1
|
Saito S, Ando K, Sakamoto S, Xu M, Yamada Y, Rii J, Kanaoka S, Wei J, Zhao X, Pae S, Kanesaka M, Goto Y, Sazuka T, Imamura Y, Reien Y, Hamaguchi-Suzuki N, Saito S, Hirayama Y, Hashimoto H, Kanai Y, Ichikawa T, Anzai N. The LAT1 inhibitor JPH203 suppresses the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer through a CD24-mediated mechanism. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:2461-2472. [PMID: 38655663 PMCID: PMC11247547 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is specifically expressed in many malignancies, contributes to the transport of essential amino acids, such as leucine, and regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. We investigated the expression profile and functional role of LAT1 in prostate cancer using JPH203, a specific inhibitor of LAT1. LAT1 was highly expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells, including C4-2 and PC-3 cells, but its expression level was low in castration-sensitive LNCaP cells. JPH203 significantly inhibited [14C] leucine uptake in CRPC cells but had no effect in LNCaP cells. JPH203 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRPC cells but not of LNCaP cells. In C4-2 cells, Cluster of differentiation (CD) 24 was identified by RNA sequencing as a novel downstream target of JPH203. CD24 was downregulated in a JPH203 concentration-dependent manner and suppressed activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, an in vivo study showed that JPH203 inhibited the proliferation of C4-2 cells in a castration environment. The results of this study indicate that JPH203 may exert its antitumor effect in CRPC cells via mTOR and CD24.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ando
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Minhui Xu
- Bio-System Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Yamada
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junryo Rii
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sanji Kanaoka
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jiaxing Wei
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sangjon Pae
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manato Kanesaka
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Goto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Sazuka
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshie Reien
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Shota Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Bio-System Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Zhang Z, Li Z, Yang L, Liu J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Hou Y, Mei M, Huang Y. CENPA promotes glutamine metabolism and tumor progression by up-regulating SLC38A1 in endometrial cancer. Cell Signal 2024; 117:111110. [PMID: 38382691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Glutamine addiction is a significant hallmark of metabolic reprogramming in tumors and is crucial to the progression of cancer. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of glutamine metabolism in endometrial cancer (EC) remains elusive. In this research, we found that elevated expression of CENPA and solute carrier family 38 member 1 (SLC38A1) were firmly associated with worse clinical stage and unfavorable outcomes in EC patients. In addition, ectopic overexpression or silencing of CENPA could either enhance or diminish glutamine metabolism and tumor progression in EC. Mechanistically, CENPA directly regulated the transcriptional activity of the target gene, SLC38A1, leading to enhanced glutamine uptake and metabolism, thereby promoting EC progression. Notably, a prognostic model utilizing the expression levels of CENPA and SLC38A1 genes independently emerged as a prognostic factor for EC. More importantly, CENPA and SLC38A1 were significantly elevated and positively correlated, as well as indicative of poor prognosis in multiple cancers. In brief, our study confirmed that CENPA is a critical transcription factor involved in glutamine metabolism and tumor progression through modulating SLC38A1. This revelation suggests that targeting CENPA could be an appealing therapeutic approach to address pan-cancer glutamine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zihui Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lian Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yancai Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanmei Hou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mei Mei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Yuqin Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sidorkiewicz I, Jóźwik M, Buczyńska A, Erol A, Jóźwik M, Moniuszko M, Jarząbek K, Niemira M, Krętowski A. Identification and subsequent validation of transcriptomic signature associated with metabolic status in endometrial cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13763. [PMID: 37612452 PMCID: PMC10447446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant metabolism has been identified as a main driver of cancer. Profiling of metabolism-related pathways in cancer furthers the understanding of tumor plasticity and identification of potential metabolic vulnerabilities. In this prospective controlled study, we established transcriptomic profiles of metabolism-related pathways in endometrial cancer (EC) using a novel method, NanoString nCounter Technology. Fifty-seven ECs and 30 normal endometrial specimens were studied using the NanoString Metabolic Panel, further validated by qRT-PCR with a very high similarity. Statistical analyses were by GraphPad PRISM and Weka software. The analysis identified 11 deregulated genes (FDR ≤ 0.05; |FC|≥ 1.5) in EC: SLC7A11; SLC7A5; RUNX1; LAMA4; COL6A3; PDK1; CCNA1; ENO1; PKM; NR2F1; and NAALAD2. Gene ontology showed direct association of these genes with 'central carbon metabolism (CCM) in cancer'. Thus, 'CCM in cancer' appears to create one of the main metabolic axes in EC. Further, transcriptomic data were functionally validated with drug repurposing on three EC cell lines, with several drug candidates suggested. These results lay the foundation for personalized therapeutic strategies in this cancer. Metabolic plasticity represents a promising diagnostic and therapeutic option in EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sidorkiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Maciej Jóźwik
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Angelika Buczyńska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Erol
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Jóźwik
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-045, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269, Białystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jarząbek
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Diagnostics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Białystok Oncology Center, 15-027, Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Niemira
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Yang H, Zhang L, Zhang S, Dai Y. Metabolic reprogramming and interventions in endometrial carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114526. [PMID: 36933381 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are usually featured by metabolic adaptations that facilitate their growth, invasion, and metastasis. Thus, reprogramming of intracellular energy metabolism is currently one of the hotspots in the field of cancer research. Whereas aerobic glycolysis (known as the Warburg effect) has long been considered a dominant form of energy metabolism in cancer cells, emerging evidence indicates that other metabolic forms, especially oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), may play a critical role at least in some types of cancer. Of note, women with metabolic syndromes (MetS), including obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, have an increased risk of developing endometrial carcinoma (EC), suggesting a close link between metabolism and EC. Interestingly, the metabolic preferences vary among EC cell types, particularly cancer stem cells and chemotherapy-resistant cells. Currently, it is commonly accepted that glycolysis is the main energy provider in EC cells, while OXPHOS is reduced or impaired. Moreover, agents specifically targeting the glycolysis and/or OXPHOS pathways can inhibit tumor cell growth and promote chemosensitization. For example, metformin and weight control not only reduce the incidence of EC but also improve the prognosis of EC patients. In this review, we comprehensively overview the current in-depth understanding of the relationship between metabolism and EC and provide up-to-date insights into the development of novel therapies targeting energy metabolism for auxiliary treatment in combination with chemotherapy for EC, especially those resistant to conventional chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- The Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecology and Obstetrics Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Gynecology and Obstetrics Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
