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Lv X, Luo C, Wu J, Huang Y, Quan J, Gong Q, Tong Z. Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing of endothelial cells and proteomics to unravel the role of ICAM1-PTGS2 communication in apical periodontitis: A laboratory investigation. Int Endod J 2024; 57:1228-1246. [PMID: 38713190 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIM Endothelial cells (EDs) play a key role in angiogenesis and are associated with granulomatous lesions in patients with chronic apical periodontitis (CAP). This study aimed to investigate the diversity of EDs using single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing (scRNA-seq) and to evaluate the regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) on the ferroptosis-related protein, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), in CAP. METHODOLOGY EDs from the uploaded scRNA-seq data of five CAP samples (GSE181688 and GSE197680) were categorized using distinct marker genes. The interactions between vein EDs (veinEndo) and other cell types were analysed using CellPhoneDB. Differentially expressed proteins in the proteomics of human umbilical vein EDs (HUVECs) and THP-1-derived macrophages infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis were compared with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of VeinEndo in scRNA-seq of CAP versus healthy control periodontal tissues. The protein-protein interaction of ICAM1-PTGS2 in macrophages and HUVECs was validated by adding recombinant ICAM1, ICAM1 inhibitor and PTGS2 inhibitor using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS EDs in patients with CAP were divided into eight subclusters: five vein ED, capillaries, arterials and EC (PLA). There were 29 mutually upregulated DEGs and two mutually downregulated DEGs in vein cells in the scRNA-seq data, as well as differentially expressed proteins in the proteomics of HUVECs. Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining showed that ICAM1 and PTGS2 were highly expressed in CAP, infected HUVECs, and macrophages. Recombinant protein ICAM1 may improve PTGS2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Fe2+ levels and decrease glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and SLC7A11 protein levels. ICAM1 inhibitor may inverse the above changes. CONCLUSIONS scRNA-seq revealed the diversity of EDs in CAP and identified the possible regulation of ICAM1 by the ferroptosis-related protein, PTGS2, in infected HUVECs and macrophages, thus providing a basis for therapeutic approaches that target the inflammatory microenvironment of CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Lv
- Hosiptal of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuiting Luo
- Hosiptal of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Hosiptal of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihua Huang
- Hosiptal of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Quan
- Hosiptal of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qimei Gong
- Hosiptal of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongchun Tong
- Hosiptal of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Vitale S, Calapà F, Colonna F, Luongo F, Biffoni M, De Maria R, Fiori ME. Advancements in 3D In Vitro Models for Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2405084. [PMID: 38962943 PMCID: PMC11348154 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The process of drug discovery and pre-clinical testing is currently inefficient, expensive, and time-consuming. Most importantly, the success rate is unsatisfactory, as only a small percentage of tested drugs are made available to oncological patients. This is largely due to the lack of reliable models that accurately predict drug efficacy and safety. Even animal models often fail to replicate human-specific pathologies and human body's complexity. These factors, along with ethical concerns regarding animal use, urge the development of suitable human-relevant, translational in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vitale
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (OMM)Istituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena 299Rome00161Italy
| | - Federica Calapà
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionaleUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreLargo F. Vito 1RomeItaly
| | - Francesca Colonna
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (OMM)Istituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena 299Rome00161Italy
| | - Francesca Luongo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionaleUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreLargo F. Vito 1RomeItaly
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (OMM)Istituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena 299Rome00161Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionaleUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreLargo F. Vito 1RomeItaly
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” – IRCCSLargo F. Vito 1RomeItaly
| | - Micol E. Fiori
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (OMM)Istituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena 299Rome00161Italy
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3
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Chen Y, Liang Z, Lai M. Targeting the devil: Strategies against cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer. Transl Res 2024; 270:81-93. [PMID: 38614213 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as significant constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME), play a pivotal role in the progression of cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In this comprehensive review, we presented the origins and activation mechanisms of CAFs in CRC, elaborating on how CAFs drive tumor progression through their interactions with CRC cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, and the extracellular matrix within the TME. We systematically outline the intricate web of interactions among CAFs, tumor cells, and other TME components, and based on this complex interplay, we summarize various therapeutic strategies designed to target CAFs in CRC. It is also essential to recognize that CAFs represent a highly heterogeneous group, encompassing various subtypes such as myofibroblastic CAF (myCAF), inflammatory CAF (iCAF), antigen-presenting CAF (apCAF), vessel-associated CAF (vCAF). Herein, we provide a summary of studies investigating the heterogeneity of CAFs in CRC and the characteristic expression patterns of each subtype. While the majority of CAFs contribute to the exacerbation of CRC malignancy, recent findings have revealed specific subtypes that exert inhibitory effects on CRC progression. Nevertheless, the comprehensive landscape of CAF heterogeneity still awaits exploration. We also highlight pivotal unanswered questions that need to be addressed before CAFs can be recognized as feasible targets for cancer treatment. In conclusion, the aim of our review is to elucidate the significance and challenges of advancing in-depth research on CAFs, while outlining the pathway to uncover the complex roles of CAFs in CRC and underscore their significant potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Chen
