1
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Albadari N, Xie Y, Li W. Deciphering treatment resistance in metastatic colorectal cancer: roles of drug transports, EGFR mutations, and HGF/c-MET signaling. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1340401. [PMID: 38269272 PMCID: PMC10806212 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1340401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2023, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. At the time of the initial visit, 20% of patients diagnosed with CRC have metastatic CRC (mCRC), and another 25% who present with localized disease will later develop metastases. Despite the improvement in response rates with various modulation strategies such as chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, the prognosis of mCRC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 14%, and the primary reason for treatment failure is believed to be the development of resistance to therapies. Herein, we provide an overview of the main mechanisms of resistance in mCRC and specifically highlight the role of drug transports, EGFR, and HGF/c-MET signaling pathway in mediating mCRC resistance, as well as discuss recent therapeutic approaches to reverse resistance caused by drug transports and resistance to anti-EGFR blockade caused by mutations in EGFR and alteration in HGF/c-MET signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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2
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Fukui S, Umeda K, Kubota H, Iwai A, Akazawa R, Isobe K, Tanaka K, Kouzuki K, Kawabata N, Saida S, Kato I, Hiramatsu H, Itatani Y, Funakoshi T, Adachi S, Takita J. Use of Cabozantinib to Treat MET -amplified Pediatric Colorectal Cancer. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 45:e423-e426. [PMID: 35536994 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric colorectal cancer (CRC) is extremely rare, with little information about genetic profiles compared with adult CRC. Here, a 13-year-old male with advanced CRC underwent cancer gene panel testing, which detected 4 genetic abnormalities ( MET amplification in addition to TP53 , SMAD4 , and CTNNA1 mutations) that might be associated with a poor prognosis. Based on high-level MET amplification, he received a multikinase inhibitor, cabozantinib, after failure of first-line and second-line chemotherapy, resulting in transient disease stabilization. Tailored targeted therapy based on molecular profiling can be an effective treatment strategy for rare cancers such as pediatric CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Souichi Adachi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Al Bitar S, El-Sabban M, Doughan S, Abou-Kheir W. Molecular mechanisms targeting drug-resistance and metastasis in colorectal cancer: Updates and beyond. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:1395-1426. [PMID: 36998426 PMCID: PMC10044855 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i9.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed malignancy and a major leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite advances in therapeutic regimens, the number of patients presenting with metastatic CRC (mCRC) is increasing due to resistance to therapy, conferred by a small population of cancer cells, known as cancer stem cells. Targeted therapies have been highly successful in prolonging the overall survival of patients with mCRC. Agents are being developed to target key molecules involved in drug-resistance and metastasis of CRC, and these include vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in addition to immune checkpoints. Currently, there are several ongoing clinical trials of newly developed targeted agents, which have shown considerable clinical efficacy and have improved the prognosis of patients who do not benefit from conventional chemotherapy. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the use of existing and novel targeted agents against drug-resistant CRC and mCRC. Furthermore, we discuss limitations and challenges associated with targeted therapy and strategies to combat intrinsic and acquired resistance to these therapies, in addition to the importance of implementing better preclinical models and the application of personalized therapy based on predictive biomarkers for treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Al Bitar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Samer Doughan
- Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
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4
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Tang YL, Li DD, Duan JY, Sheng LM, Wang X. Resistance to targeted therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: Current status and new developments. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:926-948. [PMID: 36844139 PMCID: PMC9950860 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i6.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal and common malignancies in the world. Chemotherapy has been the conventional treatment for metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients. However, the effects of chemotherapy have been unsatisfactory. With the advent of targeted therapy, the survival of patients with CRC have been prolonged. Over the past 20 years, targeted therapy for CRC has achieved substantial progress. However, targeted therapy has the same challenge of drug resistance as chemotherapy. Consequently, exploring the resistance mechanism and finding strategies to address the resistance to targeted therapy, along with searching for novel effective regimens, is a constant challenge in the mCRC treatment, and it is also a hot research topic. In this review, we focus on the current status on resistance to existing targeted therapies in mCRC and discuss future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ling Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Yu Duan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei-Ming Sheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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5
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Johnson BM, Pham TA, Young KJ, Bantis LE, Sun W, Kasi A. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Treatment Timing does not Impact Survival in Stage 4 Colon Cancer Treatment: A Retrospective Study. Kans J Med 2022; 15:273-277. [PMID: 36042840 PMCID: PMC9409940 DOI: 10.17161/kjm.vol15.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colon cancer impacts the lives of Kansans and those across the United States. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as panitumumab and cetuximab, have gained popularity as first-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer despite their toxicities and have been used by clinicians in later lines of therapy. EGFR inhibitors have been proven to be an efficacious first-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer, but no study has investigated outcomes comparing EGFR inhibitors as first-line treatment to its use as second- or third-line treatment. This study investigated EGFR inhibitor therapy estimated overall survival when used as first-, second-, and third-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer. Methods A retrospective review was done for patients with stage 4 colon cancer who underwent EGFR inhibitor treatment at a large academic center from November 2007 to August 2021. The patients were stratified into five groups by the line in which they received the EGFR inhibitor treatment. A log-rank test was used to analyze the groups, and the median survival for each group was determined. Results A total of 68 patients were reviewed; 18 received first-line, 23 received second-line, 18 received third-line, 6 received fourth-line, and 3 received sixth-line treatment with an EGFR inhibitor. Fourth- and sixth-line therapies were excluded due to small patient size. There was no significant difference in estimated survival time between any of the lines. Median survival of the therapies was found. Conclusions There was no statistical difference in survival between the first-, second-, or third-line groups, which may provide justification for its use as a second- or third-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Tony A Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Kate J Young
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Leonidas E Bantis
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Weijing Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Anup Kasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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6
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Reyes-Robles T, Olow AK, Bechtel TJ, Lesley SA, Fadeyi OO, Oslund RC. Nanoscale Mapping of EGFR and c-MET Protein Environments on Lung Cancer Cell Surfaces via Therapeutic Antibody Photocatalyst Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2304-2314. [PMID: 35939534 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in essential signaling roles that impact cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation. The overexpression or mutation of these proteins can lead to aberrant signaling that has been directly linked to a number of diseases including cancer cell formation and progression. This has led to intense clinical focus on modulating RTK activity through direct targeting of signaling activity or cell types harboring aberrant RTK behavior. In particular, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has attracted intense clinical attention due to the impact of inhibiting this RTK on tumor growth. However, mutations incurred through targeting EGFR have led to therapeutic resistance that involves not only direct mutations to the EGFR protein but also the involvement of other RTKs, such as c-MET, that can overcome therapeutic-based EGFR inhibition effects. This has, not surprisingly, led to co-targeting strategies of RTKs such as EGFR and c-MET to overcome resistance mechanisms. While the ability to co-target these proteins has led to success in the clinic, a more comprehensive understanding of their proximal environments, particularly in the context of therapeutic modalities, could further enhance both our understanding of their signaling biology and provide additional avenues for targeting these surface proteins. Thus, to investigate EGFR and c-MET protein microenvironments, we utilized our recently developed iridium photocatalyst-based microenvironment mapping technology to catalog EGFR and c-MET surface environments on non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Through this approach, we enriched EGFR and c-MET from the cell surface and identified known EGFR and c-MET associators as well as previously unidentified proximal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Reyes-Robles
