain this mitogenic activity. Cathepsin D could act as a protease following its activation at an acidic pH, or as a ligand of different membrane receptors at a more neutral pH. In this case cathepsin D can displace IGFII from the mannose-6-phosphate/IGFII receptor to the IGFI receptor or activate another membrane receptor to be identified. The nature of the mechanisms involved in vivo may depend on the micro environment of the tumor cells. These studies should guide in the development of new therapies aimed at inhibiting the deleterious effect of overexpressed cathepsin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rochefort
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier 1, Unité Hormones and Cancer (U 148), 60, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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10
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Takahashi H, Mitomi H, Igarashi M, Katsumata T, Okayasu I. Markedly elevated cell turnover is characteristic of small, deeply invasive carcinomas of the colorectum. Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990215)85:4<796::aid-cncr6>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Cathepsin D (cath-D) overexpression in breast cancer cells is associated with increased risk of metastasis in patients according to several clinical studies. No alterations of pro-cath-D structure or activation have been demonstrated in cancer cells. However, overexpression and dysrouting of pro-cath-D in illegitimate compartments could have consequences on tumor progression. Transfection of a human cDNA cath-D expression vector increases the metastatic potential of 3Y1-Ad12 embryonic rat tumorigenic cells when intravenously injected into nude mice. The mechanism by which cath-D increases the incidence of clinical metastasis seems to involve increased cell growth and decreased contact inhibition rather than escape of cancer cells through the basement membrane. Different mechanisms are discussed by which cath-D could act as a protease following its activation or as a ligand of different membrane receptors at a more neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rochefort
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 148 (Hormones and Cancer), University of Montpellier I, France
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12
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Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J, Fusek M. Effect of procathepsin D and its activation peptide on prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 1998; 129:55-9. [PMID: 9714335 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D, a lysosomal aspartic proteinase, is secreted in the form of enzymatically inactive precursor in some cancer cells. This precursor, called procathepsin D, was found to exhibit growth factor activity toward breast cancer cell lines and this activity was later shown to be mediated by its activation peptide. In the present investigation we have used human procathepsin D and a synthetic 44 amino acid peptide corresponding to the activation peptide of procathepsin D to test its growth factor activity for human prostate cancer-derived cell lines PC3, DU145 and LNCaP. We have tested the level of proliferation of these cell lines depending on the presence of either procathepsin or activation peptide in the medium. In parallel, we have also measured the time dependency of this growth and established the optimal dose of activation peptide. These findings represent the first experimental data showing the direct effects of procathepsin D on prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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13
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Sachdev D, Chirgwin JM. Solubility of proteins isolated from inclusion bodies is enhanced by fusion to maltose-binding protein or thioredoxin. Protein Expr Purif 1998; 12:122-32. [PMID: 9473466 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1997.0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When the mammalian aspartic proteinases, procathepsin D or pepsinogen, are expressed in Escherichia coli both accumulate in inclusion bodies. While pepsinogen is efficiently refolded in vitro, recovery of procathepsin D is limited by insolubility. We expressed procathepsin D and pepsinogen in E. coli, with E. coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) or thioredoxin (trx) fused to their C-termini (aspartic proteinase-MBP or aspartic proteinase-trx). The fusion proteins were still found in inclusion bodies. However, the recovery of soluble procathepsin D-MBP and procathepsin D-trx after refolding was facilitated by the bacterial fusion partners. Maltose-binding protein was more efficient than thioredoxin in increasing the recovery of soluble protein. The vector, pET23bMBPH6, can be used for general expression of heterologous proteins in E. coli. The vector includes a histidine tag at the C-terminus of MBP to allow one-step purification of the fusion proteins under denaturing conditions. After purification, the protein of interest can be cleaved from MBP with factor Xa protease and separated from the MBP partner. Refolded pepsinogen-MBP and pepsinogen-trx were enzymatically active, but procathepsin D-MBP and procathepsin D-trx were soluble but largely inactive. The results show that the limited recovery of activity upon refolding of procathepsin D is not the consequence of competing aggregation. Thus, the fusions do not necessarily facilitate native refolding, but they do enhance the recovery of soluble protein. Such fusions could provide a system to study, in soluble form, folding states which are otherwise inaccessible because of aggregation and precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sachdev
- Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78284-7877, USA
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Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J, Hilgert I, Voburka Z, Fusek M. Analysis of the interaction of procathepsin D activation peptide with breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 1997; 73:403-9. [PMID: 9359488 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971104)73:3<403::aid-ijc15>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D, a lysosomal aspartic proteinase, is secreted in the form of enzymatically inactive proenzyme by many types of human breast cancer tissue and exerts mitogenic activity toward these tissues. Flow cytometry was used to test the binding of procathepsin D purified from the secretion of the breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1 to human breast cancer cells. No previously known surface antigens or soluble M6P-R or anti-M6P-R antibodies were found to inhibit the specific binding of procathepsin D-FITC. Similarly, none of these potential inhibitors was found to inhibit growth factor activity of procathepsin D. Our results indicate that procathepsin D growth factor activity is mediated by a new, previously unknown receptor moiety and that the binding activity can be localized in position 27-44 of the activation peptide of procathepsin D. Furthermore, in vivo experiments indicate that treatment with anti-procathepsin D antibodies can reverse the growth of human breast tumors in athymic nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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15
