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De Filippo C, Chioccioli S, Meriggi N, Troise AD, Vitali F, Mejia Monroy M, Özsezen S, Tortora K, Balvay A, Maudet C, Naud N, Fouché E, Buisson C, Dupuy J, Bézirard V, Chevolleau S, Tondereau V, Theodorou V, Maslo C, Aubry P, Etienne C, Giovannelli L, Longo V, Scaloni A, Cavalieri D, Bouwman J, Pierre F, Gérard P, Guéraud F, Caderni G. Gut microbiota drives colon cancer risk associated with diet: a comparative analysis of meat-based and pesco-vegetarian diets. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:180. [PMID: 39334498 PMCID: PMC11438057 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is strongly affected by dietary habits with red and processed meat increasing risk, and foods rich in dietary fibres considered protective. Dietary habits also shape gut microbiota, but the role of the combination between diet, the gut microbiota, and the metabolite profile on CRC risk is still missing an unequivocal characterisation. METHODS To investigate how gut microbiota affects diet-associated CRC risk, we fed Apc-mutated PIRC rats and azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rats the following diets: a high-risk red/processed meat-based diet (MBD), a normalised risk diet (MBD with α-tocopherol, MBDT), a low-risk pesco-vegetarian diet (PVD), and control diet. We then conducted faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from PIRC rats to germ-free rats treated with AOM and fed a standard diet for 3 months. We analysed multiple tumour markers and assessed the variations in the faecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing together with targeted- and untargeted-metabolomics analyses. RESULTS In both animal models, the PVD group exhibited significantly lower colon tumorigenesis than the MBD ones, consistent with various CRC biomarkers. Faecal microbiota and its metabolites also revealed significant diet-dependent profiles. Intriguingly, when faeces from PIRC rats fed these diets were transplanted into germ-free rats, those transplanted with MBD faeces developed a higher number of preneoplastic lesions together with distinctive diet-related bacterial and metabolic profiles. PVD determines a selection of nine taxonomic markers mainly belonging to Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae families exclusively associated with at least two different animal models, and within these, four taxonomic markers were shared across all the three animal models. An inverse correlation between nonconjugated bile acids and bacterial genera mainly belonging to the Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae families (representative of the PVD group) was present, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for the protective effect of these genera against CRC. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the protective effects of PVD while reaffirming the carcinogenic properties of MBD diets. In germ-free rats, FMT induced changes reminiscent of dietary effects, including heightened preneoplastic lesions in MBD rats and the transmission of specific diet-related bacterial and metabolic profiles. Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that diet-associated cancer risk can be transferred with faeces, establishing gut microbiota as a determinant of diet-associated CRC risk. Therefore, this study marks the pioneering demonstration of faecal transfer as a means of conveying diet-related cancer risk, firmly establishing the gut microbiota as a pivotal factor in diet-associated CRC susceptibility. Video Abstract.
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Grants
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- JTC-2017-7 Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life-Intestinal Microbiomics (JPI HDHL-INTIMIC) Call for Joint Transnational Research Proposals on "Interrelation of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet and Health"
- Expression of interest # 895 HDHL INTIMIC-Knowledge Platform on food, diet, intestinal microbiomics and human health
- Expression of interest # 895 HDHL INTIMIC-Knowledge Platform on food, diet, intestinal microbiomics and human health
- PE00000003 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.3 - Call for tender No. 341 of 15 March 2022 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU; Project title "ON Foods - Research and innovation network on food and nutrition Sustainability, Safety and Security - Working ON Foods"
- PE00000003 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.3 - Call for tender No. 341 of 15 March 2022 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU; Project title "ON Foods - Research and innovation network on food and nutrition Sustainability, Safety and Security - Working ON Foods"
- PE00000003 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.3 - Call for tender No. 341 of 15 March 2022 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU; Project title "ON Foods - Research and innovation network on food and nutrition Sustainability, Safety and Security - Working ON Foods"
- ECS00000017 European Union - NextGenerationEU - National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Mission 4 Component 2 - Investment 1.5 - THE - Tuscany Health Ecosystem
- ECS00000017 European Union - NextGenerationEU - National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Mission 4 Component 2 - Investment 1.5 - THE - Tuscany Health Ecosystem
- G. Caderni University of Florence (Fondo ex-60%), Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sofia Chioccioli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Dario Troise
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitali
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariela Mejia Monroy
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serdar Özsezen
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Katia Tortora
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Aurélie Balvay
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Maudet
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Naud
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Edwin Fouché
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Charline Buisson
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Jacques Dupuy
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Valérie Bézirard
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Sylvie Chevolleau
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Valérie Tondereau
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Claire Maslo
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Perrine Aubry
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Camille Etienne
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Jildau Bouwman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Pierre
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Françoise Guéraud
- Toxalim, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, 31027, France
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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OGG1 in the Kidney: Beyond Base Excision Repair. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5774641. [PMID: 36620083 PMCID: PMC9822757 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5774641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) is a repair protein for 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in eukaryotic atopic DNA. Through the initial base excision repair (BER) pathway, 8-oxoG is recognized and excised, and subsequently, other proteins are recruited to complete the repair. OGG1 is primarily located in the cytoplasm and can enter the nucleus and mitochondria to repair damaged DNA or to exert epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. OGG1 is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, such as DNA repair, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and autophagy. In recent years, studies have found that OGG1 plays an important role in the progression of kidney diseases through repairing DNA, inducing inflammation, regulating autophagy and other transcriptional regulation, and governing protein interactions and functions during disease and injury. In particular, the epigenetic effects of OGG1 in kidney disease have gradually attracted widespread attention. This study reviews the structure and biological functions of OGG1 and the regulatory mechanism of OGG1 in kidney disease. In addition, the possibility of OGG1 as a potential therapeutic target in kidney disease is discussed.