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Aleksandra K Olow
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tyler J Bechtel
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Scott A Lesley
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Olugbeminiyi O Fadeyi
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Rob C Oslund
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
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7
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Zhang Z, Li D, Yun H, Tong J, Liu W, Chai K, Zeng T, Gao Z, Xie Y. Opportunities and challenges of targeting c-Met in the treatment of digestive tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:923260. [PMID: 35978812 PMCID: PMC9376446 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.923260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, a large number of studies have demonstrated that c-Met generally exerts a crucial function of promoting tumor cells proliferation and differentiation in digestive system tumors. c-Met also mediates tumor progression and drug resistance by signaling interactions with other oncogenic molecules and then activating downstream pathways. Therefore, c-Met is a promising target for the treatment of digestive system tumors. Many anti-tumor therapies targeting c-Met (tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and adoptive immunotherapy) have been developed in treating digestive system tumors. Some drugs have been successfully applied to clinic, but most of them are defective due to their efficacy and complications. In order to promote the clinical application of targeting c-Met drugs in digestive system tumors, it is necessary to further explore the mechanism of c-Met action in digestive system tumors and optimize the anti-tumor treatment of targeting c-Met drugs. Through reading a large number of literatures, the author systematically reviewed the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of c-Met associated with tumor and summarized the current status of targeting c-Met in the treatment of digestive system tumors so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of digestive system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Heng Yun
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Keqiang Chai
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Tongwei Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Zhenghua Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Xie, ; Zhenghua Gao,
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Xie, ; Zhenghua Gao,
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8
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Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: From Mechanism to Clinic. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122928. [PMID: 35740594 PMCID: PMC9221177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The 5-year survival rate is 90% for patients with early CRC, 70% for patients with locally advanced CRC, and 15% for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). In fact, most CRC patients are at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Although chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy have significantly improved patient survival, some patients are initially insensitive to these drugs or initially sensitive but quickly become insensitive, and the emergence of such primary and secondary drug resistance is a significant clinical challenge. The most direct cause of resistance is the aberrant anti-tumor drug metabolism, transportation or target. With more in-depth research, it is found that cell death pathways, carcinogenic signals, compensation feedback loop signal pathways and tumor immune microenvironment also play essential roles in the drug resistance mechanism. Here, we assess the current major mechanisms of CRC resistance and describe potential therapeutic interventions.
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9
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André L, Antherieu G, Boinet A, Bret J, Gilbert T, Boulahssass R, Falandry C. Oncological Treatment-Related Fatigue in Oncogeriatrics: A Scoping Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2470. [PMID: 35626074 PMCID: PMC9139887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a highly prevalent symptom in both cancer patients and the older population, and it contributes to quality-of-life impairment. Cancer treatment-related fatigue should thus be included in the risk/benefit assessment when introducing any treatment, but tools are lacking to a priori estimate such risk. This scoping review was designed to report the current evidence regarding the frequency of fatigue for the different treatment regimens proposed for the main cancer indications, with a specific focus on age-specific data, for the following tumors: breast, ovary, prostate, urothelium, colon, lung and lymphoma. Fatigue was most frequently reported using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) versions 3 to 5. A total of 324 regimens were analyzed; data on fatigue were available for 217 (67%) of them, and data specific to older patients were available for 35 (11%) of them; recent pivotal trials have generally reported more fatigue grades than older studies, illustrating increasing concern over time. This scoping review presents an easy-to-understand summary that is expected to provide helpful information for shared decisions with patients regarding the anticipation and prevention of fatigue during each cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise André
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Geriatrics Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69230 Saint Genis-Laval, France; (L.A.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Gabriel Antherieu
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Geriatrics Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69230 Saint Genis-Laval, France; (L.A.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Amélie Boinet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Geriatrics Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69230 Saint Genis-Laval, France; (L.A.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Judith Bret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Geriatrics Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69230 Saint Genis-Laval, France; (L.A.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Gilbert
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Geriatrics Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69230 Saint Genis-Laval, France; (L.A.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
- Research on Healthcare Professionals and Performance RESHAPE, Inserm U1290, Lyon 1 University, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Rabia Boulahssass
- Geriatric Coordination Unit for Geriatric Oncology (UCOG) PACA Est CHU de Nice, 06000 Nice, France;
- FHU OncoAge, 06000 Nice, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sofia Antilpolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Claire Falandry
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Geriatrics Department, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69230 Saint Genis-Laval, France; (L.A.); (G.A.); (A.B.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
- FHU OncoAge, 06000 Nice, France
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U.1060/Université Lyon1/INRA U. 1397/INSA Lyon/Hospices Civils Lyon, Bâtiment CENS-ELI 2D, Hôpital Lyon Sud Secteur 2, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- UCOGIR—Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Ouest–Guyane, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Faculty of Medicine and Maieutics Charles Mérieux, Lyon 1 University, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
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10
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Therapeutic Strategies for Ovarian Cancer in Point of HGF/c-MET Targeting. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58050649. [PMID: 35630066 PMCID: PMC9147666 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and is regarded as one of the most difficult cancers to treat. Currently, studies are being conducted to develop therapeutic agents for effective treatment of ovarian cancer. In this review, we explain the properties of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) and how the signaling pathway of HGF/c-MET is activated in different cancers and involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis of ovarian cancer. We present the findings of clinical studies using small chemicals or antibodies targeting HGF/c-MET signaling in various cancer types, particularly in ovarian cancer. We also discuss that HGF/c-MET-targeted therapy, when combined with chemo drugs, could be an effective strategy for ovarian cancer therapeutics.