| | - Yun Dai
- The Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Targeting L-type amino acid transporter 1 in urological malignancy: Current status and future perspective. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 150:251-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
6
|
Xu F, Shi J, Qin X, Zheng Z, Chen M, Lin Z, Ye J, Li M. Hormone-Glutamine Metabolism: A Critical Regulatory Axis in Endocrine-Related Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710086. [PMID: 36077501 PMCID: PMC9456462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine-related cancers and hormones are undoubtedly highly interconnected. How hormones support or repress tumor induction and progression has been extensively profiled. Furthermore, advances in understanding the role of glutamine metabolism in mediating tumorigenesis and development, coupled with these in-depth studies on hormone (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, androgen, prostaglandin, thyroid hormone, and insulin) regulation of glutamine metabolism, have led us to think about the relationship between these three factors, which remains to be elucidated. Accordingly, in this review, we present an updated overview of glutamine metabolism traits and its influence on endocrine oncology, as well as its upstream hormonal regulation. More importantly, this hormone/glutamine metabolism axis may help in the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for endocrine-related cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jialu Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Xueyun Qin
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zimeng Zheng
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Min Chen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Jiangfeng Ye
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Mingqing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Therapeutic Potential for Intractable Asthma by Targeting L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040553. [PMID: 35454142 PMCID: PMC9029068 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation, obstruction, and hyperresponsiveness. CD4+ T cells, particularly T helper (Th) 2 cells, and their specific cytokines are important mediators in asthma pathogenesis. However, it has been established that Th subsets, other than Th2, as well as various cell types, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), significantly contribute to the development of allergic inflammation. These cells require facilitated amino acid uptake to ensure their full function upon activation. Emerging studies have suggested the potential of pharmacological inhibition of amino acid transporters to inhibit T cell activation and the application of this strategy for treating immunological and inflammatory disorders. In the present review, we explore the possibility of targeting L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) as a novel therapeutic approach for bronchial asthma, including its steroid-resistant endotypes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao X, Sakamoto S, Maimaiti M, Anzai N, Ichikawa T. Contribution of LAT1-4F2hc in Urological Cancers via Toll-like Receptor and Other Vital Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010229. [PMID: 35008399 PMCID: PMC8750950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary LAT1-4F2hc complex is an important amino acid transporter. It mainly transports specific amino acids through the cell membrane, provides nutrition for cells, and participates in a variety of metabolic pathways. LAT1 plays a role in transporting essential amino acids including leucine, which regulates the mTOR signaling pathway. However, the importance of SLCs is still not well known in the field of urological cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to report the role of the LAT1-4F2hc complex in urological cancers, as well as their clinical significance and application. Moreover, the inhibitor of LAT1-4F2hc complex is a promising direction as a targeted therapy to improve the treatment and prognosis of urological cancers. Abstract Tumor cells are known for their ability to proliferate. Nutrients are essential for rapidly growing tumor cells. In particular, essential amino acids are essential for tumor cell growth. Tumor cell growth nutrition requires the regulation of membrane transport proteins. Nutritional processes require amino acid uptake across the cell membrane. Leucine, one of the essential amino acids, has recently been found to be closely associated with cancer, which activate mTOR signaling pathway. The transport of leucine into cells requires an L-type amino acid transporter protein 1, LAT1 (SLC7A5), which requires the 4F2 cell surface antigen heavy chain (4F2hc, SLC3A2) to form a heterodimeric amino acid transporter protein complex. Recent evidence identified 4F2hc as a specific downstream target of the androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7). We stressed the importance of the LAT1-4F2hc complex as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in urological cancers in this review, which covered the recent achievements in research on the involvement of the LAT1-4F2hc complex in urinary system tumors. In addition, JPH203, which is a selective LAT1 inhibitor, has shown excellent inhibitory effects on the proliferation in a variety of tumor cells. The current phase I clinical trials of JPH203 in patients with biliary tract cancer have also achieved good results, which is the future research direction for LAT1 targeted therapy drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
- Department of Urology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-43-226-2134; Fax: +81-43-226-2136
| | - Maihulan Maimaiti
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (X.Z.); (T.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jigjidkhorloo N, Kanekura K, Matsubayashi J, Akahane D, Fujita K, Oikawa K, Kurata A, Takanashi M, Endou H, Nagao T, Gotoh A, Norov O, Kuroda M. Expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 is a poor prognostic factor for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21638. [PMID: 34737339 PMCID: PMC8569019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a heterodimeric membrane transport protein involved in neutral amino acid transport. LAT1 is highly expressed in various malignant solid tumors and plays an essential role in cell proliferation. However, its role in malignant lymphoma remains unknown. Here, we evaluated LAT1 expression level in tissues from 138 patients with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Overexpression of LAT1 was confirmed in all types of NHL and we found that there is a significant correlation between the level of LAT1 expression and lymphoma grade. The LAT1 expression was higher in aggressive types of lymphomas when compared with static types of lymphomas, suggesting that active tumor proliferation requires nutrient uptake via LAT1. The expression level of LAT1 was inversely correlated with patients’ survival span. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of LAT1 by a specific inhibitor JPH203 inhibits lymphoma cell growth. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that LAT1 expression can be used as a prognostic marker for patients with NHL and targeting LAT1 by JPH203 can be a novel therapeutic modality for NHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narangerel Jigjidkhorloo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.,Center of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, The First Central Hospital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14210, Mongolia
| | - Kohsuke Kanekura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Jun Matsubayashi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Daigo Akahane
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Keiki Oikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kurata
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Takanashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endou
- J-Pharma Co., Ltd., 75-1 Ono-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gotoh
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Oyundelger Norov
- Center of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, The First Central Hospital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14210, Mongolia