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Nuclear factor Nrf2 promotes glycosidase OGG1 expression by activating the AKT pathway to enhance leukemia cell resistance to cytarabine. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102798. [PMID: 36528059 PMCID: PMC9823221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is the dominant challenge in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) exerts a vital function in drug resistance of many tumors. Nevertheless, the potential molecular mechanism of Nrf2 regulating the base excision repair pathway that mediates AML chemotherapy resistance remains unclear. Here, in clinical samples, we found that the high expression of Nrf2 and base excision repair pathway gene encoding 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosidase (OGG1) was associated with AML disease progression. In vitro, Nrf2 and OGG1 were highly expressed in drug-resistant leukemia cells. Upregulation of Nrf2 in leukemia cells by lentivirus transfection could decrease the sensitivity of leukemia cells to cytarabine, whereas downregulation of Nrf2 in drug-resistant cells could enhance leukemia cell chemosensitivity. Meanwhile, we found that Nrf2 could positively regulate OGG1 expression in leukemia cells. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that Nrf2 could bind to the promoter of OGG1. Furthermore, the use of OGG1 inhibitor TH5487 could partially reverse the inhibitory effect of upregulated Nrf2 on leukemia cell apoptosis. In vivo, downregulation of Nrf2 could increase the sensitivity of leukemia cell to cytarabine and decrease OGG1 expression. Mechanistically, Nrf2-OGG1 axis-mediated AML resistance might be achieved by activating the AKT signaling pathway to regulate downstream apoptotic proteins. Thus, this study reveals a novel mechanism of Nrf2-promoting drug resistance in leukemia, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of drug-resistant/refractory leukemia.
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Irving AA, Waters BJ, Seeman JR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Vitamin D receptor absence does not enhance intestinal tumorigenesis in ApcPirc/+ rats. Biol Open 2022; 11:275913. [PMID: 35662320 PMCID: PMC9277077 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological observations have prompted some to posit that elevated circulating vitamin D is responsible for reduced colon cancer in individuals residing near the equator. We have previously demonstrated that vitamin D has no effect on colon cancer in two rodent models of intestinal tumorigenesis. We have now extended this line of inquiry to ask whether ablation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) affects tumorigenesis. A VDR null rat was developed using Cas9-CRISPR technology, which allowed us to investigate whether 1,25(OH)D3 signaling through its receptor plays a role in intestinal tumorigenesis. Loss of VDR expression alone did not induce tumorigenesis, even in animals exposed to the inflammatory agent dextran sodium sulfate. These VDR−/− rats were then crossed with ApcPirc/+ rats, which are predisposed to the development of intestinal neoplasms. In combination with the Pirc/+ mutation, VDR loss did not enhance tumor multiplicity, growth, or progression in the colon or small intestine. This study demonstrates that the vitamin D receptor does not impact tumor development, and strongly supports previous findings that vitamin D itself does not play a role in colon cancer development or progression. Alternative explanations are needed for the original latitude hypothesis, as well as observational data in humans. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Loss of vitamin D receptor, alone or in combination with either an inflammatory agent or the ApcPirc/+ rat intestinal tumor model, did not enhance tumor occurrence, growth, or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Irving
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bayley J Waters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy R Seeman
- DiaSorin Inc, 1951 Northwestern Avenue, Stillwater, MN 55082, USA
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Intestinal microbiota profiles in a genetic model of colon tumorigenesis correlates with colon cancer biomarkers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1432. [PMID: 35082322 PMCID: PMC8792020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFaecal (FM) and colon mucosal associated microbiota (MAM) were studied in a model of colorectal cancer (CRC), the Apc-mutated Pirc rats, and in age-paired wt F344 rats. Principal Coordinates Analysis indicated that samples’ distribution was driven by age, with samples of young rats (1 month old; without tumours) separated from older ones (11-month-old; bearing tumours). Diversity analysis showed significant differences between FM and MAM in older Pirc rats, and between MAM of both Pirc and wt rats and the tumour microbiota, enriched in Enterococcus, Escherichia/Shigella, Proteus and Bifidobacteriaceae. In young animals, Pirc FM was enriched in the genus Delftia, while wt FM was enriched in Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. Some CRC biomarkers and faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also measured. Colon proliferation and DClK1 expression, a pro-survival mucosal marker, were higher in Pirc than in wt rats, while the mucin MUC2, was lower in Pirc rats. Branched SCFAs were higher in Pirc than in wt animals. By Spearman analysis CRC biomarkers correlated with FM (in both young and old rats) and with MAM (in young rats), suggesting a specific relationship between the gut microbiota profile and these functional mucosal parameters deserving further investigation.