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Garcia M, Platet N, Liaudet E, Laurent V, Derocq D, Brouillet JP, Rochefort H. Biological and clinical significance of cathepsin D in breast cancer metastasis. Stem Cells 1996; 14:642-50. [PMID: 8948022 DOI: 10.1002/stem.140642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (cath-D) is an aspartyl lysosomal protease expressed in all tissues. Most metastatic breast cancer cell lines, unlike normal cells, secrete high levels of pro-cath-D. This abnormal secretion is due to both overexpression of the cath-D gene and to an altered processing of the precursor protein. Cath-D gene transcription is increased by estrogen and growth factors in estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cells and by an unknown mechanism in estrogen-receptor-negative cells. A large number of independent clinical studies associated high cath-D concentrations in the cytosol of primary breast cancers with increased risk of subsequent metastasis. The amino acid sequence of cath-D analyzed in two breast cancer cell lines is normal, but glycosylation appears to be different with more acidic isoforms. To assess the potential role of this protease in cancer metastasis, we transfected a human cDNA cath-D expression vector in 3Y1-Ad12 embryonic rat tumorigenic cells which did not secrete the proenzyme. A moderate overexpression of human cath-D was sufficient to increase the metastatic potential of these cells in nude mice. The mechanism of cath-D-induced metastasis seems to require maturation of the proenzyme, in endosomes and in large acidic compartments identified as phagosomes. Rather than increase cancer cell escape from the primary tumor through basement membrane degradation as proposed for neutral proteinases, cath-D appears to facilitate cell growth at distant sites. The mechanism of this indirect mitogenic effect is discussed from results obtained in different models. Different cath-D substrates (growth inhibitors, precursors of growth factors, etc.) are proposed to mediate this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garcia
- Université de Montpellier I, France
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Nadji M, Fresno M, Nassiri M, Conner G, Herrero A, Morales AR. Cathepsin D in host stromal cells, but not in tumor cells, is associated with aggressive behavior in node-negative breast cancer. Hum Pathol 1996; 27:890-5. [PMID: 8816882 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(96)90214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One hundred fifty-four axillary lymph node-negative invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast were immunohistochemically evaluated for the expression of cathepsin D. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections of each tumor were stained using a polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant procathepsin D. Cathepsin D content of tumor cells and host histiocytes and fibroblasts within or immediately at the invasive border of tumors were assessed separately and correlated with histomorphology, estrogen-receptor content, and patients' survival data. Positive cathepsin D staining of tumor cells was associated with a lower nuclear grade and well-differentiated histology, whereas moderate to strong staining of host cells correlated with larger tumor size, higher nuclear grade, poorly differentiated histomorphology, and lack of estrogen-receptor (ER) protein. No statistically significant correlation was found between cathepsin D in tumor cells and survival. There was, however, a statistically significant correlation between moderate to strong cathepsin D staining of host cells and shorter disease-free and overall survivals. Expression of cathepsin D by host cells, however, did not have an independent influence on survival. The authors conclude that cathepsin D in stromal cells, but not in tumor cells, is associated with aggressive behavior in node-negative invasive ductal carcinomas of breast. Furthermore, determination of cathepsin D in cytosolic extracts of tumors is of no practical value because it may represent cathepsin D content of tumor cells, intratumoral host cells, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nadji
- University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL, USA
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17
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Long BJ, van den Berg HW. Reduced levels of cathepsin D associated with tamoxifen resistance and estrogen independence in the ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell line. Cancer Lett 1996; 99:233-8. [PMID: 8616829 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)04098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The expression and secretion of cathepsin D by ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells, and tamoxifen-resistant (ZR-75-9a1) and estrogen-independent (ZR-PR-LT) variants was examined by electrophoresis of labeled proteins and Western blotting. Secreted proteins of 160 kDa, 52 kDa and 34 kDa were identified, and in ZR-75-1 cells, they were shown to be estrogen-inducible. Treatment of ZR-75-9a1 cells with 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and the progestin ORG 2058 increased secretion of the 52 kDa protein; ZR-PR-LT cells were unaffected. Western blotting showed that each cell line expressed high levels of the 52 kDa and 34 kDa forms of cathepsin D but that relatively little was being secreted. Each cell line secreted 52 kDa procathepsin D, but 34 kDa mature-cathepsin D was not detected as a secreted protein. ZR-75-1 cells expressed and secreted the highest levels of cathepsin D while ZR-75-9a1 cells expressed and secreted the least.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Long
- Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Westley
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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19
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Vignon F, Rochefort H. Re: "Mitogenic activity of procathepsin D purified from conditioned medium of breast cancer cells by affinity chromatography on pepstatinyl agarose" by Stewart et al. Int J Cancer 1995; 62:233. [PMID: 7662021 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910620221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Abstract
A large number of estrogen-regulated mRNAs have been identified in human breast cancer cells. Some of these encode proteins whose regulation by estrogen had been established previously. Others have been identified by differential screening of cDNA libraries established from estrogen-stimulated breast cancer cells. The regulation of these RNAs by estrogens in different cell lines is reviewed. The possible role of their gene products where known is discussed as is the possibility that the proteins mediate the proliferative effects of estrogens on breast cancer cells. The possibility that measurement of one or more of these estrogen-regulated gene products in breast tumours might allow prediction of the likely benefit of patients from endocrine therapies is evaluated. Finally the impact that they have had on current understanding of how estrogens and antiestrogens regulate transcription of endogenous genes in human breast cancer cells is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E May
- Department of Pathology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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