- Department of Pathology, and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU042), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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4
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Dilek ON, Arslan Kahraman Dİ, Kahraman G. Carcinoembryonic antigen in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of focal liver lesions. World J Gastrointest Surg 2024; 16:999-1007. [PMID: 38690060 PMCID: PMC11056666 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i4.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In this editorial review, we comment on the article published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a fetal glycoprotein and can be secreted in very small amounts from healthy adults after birth. CEA is widely used not only for diagnostic tumor markers but also importantly for the management of some gastrointestinal tumors. The most common clinical use is surveillance for the monitoring of colorectal carcinoma. However, CEA can become elevated in several malign or benign characterized pathologies. Serum CEA level may vary depending on the location of the lesion, whether it metastasizes or not, and its histopathological characteristics. It has been determined that cases with high preoperative CEA have a more aggressive course and the risk of metastasis to the lymph tissue and liver increases. In this editorial review, we focused on evaluating the role of CEA in clinical practice with a holistic approach, including the diagnostic and prognostic significance of CEA in patients with focal liver lesions, the role of CEA in follow-up after definitive surgery, and also hepatic resection for metastasis, and the management of all patients with raised CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Nuri Dilek
- Department of Surgery, İzmir Katip Celebi University, School of Medicine, İzmir 35150, Turkey
| | | | - Gökhan Kahraman
- Department of Radiology, Suluova State Hospital, Amasya 5500, Turkey
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5
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Zhang T, Tai Z, Miao F, Zhang X, Li J, Zhu Q, Wei H, Chen Z. Adoptive cell therapy for solid tumors beyond CAR-T: Current challenges and emerging therapeutic advances. J Control Release 2024; 368:372-396. [PMID: 38408567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using immune cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is a highly specific anti-tumor immunotherapy that has shown promise in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, there has been a slow progress toward the treatment of solid tumors owing to the complex tumor microenvironment that affects the localization and killing ability of the CAR cells. Solid tumors with a strong immunosuppressive microenvironment and complex vascular system are unaffected by CAR cell infiltration and attack. To improve their efficacy toward solid tumors, CAR cells have been modified and upgraded by "decorating" and "pruning". This review focuses on the structure and function of CARs, the immune cells that can be engineered by CARs and the transformation strategies to overcome solid tumors, with a view to broadening ideas for the better application of CAR cell therapy for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingrui Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fengze Miao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Jiadong Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
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6
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Yan L, Zheng J, Wang Q, Hao H. Role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer and their potential as therapeutic targets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 681:127-135. [PMID: 37774570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are mesenchymal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). CAFs are the most abundant cellular components in the TME of solid tumors. They affect the progression and course of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in various types of tumors including colorectal cancer (CRC). CAFs can promote tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis; protect tumor cells from immune surveillance; and resist tumor cell apoptosis caused by chemotherapy, resulting in drug resistance to chemotherapy. In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested CAF functions and have conducted extensive research. However, compared to other types of malignancies, our understanding of the interaction between CRC cells and CAFs remains limited. Therefore, we searched the relevant literature published in the past 10 years, and reviewed the origin, biological characteristics, heterogeneity, role in the TME, and potential therapeutic targets of CAFs, to aid future research on CAFs and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yan
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, PR China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Hua Hao
- Department of Pathology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
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7
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Wang R, Li Q, Chu X, Li N, Liang H, He F. Sequencing and Bioinformatics analysis of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA in Glioblastoma multiforme. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2289-2300. [PMID: 37389689 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs have a role in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), although the regulatory mechanisms controlled by competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in GBM are still poorly understood and infrequently described. This research extensively analyzed circRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA expression changes in GBM patients. RNA-sequencing analyses were conducted to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs), lncRNAs (DELs), miRNAs (DEMs), and circRNAs (DECs) in the GBM. In this study, researchers found that GBM patients and healthy controls differed in the presence of 1224 DECs, 1406 DELs, 229 DEMs, and 2740 DEGs. PPI network analysis demonstrated that CEACAM5, CXCL17, FAM83A, TMPRSS4, and GGPRC5A were hub genes and enriched in modules. Then a ceRNA network was constructed with 8 circRNA, 7 lncRNAs, 16 miRNAs, and 17 mRNAs. Overall, the ceRNA interaction axes that were found may prove to be pivotal therapeutic targets for treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Qi Li
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Xiaolei Chu
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Haiqian Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China.
