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Nikanjam M, Kato S, Sicklick JK, Kurzrock R. At the right dose: personalised (N-of-1) dosing for precision oncology. Eur J Cancer 2023; 194:113359. [PMID: 37832506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.113359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of oncology therapeutics, especially in the age of precision medicine, is to give the right drug(s) to the right patient at the right time. Yet, a major challenge is finding the right dose for each patient. Determining safe and efficacious doses of oncology treatments, especially for novel combination therapies, can be challenging. Moreover, traditionally, dosing cancer drugs is based on giving each patient the same dose (a flat dose) or a dose based on surface area/weight. But patients' ability to tolerate drugs is influenced by additional factors including, but not limited to age, gender, race, comorbidities, organ function, and metabolism. Herein, we present evidence that, in the era of targeted drugs, individualised drug dosing determined by starting at reduced doses and using intrapatient dose escalation can yield safe and effective personalised dosing of novel combinations of approved drugs that have not previously undergone formal phase I trials and can also optimise dosing of tested drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nikanjam
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Shumei Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA; WIN Consortium, Paris, France
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2
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Adashek JJ, Subbiah V, Westphalen CB, Naing A, Kato S, Kurzrock R. Cancer: slaying the nine-headed Hydra. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:61-69. [PMID: 35931318 PMCID: PMC10923524 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine continues to evolve, and the treatment armamentarium for various diseases grows more individualized across a breadth of medical disciplines. Cure rates for infectious diseases that were previously pan-fatal approach 100% because of the identification of the specific pathogen(s) involved and the use of appropriate combinations of drugs, where needed, to completely extinguish infection and hence prevent emergence of resistant strains. Similarly, with the assistance of technologies such as next-generation sequencing and immunomic analysis as part of the contemporary oncology armory, therapies can be tailored to each tumor. Importantly, molecular interrogation has revealed that metastatic cancers are distinct from each other and complex. Therefore, it is conceivable that rational personalized drug combinations will be needed to eradicate cancers, and eradication will be necessary to mitigate clonal evolution and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Adashek
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore.
| | - V Subbiah
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - C B Westphalen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich and Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Naing
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - S Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - R Kurzrock
- WIN Consortium, San Diego; MCW Cancer Center, Milwaukee; University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA.
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3
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Patil D, Akolkar D, Nagarkar R, Srivastava N, Datta V, Patil S, Apurwa S, Srinivasan A, Datar R. Multi-analyte liquid biopsies for molecular pathway guided personalized treatment selection in advanced refractory cancers: A clinical utility pilot study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:972322. [PMID: 36620556 PMCID: PMC9822573 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.972322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The selection of safe and efficacious anticancer regimens for treatment of patients with broadly refractory metastatic cancers remains a clinical challenge. Such patients are often fatigued by toxicities of prior failed treatments and may have no further viable standard of care treatment options. Liquid Biopsy-based multi-analyte profiling in peripheral blood can identify a majority of drug targets that can guide the selection of efficacious combination regimens. Patients and methods LIQUID IMPACT was a pilot clinical study where patients with advanced refractory cancers received combination anticancer treatment regimens based on multi-analyte liquid biopsy (MLB) profiling of circulating tumor biomarkers; this study design was based on the findings of prior feasibility analysis to determine the abundance of targetable variants in blood specimens from 1299 real-world cases of advanced refractory cancers. Results Among the 29 patients in the intent to treat (ITT) cohort of the trial, 26 were finally evaluable as per study criteria out of whom 12 patients showed Partial Response (PR) indicating an Objective Response Rate (ORR) of 46.2% and 11 patients showed Stable Disease (SD) indicating the Disease Control Rate (DCR) to be 88.5%. The median Progression-Free Survival (mPFS) and median Overall Survival (mOS) were 4.3 months (95% CI: 3.0 - 5.6 months) and 8.8 months (95% CI: 7.0 - 10.7 months), respectively. Toxicities were manageable and there were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusion The study findings suggest that MLB could be used to assist treatment selection in heavily pretreated patients with advanced refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Patil
- Department of Research and Innovation, Datar Cancer Genetics, Nasik, India
| | - Dadasaheb Akolkar
- Department of Research and Innovation, Datar Cancer Genetics, Nasik, India
| | - Rajnish Nagarkar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, HCG Manavata Cancer Centre, Nasik, India
| | - Navin Srivastava
- Department of Research and Innovation, Datar Cancer Genetics, Nasik, India
| | - Vineet Datta
- Department of Research and Innovation, Datar Cancer Genetics, Nasik, India
| | - Sanket Patil
- Department of Research and Innovation, Datar Cancer Genetics, Nasik, India
| | - Sachin Apurwa
- Department of Research and Innovation, Datar Cancer Genetics, Nasik, India
| | - Ajay Srinivasan
- Department of Research and Innovation, Datar Cancer Genetics, Nasik, India,*Correspondence: Ajay Srinivasan,
| | - Rajan Datar
- Department of Research and Innovation, Datar Cancer Genetics, Nasik, India
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4
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Louie BH, Kato S, Kim KH, Lim HJ, Okamura R, Eskander RN, Botta G, Patel H, Lee S, Lippman SM, Sicklick JK, Kurzrock R. Pan-cancer molecular tumor board experience with biomarker-driven precision immunotherapy. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:67. [PMID: 36138116 PMCID: PMC9500013 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in some advanced cancers, most patients do not benefit, perhaps due to the complexity of tumor/immune/genome interactions. We implemented a multidisciplinary Molecular Tumor Board (MTB) that reviewed multi-omic cancer characteristics to develop N-of-One therapies for patients in the pan-cancer, advanced, refractory setting. This study evaluates the experience of 80 patients who were presented to the MTB and received a treatment regimen that included ICB. Overall, 60/80 patients (75%) who received ICB following MTB discussion had a high degree of matching between tumor molecular characteristics, including ICB biomarkers (reflected by a high Matching Score (≥50%)) and therapy administered. Patients with high versus low Matching Score experienced significantly longer median progression-free survival (6.4 vs. 3.0 months; p = 0.011) and median overall survival (15.3 vs. 4.7 months; p = 0.014) and higher clinical benefit rates (stable disease ≥6 months/partial response/complete response) (53% vs. 21%, p = 0.019). Although most patients (52/80 (65%)) received a personalized combination therapy (e.g., targeted, hormonal, chemotherapy, or a second immunotherapy agent), administering >1 drug was not associated with outcome. Only degree of matching and age, but no other variables, including individual biomarkers (e.g., microsatellite status, tumor mutational burden, or PD-L1 status), were independently correlated with outcome. In the pan-cancer setting, the MTB facilitated a precision medicine strategy to match therapeutic regimens that included ICB alone or combined with matched targeted drugs to patients with advanced malignancy, which was associated with improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H. Louie