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Tortora K, Margheri F, Luceri C, Mocali A, Ristori S, Magnelli L, Caderni G, Giovannelli L. Colon fibroblasts from Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apc am1137 ) exhibit a proliferative and inflammatory phenotype that could support early stages of colon carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:362-373. [PMID: 34486752 PMCID: PMC9291568 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of fibroblast APC mutation in carcinogenesis is not clear. Apc+/− colon fibroblasts have been previously characterized: however, little is known about their behavior at very early‐stage of colon carcinogenesis. We cultured colon mucosa fibroblasts (PCF, Apc+/−) of Pirc rats (F344/NTac‐Apcam1137) at an early stage of tumorigenesis, in absence of preneoplastic lesions, and of age‐matched wt (WCF): DNA damage levels, inflammatory phenotype and the expression of known markers of CAFs were analyzed. The latter were also assessed by microarray analysis on colon normal mucosa of Pirc and wt animals. PCF exhibited higher proliferative rates (P < .001) and delayed replicative senescence onset (P < .05) compared to WCF, along with a lower level of oxidative DNA damage (P < .05). Furthermore, a constitutively higher expression of COX‐2 and sensitivity to inflammatory stimuli was found in PCF compared to WCF (P < .05), accompanied by higher invasive capability (P < .05) and presence of cytoplasmic chromatin foci (cytoplasmic chromatin foci, P < .05). However, they neither expressed CAFs markers (α‐SMA, IL‐6) nor responded to CAFs activating stimuli (TGF‐β). Accordingly, CAFs markers and activating stimuli resulted down‐regulated in Pirc normal mucosa compared to wt, whereas DNA damage response and tolerance pathways were overexpressed. These data show for the first time that a proliferative and inflammatory phenotype characterizes Apc+/− colon fibroblasts since very early stages of colon tumorigenesis, and indicate a role of Apc mutation in driving fibroblast phenotypic alterations that could support the establishment of a protumorigenic environment. Early pharmacological targeting of these dysfunctions might impact on tumor prevention in FAP patients.
What's new?