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11
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To KKW, Cho WCS. Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition Factor (MET): A Key Player in Chemotherapy Resistance and an Emerging Target for Potentiating Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:269-285. [PMID: 35255791 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220307105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The MET protein is a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase predominately expressed in epithelial cells. Upon binding of its only known ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), MET homodimerizes, phosphorylates, and stimulates intracellular signalling to drive cell proliferation. Amplification or hyperactivation of MET is frequently observed in various cancer types and it is associated with poor response to conventional and targeted chemotherapy. More recently, emerging evidence also suggests that MET/HGF signalling may play an immunosuppressive role and it could confer resistance to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized the preclinical and clinical evidence of MET's role in drug resistance to conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Previous clinical trials investigating MET-targeted therapy in unselected or MET-overexpressing cancers yielded mostly unfavourable results. More recent clinical studies focusing on MET exon 14 alterations and MET amplification have produced encouraging treatment responses to MET inhibitor therapy. The translational relevance of MET inhibitor therapy to overcome drug resistance in cancer patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Motta R, Cabezas-Camarero S, Torres-Mattos C, Riquelme A, Calle A, Montenegro P, Sotelo MJ. Personalizing first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer: Present status and future perspectives. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:771-785. [PMID: 34988329 PMCID: PMC8710355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent neoplasms worldwide, and the majority of patients are diagnosed in advanced stages. Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) harbors several mutations with different prognostic and predictive values; KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations are the best known. Indeed, RAS and BRAF molecular status are associated with a different response to monoclonal antibodies (Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor agents), which are usually added to chemotherapy in first-line, and thus allow to select the optimal therapy for patients with mCRC. Furthermore, sidedness is an important predictive and prognostic factor in mCRC, which is explained by the different molecular profile of left and right-sided tumors. Recently, microsatellite instability-high has emerged as a predictive factor of response and survival from immune checkpoint inhibitors in mCRC. Finally, several other alterations have been described in lower frequencies, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 overexpression/amplification, PIK3CA pathway alterations, phosphatase and tension homolog loss, and hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor pathway dysregulation, with several targeted therapies already demonstrating activity or being tested in currently ongoing clinical trials. AIM To review the importance of studying the predictive and prognostic roles of the molecular profile of mCRC, the changes occurred in recent years and how they would potentially change in the near future, to guide physicians in treatment decisions. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Today, several different therapeutic options can be offered to patients in the first-line setting of mCRC. Therapies at present approved or under investigation in clinical trials will be thoroughly reviewed, with special emphasis on the molecular rationale behind them. Understanding the molecular status, resistance mechanisms and potential new druggable targets may allow physicians to choose the best therapeutic option in the first-line mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Motta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Aliada Cancer Center, Lima, Peru
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Santiago Cabezas-Camarero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesar Torres-Mattos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru
- Oncological Research Unit, Clínica San Gabriel, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Riquelme
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Calle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Aliada Cancer Center, Lima, Peru
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital María Auxiliadora, Lima, Peru
| | - Paola Montenegro
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
- Auna-OncoSalud Network, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel J. Sotelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Aliada Cancer Center, Lima, Peru
- Oncological Research Unit, Clínica San Gabriel, Lima, Peru
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital María Auxiliadora, Lima, Peru
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13
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Zhou J, Ji Q, Li Q. Resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer: underlying mechanisms and reversal strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:328. [PMID: 34663410 PMCID: PMC8522158 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that are effective agents for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Cetuximab can prolong survival by 8.2 months in RAS wild-type (WT) mCRC patients. Unfortunately, resistance to targeted therapy impairs clinical use and efficiency. The mechanisms of resistance refer to intrinsic and extrinsic alterations of tumours. Multiple therapeutic strategies have been investigated extensively to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR mAbs. The intrinsic mechanisms include EGFR ligand overexpression, EGFR alteration, RAS/RAF/PI3K gene mutations, ERBB2/MET/IGF-1R activation, metabolic remodelling, microsatellite instability and autophagy. For intrinsic mechanisms, therapies mainly cover the following: new EGFR-targeted inhibitors, a combination of multitargeted inhibitors, and metabolic regulators. In addition, new cytotoxic drugs and small molecule compounds increase the efficiency of cetuximab. Extrinsic alterations mainly disrupt the tumour microenvironment, specifically immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and angiogenesis. The directions include the modification or activation of immune cells and suppression of CAFs and anti-VEGFR agents. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (anti-EGFR mAbs) and discuss diverse approaches to reverse resistance to this therapy in hopes of identifying more mCRC treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ, Firuzi O. Combination of HGF/MET-targeting agents and other therapeutic strategies in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103234. [PMID: 33497758 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MET receptor has emerged as a druggable target across several human cancers. Agents targeting MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) including small molecules such as crizotinib, tivantinib and cabozantinib or antibodies including rilotumumab and onartuzumab have proven their values in different tumors. Recently, capmatinib was approved for treatment of metastatic lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping. In this review, we critically examine the current evidence on how HGF/MET combination therapies may take advantage of synergistic effects, overcome primary or acquired drug resistance, target tumor microenvironment, modulate drug metabolism or tackle pharmacokinetic issues. Preclinical and clinical studies on the combination of HGF/MET-targeted agents with conventional chemotherapeutics or molecularly targeted treatments (including EGFR, VEGFR, HER2, RAF/MEK, and PI3K/Akt targeting agents) and also the value of biomarkers are examined. Our deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying successful pharmacological combinations is crucial to find the best personalized treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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15
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Shao Z, Pan H, Tu S, Zhang J, Yan S, Shao A. HGF/c-Met Axis: The Advanced Development in Digestive System Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:801. [PMID: 33195182 PMCID: PMC7649216 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that abnormal activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway can lead to cell proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis of cancers of the digestive system. Moreover, overexpression of c-Met has been implicated in poor prognosis of patients with these forms of cancer, suggesting the possibility for HGF/c-Met axis as a potential therapeutic target. Despite the large number of clinical and preclinical trials worldwide, no significant positive success in the use of anti-HGF/c-Met treatments on cancers of the digestive system has been achieved. In this review, we summarize advanced development of clinical research on HGF/c-Met antibody and small-molecule c-Met inhibitors of cancers of the digestive system and provide a possible direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoqi Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Li QH, Wang YZ, Tu J, Liu CW, Yuan YJ, Lin R, He WL, Cai SR, He YL, Ye JN. Anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: mechanisms and potential regimens of drug resistance. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 8:179-191. [PMID: 32665850 PMCID: PMC7333932 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab and panitumumab, as the highly effective antibodies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), have clinical activity in the patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). These agents have good curative efficacy, but drug resistance also exists at the same time. The effects of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations and HER2 amplification on the treatment of refractory mCRC have been elucidated and the corresponding countermeasures have been put forward. However, the changes in EGFR and its ligands, the mutations or amplifications of PIK3CA, PTEN, TP53, MET, HER3, IRS2, FGFR1, and MAP2K1, the overexpression of insulin growth factor-1, the low expression of Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death, mismatch repair-deficient, and epigenetic instability may also lead to drug resistance in mCRC. Although the emergence of drug resistance has genetic or epigenetic heterogeneity, most of these molecular changes relating to it are focused on the key signaling pathways, such as the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway. Accordingly, numerous efforts to target these signaling pathways and develop the novel therapeutic regimens have been carried out. Herein, we have reviewed the underlying mechanisms of the resistance to anti-EGFR therapy and the possible implications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hai Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Zhao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Tu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chu-Wei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Run Lin