- grid.420234.3Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ki Hwan Kim
- grid.412479.dDivision of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryosuke Okamura
- grid.411217.00000 0004 0531 2775Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ramez N. Eskander
- grid.420234.3Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Gregory Botta
- grid.420234.3Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Hitendra Patel
- grid.420234.3Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Suzanna Lee
- grid.420234.3Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Scott M. Lippman
- grid.420234.3Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Jason K. Sicklick
- grid.420234.3Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- WIN Consortium for Precision Medicine, Paris, France ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.266815.e0000 0001 0775 5412University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE USA
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5
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Krishnan V, Dharamdasani V, Bakre S, Dhole V, Wu D, Budnik B, Mitragotri S. Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles for Immunogenic Chemotherapy of Leukemia and T-Cell Lymphoma. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:466. [PMID: 35214193 PMCID: PMC8874923 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ratiometric delivery of combination chemotherapy can achieve therapeutic efficacy based on synergistic interactions between drugs. It is critical to design such combinations with drugs that complement each other and reduce cancer growth through multiple mechanisms. Using hyaluronic acid (HA) as a carrier, two chemotherapeutic agents-doxorubicin (DOX) and camptothecin (CPT)-were incorporated and tested for their synergistic potency against a broad panel of blood-cancer cell lines. The pair also demonstrated the ability to achieve immunogenic cell death by increasing the surface exposure levels of Calreticulin, thereby highlighting its ability to induce apoptosis via an alternate pathway. Global proteomic profiling of cancer cells treated with HA-DOX-CPT identified pathways that could potentially predict patient sensitivity to HA-DOX-CPT. This lays the foundation for further exploration of integrating drug delivery and proteomics in personalized immunogenic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinu Krishnan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (V.K.); (V.D.); (S.B.); (V.D.); (D.W.)
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vimisha Dharamdasani
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (V.K.); (V.D.); (S.B.); (V.D.); (D.W.)
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shirin Bakre
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (V.K.); (V.D.); (S.B.); (V.D.); (D.W.)
| | - Ved Dhole
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (V.K.); (V.D.); (S.B.); (V.D.); (D.W.)
| | - Debra Wu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (V.K.); (V.D.); (S.B.); (V.D.); (D.W.)
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics and Research Laboratory, FAS Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (V.K.); (V.D.); (S.B.); (V.D.); (D.W.)
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tan XP, He Y, Huang YN, Zheng CC, Li JQ, Liu QW, He ML, Li B, Xu WW. Lomerizine 2HCl inhibits cell proliferation and induces protective autophagy in colorectal cancer via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:453-466. [PMID: 34766155 PMCID: PMC8554656 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies currently. Despite advances in drug development, the survival and response rates in CRC patients are still poor. In our previous study, a library comprised of 1056 bioactive compounds was used for screening of drugs that could suppress CRC. Lomerizine 2HCl, which is an approved prophylactic drug for migraines, was selected for our studies. The results of in vitro and in vivo assays suggested that lomerizine 2HCl suppresses cell growth and promotes apoptosis in CRC cells. Moreover, lomerizine 2HCl inhibits cell migration and invasion of CRC. RNA sequencing analysis and Western blotting confirmed that lomerizine 2HCl can inhibit cell growth, migration, and invasion through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and induces protective autophagy in CRC. Meanwhile, autophagy inhibition by 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) increases lomerizine 2HCl‐induced cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results imply that lomerizine 2HCl is a potential anticancer agent, and the combination of lomerizine 2HCl and autophagy inhibitors may serve as a novel strategy to increase the antitumor efficacy of agents in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Peng Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine Institute of Biomedicine College of Life Science and Technology and The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine Institute of Biomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Yun-Na Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine Institute of Biomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Can-Can Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Institute of Life and Health Engineering College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Jun-Qi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine Institute of Biomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Qin-Wen Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine Institute of Biomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Bin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Institute of Life and Health Engineering College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Wen-Wen Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine Institute of Biomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
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7
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Sicklick JK, Kato S, Okamura R, Patel H, Nikanjam M, Fanta PT, Hahn ME, De P, Williams C, Guido J, Solomon BM, McKay RR, Krie A, Boles SG, Ross JS, Lee JJ, Leyland-Jones B, Lippman SM, Kurzrock R. Molecular profiling of advanced malignancies guides first-line N-of-1 treatments in the I-PREDICT treatment-naïve study. Genome Med 2021; 13:155. [PMID: 34607609 PMCID: PMC8491393 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malignancies are molecularly complex and become more resistant with each line of therapy. We hypothesized that offering matched, individualized combination therapies to patients with treatment-naïve, advanced cancers would be feasible and efficacious. Patients with newly diagnosed unresectable/metastatic, poor-prognosis cancers were enrolled in a cross-institutional prospective study. Methods A total of 145 patients were included in the study. Genomic profiling (tissue and/or circulating tumor DNA) was performed in all patients, and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite status assessment were performed in a subset of patients. We evaluated safety and outcomes: disease-control rate (stable disease for ≥ 6 months or partial or complete response), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results Seventy-six of 145 patients (52%) were treated, most commonly for non-colorectal gastrointestinal cancers, carcinomas of unknown primary, and hepatobiliary malignancies (53% women; median age, 63 years). The median number of deleterious genomic alterations per patient was 5 (range, 0–15). Fifty-four treated patients (71%) received ≥ 1 molecularly matched therapy, demonstrating the feasibility of administering molecularly matched therapy. The Matching Score, which reflects the percentage of targeted alterations, correlated linearly with progression-free survival (R2 = 0.92; P = 0.01), and high (≥ 60%) Matching Score was an independent predictor of improved disease control rate [OR 3.31 (95% CI 1.01–10.83), P = 0.048], PFS [HR 0.55 (0.28–1.07), P = 0.08], and OS [HR 0.42 (0.21–0.85), P = 0.02]. Serious adverse event rates were similar in the unmatched and matched groups. Conclusions Personalized combination therapies targeting a majority of a patient’s molecular alterations have antitumor activity as first-line treatment. These findings underscore the feasibility and importance of using tailored N-of-1 combination therapies early in the course of lethal malignancies. Trial registration I-PREDICT (NCT02534675) was registered on August 25, 2015. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-021-00969-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ryosuke Okamura
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hitendra Patel
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mina Nikanjam
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul T Fanta
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Hahn
- Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pradip De
- Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Jessica Guido
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA
| | | | - Rana R McKay
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amy Krie
- Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Sarah G Boles
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Scott M Lippman
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego Health, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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8
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Crook T, Patil D, Nagarkar R, Gaya A, Plowman N, Limaye S, Srivastava N, Akolkar D, Ranade A, Bhatt A, Datta V, Bose C, Apurwa S, Patil S, Kumar P, Srinivasan A, Datar R. Angiogenesis Inhibitors in Personalized Combination Regimens for the Treatment of Advanced Refractory Cancers. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2021; 1:749283. [PMID: 39087078 PMCID: PMC11285706 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2021.749283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Background: Angiogenic factors are commonly activated in solid tumors and present a viable therapeutic target. However, anticancer treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors (AGI) is limited to a few cancers, mostly as monotherapy and not selected based on molecular indications. We aimed to determine whether patient-specific combination regimens with AGI and other anticancer agents when selected based on multi-analyte tumor interrogation (ETA: Encyclopedic Tumor Analysis) can expand the scope of AGIs in advanced refractory solid organ cancers with improved treatment responses. Methods: We evaluated treatment outcomes in 60 patients with advanced, refractory solid organ cancers who received ETA-guided combination regimens of AGI with other targeted, endocrine or cytotoxic agents. Radiological evaluation of treatment response was followed by determination of Objective Response Rate (ORR), Disease Control Rate (DCR), Progression Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS). Results: Among the 60 patients, Partial Response (PR) was observed in 28 cases (46.7%), Stable Disease (SD) was observed in 29 cases (48.3%) and Disease Progression (PD, within 60 days) was observed in 3 cases (5.0%). The ORR was 46.7% and DCR was 95.0%. At the most recent follow-up the median PFS (mPFS) was 5.0 months and median OS (mOS) was 8.9 months. There were no Grade 4 therapy related adverse events or treatment related deaths. Conclusion: ETA-guided patient-specific combination regimens with AGI and other anti-neoplastic agents, can yield improved outcomes over AGI monotherapy. Trial Registration: Details of all trials are available at WHO-ICTRP: https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/. RESILIENT ID CTRI/2018/02/011,808. LIQUID IMPACT ID CTRI/2019/02/017,548.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sewanti Limaye
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Mumbai, India
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9
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Crook T, Patil D, Gaya A, Plowman N, Limaye S, Ranade A, Bhatt A, Page R, Akolkar D. Improved Treatment Outcomes by Using Patient Specific Drug Combinations in Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activated Advanced Metastatic Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:631135. [PMID: 33935721 PMCID: PMC8085687 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway is ubiquitous in cancers and a favourable therapeutic target. However, presently approved mTOR inhibitor monotherapies have modest benefits in labeled indications while poor outcomes have been reported for mTOR inhibitor monotherapy when administered in a label-agnostic setting based on univariate molecular indications. The present study aimed to determine whether patient-specific combination regimens with mTOR inhibitors and other anticancer agents selected based on multi-analyte molecular and functional tumor interrogation (ETA: Encyclopedic Tumor Analysis) yields significant treatment response and survival benefits in advanced or refractory solid organ cancers. Methods: We evaluated treatment outcomes in 49 patients diagnosed with unresectable or metastatic solid organ cancers, of whom 3 were therapy naïve and 46 were pre-treated in whom the cancer had progressed on 2 or more prior systemic lines. All patients received mTOR inhibitor in combination with other targeted, endocrine or cytotoxic agents as guided by ETA. Patients were followed-up to determine Objective Response Rate (ORR), Progression Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS). Results: The Objective Response Rate (ORR) was 57.1%, the disease Control rate (DCR) was 91.8%, median Progression Free Survival (mPFS) was 4.9 months and median Overall Survival (mOS) was 9.4 months. There were no Grade IV treatment related adverse events (AEs) or any treatment related deaths. Conclusion: Patient-specific combination regimens with mTOR inhibition and other anti-neoplastic agents, when selected based on multi-analyte molecular and functional profiling of the tumor can yield meaningful outcomes in advanced or refractory solid organ cancers. Trial Registration: Details of all trials are available at WHO-ICTRP: https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/. RESILIENT ID CTRI/2018/02/011808. ACTPRO ID CTRI/2018/05/014178. LIQUID IMPACT ID CTRI/2019/02/017548.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Gaya
- HCA Healthcare United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Raymond Page
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, India
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10