| | - Masahiko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grading of endometrial cancer using 1H HR-MAS NMR-based metabolomics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18160. [PMID: 34518615 PMCID: PMC8438077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97505-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue metabolomic characteristics associated with endometrial cancer (EC) at different grades were studied using high resolution (400 MHz) magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) proton spectroscopy. The metabolic profiles were obtained from 64 patients (14 with grade 1 (G1), 33 with grade 2 (G2) and 17 with grade 3 (G3) tumors) and compared with the profile acquired from 10 patients with the benign disorders. OPLS-DA revealed increased valine, isoleucine, leucine, hypotaurine, serine, lysine, ethanolamine, choline and decreased creatine, creatinine, glutathione, ascorbate, glutamate, phosphoethanolamine and scyllo-inositol in all EC grades in reference to the non-transformed tissue. The increased levels of taurine was additionally detected in the G1 and G2 tumors in comparison to the control tissue, while the elevated glycine, N-acetyl compound and lactate—in the G1 and G3 tumors. The metabolic features typical for the G1 tumors are the increased dimethyl sulfone, phosphocholine, and decreased glycerophosphocholine and glutamine levels, while the decreased myo-inositol level is characteristic for the G2 and G3 tumors. The elevated 3-hydroxybutyrate, alanine and betaine levels were observed in the G3 tumors. The differences between the grade G1 and G3 malignances were mainly related to the perturbations of phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine biosynthesis, inositol, betaine, serine and glycine metabolism. The statistical significance of the OPLS-DA modeling was also verified by an univariate analysis. HR-MAS NMR based metabolomics provides an useful insight into the metabolic reprogramming in endometrial cancer.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kanai Y. Amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) as a molecular target for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107964. [PMID: 34390745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells require a massive supply of nutrients, including sugars and amino acids-the upregulation of transporters for each nutrient contributes to meet the demand. Distinct from glucose transporters, amino acid transporters include ones whose expression is specific to cancer cells. For example, LAT1 (SLC7A5) displays protein expression mostly limited to the plasma membrane of cancer cells. The exceptions are the placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier, where immunohistochemical and mass spectrometric studies have shown LAT1 expression, although their levels are supposed to be lower than those in cancers. The expression of LAT1 has been reported in cancers from various tissue origins, where high LAT1 expression is related to the poor prognosis of patients. LAT1 is essential for cancer cell growth because the pharmacologic inhibition and knockdown/knockout of LAT1 suppress the proliferation of cancer cells and the growth of xenograft tumors. The inhibition of LAT1 suppresses protein synthesis by downregulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway and mobilizing the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway in cancer cells. LAT1 is, thus, a candidate molecular target for the diagnosis and therapeutics of cancers. 18F-labeled 3-fluoro-l-α-methyl-tyrosine (FAMT) is used as a LAT1-specific PET probe for cancer detection due to the LAT1 specificity of α-methyl aromatic amino acids. FAMT accumulation is cancer-specific and avoids non-cancer lesions, including inflammation, confirming the cancer-specific expression of LAT1 in humans. Due to the cancer-specific nature, LAT1 can also be used for cancer-specific delivery of anti-tumor agents such as l-para-boronophenylalanine used for boron neutron capture therapy and α-emitting nuclide-labeled LAT1 substrates developed for nuclear medicine treatment. Based on the importance of LAT1 in cancer progression, high-affinity LAT1-specific inhibitors have been developed for anti-tumor drugs. JPH203 (KYT0353) is such a compound designed based on the structure-activity relationship of LAT1 ligands. It is one of the highest-affinity inhibitors with less affecting other transporters. It suppresses tumor growth in vivo without significant toxicity in preclinical studies at doses enough to suppress tumor growth. In the phase-I clinical trial, JPH203 appeared to provide promising activity. Because the mechanisms of action of LAT1 inhibitors are novel, with or without combination with other anti-tumor drugs, they could contribute to the treatment of cancers that do not respond to current therapy. The LAT1-specific PET probe could also be used as companion diagnostics of the LAT1-targeting therapies to select patients to whom therapeutic benefits could be expected. Recently, the cryo-EM structure of LAT1 has been solved, which would facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of the dynamic interaction of ligands and the binding site, and further designing new compounds with higher activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang C, Xu J, Xue S, Ye J. Prognostic Value of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) in Various Cancers: A Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 24:523-536. [PMID: 32410110 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) is overexpressed in various types of cancer and has been thought to assist cancer progression through its uptake of neutral amino acids. However, the prognostic role of LAT1 in human cancers remains uncharacterized. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to determine the prognostic significance of LAT1 in various cancers. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WanFang databases to collect relevant cohort studies investigating the prognostic value of LAT1 expression in patients with cancer. Hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to clarify the association between the LAT1 expression and the survival of patients with cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were calculated to appraise the correlation between LAT1 and the clinicopathological characteristics in patients with cancer. RESULTS A total of 32 eligible articles, including 34 cohorts and 6410 patients, were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Our results demonstrated that high LAT1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.41-1.96, P < 0.001), cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.31-2.05, P < 0.001), disease-free survival (HR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.31-1.83, P < 0.001), and progression-free survival (HR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.37, P = 0.026) in patients with cancer. In addition, we found that the elevated expression level of LAT1 was significantly related to certain phenotypes of tumor aggressiveness, such as tumor size, clinical stage, T stage, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, tumor differentiation, Ki-67, CD34, CD98, p53, and system ASC amino acid transporter-2. CONCLUSIONS Elevated expression of LAT1 is associated with poor prognosis in human cancers and may serve as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmeng Zhang
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shanshan Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Ye
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saito Y, Soga T. Amino acid transporters as emerging therapeutic targets in cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2958-2965. [PMID: 34091991 PMCID: PMC8353895 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are indispensable nutrients for both normal and cancer cells. Cancer cells are unable to synthesize essential amino acids as well as some non‐essential amino acids adequately to support rapid proliferation, and must take up amino acids from the surroundings. To meet the increased demand for the amino acid needed for proliferation, high levels of amino acid transporters are expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Cancer cells utilize amino acids to synthesize proteins and nucleotides, as well as to obtain energy. In addition, amino acids are known to play pathological roles in cancer cells. Interestingly, breast cancer cells limit the use of amino acids for cell proliferation based on amino acid availability, which depends on estrogen receptor status. Here, we present a summarized literature review of novel amino acid functions in cancer cells. This review organizes the available knowledge on 2 amino acid transporters, SLC7A5 and SLC7A11, which are considered essential for breast cancer cell growth in a cell‐dependent manner. In particular, we propose the glutamine recycling model to clarify the mechanism underlying aberrant SLC7A5 activation. Finally, we overview the pathological significances of SLC7A5 and SLC7A11 in cancer tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Saito