Heterozygous mutations in APC represent the earliest event in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis onset and cause familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome. However, the role of APC‐mutated fibroblasts remains unclear. Here, Apc+/‐ fibroblasts isolated from apparently‐normal colon tissue of Pirc rats showed proliferative, inflammatory features and resistance to oxidative DNA damage, although they did not show cancer‐associated fibroblast features. These data suggest that, at the very early stages of colon tumourigenesis, Apc‐mutated colon fibroblasts favour the establishment of a pro‐tumourigenic environment for pre‐neoplastic lesion development. Early pharmacological targeting of these dysfunctions might be valuable for tumour prevention in familial adenomatous polyposis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Tortora
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Luceri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mocali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Ristori
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Magnelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Yarla NS, Madka V, Pathuri G, Rao CV. Molecular Targets in Precision Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer: An Update from Pre-Clinical to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249609. [PMID: 33348563 PMCID: PMC7765969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. The initiation and progression of CRC is a multi-step process that proceeds via precursor lesions to carcinoma, with each stage characterized by its distinct molecular and tissue microenvironment changes. Precursor lesions of CRC, aberrant crypt foci, and adenoma exhibit drastic changes in genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles compared to normal tissue. The identification of these changes is essential and provides further validation as an initiator or promoter of CRC and, more so, as lesion-specific druggable molecular targets for the precision chemoprevention of CRC. Mutated/dysregulated signaling (adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor, V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), tumor protein53, Akt, etc.), inflammatory (cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and other pro-inflammatory mediators), and metabolic/growth factor (fatty acid synthase, β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and ornithine decarboxylase) related targets are some of the well-characterized molecular targets in the precision chemoprevention of CRC. In this review, we discuss precursor-lesion specific targets of CRC and the current status of pre-clinical studies regarding clinical interventions and combinations for better efficacy and safety toward future precision clinical chemoprevention. In addition, we provide a brief discussion on the usefulness of secondary precision chemopreventive targets for tertiary precision chemoprevention to improve the disease-free and overall survival of advanced stage CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S. Yarla
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Gopal Pathuri
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
- VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-271-3224; Fax: +1-405-271-3225
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Tortora K, Vitali F, De Filippo C, Caderni G, Giovannelli L. DNA damage in colon mucosa of Pirc rats, an Apc-driven model of colon tumorigenesis. Toxicol Lett 2020; 324:12-19. [PMID: 32035981 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
APC mutation is the first event triggering colon carcinogenesis (CRC). The contribution of APC to colon mucosa DNA damage is not well characterized yet. Similarly, the role of genotoxin-producer gut microorganisms is unclear. DNA strand breaks and oxidative damage were measured in Pirc rats, mutated in Apc, with the COMET assay at age 1 (T1) and 11 months (T11), i.e. in absence and presence of colon adenomas. In Pirc colon mucosa a 2-fold increase in the mean level of DNA oxidative damage was found at T11 compared to T1. Moreover, the analysis of DNA damage distribution showed that the proportion of Pirc mucosa cells in the highest DNA damage class was increased compared to wt rats at T1 and T11 months (p < 0.05 and <0.001, respectively). The analysis of colon mucosa-associated microbiota composition showed that this result was not attributable to the presence of genotoxin-producer bacteria B. fragilis nor E. coli. However, Pirc colon mucosa was enriched in Clostridium cluster XI, harmful bacteria in the large intestine, while the wt colon mucosa was enriched in Clostridium cluster IV. This work provides an original way to investigate the interplay between Apc and gut microbiota in affecting DNA stability during CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Tortora
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitali
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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Acute changes in colonic PGE 2 levels as a biomarker of efficacy after treatment of the Pirc (F344/NTac-Apc am1137) rat with celecoxib. Inflamm Res 2019; 69:131-137. [PMID: 31797003 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate short-term treatment with COX-2 inhibitors and acute changes in colonic PGE2 levels as predictors of long-term efficacy in a genetic model of colorectal cancer. METHODS Celecoxib oral suspension (40 mg/kg BID) was dosed to Apc-mutant Pirc (F344/NTac-Apcam1137) rats for 4 days (short-term group), or the equivalent dose of 1500 ppm celecoxib was administered in the diet for 4 months (long-term group). Percent inhibition of colonic PGE2 was calculated, and the reduction in colonic PGE2 was assessed in relation to suppression of adenomatous colon polyps. RESULTS Colonic mucosa PGE2 was fourfold higher in Pirc than in F344 wild-type rats (21 vs. 5.6 pg/mg epithelial tissue), due at least in part to higher COX-2 expression, and this was confirmed by elevated PGE2-d11 levels in Pirc colonic S9 incubations. In the 4-day study, dose-dependent reductions in PGE2 were observed in colonic epithelium (-33% (P>0.05) and -57% (P=0.0012)), after low- and high-dose celecoxib treatments of 4 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg (bid), respectively. In the 4-month study, 1500 ppm celecoxib suppressed colonic epithelium PGE2 by 43.5%, and tumor multiplicity by 80% (P<0.0015). Suppression of plasma 6-keto PGF1α also was corroborated following long-term treatment with 1500 ppm celecoxib (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acute changes in colonic mucosa PGE2 provided a rapid means of predicting long-term chemopreventive effects from celecoxib, and might be useful for screening of new COX-2 inhibitor compounds.