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Liu X, Lu Y, Qin S. Atezolizumab and bevacizumab for hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanism, pharmacokinetics and future treatment strategies. Future Oncol 2021; 17:2243-2256. [PMID: 33663220 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer globally and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although early-stage disease may be curable by resection, liver transplantation or ablation, many patients present with unresectable disease and have a poor prognosis. Combination treatment with atezolizumab (targeting PD-L1) and bevacizumab (targeting VEGF) in the recent IMbrave150 study was shown to be effective with an acceptable safety profile in patients with unresectable HCC. Herein, we discuss this novel combination in the context of the liver immune environment, summarize the mechanism and pharmacokinetics of atezolizumab and bevacizumab, and examine recent data on other immune checkpoint inhibitor combination strategies as well as future directions in the treatment of patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bayi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Chinese Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Roche Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shukui Qin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bayi Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Chinese Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
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11
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Pires JG, da Silva GF, Weyssow T, Conforte AJ, Pagnoncelli D, da Silva FAB, Carels N. Galaxy and MEAN Stack to Create a User-Friendly Workflow for the Rational Optimization of Cancer Chemotherapy. Front Genet 2021; 12:624259. [PMID: 33679888 PMCID: PMC7935533 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.624259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One aspect of personalized medicine is aiming at identifying specific targets for therapy considering the gene expression profile of each patient individually. The real-world implementation of this approach is better achieved by user-friendly bioinformatics systems for healthcare professionals. In this report, we present an online platform that endows users with an interface designed using MEAN stack supported by a Galaxy pipeline. This pipeline targets connection hubs in the subnetworks formed by the interactions between the proteins of genes that are up-regulated in tumors. This strategy has been proved to be suitable for the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in vitro. Therefore, Perl and Python scripts were enclosed in Galaxy for translating RNA-seq data into protein targets suitable for the chemotherapy of solid tumors. Consequently, we validated the process of target diagnosis by (i) reference to subnetwork entropy, (ii) the critical value of density probability of differential gene expression, and (iii) the inhibition of the most relevant targets according to TCGA and GDC data. Finally, the most relevant targets identified by the pipeline are stored in MongoDB and can be accessed through the aforementioned internet portal designed to be compatible with mobile or small devices through Angular libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Guerra Pires
- Plataforma de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Center for Technology Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Ferreira da Silva
- Plataforma de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Center for Technology Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Weyssow
- Informatic Department, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Jordano Conforte
- Plataforma de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Center for Technology Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Modelagem Computacional de Sistemas Biológicos, Scientific Computing Program, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Alves Barbosa da Silva
- Laboratório de Modelagem Computacional de Sistemas Biológicos, Scientific Computing Program, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Carels
- Plataforma de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Center for Technology Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Adashek JJ, Subbiah V, Kurzrock R. From Tissue-Agnostic to N-of-One Therapies: (R)Evolution of the Precision Paradigm. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:15-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Xu B, Amallraja A, Swaminathan P, Elsey R, Davis C, Theel S, Viet S, Petersen J, Krie A, Davies G, Williams CB, Ehli E, Meißner T. Case report: 16-yr life history and genomic evolution of an ER + HER2 - breast cancer. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2020; 6:a005629. [PMID: 33008833 PMCID: PMC7784492 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women. Limited studies have been done on the genomic evolution between primary and metastatic breast cancer. We reconstructed the genomic evolution through the 16-yr history of an ER+ HER2- breast cancer patient to investigate molecular mechanisms of disease relapse and treatment resistance after long-term exposure to hormonal therapy. Genomic and transcriptome profiling was performed on primary breast tumor (2002), initial recurrence (2012), and liver metastasis (2015) samples. Cell-free DNA analysis was performed at 11 time points (2015-2017). Mutational analysis revealed a low mutational burden in the primary tumor that doubled at the time of progression, with driver mutations in PI3K-Akt and RAS-RAF signaling pathways. Phylogenetic analysis showed an early branching off between primary tumor and metastasis. Liquid biopsies, although initially negative, started to detect an ESR1 E380Q mutation in 2016 with increasing allele frequency until the end of 2017. Transcriptome analysis revealed 721 (193 up, 528 down) genes to be differentially expressed between primary tumor and first relapse. The most significantly down-regulated genes were TFF1 and PGR, indicating resistance to aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy. The most up-regulated genes included PTHLH, S100P, and SOX2, promoting tumor growth and metastasis. This phylogenetic reconstruction of the life history of a single patient's cancer as well as monitoring tumor progression through liquid biopsies allowed for uncovering the molecular mechanisms leading to initial relapse, metastatic spread, and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Center for Precision Oncology, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
| | - Anu Amallraja
- Center for Precision Oncology, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
| | - Padmapriya Swaminathan
- Center for Precision Oncology, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
| | - Rachel Elsey
- Center for Precision Oncology, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
| | - Christel Davis
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57108, USA
| | - Stephanie Theel
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57108, USA
| | - Sarah Viet
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57108, USA
| | - Jason Petersen
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57108, USA
| | - Amy Krie
- Center for Precision Oncology, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
| | - Gareth Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57108, USA
| | - Casey B Williams
- Center for Precision Oncology, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
| | - Erik Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57108, USA
| | - Tobias Meißner
- Center for Precision Oncology, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
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14