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shu L, Peng Y, Zhong L, Feng X, Qiao L, Yi Y. CircZNF124 regulates cell proliferation, leucine uptake, migration and invasion by miR-199b-5p/SLC7A5 pathway in endometrial cancer. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1291-1305. [PMID: 34145797 PMCID: PMC8589382 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed that circular RNA participates in endometrial carcinoma (EC) progression. Here we investigated the role of circRNA zinc finger protein 124 (circZNF124) in EC genesis and underlying mechanism. METHODS The expression levels of circZNF124, microRNA-199b-5p (miR-199b-5p) and solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of SLC7A5 and other indicated marker proteins was determined by western blot analysis. For functional assay, cell proliferation, leucine uptake and metastasis were investigated by total cell number, cell counting kit-8, cell colony formation, leucine uptake or transwell assay. The interaction between miR-199b-5p and circZNF124 or SLC7A5 was predicted by starbase online database, and identified by mechanism assays. The impact of circZNF124 absence on tumor growth in vivo was revealed by xenograft mouse model assay. Immunohistochemistry assay was implemented to detect the positive expression rate of nuclear proliferation marker (Ki67). RESULTS CircZNF124 and SLC7A5 expression were significantly increased, while miR-199b-5p was decreased in EC tissues and cells compared with normal endometrial tissues or cells. CircZNF124 expression was closely associated with EC severity and lymph node metastasis. Additionally, circZNF124 depletion repressed cell proliferation, leucine uptake, migration and invasion in both HEC1A and Ishikawa cells. CircZNF124 regulated SLC7A5 expression by binding to miR-199b-5p. MiR-199b-5p inhibitors or SLC7A5 overexpression attenuated circZNF124 silencing-mediated EC malignant progression. Furthermore, SLC7A5 absence inhibited tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION CircZNF124 depletion inhibited EC cell malignancy by miR-199b-5p/SLC7A5 pathway, which demonstrated that circZNF124 had the potential as a therapeutic target for EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuping Shu
- Department of Genecology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Genecology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Liyan Zhong
- Department of Genecology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Genecology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lifu Qiao
- Department of Genecology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi Yi
- Department of Genecology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lopes C, Pereira C, Medeiros R. ASCT2 and LAT1 Contribution to the Hallmarks of Cancer: From a Molecular Perspective to Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E203. [PMID: 33429909 PMCID: PMC7828050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer has been explored throughout the years. In this review, we report their impact on the hallmarks of cancer, as well as their clinical significance. Overall, both proteins have been associated with cell death resistance through dysregulation of caspases and sustainment of proliferative signaling through mTOR activation. Furthermore, ASCT2 appears to play an important role in cellular energetics regulation, whereas LAT1 expression is associated with angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis activation. The molecular impact of these proteins on the hallmarks of cancer translates into various clinical applications and both transporters have been identified as prognostic factors in many types of cancer. Concerning their role as therapeutic targets, efforts have been undertaken to synthesize competitive or irreversible ASCT2 and LAT1 inhibitors. However, JHP203, a selective inhibitor of the latter, is, to the best of our knowledge, the only compound included in a Phase 1 clinical trial. In conclusion, considering the usefulness of ASCT2 and LAT1 in a variety of cancer-related pathways and cancer therapy/diagnosis, the development and testing of novel inhibitors for these transporters that could be evaluated in clinical trials represents a promising approach to cancer prognosis improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
| | - Carina Pereira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (R.M.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer—North (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada da Circunvalação, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Venkateswaran G, Dedhar S. Interplay of Carbonic Anhydrase IX With Amino Acid and Acid/Base Transporters in the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:602668. [PMID: 33240897 PMCID: PMC7680889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.602668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are challenged with a hypoxic and nutrient-deprived microenvironment. Hence, hypoxic tumor cells coordinatively increase the expression of nutrient transporters and pH regulators to adapt and meet their bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a membrane-bound enzyme that plays a vital role in pH regulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Numerous studies have established the importance of CAIX in mediating tumor progression and metastasis. To understand the mechanism of CAIX in mediating tumor progression, we performed an unbiased proteomic screen to identify the potential interactors of CAIX in the TME using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) technique. In this review, we focus on the interactors from this BioID screen that are crucial for nutrient and metabolite transport in the TME. We discuss the role of transport metabolon comprising CAIX and bicarbonate transporters in regulating intra- and extracellular pH of the tumor. We also discuss the role of amino acid transporters that are high confidence interactors of CAIX, in optimizing favorable metabolic state for tumor progression, and give our perspective on the coordinative interplay of CAIX with the amino acid transporters in the hypoxic TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Venkateswaran
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang J, Xu Y, Li D, Fu L, Zhang X, Bao Y, Zheng L. Review of the Correlation of LAT1 With Diseases: Mechanism and Treatment. Front Chem 2020; 8:564809. [PMID: 33195053 PMCID: PMC7606929 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.564809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT1 is a member of the system L transporter family. The main role of the LAT1 is to transport specific amino acids through cell membranes to provide nutrients to cells and participate in several metabolic pathways. It also contributes to the transport of hormones and some drugs, which are essential for the development and treatment of some diseases. In recent years, many studies have shown that LAT1 is related to cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. However, the specific mechanism underlying the influence of LAT1 on such conditions remains unclear. Through the increasing number of studies on LAT1, we have obtained a preliminary understanding on the function of LAT1 in diseases. These studies also provide a theoretical basis for finding treatments for LAT1-related diseases, such as cancer. This review summarizes the function and mechanism of LAT1 in different diseases and the treatment of LAT1-related diseases. It also provides support for the development of novel and reliable disease treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Fu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yigang Bao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianwen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Scalise M, Console L, Rovella F, Galluccio M, Pochini L, Indiveri C. Membrane Transporters for Amino Acids as Players of Cancer Metabolic Rewiring. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092028. [PMID: 32899180 PMCID: PMC7565710 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells perform a metabolic rewiring to sustain an increased growth rate and compensate for the redox stress caused by augmented energy metabolism. The metabolic changes are not the same in all cancers. Some features, however, are considered hallmarks of this disease. As an example, all cancer cells rewire the amino acid metabolism for fulfilling both the energy demand and the changed signaling routes. In these altered conditions, some amino acids are more frequently used than others. In any case, the prerequisite for amino acid utilization is the presence of specific transporters in the cell membrane that can guarantee the absorption and the traffic of amino acids among tissues. Tumor cells preferentially use some of these transporters for satisfying their needs. The evidence for this phenomenon is the over-expression of selected transporters, associated with specific cancer types. The knowledge of the link between the over-expression and the metabolic rewiring is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanism of reprogramming in cancer cells. The continuous growth of information on structure-function relationships and the regulation of transporters will open novel perspectives in the fight against human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Filomena Rovella
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.); (L.C.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (L.P.)