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Ling He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Rong Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Long He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ning Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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17
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Guo R, Luo J, Chang J, Rekhtman N, Arcila M, Drilon A. MET-dependent solid tumours - molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:569-587. [PMID: 32514147 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to develop MET-targeted therapies have historically focused on MET-expressing cancers, with limited success. Thus, MET expression in the absence of a genomic marker of MET dependence is a poor predictor of benefit from MET-targeted therapy. However, owing to the development of more sensitive methods of detecting genomic alterations, high-level MET amplification and activating MET mutations or fusions are all now known to be drivers of oncogenesis. MET mutations include those affecting the kinase or extracellular domains and those that result in exon 14 skipping. The activity of MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors varies by MET alteration category. The likelihood of benefit from MET-targeted therapies increases with increasing levels of MET amplification, although no consensus exists on the optimal diagnostic cut-off point for MET copy number gains identified using fluorescence in situ hybridization and, in particular, next-generation sequencing. Several agents targeting exon 14 skipping alterations are currently in clinical development, with promising data available from early-phase trials. By contrast, the therapeutic implications of MET fusions remain underexplored. Here we summarize and evaluate the utility of various diagnostic techniques and the roles of different classes of MET-targeted therapies in cancers with MET amplification, mutation and fusion, and MET overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guo
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Chang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Xie YH, Chen YX, Fang JY. Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:22. [PMID: 32296018 PMCID: PMC7082344 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most lethal and prevalent malignancies in the world and was responsible for nearly 881,000 cancer-related deaths in 2018. Surgery and chemotherapy have long been the first choices for cancer patients. However, the prognosis of CRC has never been satisfying, especially for patients with metastatic lesions. Targeted therapy is a new optional approach that has successfully prolonged overall survival for CRC patients. Following successes with the anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) agent cetuximab and the anti-angiogenesis agent bevacizumab, new agents blocking different critical pathways as well as immune checkpoints are emerging at an unprecedented rate. Guidelines worldwide are currently updating the recommended targeted drugs on the basis of the increasing number of high-quality clinical trials. This review provides an overview of existing CRC-targeted agents and their underlying mechanisms, as well as a discussion of their limitations and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hong Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Xuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Wu Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Liu G. Tivantinib Hampers the Proliferation of Glioblastoma Cells via PI3K/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7383-7390. [PMID: 31575848 PMCID: PMC6790099 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma, the most common and malignant glial tumor, often has poor prognosis. Tivantinib has shown its potential in treating c-Met-high carcinoma. No studies have explored whether tivantinib inhibits the development of glioblastoma. Material/Methods The correlation between c-Met expression and clinicopathological characteristics of glioblastoma was investigated. U251 and T98MG glioblastoma cells treated with tivantinib, PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), PI3K activator (740 Y-P), and/or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor were subjected to MTT assay or colony formation assay to evaluate cell proliferation. The expression of mTOR signaling and caspase-3 in tivantinib-treated glioblastoma cells was differentially measured by western blotting. Results In a group of Chinese patients, expression of c-Met was elevated with the size of glioblastoma, but not with the other clinicopathological characteristics, including gender, age, grade, IDH status, 1p/19q status, and Ki67 status. High dose of tivantinib (1 μmol/L) obviously repressed the proliferation and colony formation of U251 and T98MG glioblastoma cells, but low dose (0.1 μmol/L) of tivantinib failed to retard cell proliferation. Tivantinib blocked PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling but did not change the expression of cleaved caspase-3. PI3K activator 740 Y-P (20 μmol/L) significantly rescued tivantinib-induced decrease of cell proliferation. Tivantinib (1 μmol/L) in combination with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (0.5 μmol/L) and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (0.1 nmol/L) largely inhibited the proliferation of glioblastoma cells. Conclusions c-MET inhibitor tivantinib blocks PIKE/Akt/mTOR signaling and hampers the proliferation of glioblastoma cells, which endows the drug a therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wu
- Department of General Practice, Linyi Central Hospital, Yishui, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhizhang Li
- Department of General Practice, Linyi Central Hospital, Yishui, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Yishui, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Guiyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Fourth People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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20
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He AR, Cohen RB, Denlinger CS, Sama A, Birnbaum A, Hwang J, Sato T, Lewis N, Mynderse M, Niland M, Giles J, Wallin J, Moser B, Zhang W, Walgren R, Plimack ER. First-in-Human Phase I Study of Merestinib, an Oral Multikinase Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Oncologist 2019; 24:e930-e942. [PMID: 30833489 PMCID: PMC6738318 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this nonrandomized, open-label, phase I study (NCT01285037) was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of merestinib, an oral antiproliferative and antiangiogenic kinase inhibitor, and to determine a recommended phase II dose and schedule for patients with advanced cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a multicenter, nonrandomized, open-label, phase I study of oral merestinib consisting of six parts: dose escalation (part A), followed by a four-cohort dose-confirmation study (part B) and subsequently a four-part dose expansion and combination safety testing of merestinib with standard doses of cetuximab (part C), cisplatin (part D), gemcitabine and cisplatin (part E), and ramucirumab (part F) in patients with specific types of advanced cancers. Safety, tolerability, antitumor activity, and pharmacokinetics were evaluated in all cohorts. RESULTS The dose escalation, confirmation, and expansion results support the dosing of merestinib at 120 mg once daily, based on acceptable exposure and safety at this dose. One complete response was observed in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma, and three patients with cholangiocarcinoma achieved a partial response. Overall, 60 (32%) of the 186 patients enrolled in the study had a best response of stable disease. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that merestinib has a tolerable safety profile and potential anticancer activity and warrants further clinical investigation. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Merestinib treatment in patients with advanced cancer demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and potential antitumor activity, supporting its future development in specific disease populations as a monotherapy and/or in combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwu Ruth He
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roger B Cohen
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Crystal S Denlinger
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashwin Sama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ariel Birnbaum
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jimmy Hwang
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy Lewis
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian Moser
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Plimack