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Kato S, Kim KH, Lim HJ, Boichard A, Nikanjam M, Weihe E, Kuo DJ, Eskander RN, Goodman A, Galanina N, Fanta PT, Schwab RB, Shatsky R, Plaxe SC, Sharabi A, Stites E, Adashek JJ, Okamura R, Lee S, Lippman SM, Sicklick JK, Kurzrock R. Real-world data from a molecular tumor board demonstrates improved outcomes with a precision N-of-One strategy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4965. [PMID: 33009371 PMCID: PMC7532150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) can identify novel cancer targets. However, interpreting the molecular findings and accessing drugs/clinical trials is challenging. Furthermore, many tumors show resistance to monotherapies. To implement a precision strategy, we initiated a multidisciplinary (basic/translational/clinical investigators, bioinformaticians, geneticists, and physicians from multiple specialties) molecular tumor board (MTB), which included a project manager to facilitate obtaining clinical-grade biomarkers (blood/tissue NGS, specific immunohistochemistry/RNA expression including for immune-biomarkers, per physician discretion) and medication-acquisition specialists/clinical trial coordinators/navigators to assist with medication access. The MTB comprehensively reviewed patient characteristics to develop N-of-One treatments implemented by the treating physician's direction under the auspices of a master protocol. Overall, 265/429 therapy-evaluable patients (62%) were matched to ≥1 recommended drug. Eighty-six patients (20%) matched to all drugs recommended by MTB, including combinatorial approaches, while 38% received physician's choice regimen, generally with unmatched approach/low degree of matching. Our results show that patients who receive MTB-recommended regimens (versus physician choice) have significantly longer progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and are better matched to therapy. High (≥50%) versus low (<50%) Matching Score therapy (roughly reflecting therapy matched to ≥50% versus <50% of alterations) independently correlates with longer PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.80; P < 0.001) and OS (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.50-0.90; P = 0.007) and higher stable disease ≥6 months/partial/complete remission rate (52.1% versus 30.4% P < 0.001) (all multivariate). In conclusion, patients who receive MTB-based therapy are better matched to their genomic alterations, and the degree of matching is an independent predictor of improved oncologic outcomes including survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ki Hwan Kim
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Jeong Lim
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amelie Boichard
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mina Nikanjam
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Weihe
- Department of Radiology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis J Kuo
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ramez N Eskander
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Goodman
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Galanina
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul T Fanta
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard B Schwab
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Shatsky
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven C Plaxe
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Sharabi
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Stites
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacob J Adashek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ryosuke Okamura
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suzanna Lee
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Watson GA, Doi J, Hansen AR, Spreafico A. Novel strategies in immune checkpoint inhibitor drug development: How far are we from the paradigm shift? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1753-1768. [PMID: 32394468 PMCID: PMC7444803 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) represents a major milestone in immune-oncology. Over the years these agents have demonstrated efficacy in an increasing array of malignancies. Despite this success however, significant challenges remain. Novel approaches to both drug development and trial design are required to incorporate the unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ICIs. Further, it has also been established that the benefit of ICIs is limited to only a subset of patients. The molecular interactions between native immune cells and tumorigenesis and progression represent an active area of biomarker research, and elucidating the mechanisms of response and resistance is crucial to develop rational trial designs for the next wave of immune-oncology (IO) clinical trials, particularly in patients with primary and/or acquired resistance. Efforts are now being made to integrate both biological and clinical information using novel multi-omic approaches which are now being developed to further elucidate the molecular signatures associated with IO treatment response and resistance and enable rational drug development and trial design processes. As such, precision IO and the ability to deliver patient-specific choices for ICI monotherapies or combination therapies has become an increasingly tangible goal. We herein describe the current landscape in ICI drug development and discuss the challenges and future directions in this exciting and evolving era in immune-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Alan Watson
- Bras Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer CenterUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Jeffrey Doi
- Bras Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer CenterUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Aaron Richard Hansen
- Bras Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer CenterUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Bras Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer CenterUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
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16
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Hendricks A, Amallraja A, Meißner T, Forster P, Rosenstiel P, Burmeister G, Schafmayer C, Franke A, Hinz S, Forster M, Williams CB. Stage IV Colorectal Cancer Patients with High Risk Mutation Profiles Survived 16 Months Longer with Individualized Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020393. [PMID: 32046290 PMCID: PMC7072525 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized treatment vs. standard of care is much debated, especially in clinical practice. Here we investigated whether overall survival differences in metastatic colorectal cancer patients are explained by tumor mutation profiles or by treatment differences in real clinical practice. Our retrospective study of metastatic colorectal cancer patients of confirmed European ancestry comprised 54 Americans and 54 gender-matched Germans. The Americans received standard of care, and on treatment failure, 35 patients received individualized treatments. The German patients received standard of care only. Tumor mutations, tumor mutation burden and microsatellite status were identified by using the FoundationOne assay or the IDT Pan-Cancer assay. High-risk patients were identified according to the mutational classification by Schell and colleagues. Results: Kaplan–Meier estimates show the high-risk patients to survive 16 months longer under individualized treatments than those under only standard of care, in the median (p < 0.001). Tumor mutation profiles stratify patients by risk groups but not by country. Conclusions: High-risk patients appear to survive significantly longer (p < 0.001) if they receive individualized treatments after the exhaustion of standard of care treatments. Secondly, the tumor mutation landscape in Americans and Germans is congruent and thus warrants the transatlantic exchange of successful treatment protocols and the harmonization of guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hendricks
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Anu Amallraja
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA; (A.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Tobias Meißner
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA; (A.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Peter Forster
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (P.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Greta Burmeister
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (P.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Sebastian Hinz
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (P.R.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (C.B.W.)
| | - Casey B. Williams
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA; (A.A.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (C.B.W.)