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM) via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-8449-2939
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chatsirisupachai K, Kitdumrongthum S, Panvongsa W, Janpipatkul K, Worakitchanon W, Lertjintanakit S, Wongtrakoongate P, Chairoungdua A. Expression and roles of system L amino acid transporters in human embryonal carcinoma cells. Andrology 2020; 8:1844-1858. [PMID: 32741077 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common malignant cancer in young men. Although TGCTs are generally responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy particularly cisplatin, acquired resistance in patients with metastasis still occurs resulting in poor prognosis. Specifically, differentiation of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, the stem cells of TGCTs, can lead to the reduction of cisplatin responsiveness. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies for TGCTs are needed. System L amino acid transporters have been reported to be up-regulated and to play an important role in tumorigenesis. However, expression and role of system L amino acid transporters in TGCTs remain elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of system L amino acid transporters was analyzed in TGCT samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Expression of LAT1, LAT2, and 4F2hc was examined in human embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA2. Roles of system L amino acid transporters on NTERA2 cell survival, cell proliferation, pluripotency, and cisplatin sensitivity were evaluated. RESULTS Based upon TCGA datasets, we found that two isoforms of system L (LAT1 and LAT2) and their chaperone protein 4F2hc are highly expressed in EC samples compared with other groups. Treatment with the system L inhibitor BCH significantly suppressed leucine uptake into the pluripotent EC cell line NTERA2. The malignant phenotypes including cell viability, cell proliferation, and clonal ability were decreased following BCH treatment. Nonetheless, system L inhibition did not alter expression of stemness genes in NTERA2 cells. After NTERA2 differentiation, expressions of LAT1 and LAT2 were decreased. Finally, co-administration of BCH enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. These effects were associated with the reduction in p70S6K phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results shed light on the roles of system L amino acid transporters in TGCTs. Therefore, system L amino acid transporters could provide novel therapeutic targets for treatment against TGCTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wittaya Panvongsa
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sarat Lertjintanakit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Correlation of high LAT1 expression with the prognosis of endometrioid carcinoma of the uterine corpus. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:421-427. [PMID: 32144539 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been described to play essential roles in cancer cell growth and survival. To determine the significance of LAT1 in the prognosis of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, we investigated LAT1 expression in 353 endometrioid carcinoma patients by immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarray. The tumors in which stained tumor cells made up more than 25% of the tumor were graded as high expression. High expression of LAT1 was detected in 29 (8.2%) of patients. The ratio of high LAT1 expression did not significantly differ by age (< 60 vs. ≥ 60), FIGO stage (stage I/II vs. III/IV), histological grade (grade 1 vs. grade 2/3), or lymph node metastasis (positive vs. negative). However, high LAT1 expression in endometrioid carcinoma was associated with a poorer progression-free survival and overall survival, as per the results of the log-rank test (P = 0.0263 and 0.0404, respectively). Cox univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that high LAT1 expression is an independent marker of poor progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 2.598, P = 0.0137), in addition to a higher age (≥ 60 years vs. < 60 years), FIGO stage (stage III/IV vs. I/II), and histological grade (grade 2/3 vs. grade 1). In conclusion, we demonstrate that LAT1 is associated with a poor prognosis of endometrioid carcinoma of the uterine corpus.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ke J, Shen Z, Hu W, Li M, Shi Y, Xie Z, Wu D. LncRNA DCST1-AS1 Was Upregulated in Endometrial Carcinoma and May Sponge miR-92a-3p to Upregulate Notch1. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1221-1227. [PMID: 32110096 PMCID: PMC7035894 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s234891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The functions of DCST1-AS1 have been investigated in liver cancer, while its role in endometrial carcinoma (EC) remains hardly known. This study aimed to analyze the role of DCST1-AS1 in EC. Methods Paired EC and non-tumor tissue samples were obtained from 62 EC patients. These patients were followed up for 5 years since their admission to record their survival conditions. HEC-1 cells were transfected with DCST1-AS1, Notch1 vectors, miRNA negative control or miR-92a-3p mimic. Luciferase activity was measured. QPCR and Western blot were applied to determine the RNA level and protein expression, respectively. The invasion and migration of HEC-1 cells were analyzed by Transwell assay. Results We in this study found that DCST1-AS1 was upregulated in EC. Survival analysis revealed that high levels of DCST1-AS1 expression predicted poor survival of EC patients. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-92a-3p may bind DCST1-AS1 and the interaction between them was further confirmed by dual-luciferase activity assay. However, overexpression of miR-92a-3p and DCST1-AS1 failed to affect the expression of each other. Moreover, DCST1-AS1 overexpression led to upregulated Notch1 and increased cancer cell invasion and migration rates. Overexpression of miR-92a-3p played an opposite role and attenuated the effects of DCST1-AS1 overexpression. Discussion DCST1-AS1 is downregulated in EC and may sponge miR-92a-3p, thereby promoting cancer cell invasion and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieqi Ke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dabao Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Characterization of the expression of LAT1 as a prognostic indicator and a therapeutic target in renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16776. [PMID: 31748583 PMCID: PMC6868143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) is abundantly expressed in various types of cancer, and it has been thought to assist cancer progression through its activity for uptake of neutral amino acids. However, the roles of LAT1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) prognosis and treatment remain uncharacterized. Therefore, we first retrospectively examined the LAT1 expression profile and its associations with clinical factors in RCC tissues (n = 92). The results of immunohistochemistry showed that most of the tissues examined (92%) had cancer-associated LAT1 expression. Furthermore, the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were shorter in patients with high LAT1 expression levels than in those with low LAT1 expression levels (P = 0.018 and 0.014, respectively), and these associations were further strengthened by the results of univariate and multivariate analyses. Next, we tested the effects of JPH203, which is a selective LAT1 inhibitor, on RCC-derived Caki-1 and ACHN cells. It was found that JPH203 inhibited the growth of these cell types in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, JPH203 clearly suppressed their migration and invasion activities. Thus, our results show that LAT1 has a great potential to become not only a prognosis biomarker but also a therapeutic target in RCC clinical settings.