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Phase II Study of Tivantinib and Cetuximab in Patients With KRAS Wild-type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer With Acquired Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors and Emergence of MET Overexpression: Lesson Learned for Future Trials With EGFR/MET Dual Inhibition. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019; 18:125-132.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Parizadeh SM, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani R, Fazilat-Panah D, Hassanian SM, Shahidsales S, Khazaei M, Parizadeh SMR, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The potential therapeutic and prognostic impacts of the c-MET/HGF signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:802-811. [PMID: 31116909 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and a common cause of cancer-related mortality globally. In spite of the improvements in the early diagnosis of CRC, approximately one-third of patients develop metastasis and then have a very poor survival rate. The mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) is a tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor activated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Activation of c-MET/HGF signaling pathway regulates a variety of biological processes including cell motility, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and the development and progression of cancer cells. Recent studies have suggested that the c-MET/HGF signaling pathway is involved in the carcinogenesis of CRC. In this review, we summarize the main findings of recent studies investigating the role of c-MET/HGF signaling pathway in CRC and the potential of the c-MET/HGF signaling pathways in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Tong H, Zhu Y, Liu Y. Incidence and risk of fatigue in cancer patients treated with MET inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15522. [PMID: 31145273 PMCID: PMC6709275 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The N-methyl-N'-nitroso-guanidine human osteosarcoma transforming gene (MET) inhibitors show a surprising survival benefit in the treatment of numerous tumors especially in MET-high tumor. Besides their impressive efficacy, fatigue reduced by MET inhibitors is still the safety issue during treatment. Thus, an understanding of this risk in the context of expanding MET-inhibitors use is an important cost and patient safety issue. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases for relevant studies up to October 2017. Eligibility criteria included phase II/III trials of MET inhibitors that reported adequate safety profiles of fatigue. The principal summary measures were incidence and relative risk (RR) of all-grade (grade 1-4) and high-grade (grade 3-4) fatigue, respectively. Random-effects model was applied to consider within-study and between-study variation. RESULTS A total of 5028 patients from 17 clinical trials were identified. The results revealed that the incidences of MET inhibitors-associated all-grade and high-grade fatigue were 41.9% and 9.6%, respectively. The RR of high-grade fatigue was (RR = 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.66; P = .0009), whereas the RR of all-grade fatigue was (RR = 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.15; P = .71). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis has demonstrated that MET inhibitors-based treatment is associated with an increased risk of high-grade fatigue compared with control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Tong
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
| | - Yutian Zhu
- Department of Andrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
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24
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Sun ZG, Yang YA, Zhang ZG, Zhu HL. Optimization techniques for novel c-Met kinase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 14:59-69. [PMID: 30518273 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1551355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-An Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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25
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HGF/c-MET: A Promising Therapeutic Target in the Digestive System Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113295. [PMID: 30360560 PMCID: PMC6274736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HGF/c-MET pathway is active in the development of digestive system cancers, indicating that inhibition of HGF/c-MET signaling may have therapeutic potential. Various HGF/c-MET signaling inhibitors, mainly c-MET inhibitors, have been tested in clinical trials. The observed efficacy and adverse events of some c-MET inhibitors were not very suitable for treating digestive system cancers. The development of new HGF/c-MET inhibitors in preclinical studies may bring promising treatments and synergistic combination (traditional anticancer drugs and c-MET inhibitors) strategies provided anacceptable safety and tolerability. Insights into miRNA biology and miRNA therapeutics have made miRNAs attractive tools to inhibit HGF/c-MET signaling. Recent reports show that several microRNAs participate in inhibiting HGF/c-MET signaling networks through antagonizing c-MET or HGF in digestive system cancers, and the miRNAs-HGF/c-MET axis plays crucial and novel roles for cancer treatment. In the current review, we will discuss recent findings about inhibitors of HGF/c-MET signaling in treating digestive system cancers, and how miRNAs regulate digestive system cancers via mediating HGF/c-MET pathway.
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26
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Jia J, Morse MA, Nagy RJ, Lanman RB, Strickler JH. Cell-Free DNA Profiling to Discover Mechanisms of Exceptional Response to Cabozantinib Plus Panitumumab in a Patient With Treatment Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:305. [PMID: 30211110 PMCID: PMC6121109 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MET amplification is rare in treatment-naïve metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors, but can emerge as a mechanism of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that patients with MET amplified tumors benefit from MET-targeted therapy. Cabozantinib is an inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, included c-MET. Panitumumab is an inhibitor of EGFR. This report describes a patient with KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF wild-type metastatic CRC who experienced disease progression on all standard chemotherapy and anti-EGFR antibody therapy. The patient was enrolled in a clinical trial evaluating the combination of cabozantinib plus panitumumab. After only 6 weeks of treatment, the patient experienced a significant anti-tumor response. Although tumor tissue was negative for MET amplification, molecular profiling of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) revealed MET amplification. This case represents the first report showing the activity of cabozantinib in combination with panitumumab in a patient with metastatic CRC, and suggests that MET amplification in cfDNA may be a biomarker of response. A clinical trial targeting MET amplified metastatic CRC is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingquan Jia
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael A. Morse
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - John H. Strickler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Liu SV, Groshen SG, Kelly K, Reckamp KL, Belani C, Synold TW, Goldkorn A, Gitlitz BJ, Cristea MC, Gong IY, Semrad TJ, Xu Y, Xu T, Koczywas M, Gandara DR, Newman EM. A phase I trial of topotecan plus tivantinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:723-732. [PMID: 30128950 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) that target MET signaling have shown promise in various types of cancer, including lung cancer. Combination strategies have been proposed and developed to increase their therapeutic index. Based on preclinical synergy between inhibition of MET and topoisomerase I, a phase I study was designed to explore the combination of topotecan with the MET TKI tivantinib. METHODS Eligible patients with advanced solid malignancies for which there was no known effective treatment received topotecan at doses of 1.0-1.5 mg/m2/day for five consecutive days in 21-day cycles with continuous, oral tivantinib given at escalating doses of 120-360 mg orally twice daily. Pharmacokinetic analyses of tivantinib were included. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) were collected serially to identify peripheral changes in MET phosphorylation. RESULTS The trial included 18 patients, 17 of whom received treatment. At the planned doses, the combination of topotecan and tivantinib was not tolerable due to thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. The addition of G-CSF to attenuate neutropenia did not improve tolerability. Greater tivantinib exposure, assessed through pharmacokinetic analysis, was associated with greater toxicity. No responses were seen. MET phosphorylation was feasible in CTC, but no changes were seen with therapy. CONCLUSIONS The combination of topotecan and oral tivantinib was not tolerable in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Liu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Susan G Groshen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Kelly
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amir Goldkorn
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barbara J Gitlitz
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - I-Yeh Gong
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Semrad
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yucheng Xu
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tong Xu
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David R Gandara