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17
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Cheng AL, Hsu C, Chan SL, Choo SP, Kudo M. Challenges of combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2020; 72:307-319. [PMID: 31954494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy targeting anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) or its ligand (anti-PD-L1) is the backbone of numerous combination regimens aimed at improving the objective response and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinical trials of immuno-oncology regimens in other cancer types have shed light on issues of study design, including how to choose candidate regimens based on early-phase trial results, statistical considerations in trials with multiple primary endpoints, and the importance of predictive biomarkers. In this review, the updated data from early-phase trials of combination immunotherapy for HCC are summarised. Since the most extensively tested combination regimens for advanced HCC comprise anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 agents plus antiangiogenic agents, the relative benefit and antitumor mechanism of antiangiogenic multikinase inhibitors versus specific VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors are discussed. Other critical issues in the development of combination immunotherapy, including optimal management of immune-related adverse events and the value of ICI therapy in combination with locoregional treatment for HCC, are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Lii Cheng
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chiun Hsu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Stephen L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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18
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Jardim DL, De Melo Gagliato D, Nikanjam M, Barkauskas DA, Kurzrock R. Efficacy and safety of anticancer drug combinations: a meta-analysis of randomized trials with a focus on immunotherapeutics and gene-targeted compounds. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1710052. [PMID: 32002305 PMCID: PMC6959453 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1710052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of trials are being conducted to evaluate combination of newer targeted drugs as well as immunotherapy. Our aim was to compare efficacy and safety of combination versus single non-cytotoxic anticancer agents. We searched PubMed (01/01/2001 to 03/06/2018) (and, for immunotherapy, ASCO and ESMO abstracts (2016 through March 2018)) for randomized clinical trials that compared a single non-cytotoxic agent (targeted, hormonal, or immunotherapy) versus a combination with another non-cytotoxic partner. Efficacy and safety endpoints were evaluated in a meta-analysis using a linear mixed-effects model (guidelines per PRISMA Report).We included 95 randomized comparisons (single vs. combination non-cytotoxic therapies) (59.4%, phase II; 41.6%, phase III trials) (29,175 patients (solid tumors)). Combinations most frequently included a hormonal agent and a targeted small molecule (23%). Compared to single non-cytotoxic agents, adding another non-cytotoxic drug increased response rate (odds ratio [OR]=1.61, 95%CI 1.40-1.84)and prolonged progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR]=0.75, 95%CI 0.69-0.81)and overall survival (HR=0.87, 95%CI 0.81-0.94) (all p<0.001), which was most pronounced for the association between immunotherapy combinations and longer survival. Combinations also significantlyincreased the risk of high-grade toxicities (OR=2.42, 95%CI 1.98-2.97) (most notably for immunotherapy and small molecule inhibitors) and mortality at least possibly therapy related (OR: 1.33, 95%CI 1.15-1.53) (both p<0.001) (absolute mortality = 0.90% (single agent) versus 1.31% (combinations)) compared to single agents. In conclusion, combinations of non-cytotoxic drugs versus monotherapy in randomized cancer clinical trials attenuated safety, but increased efficacy, with the balance tilting in favor of combination therapy, based on the prolongation in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis L Jardim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro de Oncologia Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mina Nikanjam
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Biostatistics Division, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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19
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Nikanjam M, Arguello D, Gatalica Z, Swensen J, Barkauskas DA, Kurzrock R. Relationship between protein biomarkers of chemotherapy response and microsatellite status, tumor mutational burden and PD-L1 expression in cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:3087-3097. [PMID: 31479512 PMCID: PMC7051881 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies are increasingly used in combinations. We determined associations between the presence of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapeutic biomarkers and protein markers of potential chemotherapy response. Data were extracted from a clinical‐grade testing database (Caris Life Sciences; February 2015 through November 2017): immunotherapy response markers (microsatellite instability‐high [MSI‐H], tumor mutational burden‐high [TMB‐H], and PD‐L1 protein expression) and protein chemotherapy response markers (excision repair complementation group 1 [ERCC1], topoisomerase 1 [TOPO1], topoisomerase 2 [TOP2A], thymidylate synthase [TS], tubulin beta 3 [TUBB3], ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M1 [RRM1] and O‐6‐methyl guanine DNA methyltransferase [MGMT]). Relationships were determined by the Mantel‐Haenszel chi‐squared test or Fischer's exact tests. Overall, 28,034 patients representing a total of 40 tumor types were assessed. MSI‐H was found in 3.3% of patients (73% were also TMB‐H), TMB‐H, 8.4% (28.3% were also MSI‐H) and PD‐L1 expression in 11.0% of patients (5.1% were also MSI‐H; 16.4% were also TMB‐H). Based on concurrent biomarker expression, combinations of immunotherapy with platinum (ERCC1 negativity) or with doxorubicin, epirubicin or etoposide (TOP2A positivity) have a higher probability of response, whereas combinations with irinotecan or topotecan (TOPO1 positivity), with gemcitabine (RRM1 negativity), and fluorouracil, pemetrexed or capecitabine (TS negativity) may be of less benefit. The potential for immunotherapy and taxane (TUBB3 negativity) combinations is present for MSI‐H but not TMB‐H or PD‐L1‐expressing tumors; for temozolomide and dacarbazine (MGMT negative), PD‐L1 is frequently coexpressed, but MSI‐H and TMB‐H are not associated. Protein markers of potential chemotherapy response along with next‐generation sequencing for immunotherapy response markers can help support rational combinations as part of an individualized, precision oncology approach. What's new? With the emerging success of immunotherapy of cancers, combinations with conventional chemotherapies are increasingly being tested in clinical trials. Here the authors examined concurrent biomarker expression of checkpoint (PD‐1/PD‐L1) blockade immunotherapy and various cytotoxic chemotherapies to determine which chemotherapeutic agents will best synergize with immunotherapy. They predict that combining platinum or doxorubicin, epirubicin, or etoposide treatments with PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors would have a higher probability of response than other treatments, supporting a rational combination strategy in a possibly individualized treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nikanjam
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
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Nagarkar R, Patil D, Crook T, Datta V, Bhalerao S, Dhande S, Palwe V, Roy S, Pandit P, Ghaisas A, Page R, Kathuria H, Srinivasan A, Akolkar D. Encyclopedic tumor analysis for guiding treatment of advanced, broadly refractory cancers: results from the RESILIENT trial. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5605-5621. [PMID: 31608137 PMCID: PMC6771458 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RESILIENT (CTRI/2018/02/011808) was a single arm, open label, phase II/III study to test if label agnostic therapy regimens guided by Encyclopedic Tumor Analysis (ETA) can offer meaningful clinical benefit for patients with relapsed refractory metastatic (r/r-m) malignancies. Patients with advanced refractory solid organ malignancies where disease had progressed following ≥2 lines of systemic treatments were enrolled in the trial. Patients received personalized treatment recommendations based on integrational comprehensive analysis of freshly biopsied tumor tissue and blood. The primary end points were Objective Response Rate (ORR), Progression Free Survival (PFS) and Quality of Life (QoL). Objective Response (Complete Response + Partial Response) was observed in 54 of 126 patients evaluable per protocol (ORR = 42.9%; 95% CI: 34.3%–51.4%, p < 0.0001). At study completion, Disease Control (Complete Response + Partial Response + Stable Disease) was observed in 114 out of 126 patients evaluable per protocol (CBR = 90.5%; 95% CI: 83.9% - 95.0%, p < 0.00001) and Disease Progression in 12 patients. Median duration of follow-up was 138 days (range 31 to 379). Median PFS at study termination was 134 days (range 31 to 379). PFS rate at 90 days and 180 days were 93.9% and 82.5% respectively. The study demonstrated that tumors have latent vulnerabilities that can be identified via integrational multi-analyte investigations such as ETA. This approach identified viable treatment options that could yield meaningful clinical benefit in this cohort of patients with advanced refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy Crook
- St. Luke's Cancer Center, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
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21
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Molecular profiling of cancer patients enables personalized combination therapy: the I-PREDICT study. Nat Med 2019; 25:744-750. [PMID: 31011206 PMCID: PMC6553618 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatments have evolved from indiscriminate cytotoxic agents to
selective genome- and immune-targeted drugs that have transformed outcomes for
some malignancies.1 Tumor
complexity and heterogeneity suggest that the “precision medicine”
paradigm of cancer therapy requires treatment to be personalized to the
individual patient.2–6 To date, precision oncology
trials have been based upon molecular matching with predetermined
monotherapies.7–14 Several of these trials have
been hindered by very low matching rates, often in the 5–10%
range,15 and low
response rates. Low matching rates may be due to the use of limited gene panels,
restrictive molecular matching algorithms, lack of drug availability or the
deterioration and death of end-stage patients before therapy can be implemented.
We hypothesized that personalized treatment with combination therapies would
improve outcomes in patients with refractory malignancies. As a first test of
this concept, we implemented a cross-institutional, prospective study
(I-PREDICT, NCT02534675) that used tumor DNA sequencing and timely
recommendations for individualized treatment with combination therapies. We
found that administration of customized multi-drug regimens was feasible, with
49% of consented patients receiving personalized treatment. Targeting of a
larger fraction of identified molecular alterations, yielding a higher
“matching score,” was correlated with significantly improved
disease control rates, as well as longer progression-free and overall survival
rates, as compared to when fewer somatic alterations were targeted. Our findings
suggest that the current clinical trial paradigm for precision oncology, which
pairs one driver mutation with one drug, may be optimized by treating
molecularly complex and heterogeneous cancers with combinations of customized
agents.