Collapse
|
23
|
CD98hc (SLC3A2) sustains amino acid and nucleotide availability for cell cycle progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14065. [PMID: 31575908 PMCID: PMC6773781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) forms heteromeric amino acid (AA) transporters by interacting with different light chains. Cancer cells overexpress CD98hc-transporters in order to meet their increased nutritional and antioxidant demands, since they provide branched-chain AA (BCAA) and aromatic AA (AAA) availability while protecting cells from oxidative stress. Here we show that BCAA and AAA shortage phenocopies the inhibition of mTORC1 signalling, protein synthesis and cell proliferation caused by CD98hc ablation. Furthermore, our data indicate that CD98hc sustains glucose uptake and glycolysis, and, as a consequence, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Thus, loss of CD98hc triggers a dramatic reduction in the nucleotide pool, which leads to replicative stress in these cells, as evidenced by the enhanced DNA Damage Response (DDR), S-phase delay and diminished rate of mitosis, all recovered by nucleoside supplementation. In addition, proper BCAA and AAA availability sustains the expression of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In this regard, BCAA and AAA shortage results in decreased content of deoxynucleotides that triggers replicative stress, also recovered by nucleoside supplementation. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that CD98hc plays a central role in AA and glucose cellular nutrition, redox homeostasis and nucleotide availability, all key for cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Amino acids perform a variety of functions in cells and organisms, particularly in the synthesis of proteins, as energy metabolites, neurotransmitters, and precursors for many other molecules. Amino acid transport plays a key role in all these functions. Inhibition of amino acid transport is pursued as a therapeutic strategy in several areas, such as diabetes and related metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, cancer, and stem cell biology. The role of amino acid transporters in these disorders and processes is well established, but the implementation of amino acid transporters as drug targets is still in its infancy. This is at least in part due to the underdeveloped pharmacology of this group of membrane proteins. Recent advances in structural biology, membrane protein expression, and inhibitor screening methodology will see an increased number of improved and selective inhibitors of amino acid transporters that can serve as tool compounds for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- 1 Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang BK, Moran AM, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ, Holst J, Wang Q. EGF-activated PI3K/Akt signalling coordinates leucine uptake by regulating LAT3 expression in prostate cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:83. [PMID: 31345230 PMCID: PMC6659227 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth factors, such as EGF, activate the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signalling pathway, which regulates a distinct program of protein synthesis leading to cell growth. This pathway relies on mTORC1 sensing sufficient levels of intracellular amino acids, such as leucine, which are required for mTORC1 activation. However, it is currently unknown whether there is a direct link between these external growth signals and intracellular amino acid levels. In primary prostate cancer cells, intracellular leucine levels are regulated by L-type amino acid transporter 3 (LAT3/SLC43A1), and we therefore investigated whether LAT3 is regulated by growth factor signalling. Methods To investigate how PI3K/Akt signalling regulates leucine transport, prostate cancer cells were treated with different PI3K/Akt inhibitors, or stable knock down of LAT3 by shRNA, followed by analysis of leucine uptake, western blotting, immunofluorescent staining and proximity ligation assay. Results Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signalling significantly reduced leucine transport in LNCaP and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines, while growth factor addition significantly increased leucine uptake. These effects appeared to be mediated by LAT3 transport, as LAT3 knockdown blocked leucine uptake, and was not rescued by growth factor activation or further inhibited by signalling pathway inhibition. We further demonstrated that EGF significantly increased LAT3 protein levels when Akt was phosphorylated, and that Akt and LAT3 co-localised on the plasma membrane in EGF-activated LNCaP cells. These effects were likely due to stabilisation of LAT3 protein levels on the plasma membrane, with EGF treatment preventing ubiquitin-mediated LAT3 degradation. Conclusion Growth factor-activated PI3K/Akt signalling pathway regulates leucine transport through LAT3 in prostate cancer cell lines. These data support a direct link between growth factor and amino acid uptake, providing a mechanism by which the cells rapidly coordinate amino acid uptake for cell growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0400-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake K Zhang
- Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Anne M Moran
- Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Translational Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,Origins of Cancer Program Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
| | - Qian Wang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia. .,Translational Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The L-Type Amino Acid Transporter LAT1-An Emerging Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102428. [PMID: 31100853 PMCID: PMC6566973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic proliferation is a major hallmark of tumor cells. Rapidly proliferating cancer cells are highly dependent on nutrients in order to duplicate their cell mass during each cell division. In particular, essential amino acids are indispensable for proliferating cancer cells. Their uptake across the cell membrane is tightly controlled by membrane transporters. Among those, the L-type amino acid transporter LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been repeatedly found overexpressed in a vast variety of cancers. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the role of LAT1 in cancer and highlight preclinical studies and drug developments underlying the potential of LAT1 as therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
27
|
Huttunen J, Gynther M, Huttunen KM. Targeted efflux transporter inhibitors - A solution to improve poor cellular accumulation of anti-cancer agents. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:278-289. [PMID: 30149128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Efflux transporters function as vacuum cleaners of xenobiotics and therefore they hinder drugs to reach their targets at effective enough concentrations. Efflux pump inhibitors can be used to improve the cell accumulation of drugs, however all the current inhibitors lack selectivity towards cancer cells. l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), which is expressed in many types of cancer cells can be utilized to target inhibitors of efflux transporters to these cells by converting the inhibitors into LAT1-utilizing prodrugs. In this study, we prepared 5 LAT1-utilizing prodrugs of an efflux pump inhibitor, probenecid (PRB). All novel compounds were transported into human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) mainly via LAT1. The compounds also interacted with either multiresistant proteins (MRPs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) and increased significantly (3-4-fold) the cellular accumulation of anti-cancer agent vinblastine (VBL). Consequently, this improved the anti-proliferative efficacy of VBL by decreasing the cell growth after 72 h from 100% (VBL treatment alone) to 48-75% (combination treatment). However, the same phenomenon was not seen with other chemotherapeutic, methotrexate (MTX). Therefore, the chemotherapeutics need to be selected carefully based on their uptake mechanism to the combinations with LAT1-utilizing prodrugs of efflux pump inhibitors to defeat effectively the multidrug resistance (MDR) of chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bothwell PJ, Kron CD, Wittke EF, Czerniak BN, Bode BP. Targeted Suppression and Knockout of ASCT2 or LAT1 in Epithelial and Mesenchymal Human Liver Cancer Cells Fail to Inhibit Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072093. [PMID: 30029480 PMCID: PMC6073291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2) and L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) are coordinately enhanced in human cancers where among other roles, they are thought to drive mechanistic target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) growth signaling. To assess ASCT2 and LAT1 as therapeutic targets, nine unique short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors were used to stably suppress transporter expression in human epithelial (Hep3B) and mesenchymal (SK-Hep1) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. In addition, six unique CRISPR-Cas9 vectors were used to edit the ASCT2 (SLC1A5) and LAT1 (SLC7A5) genes in epithelial (HUH7) and mesenchymal (SK-Hep1) HCC cells. Both approaches successfully diminished glutamine (ASCT2) and leucine (LAT1) initial-rate transport proportional to transporter protein suppression. In spite of profoundly reduced glutamine or leucine transport (up to 90%), transporter suppression or knockout failed to substantially affect cellular proliferation or basal and amino acid-stimulated mTORC1 growth signaling in either HCC cell type. Only LAT1 knockout in HUH7 slightly reduced growth rate. However, intracellular accumulation of radiolabeled glutamine and leucine over longer time periods largely recovered to control levels in ASCT2 and LAT1 knockout cells, respectively, which partially explains the lack of an impaired growth phenotype. These data collectively establish that in an in vitro context, human epithelial and mesenchymal HCC cell lines adapt to ASCT2 or LAT1 knockout. These results comport with an emerging model of amino acid exchangers like ASCT2 and LAT1 as “harmonizers”, not drivers, of amino acid accumulation and signaling, despite their long-established dominant role in initial-rate amino acid transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige J Bothwell