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Supplementation with phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers reduces intestinal carcinogenesis and restores ER-β expression in Apc-driven colorectal carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 29:27-35. [PMID: 31651566 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation with phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers has been reported to reduce duodenal polyps in colectomized familial adenomatous polyposis patients, with a mechanism involving, at least in part, upregulation of estrogen receptor-β subtype, whose expression is lowered during intestinal tumorigenesis. These data suggest a protective effect also in the colon, the main target organ for tumorigenesis in familial adenomatous polyposis and a major cancer type in non-familial (sporadic) cancers. Therefore, we tested whether a similar preparation might reduce tumorigenesis in the colon of Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apc) mutated in the Apc gene and thus, like familial adenomatous polyposis patients, spontaneously developing multiple tumors in the colon. We first demonstrate that estrogen receptor-β expression in Pirc rat colon is significantly down-regulated compared to age-matched wt rats. Then, Pirc rats aged 1 month were treated for 3 months with Adipol (Adi), a patented preparation containing phytoestrogens and insoluble fibers. Colon tumorigenesis was significantly reduced by Adi treatment (colon tumors/rat were 5.3 ± 0.8 and 2.9 ± 0.3, Mucin Depleted Foci/rat 127 ± 6.6 and 97.1 ± 8.6 in Controls and Adi-treated rats, respectively, means ± SE, P < 0.01). The treatment also normalized colon proliferation pattern along the crypt and significantly increased apoptosis in colon tumors. Estrogen receptor-β expression was increased by Adi treatment, especially in the tumors. These positive effects suggest that Adipol may be exploited as a chemopreventive agent to reduce cancer risk in familial adenomatous polyposis patients and to postpone prophylactic colectomy. Moreover, given the similarities between familial adenomatous polyposis and sporadic colorectal cancer, it might also be used as chemopreventive agent in colorectal cancer patients at risk.
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Navarra M, Femia AP, Romagnoli A, Tortora K, Luceri C, Cirmi S, Ferlazzo N, Caderni G. A flavonoid-rich extract from bergamot juice prevents carcinogenesis in a genetic model of colorectal cancer, the Pirc rat (F344/NTac-Apc am1137). Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:885-894. [PMID: 30919084 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the potential of a flavonoid-rich extract from bergamot juice (BJe) to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) in vivo. MAIN METHODS Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apcam1137), mutated in Apc, the key gene in CRC, were treated with two different doses of BJe (35 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg body weight, respectively) mixed in the diet for 12 weeks. Then, the entire intestine was surgically removed and dissected for histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. RESULTS Rats treated with BJe showed a significant dose-related reduction in the colon preneoplastic lesions mucin-depleted foci (MDF). Colon and small intestinal tumours were also significantly reduced in rats supplemented with 70 mg/kg of BJe. To elucidate the involved mechanisms, markers of inflammation and apoptosis were determined. Compared to controls, colon tumours from BJe 70 mg/kg-supplemented rats showed a significant down-regulation of inflammation-related genes (COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 and Arginase 1). Moreover, in colon tumours from rats fed with 70 mg/kg BJe, apoptosis was significantly higher than in controls. Up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of survivin and p21 genes was also observed. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate a strong chemopreventive activity of BJe that, at least in part, is due to its pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions. This effect could be exploited as a strategy to prevent CRC in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Angelo Pietro Femia
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Romagnoli
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Tortora
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Luceri
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Santa Cirmi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Fondazione "Prof. Antonio Imbesi", Messina, Italy
| | - Nadia Ferlazzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Lori G, Paoli P, Femia AP, Pranzini E, Caselli A, Tortora K, Romagnoli A, Raugei G, Caderni G. Morin-dependent inhibition of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) restores sensitivity to apoptosis during colon carcinogenesis: Studies in vitro and in vivo, in an Apc-driven model of colon cancer. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:686-698. [PMID: 30582224 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
LMW-PTP has been associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and with the resistance to chemotherapy in cancer cells. To clarify its role in vivo, we studied LMW-PTP expression in Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apc am1137 ), genetically prone to CRC and resistant to apoptosis. In the morphologically normal mucosa (NM) of Pirc rats, a dramatic over-expression of LMW-PTP was found compared to wt rats (about 60 times higher). Moreover, LMW-PTP levels further increase in spontaneously developed Pirc colon tumors. To understand if and how LMW-PTP affects resistance to apoptosis, we studied CRC cell lines, sensitive (HT29 and HCT-116), or resistant (HT29R, HCT116R) to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU): resistant cells over-express LMW-PTP. When resistant cells were challenged with morin, a polyphenol inhibiting LMW-PTP, a fast and dose-related down-regulation of LMW-PTP was observed. 5-FU and morin co-treatment dramatically decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, and significantly impaired self-renewal ability of all the cancer cell lines we have studied. Similarly, we observed that, in Pirc rats, one-week morin administration (50 mg/kg) down-regulated LMW-PTP and restored the apoptotic response to 5-FU in the NM. Finally, administration of morin for a longer period led to a significant reduction in colon precancerous lesions, together with a down-regulation of LMW-PTP. Taken together, these results document the involvement of LMW-PTP in the process of CRC in vitro and in vivo. Morin treatment may be envisaged as a system to increase the sensitivity to chemotherapy and to prevent carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angelo Pietro Femia