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Patel V, Bardoliwala D, Maiti K, Banerjee S, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Combinatorial nanocarriers against drug resistance in hematological cancers: Opportunities and emerging strategies. J Control Release 2019; 296:114-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nikanjam M, Wing J, Capparelli E, Kurzrock R. Dosing Oncology Therapeutics in Combination Therapy for Renal Dysfunction: The University of California San Diego Study of Personalized Cancer Therapy to Determine Response and Toxicity (UCSD-PREDICT) Experience. Cureus 2018; 10:e3634. [PMID: 30705793 PMCID: PMC6349570 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dose reductions are often required to avoid toxicity in combination therapy for advanced cancers, but information on appropriate dose reductions in renal dysfunction is lacking. This study assessed dose reductions of renally cleared oncology agents given in combination therapy in the setting of renal dysfunction. Methods A database of 1,072 patients was screened to identify patients with renal dysfunction (glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min) receiving oncology combination therapy with at least one agent requiring dose reduction for renal insufficiency. The dose of the renal agent was compared to the single-agent renal dosing recommendations to calculate a dose percentage. Tolerability was determined from electronic medical records review. Results Thirty-three regimens (n = 25 patients) were identified: 11 included at least one targeted agent (n = 8 patients) and 22 had only cytotoxic chemotherapy (n = 18 patients). The renal agent was given at the recommended single-agent renal dose in ~50% of combinations; ~50% of all regimens were tolerated, and only six combinations had dose reductions for toxicity. The median final dose percentage was 100% of the recommended renal dose (range: 25% - 333%); no significant differences were seen between groups (cytotoxic - tolerated, cytotoxic - not tolerated, targeted - tolerated, targeted - not tolerated; p = 0.38). No significant differences were observed between tolerated vs. non-tolerated (p = 0.97) or targeted vs. cytotoxic (p = 0.80) regimens. Conclusions Dose reductions of renally cleared agents are highly variable in oncology patients with renal dysfunction. Additional studies are needed to determine appropriate dosing adjustments in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nikanjam
- Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Jason Wing
- Oncology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA
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Subbiah V, Kurzrock R. Challenging Standard-of-Care Paradigms in the Precision Oncology Era. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:101-109. [PMID: 29458960 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pace of genomic and immunological breakthroughs in oncology is accelerating, making it likely that large randomized trials will increasingly become outdated before their completion. Traditional clinical research/practice paradigms must adapt to the reality unveiled by genomics, especially the need for customized drug combinations, rather than one-size-fits-all monotherapy. The raison-d'être of precision oncology is to offer 'the right drug for the right patient at the right time', a process enabled by transformative tissue and blood-based genomic technologies. Genomically targeted therapies are most suitable in early disease, when molecular heterogeneity is less pronounced, while immunotherapy is most effective against tumors with unstable genomes. Next-generation cancer research/practice models will need to overcome the tyranny of tradition and emphasize an innovative, precise and personalized patient-centric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, Unit 0455, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Center for Personalized Therapy & Clinical Trials Office, UC San Diego - Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA 92093-0658, USA
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Nikanjam M, Patel H, Kurzrock R. Dosing immunotherapy combinations: Analysis of 3,526 patients for toxicity and response patterns. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1338997. [PMID: 28920006 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1338997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy combinations are used to improve outcomes in metastatic cancer, but evidence-based knowledge of appropriate starting doses for novel combinations is lacking. Phase I-III adult combination clinical trials (≥ 1 drug was immunotherapy; anti-PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4) were reviewed (PubMed Jan 1, 2010 to Sep 1, 2016; ASCO 2014-2016, ASH/ESMO 2014-2015 abstracts). The safe dose for each drug used in each combination was divided by the single-agent recommended dose to calculate dose percentage. Additive dose percentage was the sum of each dose percentage. Overall, 84 studies (N = 3,526 patients, 59 combinations) were analyzed. In 50% of studies, all drugs could be administered at full dose; 63%, in the presence of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and 36% with anti-CTLA-4. The lowest safe starting dose for a doublet combination including a second immunotherapy was 50% of each drug; 60%, for a targeted agent. Most doublet/triplets combining anti-PD-1/PD-L1 with cytotoxics were tolerable at full doses. Response rates (median [interquartile range]) were higher for 3-drug than 2-drug combinations (53% [33-63%] (N = 23 studies) vs. 23% [14-39%]) (N = 60 studies) (p < 0.0001) with similar rates seen for targeted, cytotoxic, biologic, or additional immunotherapy combinations (p = 0.35). In conclusion, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors can be safely given with a variety of other immunotherapy and targeted agents, albeit at about half dose. Doublet and triplet combinations with cytotoxics could mostly be given at full doses. Anti-CTLA-4 agents compromised dosing more than anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. Response rates were significantly higher for 3- versus 2-drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nikanjam
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harsh Patel
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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Nikanjam M, Liu S, Yang J, Kurzrock R. Dosing Three-Drug Combinations That Include Targeted Anti-Cancer Agents: Analysis of 37,763 Patients. Oncologist 2017; 22:576-584. [PMID: 28424323 PMCID: PMC5423521 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining targeted and cytotoxic agents has the potential to improve efficacy and attenuate resistance for metastatic cancer. Information regarding safe starting doses for clinical trials of novel three-drug combinations is lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Published phase I-III adult oncology clinical trials of three-drug combinations involving a targeted agent were identified by PubMed search (January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013). A dose percentage was calculated to compare the dose used in combination to the single agent recommended dose: (U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved/recommended phase II dose/maximum tolerated dose). The additive dose percentage was the sum of the dose percentages for each drug in the combination. RESULTS A total of 37,763 subjects and 243 drug combinations were included. Only 28% of studies could give each of the three agents at 100%. For combinations involving two targeted agents and a cytotoxic agent, the lowest starting additive dose percentage was 133%, which increased to 250% if two antibodies were included. For combinations of one targeted agent and two cytotoxic agents, the lowest additive safe dose percentage was 137%. When both cytotoxic agents were held at 100%, as occurred in 56% of studies (which generally used cytotoxic doublets with known combination safety dosing), the lowest safe dose percentage was 225% (providing that a histone deacetylase inhibitor was not the targeted agent). CONCLUSION These findings serve as a safe starting point for dosing novel three-drug combinations involving a targeted agent in clinical trials and practice. The Oncologist 2017;22:576-584 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Targeted and cytotoxic drug combinations can improve efficacy and overcome resistance. More knowledge of safe starting doses would facilitate use of combinations in clinical trials and practice. Analysis of 37,763 subjects (243 combinations) showed three drugs could be safely administered, but less than 30% of combinations could include all three drugs at full dose. Dose reductions to 45% of the dose of each single agent may be required. Combinations involving two antibodies required fewer dose reductions, and the use of established cytotoxic doublets made initial dose assignment easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nikanjam
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sariah Liu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kaiser Permanente San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jincheng Yang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, California, USA
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