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Birgisson H, Tsimogiannis K, Freyhult E, Kamali-Moghaddam M. Plasma Protein Profiling Reveal Osteoprotegerin as a Marker of Prognostic Impact for Colorectal Cancer. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:1034-1043. [PMID: 29982101 PMCID: PMC6037900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Due to difficulties in predicting recurrences in colorectal cancer stages II and III, reliable prognostic biomarkers could be a breakthrough for individualized treatment and follow-up. OBJECTIVE: To find potential prognostic protein biomarkers in colorectal cancer, using the proximity extension assays. METHODS: A panel of 92 oncology-related proteins was analyzed with proximity extension assays, in plasma from a cohort of 261 colorectal cancer patients with stage II-IV. The survival analyses were corrected for disease stage and age, and the recurrence analyses were corrected for disease stage. The significance threshold was adjusted for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: The plasma proteins expression levels had a greater prognostic relevance in disease stage III colorectal cancer than in disease stage II, and for overall survival than for time to recurrence. Osteoprotegerin was the only biomarker candidate in the protein panel that had a statistical significant association with overall survival (P = .00029). None of the proteins were statistically significantly associated with time to recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Of the 92 analyzed plasma proteins, osteoprotegerin showed the strongest prognostic impact in patients with colorectal cancer, and therefore osteoprotegerin is a potential predictive marker, and it also could be a target for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi Birgisson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Patnaik A, Gordon M, Tsai F, Papadopoulos KP, Rasco D, Beeram M, Fu S, Janku F, Hynes SM, Gundala SR, Willard MD, Zhang W, Lin AB, Hong D. A phase I study of LY3164530, a bispecific antibody targeting MET and EGFR, in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:407-418. [PMID: 29926131 PMCID: PMC6105165 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The phase I study characterized the safety, pharmacokinetics, anti-tumor activity, and recommended phase II dose/schedule of LY3164530 in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer. METHODS Patients received LY3164530 on days 1 and 15 (Schedule 1: 300, 600, 1000, and 1250 mg) or Days 1, 8, 15, and 22 (Schedule 2: 500 and 600 mg) of each 28 days cycle. Dose escalation used a modified toxicity probability interval model. RESULTS Dose escalation defined a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 1000 mg on Schedule 1 and 500 mg on Schedule 2. Treatment-emergent adverse events related to study treatment were consistent with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition and included maculopapular rash/dermatitis acneiform (83%, Grade 3/4 17%), hypomagnesemia (55%, Grade 3/4 7%), paronychia (35%), fatigue (28%, Grade 3/4 3%), skin fissures (24%), and hypokalemia (21%, Grade 3/4 7%). Partial response was achieved in three patients on Schedule 2 with colorectal cancer (n = 2) or squamous cell cancer. Overall response rate (ORR) was 10.3%, disease control rate (ORR + stable disease [SD]) was 51.7 and 17.2% of patients had SD ≥ 4 months. The in vivo stability of the bispecific antibody was confirmed. Schedule 2 provided greater and more consistent inhibition of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET)/EGFR throughout the dosing interval than Schedule 1. CONCLUSIONS Although this study defined the LY3164530 MTD and pharmacokinetics on both schedules, significant toxicities associated with EGFR inhibition and lack of a potential predictive biomarker limit future development. Nonetheless, the results provide insight into the development of bispecific antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Patnaik
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics (START), 4383 Medical Drive, Suite 4026, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | | | - Frank Tsai
- HonorHealth Research Institute, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Kyriakos P Papadopoulos
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics (START), 4383 Medical Drive, Suite 4026, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Drew Rasco
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics (START), 4383 Medical Drive, Suite 4026, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Muralidhar Beeram
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics (START), 4383 Medical Drive, Suite 4026, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Siqing Fu
- Cancer Medicine Division, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Filip Janku
- Cancer Medicine Division, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - David Hong
- Cancer Medicine Division, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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Raghav K, Bailey AM, Loree JM, Kopetz S, Holla V, Yap TA, Wang F, Chen K, Salgia R, Hong D. Untying the gordion knot of targeting MET in cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 66:95-103. [PMID: 29730462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite compelling evidence backing the crucial role of a dysregulated MET axis in cancer and a myriad of agents targeting this pathway in active clinical development, the therapeutic value of MET inhibition in cancer oncology remains to be established. Although a series of disappointing clinical trials, at first, lessened fervor for targeting this pathway, investigations continue unabated with a number of novel active compounds entering clinical trials. Suboptimal designs which lacked biomarker selection have been the main reason for these early failures and this has stimulated a more biomarker enriched approach lately. Fresh insights into the mechanics of diverse MET aberrations (amplifications and mutations) have allowed trial enrichment for appropriate patients in appropriate disease settings. Development of MET inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in cancer has been a lesson in itself reflecting the challenging opportunities enclosed in the genetic landscape of cancer. Here, we will review the status of MET targeted therapy in development as it stands today, discuss emerging paradigms in MET inhibition and theorize on concepts for future development. We venture to propose that in spite of early disappointments, the future of this therapeutic strategy is promising with use of appropriate predictive biomarker in the right clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ann Marie Bailey
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan M Loree
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vijaykumar Holla
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Timothy Anthony Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - David Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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Zhang M, Li G, Sun X, Ni S, Tan C, Xu M, Huang D, Ren F, Li D, Wei P, Du X. MET amplification, expression, and exon 14 mutations in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 77:108-115. [PMID: 29641976 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MET amplification, expression, and splice mutations at exon 14 result in dysregulation of the MET signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between MET amplification, protein or mRNA expression, and mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC). MET immunohistochemistry was used for MET protein expression analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization was used for MET amplification detection. Both analyses were performed in tissue microarrays containing 294 colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue samples and 131 samples of adjacent normal epithelial tissue. MET mRNA expression was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 72 fresh colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue samples and adjacent normal colon tissue. Polymerase chain reaction sequencing was performed to screen for MET exon 14 splice mutations in 59 fresh CRC tissue samples. Our results showed that MET protein expression was higher in colorectal tumor tissue than in adjacent normal intestinal epithelium. Positive MET protein expression was associated with significantly poorer overall survival and disease-free survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that positive MET protein expression was an independent risk factor for disease-free survival but not for overall survival. MET mRNA expression was upregulated in tumor tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues. The incidence of MET amplification was 4.4%. None of the patients was positive for MET mutation. Collectively, MET was overexpressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma, and its positive protein expression predicted a poorer outcome in CRC patients. Furthermore, according to our results, MET amplification and exon 14 mutation are extremely rare events in colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Guichao Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shujuan Ni
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Cong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Midie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Fei Ren
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Tumor and circulating biomarkers in patients with second-line hepatocellular carcinoma from the randomized phase II study with tivantinib. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72622-72633. [PMID: 27579536 PMCID: PMC5341932 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ARQ 197-215 was a randomized placebo-controlled phase II study testing the MET inhibitor tivantinib in second-line hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. It identified tumor MET as a key biomarker in HCC.Aim of this research was to study the prognostic and predictive value of tumor (MET, the receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the homonymous MNNG-HOS transforming gene) and circulating (MET, hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], alpha-fetoprotein [AFP], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) biomarkers in second-line HCC. Tumor MET-High status was centrally assessed by immunohistochemistry. Circulating biomarkers were centrally analyzed on serum samples collected at baseline and every 4-8 weeks, using medians as cut-off to determine High/Low status. Tumor MET, tested in 77 patients, was more frequently High after (82%) versus before (40%) sorafenib. A significant interaction (p = 0.04) between tivantinib and baseline tumor MET in terms of survival was observed. Baseline circulating MET and HGF (102 patients) High status correlated with shorter survival (HR 0.61, p = 0.03, and HR 0.60, p = 0.02, respectively), while the association between AFP (104 patients) or VEGF (103 patients) status and survival was non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Tumor MET levels were higher in patients treated with sorafenib. Circulating biomarkers such as MET and HGF may be prognostic in second-line HCC. These results need to be confirmed in larger randomized clinical trials.