- Department of Biological Sciences/Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - Clare D Kron
- Department of Biological Sciences/Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - Evan F Wittke
- Department of Biological Sciences/Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - Bradley N Czerniak
- Department of Biological Sciences/Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - Barrie P Bode
- Department of Biological Sciences/Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Singh N, Ecker GF. Insights into the Structure, Function, and Ligand Discovery of the Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1, LAT1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1278. [PMID: 29695141 PMCID: PMC5983779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, or SLC7A5) is a sodium- and pH-independent transporter, which supplies essential amino acids (e.g., leucine, phenylalanine) to cells. It plays an important role at the Blood⁻Brain Barrier (BBB) where it facilitates the transport of thyroid hormones, pharmaceuticals (e.g., l-DOPA, gabapentin), and metabolites into the brain. Moreover, its expression is highly upregulated in various types of human cancer that are characterized by an intense demand for amino acids for growth and proliferation. Therefore, LAT1 is believed to be an important drug target for cancer treatment. With the crystallization of the arginine/agmatine antiporter (AdiC) from Escherichia Coli, numerous homology models of LAT1 have been built to elucidate the substrate binding site, ligand⁻transporter interaction, and structure⁻function relationship. The use of these models in combination with molecular docking and experimental testing has identified novel chemotypes of ligands of LAT1. Here, we highlight the structure, function, transport mechanism, and homology modeling of LAT1. Additionally, results from structure⁻function studies performed on LAT1 are addressed, which have enhanced our knowledge of the mechanism of substrate binding and translocation. This is followed by a discussion on ligand- and structure-based approaches, with an emphasis on elucidating the molecular basis of LAT1 inhibition. Finally, we provide an exhaustive summary of different LAT1 inhibitors that have been identified so far, including the recently discovered irreversible covalent inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yoon BR, Oh YJ, Kang SW, Lee EB, Lee WW. Role of SLC7A5 in Metabolic Reprogramming of Human Monocyte/Macrophage Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:53. [PMID: 29422900 PMCID: PMC5788887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are necessary nutrients which act not only as building blocks in protein synthesis but also in crucial anabolic cellular signaling pathways. It has been demonstrated that SLC7A5 is a critical transporter that mediates uptake of several essential amino acids in highly proliferative tumors and activated T cells. However, the dynamics and relevance of SLC7A5 activity in monocytes/macrophages is still poorly understood. We provide evidence that SLC7A5-mediated leucine influx contributes to pro-inflammatory cytokine production via mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-induced glycolytic reprograming in activated human monocytes/macrophages. Moreover, expression of SLC7A5 is significantly elevated in monocytes derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, and was also markedly induced by LPS stimulation of both monocytes and macrophages from healthy individuals. Further, pharmacological blockade or silencing of SLC7A5 led to a significant reduction of IL-1β downstream of leucine-mediated mTORC1 activation. Inhibition of SLC7A5-mediated leucine influx was linked to downregulation of glycolytic metabolism as evidenced by the decreased extracellular acidification rate, suggesting a regulatory role for this molecule in glycolytic reprograming. Furthermore, the expression of SLC7A5 on circulating monocytes from RA patients positively correlated with clinical parameters, suggesting that SLC7A5-mediated AA influx is related to inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ruem Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Jeong Oh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Scalise M, Pochini L, Galluccio M, Console L, Indiveri C. Glutamine Transport and Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cancer Cell Growth. Front Oncol 2017; 7:306. [PMID: 29376023 PMCID: PMC5770653 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that cancer is a metabolic disease is now well acknowledged: many cancer cell types rely mostly on glucose and some amino acids, especially glutamine for energy supply. These findings were corroborated by overexpression of plasma membrane nutrient transporters, such as the glucose transporters (GLUTs) and some amino acid transporters such as ASCT2, LAT1, and ATB0,+, which became promising targets for pharmacological intervention. On the basis of their sodium-dependent transport modes, ASCT2 and ATB0+ have the capacity to sustain glutamine need of cancer cells; while LAT1, which is sodium independent will have the role of providing cancer cells with some amino acids with plausible signaling roles. According to the metabolic reprogramming of many types of cancer cells, glucose is mainly catabolized by aerobic glycolysis in tumors, while the fate of Glutamine is completed at mitochondrial level where the enzyme Glutaminase converts Glutamine to Glutamate. Glutamine rewiring in cancer cells is heterogeneous. For example, Glutamate is converted to α-Ketoglutarate giving rise to a truncated form of Krebs cycle. This reprogrammed pathway leads to the production of ATP mainly at substrate level and regeneration of reducing equivalents needed for cells growth, redox balance, and metabolic energy. Few studies on hypothetical mitochondrial transporter for Glutamine are reported and indirect evidences suggested its presence. Pharmacological compounds able to inhibit Glutamine metabolism may represent novel drugs for cancer treatments. Interestingly, well acknowledged targets for drugs are the Glutamine transporters of plasma membrane and the key enzyme Glutaminase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
AbstractGlutamine commonly becomes a conditionally essential amino acid in cancer. Glutamine is supplied to the cell by transporters such as ASCT2 (SLC1A5), which is frequently upregulated in multiple cancers. Here we investigated the expression of ASCT2 in endometrial carcinoma, and evaluated the contribution of ASCT2 to glutamine uptake and endometrial cancer cell growth. Analysis of human gene expression data showed that ASCT2 was significantly upregulated in both endometrioid and serous subtypes of endometrial carcinoma, compared to normal, age-matched endometrium. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of primary human endometrioid adenocarcinomas showed that tumours stain positive for ASCT2 in either a uniform or mosaic expression pattern, while normal adjacent glands appeared predominantly negative for ASCT2 staining. Chemical inhibition of glutamine transport by benzylserine or GPNA led to a significant decrease in endometrial cancer cell growth and spheroid cross-sectional area. ASCT2 knockdown recapitulated the decrease of cell growth and spheroid cross-sectional area in HEC1A cells, suggesting a reliance on ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake. ASCT2 knockdown in Ishikawa cells led to lower glutamine uptake and cell growth, but did not affect spheroid area. Ishikawa cells express higher levels of the glutamine transporter SNAT1 compared to HEC1A cells, suggesting these cells may rely on both ASCT2 and SNAT1 for glutamine uptake. Since SNAT1 is also significantly upregulated in the endometrioid and serous subtypes, these data indicate that ASCT2 and SNAT1 could be used as markers of malignancy, and/or potential therapeutic targets in patients with endometrial carcinoma.