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Pranzini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Caselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Tortora
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Romagnoli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Raugei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Tortora K, Femia AP, Romagnoli A, Sineo I, Khatib M, Mulinacci N, Giovannelli L, Caderni G. Pomegranate By-Products in Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention: Effects in Apc-Mutated Pirc Rats and Mechanistic Studies In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28948694 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To investigate the effect of pomegranate mesocarp, a polyphenol-rich by-product of juice production, in colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention. METHODS AND RESULTS A mesocarp decoction (PMD) is administered for 6 weeks in the diet to Pirc rats, mutated in Apc, a key-gene in CRC. Mucin-depleted foci (MDFs), as CRC biomarkers, are reduced in PMD-fed rats compared to controls (MDF/colon: 34 ± 4 versus 47 ± 3, p = 0.02). There is an increase in apoptosis in MDFs from PMD-treated rats compared to controls (2.5 ± 0.2 versus 1.6 ± 0.2, p < 0.01). To elucidate the involved mechanisms, two colon-relevant metabolites of the polyphenolic and fiber PMD components, urolithin-A (u-A) and sodium butyrate (SB), are tested alone or in combination in vitro (colon cancer cells), and ex vivo in adenoma (AD) and normal mucosa (NM) from Pirc rats. u-A 25 μm plus SB 2.5 mm (USB) causes a significant reduction in COX-2 protein expression compared to untreated controls (about -70% in cancer cell cultures, AD, and NM), and a strong increase in C-CASP-3 expression in cells (about ten times), in AD and NM (+74 and +69%). CONCLUSION These data indicate a chemopreventive activity of PMD due, at least in part, to pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory action of its metabolites that could be exploited in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Tortora
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angelo Pietro Femia
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Romagnoli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Sineo
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khatib
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Accurate quantification of PGE 2 in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model by surrogate analyte-based UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 148:42-50. [PMID: 28957718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An accurate and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method is reported for the quantification of endogenous Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in rat colonic mucosa and polyps. This method adopted the "surrogate analyte plus authentic bio-matrix" approach, using two different stable isotopic labeled analogs - PGE2-d9 as the surrogate analyte and PGE2-d4 as the internal standard. A quantitative standard curve was constructed with the surrogate analyte in colonic mucosa homogenate, and the method was successfully validated with the authentic bio-matrix. Concentrations of endogenous PGE2 in both normal and inflammatory tissue homogenates were back-calculated based on the regression equation. Because of no endogenous interference on the surrogate analyte determination, the specificity was particularly good. By using authentic bio-matrix for validation, the matrix effect and exaction recovery are identically same for the quantitative standard curve and actual samples - this notably increased the assay accuracy. The method is easy, fast, robust and reliable for colon PGE2 determination. This "surrogate analyte" approach was applied to measure the Pirc (an Apc-mutant rat kindred that models human FAP) mucosa and polyps PGE2, one of the strong biomarkers of colorectal cancer. A similar concept could be applied to endogenous biomarkers in other tissues.
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Astragali radix: could it be an adjuvant for oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy? Sci Rep 2017; 7:42021. [PMID: 28186109 PMCID: PMC5301199 DOI: 10.1038/srep42021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is a major side effect of platinum derivatives both during and after treatment. In the absence of effective pharmacological compounds, the opportunity to identify safe adjuvant treatments among medicinal plants seems appropriate. Astragali radix is an adaptogenic herbal product recently analyzed in platinum-treated cancer patients. With the aim of evaluating the anti-neuropathic profile of Astragali radix, a previously characterized aqueous (Aqu) and two hydroalcoholic (20%HA and 50%HA) extracts were tested in a rat model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. Repeated administrations significantly reduced oxaliplatin-dependent hypersensitivity with 50%HA, the most effective, fully preventing mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Ex vivo, 50%HA reduced morphometric and molecular alterations induced by oxaliplatin in peripheral nerve and dorsal-root-ganglia. In the spinal cord and in brain areas, 50%HA significantly decreased activation of microglia and astrocytes. Furthermore, 50%HA prevented the nephro- and hepato-toxicity induced by the anticancer drug. The protective effect of 50%HA did not alter oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in colon tumors of Pirc rats, an Apc-driven model of colon carcinogenesis. The hydroalcoholic extract (50%HA) of Astragali radix relieves pain and promotes the rescue mechanisms that protect nervous tissue from the damages triggering chronic pain. A safe profile strongly suggests the usefulness of this natural product in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy.