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McManus S, Chababi W, Arsenault D, Dubois CM, Saucier C. Dissecting Oncogenic RTK Pathways in Colorectal Cancer Initiation and Progression. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1765:27-42. [PMID: 29589299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7765-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a progressive disorder associated with an accumulation of multiple heterogeneous genetic alterations in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). However, when these cells undergo neoplastic transformation and become cancerous and metastatic, they invariably acquire hallmarks conferring them the ability to hyperproliferate, escape growth-inhibitory and death-inducing cues, and promote angiogenesis as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), fostering their invasive dissemination from primary tumor into distant tissues. Compelling clinical and experimental evidence suggest that aberrant engagement of cell surface growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, like that of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET receptor, underlies CRC metastatic progression by promoting these cancer hallmarks. To date, though, the use of RTK-targeting agents has been viewed as a promising approach for the treatment of metastatic CRC, clinical success has been modest.Our vision is that the prospect of designing RTK-based, improved and innovative CRC therapies and prognostic markers likely rests on a comprehensive understanding of the biological processes and underlying regulatory molecular mechanisms by which deregulation of RTK signaling governs IEC's neoplastic transformation and their transition from noninvasive to metastatic and malignant cells. Herein, we describe our scheme for defining the full scope of oncogenic MET-driven cancer biological processes, in cellulo and in vivo, as well as the individual contribution of MET-binding effectors in a nontransformed IEC model, the IEC-6 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McManus
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Walid Chababi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Arsenault
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Claire M Dubois
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Saucier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Cao B, Zhou X, Yang W, Ma J, Zhou W, Fan D, Hong L. The role of cell-free DNA in predicting colorectal cancer prognosis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:39-48. [PMID: 28838275 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1372191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a cancer of the digestive system with poor prognosis. Cell-free DNA has received much attention with its unique predominance, especially in colorectal cancer. Areas covered: This study has summarized recent advancements and challenges regarding cell-free DNA in predicting CRC prognosis. Furthermore, the authors make predictions on the potential developments concerning cell-free DNA in future prognosis prediction techniques. Expert commentary: Cell-free DNA has the value of predicting CRC prognosis as an important biomarke. Further clinical trials should be performed to promote translating cell-free DNA into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- a The First Brigade of Student , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xin Zhou
- a The First Brigade of Student , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Wanli Yang
- b State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- b State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- b State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Daiming Fan
- b State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Liu Hong
- b State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
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Thewke DP, Kou J, Fulmer ML, Xie Q. The HGF/MET Signaling and Therapeutics in Cancer. CURRENT HUMAN CELL RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7296-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang H, Bao Z, Liao H, Li W, Chen Z, Shen H, Ying S. The efficacy and safety of tivantinib in the treatment of solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113153-113162. [PMID: 29348894 PMCID: PMC5762579 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tivantinib was designed to kill cancers by targeting the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) protein. Although numerous tivantinib clinical trials are ongoing, tivantinib's efficacy and safety are still not clear. This meta-analysis was done to evaluate tivantinib's efficacy and safety in solid tumor treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS PUBMED, EMBASE, and other databases were searched for eligible tivantinib clinical trials. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS, respectively) were pooled and analyzed to evaluate tivantinib's efficacy. Data concerning adverse events (Grade ≥ 3) were pooled to calculate relative risks (RRs) with 95% CI for tivantinib-treated compared with control arms. FINDINGS Patients (1824) from six randomized control trials (RCTs) were enrolled. Compared with controls, tivantinib produced a significant improvement in PFS (HR, 0.73; 95% CI 0.65-0.83) but not in OS. In the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subgroup, tivantinib combined with erlotinib prolonged patients' PFS when compared with controls (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.86). In the white population, tivantinib also significantly improve PFS between treatment and control arms (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.87). Tivantinib significantly improved OS in patients with high levels of MET expression. Tivantinib was shown to increase the risk of anemia and neutropenia. INTERPRETATION Tivantinib was better in prolonging PFS (not OS) in patients with solid tumors. High MET expression cancers may benefit from tivantinib. Tivantinib appeared to be well-tolerated by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqiang Bao
- Department of Cancer Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongwei Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
MET encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The specific combination of c-MET and HGF activates downstream signaling pathways to trigger cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. MET exon 14 alterations and MET gene amplification play a critical role in the origin of cancer. Several monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors of c-MET have been evaluated in clinical trials. In patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, cabozantinib and crizotinib showed clear efficacy with a generally tolerable adverse events profile. In gastrointestinal cancers, most phase III trials of MET inhibitors showed negative results. In hepatocellular carcinoma, based on the encouraging results of some phase II studies, a series of phase III trials are currently recruiting patients to access the efficacy and safety of MET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Nan Mo
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Kyriakopoulos CE, Braden AM, Kolesar JM, Eickhoff JC, Bailey HH, Heideman J, Liu G, Wisinski KB. A phase I study of tivantinib in combination with temsirolimus in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:290-297. [PMID: 28004284 PMCID: PMC5809175 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background A wide variety of human cancers exhibit dysregulated c-Met activity that has implications in oncogenesis. Phosphorylation of c-Met results in activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Combined blockade of c-Met and mTOR pathways has shown efficacy in preclinical studies. Tivantinib is a c-Met inhibitor and temsirolimus is a selective mTOR inhibitor. We aimed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended phase II dose (RP2D), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), adverse events (AEs), clinical activity and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of the combination. Methods This open-label phase I study used a 3 + 3 dose escalation design. Patients (pts) were treated with escalating doses of tivantinib (120-360 mg tablets orally twice daily) and temsirolimus (20 mg IV weekly) followed by dose expansion at the MTD. Separate cohorts were planned for extensive (normal) and poor tivantinib metabolizers based on CYP2C19 genotypes. Cycles were 28 days besides cycle 1 that was 35 days to allow for PK analysis. Results Twenty-nine pts. [median age 58 (range 28-77)] were enrolled (21 in dose escalation and 8 in dose expansion). All were extensive CYP2C19 metabolizers. The most common types of cancer were colorectal, ovarian and non-small cell lung. Sixteen out of 21 and 6 out of 8 pts. were evaluable for DLT evaluation per protocol in the dose escalation and dose expansion phases, respectively. Pts remained on study for a median of 71 days (range 18-296). The MTD and RP2D was tivantinib 240 mg twice daily and temsirolimus 20 mg weekly. DLTs included grade (gr) 4 neutropenia (2 pts.; 1 with gr 3 febrile neutropenia), gr 3 abdominal pain (1 pt) and gr 2 mucositis resulting in inadequate drug delivery. The most common treatment related AEs grade ≥ 2 included: anemia (gr 2 in 9 pts., gr 3 in 3 pts), fatigue (gr 2 in 10 pts), anorexia (gr 2 in 9 pts), hypoalbuminemia (gr 2 in 6 pts., gr 3 in 2 pts), hypophosphatemia (gr 2 in 2 pts., gr 3 in 5 pts) and nausea (gr 2 in 6 pts., gr 3 in 1 pt). One pt. with ovarian cancer had a confirmed partial response and remained on study for 10 months, a second patient with ovarian cancer had stable disease and remained on study for 6 months and a third pt. with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue had stable disease and remained on study for 7 months. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there is no interaction in the plasma concentrations between tivantinib and temsirolimus. Conclusions The combination of tivantinib with temsirolimus appears to be well tolerated with evidence of clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos E Kyriakopoulos
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Amy M Braden
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Jill M Kolesar
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Jens C Eickhoff
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Howard H Bailey
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Jennifer Heideman
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Glenn Liu
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Kari B Wisinski
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
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Bahrami A, Hassanian SM, ShahidSales S, Farjami Z, Hasanzadeh M, Anvari K, Aledavood A, Maftouh M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Avan A. Targeting RAS signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2058-2066. [PMID: 28262927 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is frequently dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). It is involved in the modulation of several downstream effectors, that include: Raf/Mek/Erk, PI3K/Akt, RalGDS/p38MAPK, and Rac/Rho, and thereby influences tumorigenesis, the invasive behaviors of tumor cell, and resistance to therapy. There is growing evidence exploring the use of drugs that target these pathways in the treatment of CRC. Cetuximab has been approved for CRC patients without a KRAS mutation, or for EGFR-expressing metastatic CRC, although some of the patients have a mutation of KRAS and NRAS. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the therapeutic potential of targeting RAS with particular emphasis on recent preclinical and clinical studies in treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soodabeh ShahidSales
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Farjami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Anvari
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Aledavood
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftouh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Targeting c-MET in gastrointestinal tumours: rationale, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:562-576. [PMID: 28374784 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Data from many preclinical studies, including those using cellular models of colorectal, gastric, gastro-oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction cancers, indicate that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET) pathway is vital for the growth, survival and invasive potential of gastrointestinal cancers. Following the availability of data from these various studies, and data on c-MET expression as a biomarker that indicates a poor prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and increased c-MET expression, inhibitors targeting this pathway have entered the clinic in the past decade. However, the design of clinical trials that incorporate the use of HGF/c-MET inhibitors in their most appropriate genetic and molecular context remains crucial. Recognizing and responding to this challenge, the European Commission funded Framework 7 MErCuRIC programme is running a biomarker-enriched clinical trial investigating the efficacy of combined c-MET/MEK inhibition in patients with RAS-mutant or RAS-wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer with aberrant c-MET expression. The design of this trial enables the continued refinement of the predictive biomarker and co-development of companion diagnostics. In this Review, we focus on advances in our understanding of inhibition of the HGF/c-MET pathway in patients with gastro-intestinal cancers, the prominent challenges facing the clinical translation and implementation of agents targeting HGF/c-MET, and discuss the various efforts, and associated obstacles to the discovery and validation of biomarkers that will enable patient stratification in this context.