Collapse
|
33
|
ASCT2 regulates glutamine uptake and cell growth in endometrial carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e367. [PMID: 28759021 PMCID: PMC5541720 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine commonly becomes a conditionally essential amino acid in cancer. Glutamine is supplied to the cell by transporters such as ASCT2 (SLC1A5), which is frequently upregulated in multiple cancers. Here we investigated the expression of ASCT2 in endometrial carcinoma, and evaluated the contribution of ASCT2 to glutamine uptake and endometrial cancer cell growth. Analysis of human gene expression data showed that ASCT2 was significantly upregulated in both endometrioid and serous subtypes of endometrial carcinoma, compared to normal, age-matched endometrium. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of primary human endometrioid adenocarcinomas showed that tumours stain positive for ASCT2 in either a uniform or mosaic expression pattern, while normal adjacent glands appeared predominantly negative for ASCT2 staining. Chemical inhibition of glutamine transport by benzylserine or GPNA led to a significant decrease in endometrial cancer cell growth and spheroid cross-sectional area. ASCT2 knockdown recapitulated the decrease of cell growth and spheroid cross-sectional area in HEC1A cells, suggesting a reliance on ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake. ASCT2 knockdown in Ishikawa cells led to lower glutamine uptake and cell growth, but did not affect spheroid area. Ishikawa cells express higher levels of the glutamine transporter SNAT1 compared to HEC1A cells, suggesting these cells may rely on both ASCT2 and SNAT1 for glutamine uptake. Since SNAT1 is also significantly upregulated in the endometrioid and serous subtypes, these data indicate that ASCT2 and SNAT1 could be used as markers of malignancy, and/or potential therapeutic targets in patients with endometrial carcinoma.
Collapse
|
34
|
Piltti J, Bygdell J, Fernández-Echevarría C, Marcellino D, Lammi MJ. Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and hypoxia synergistically enhance chondrocytic phenotype and modify S100 protein profiles in human chondrosarcoma cells. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623370 PMCID: PMC5473921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes are slowly dividing cells that tend to lose their cell type-specific phenotype and ability to produce structurally and functionally correct cartilage tissue when cultured. Thus, culture conditions, which enhance the maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype would be very useful for cartilage research. Here we show that Rho-kinase inhibition by Y-27632 under hypoxic conditions efficiently maintains and even enhances chondrocyte-specific extracellular matrix production by chondrocytic cells. The effects of long-term Y-27632 exposure to human chondrosarcoma 2/8 cell phenotype maintenance and extracellular matrix production were studied at normoxia and at a 5% low oxygen atmosphere. Y-27632 treatment at normoxia induced ACAN and COL2A1 gene up-regulation and a minor increase of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs), while type II collagen expression was not significantly up-regulated. A further increase in expression of ACAN and COL2A1 was achieved with Y-27632 treatment and hypoxia. The production of sGAGs increased by 65.8%, and ELISA analysis revealed a 6-fold up-regulation of type II collagen. Y-27632 also induced the up-regulation of S100-A1 and S100-B proteins and modified the expression of several other S100 protein family members, such as S100-A4, S100-A6, S100-A13 and S100-A16. The up-regulation of S100-A1 and S100-B proteins is suggested to enhance the chondrocytic phenotype of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Piltti
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bygdell
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 10, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Marcellino
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Marshall AD, Bailey CG, Champ K, Vellozzi M, O'Young P, Metierre C, Feng Y, Thoeng A, Richards AM, Schmitz U, Biro M, Jayasinghe R, Ding L, Anderson L, Mardis ER, Rasko JEJ. CTCF genetic alterations in endometrial carcinoma are pro-tumorigenic. Oncogene 2017; 36:4100-4110. [PMID: 28319062 PMCID: PMC5519450 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CTCF is a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor gene with diverse normal functions in genome structure and gene regulation. However the mechanism by which CTCF haploinsufficiency contributes to cancer development is not well understood. CTCF is frequently mutated in endometrial cancer. Here we show that most CTCF mutations effectively result in CTCF haploinsufficiency through nonsense-mediated decay of mutant transcripts, or loss-of-function missense mutation. Conversely, we identified a recurrent CTCF mutation K365T, which alters a DNA binding residue, and acts as a gain-of-function mutation enhancing cell survival. CTCF genetic deletion occurs predominantly in poor prognosis serous subtype tumours, and this genetic deletion is associated with poor overall survival. In addition, we have shown that CTCF haploinsufficiency also occurs in poor prognosis endometrial clear cell carcinomas and has some association with endometrial cancer relapse and metastasis. Using shRNA targeting CTCF to recapitulate CTCF haploinsufficiency, we have identified a novel role for CTCF in the regulation of cellular polarity of endometrial glandular epithelium. Overall, we have identified two novel pro-tumorigenic roles (promoting cell survival and altering cell polarity) for genetic alterations of CTCF in endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Marshall
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Champ
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Vellozzi
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P O'Young
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Metierre
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Thoeng
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A M Richards
- Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - U Schmitz
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Biro
- Cell Motility and Mechanobiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Jayasinghe
- Cancer Genomics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Ding
- Cancer Genomics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Anderson
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E R Mardis
- Cancer Genomics, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - J E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hayashi K, Anzai N. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting L-type amino acid transporters for cancer treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 9:21-29. [PMID: 28144396 PMCID: PMC5241523 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v9.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) mainly assist the uptake of neutral amino acids into cells. Four LATs (LAT1, LAT2, LAT3 and LAT4) have so far been identified. LAT1 (SLC7A5) has been attracting much attention in the field of cancer research since it is commonly up-regulated in various cancers. Basic research has made it increasingly clear that LAT1 plays a predominant role in malignancy. The functional significance of LAT1 in cancer and the potential therapeutic application of the features of LAT1 to cancer management are described in this review.
Collapse
|