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Gene Expression Profile of Colon Mucosa after Cytotoxic Insult in wt and Apc-Mutated Pirc Rats: Possible Relation to Resistance to Apoptosis during Carcinogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1310342. [PMID: 27840820 PMCID: PMC5093255 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1310342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apc-mutated Pirc rats, spontaneously developing intestinal tumours, are resistant to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine- (DMH-) induced colon apoptosis. To understand this phenomenon, we analyzed the expression of genotoxic stress-related genes Mgmt, Gsta1, and Gstp1 in the colon of wt and Pirc rats in basal conditions and 24 h after DMH; plasmatic oxidant/antioxidant status was also evaluated. After DMH, Mgmt expression was increased in both genotypes but significantly only in wt rats; Gsta1 expression was significantly increased in both genotypes. Gstp1 expression did not vary after DMH but was lower in Pirc rats. Moreover, for each genotype, we studied by microarray technique whole gene expression profile after DMH. By unsupervised cluster analysis, 28 genes were differentially modulated between the two genotypes. Among them were interferon-induced genes Irf7, Oas1a, Oasl2, and Isg15 and the transcription factor Taf6l, overexpressed in DMH-treated wt rats and unchanged in Pirc rats. RT-PCR confirmed their overexpression in DMH-treated wt rats and showed a slighter variation in DMH-treated Pirc rats. Taken together, despite a blunted induction of Irf7, Oas1a, and Mgmt, defective apoptosis in Pirc rats 24 h after DMH is not mirrored by major differences in gene expression compared with wt rats.
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Ertem FU, Zhang W, Chang K, Mohaiza Dashwood W, Rajendran P, Sun D, Abudayyeh A, Vilar E, Abdelrahim M, Dashwood RH. Oncogenic targets Mmp7, S100a9, Nppb and Aldh1a3 from transcriptome profiling of FAP and Pirc adenomas are downregulated in response to tumor suppression by Clotam. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:460-468. [PMID: 27706811 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intervention strategies in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients and other high-risk colorectal cancer (CRC) populations have highlighted a critical need for endoscopy combined with safe and effective preventive agents. We performed transcriptome profiling of colorectal adenomas from FAP patients and the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) preclinical model, and prioritized molecular targets for prevention studies in vivo. At clinically relevant doses in the Pirc model, the drug Clotam (tolfenamic acid, TA) was highly effective at suppressing tumorigenesis both in the colon and in the small intestine, when administered alone or in combination with Sulindac. Cell proliferation in the colonic crypts was reduced significantly by TA, coincident with increased cleaved caspase-3 and decreased Survivin, β-catenin, cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase 7. From the list of differentially expressed genes prioritized by transcriptome profiling, Mmp7, S100a9, Nppb and Aldh1a3 were defined as key oncogene candidates downregulated in colon tumors after TA treatment. Monthly colonoscopies revealed the rapid onset of tumor suppression by TA in the Pirc model, and the temporal changes in Mmp7, S100a9, Nppb and Aldh1a3, highlighting their value as potential early biomarkers for prevention in the clinical setting. We conclude that TA, an "old drug" repurposed from migraine, offers an exciting new therapeutic avenue in FAP and other high-risk CRC patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan U Ertem
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M University Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, TX.,University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M University Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, TX
| | - Kyle Chang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wan Mohaiza Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M University Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, TX
| | - Praveen Rajendran
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M University Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, TX
| | - Deqiang Sun
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M University Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, TX
| | - Ala Abudayyeh
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M University Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, TX.,Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maen Abdelrahim
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M University Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, TX.,Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Roderick H Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M University Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, TX.,Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX
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Sødring M, Gunnes G, Paulsen JE. Spontaneous initiation, promotion and progression of colorectal cancer in the novel A/J Min/+ mouse. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1936-46. [PMID: 26566853 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6J multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min/+) mouse is a widely used murine model for familial adenomatous polyposis, a hereditary form of human colorectal cancer. However, it is a questionable model partly because the vast majority of tumors arise in the small intestine, and partly because the fraction of tumors that progress to invasive carcinomas is minuscule. A/J mice are typically more susceptible to carcinogen-induced colorectal cancer than C57BL/6J mice. To investigate whether the novel Min/+ mouse on the A/J genetic background could be a better model for colorectal cancer, we examined the spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in 81 A/J Min/+ mice ranging in age from 4 to 60 weeks. The A/J Min/+ mouse exhibited a dramatic increase in number of colonic lesions when compared to what has been reported for the conventional Min/+ mouse; however, an increase in small intestinal lesions did not occur. In addition, this novel mouse model displayed a continual development of colonic lesions highlighted by the transition from early lesions (flat ACF) to tumors over time. In mice older than 40 weeks, 13 colonic (95% CI: 8.7-16.3) and 21 small intestinal (95% CI: 18.6-24.3) tumors were recorded. Notably, a considerable proportion of those lesions progressed to carcinomas in both the colon (21%) and small intestine (51%). These findings more closely reflect aspects of human colorectal carcinogenesis. In conclusion, the novel A/J Min/+ mouse may be a relevant model for initiation, promotion and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Sødring