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Neuzillet C, Rousseau B, Kocher H, Bourget P, Tournigand C. Unravelling the pharmacologic opportunities and future directions for targeted therapies in gastro-intestinal cancers Part 1: GI carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 174:145-172. [PMID: 28223233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Until the 1990s, cytotoxic chemotherapy has been the cornerstone of medical therapy for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Better understanding of the molecular biology of cancer cell has led to the therapeutic revolution of targeted therapies, i.e. monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors directed against proteins that are specifically overexpressed or mutated in cancer cells. These agents being more specific to cancer cells were expected to be less toxic than cytotoxic agents. Targeted agents have provided clinical benefit in many GI cancer types. For example, antiangiogenics and anti-EGFR therapies have significantly improved survival of patients affected by metastatic colorectal cancer and have deeply changed the therapeutic strategy in this disease. However, their effects have sometimes been disappointing, due to intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms (e.g., RAS mutation for anti-EGFR therapies), or to an activity restricted to some tumour settings (e.g., lack of activity in other cancer types, or on the microscopic residual disease in adjuvant setting). Many studies are negative in overall population but positive in some specific patient subgroups (e.g., trastuzumab in HER2-positive gastric cancer), illustrating the importance of patient selection and early identification of predictive biomarkers of response to these therapies. We propose a comprehensive two-part review providing a panoramic approach of the successes and failures of targeted agents in GI cancers to unravel the pharmacologic opportunities and future directions for these agents in GI oncology. In this first part, we will focus on adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, for which targeted therapies are mostly used in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Neuzillet
- INSERM UMR1149, Bichat-Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - PRES Paris 7 Diderot), 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, and 100 boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Est Créteil University (UPEC), 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France; Tumour Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Barts and The London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, United Kingdom.
| | - Benoît Rousseau
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Est Créteil University (UPEC), 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Hemant Kocher
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Barts and The London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Bourget
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Tournigand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Est Créteil University (UPEC), 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
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Chen AD, Li H, Li YC, Zeng H. Naphthazarin suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via the B-cell lymphoma 2/B-cell associated X protein signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5211-5216. [PMID: 28101239 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal cancer in the USA. Naphthazarin, one of the naturally available 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives, is a natural bioactive molecule that exhibits an antitumor effect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the anticancer effect of naphthazarin on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human SW480 colorectal cancer cells. In the present study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays were performed to assess the effect of napthazarin on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity of SW430 cells, respectively. In addition, an Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide apoptosis assay and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining were used to analyze cell and nuclei apoptosis of SW480 cells, respectively, following treatment with naphthazarin. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell associated X protein (Bax) protein expression was analyzed by western blot. Furthermore, caspase-3 activation was analyzed using a commercial kit. The results revealed that naphthazarin exhibited cell growth inhibition, an increase in cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in SW480 cells, which was associated with activation of the Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathway and cleaved caspase-3 activation. However, no significant differences in PARP expression were identified following treatment with naphthazarin in SW480 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that naphthazarin decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis of SW480 cells, indicating that naphthazarin may present a potential therapeutic agent for human colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Dong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Chun Li
- Department of Second General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Hai Zeng
- Department of Second General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
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Stella GM, Gentile A, Baderacchi A, Meloni F, Milan M, Benvenuti S. Ockham's razor for the MET-driven invasive growth linking idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer. J Transl Med 2016; 14:256. [PMID: 27590450 PMCID: PMC5010719 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) identifies a specific lung disorder characterized by chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology, which lacks effective treatment. According to the current pathogenic perspective, the aberrant proliferative events in IPF resemble those occurring during malignant transformation. MAIN BODY Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are known to be key players in cancer onset and progression. It has been demonstrated that RTK expression is sometimes also altered and even druggable in IPF. One example of an RTK-the MET proto-oncogene-is a key regulator of invasive growth. This physiological genetic program supports embryonic development and post-natal organ regeneration, as well as cooperating in the evolution of cancer metastasis when aberrantly activated. Growing evidence sustains that MET activation may collaborate in maintaining tissue plasticity and the regenerative potential that characterizes IPF. CONCLUSION The present work aims to elucidate-by applying the logic of simplicity-the bio-molecular mechanisms involved in MET activation in IPF. This clarification is crucial to accurately design MET blockade strategies within a fully personalized approach to IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M. Stella
- Pneumology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Investigational Clinical Oncology (INCO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Baderacchi
- Investigational Clinical Oncology (INCO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Meloni
- Pneumology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa Milan
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
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Szturz P, Raymond E, Faivre S. c-MET-mediated resistance to EGFR inhibitors in head and neck cancer: How to move from bench to bedside. Oral Oncol 2016; 59:e12-e14. [PMID: 27302885 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Szturz
- Department of Oncology, Bichat-Beaujon University Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eric Raymond
- Department of Oncology, Bichat-Beaujon University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Faivre
- Department of Oncology, Bichat-Beaujon University Hospital, Paris, France
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