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gjermund Gunnes
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Paulsen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Femia AP, Soares PV, Luceri C, Lodovici M, Giannini A, Caderni G. Sulindac, 3,3'-diindolylmethane and curcumin reduce carcinogenesis in the Pirc rat, an Apc-driven model of colon carcinogenesis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:611. [PMID: 26335331 PMCID: PMC4559292 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, we showed that Sulindac (SU; 320 ppm) reduces precancerous lesions in the colon of Pirc rats, mutated in the Apc gene. Surprisingly, previous data in Apc-mutated mice showed that SU, with reported efficacy in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), increases colon carcinogenesis. Therefore, we assessed the effect of SU 320 ppm in a long-term carcinogenesis experiment in Pirc rats. Moreover, since side effects of SU hamper its chronic use and a combination of drugs could be more effective and less toxic than single agents, we also studied whether two natural compounds, 3,3’-diindolylmethane (DIM; 250 ppm) and curcumin (CUR; 2000 ppm), with or without lower doses of SU could affect carcinogenesis Methods Pirc rats were fed an AIN76 diet containing SU, DIM and CUR and sacrificed at 8 months of age to measure intestinal tumours. Apoptosis and proliferation in the normal colon mucosa, as well as gene expression profile were studied Results Colon tumours were significantly reduced by SU 320 ppm (62 % reduction over Controls), by DIM and CUR without or with SU 80 and 160 ppm (50, 53 and 58 % reduction, respectively) but not by SU 80 ppm alone. Total tumours (colon and small intestine) were reduced by SU (80 and 320 ppm) and by DIM and CUR. Apoptosis in the normal mucosa was significantly increased by SU 320 ppm, and slightly increased by DIM and CUR with or without SU. A slight reduction in Survivin-Birc5 expression was observed with all the treatments compared to Controls. Proliferative activity was not varied Conclusions The results on SU reinforce the validity of Pirc rats to identify chemopreventive products. Moreover, the efficacy of the DIM and CUR combination to lower colon tumours, suggests an alternative strategy to be exploited in patients at risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1627-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pietro Femia
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 6 Viale Pieraccini, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Paulo Victoria Soares
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Luceri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 6 Viale Pieraccini, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Maura Lodovici
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 6 Viale Pieraccini, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Augusto Giannini
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Prato, Prato, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 6 Viale Pieraccini, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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Exploring the role and diversity of mucins in health and disease with special insight into non-communicable diseases. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:575-613. [PMID: 26239922 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are major glycoprotein components of the mucus that coats the surfaces of cells lining the respiratory, digestive, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. They function to protect epithelial cells from infection, dehydration and physical or chemical injury, as well as to aid the passage of materials through a tract i.e., lubrication. They are also implicated in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant diseases of secretory epithelial cells. In Human there are two types of mucins, membrane-bound and secreted that are originated from mucous producing goblet cells localized in the epithelial cell layer or in mucous producing glands and encoded by MUC gene. Mucins belong to a heterogeneous family of high molecular weight proteins composed of a long peptidic chain with a large number of tandem repeats that form the so-called mucin domain. The molecular weight is generally high, ranging between 0.2 and 10 million Dalton and all mucins contain one or more domains which are highly glycosylated. The size and number of repeats vary between mucins and the genetic polymorphism represents number of repeats (VNTR polymorphisms), which means the size of individual mucins can differ substantially between individuals which can be used as markers. In human it is only MUC1 and MUC7 that have mucin domains with less than 40% serine and threonine which in turn could reduce number of PTS domains. Mucins can be considered as powerful two-edged sword, as its normal function protects from unwanted substances and organisms at an arm's length while, malfunction of mucus may be an important factor in human diseases. In this review we have unearthed the current status of different mucin proteins in understanding its role and function in various non-communicable diseases in human with special reference to its organ specific locations. The findings described in this review may be of direct relevance to the major research area in biomedicine with reference to mucin and mucin associated diseases.
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Femia AP, Becherucci C, Crucitta S, Caderni G. Apc-driven colon carcinogenesis in pirc rat is strongly reduced by polyethylene glycol. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2270-3. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pietro Femia
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Caterina Becherucci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Stefania Crucitta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
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