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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8
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Lai X, Fu G, Du H, Xie Z, Lin S, Li Q, Lin K. Identification of a cancer-associated fibroblast classifier for predicting prognosis and therapeutic response in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35005. [PMID: 37746966 PMCID: PMC10519496 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable prognostic gene signatures for cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are still lacking, and the underlying genetic principles remain unclear. Therefore, the 2 main aims of our study were to establish a reliable CAFs prognostic gene signature that can be used to stratify patients with LUSC and to identify promising potential targets for more effective and individualized therapies. Clinical information and mRNA expression were accessed of the cancer genome atlas-LUSC cohort (n = 501) and GSE157011 cohort (n = 484). CAFs abundance were quantified by the multi-estimated algorithms. Stromal CAF-related genes were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression method was utilized to identify the most relevant CAFs candidates for predicting prognosis. Chemotherapy sensitivity scores were calculated using the "pRRophetic" package in R software, and the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion algorithm was employed to evaluate immunotherapy response. Gene set enrichment analysis and the Search Tool for Interaction of Chemicals database were applied to clarify the molecular mechanisms. In this study, we identified 288 hub CAF-related candidate genes by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Next, 34 potential prognostic CAFs candidate genes were identified by univariate Cox regression in the cancer genome atlas-LUSC cohort. We prioritized the top 8 CAFs prognostic genes (DCBLD1, SLC24A3, ILK, SMAD7, SERPINE1, SNX9, PDGFA, and KLF10) by a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression model, and these genes were used to identify low- and high-risk subgroups for unfavorable survival. In silico drug screening identified 6 effective compounds for high-risk CAFs-related LUSC: TAK-715, GW 441756, OSU-03012, MP470, FH535, and KIN001-266. Additionally, search tool for interaction of chemicals database highlighted PI3K-Akt signaling as a potential target pathway for high-risk CAFs-related LUSC. Overall, our findings provide a molecular classifier for high-risk CAFs-related LUSC and suggest that treatment with PI3K-Akt signaling inhibitors could benefit these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Lai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gangze Fu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Du
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zuoliu Xie
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saifeng Lin
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kuailu Lin
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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9
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Fang Z, Meng Q, Xu J, Wang W, Zhang B, Liu J, Liang C, Hua J, Zhao Y, Yu X, Shi S. Signaling pathways in cancer-associated fibroblasts: recent advances and future perspectives. CANCER COMMUNICATIONS (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 43:3-41. [PMID: 36424360 PMCID: PMC9859735 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play important roles in cancer initiation and progression. Well-known signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Hedgehog (Hh), Notch, Wnt, Hippo, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways, as well as transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), P53, Snail, and Twist, constitute complex regulatory networks in the TME to modulate the formation, activation, heterogeneity, metabolic characteristics and malignant phenotype of CAFs. Activated CAFs remodel the TME and influence the malignant biological processes of cancer cells by altering the transcriptional and secretory characteristics, and this modulation partially depends on the regulation of signaling cascades. The results of preclinical and clinical trials indicated that therapies targeting signaling pathways in CAFs demonstrated promising efficacy but were also accompanied by some failures (e.g., NCT01130142 and NCT01064622). Hence, a comprehensive understanding of the signaling cascades in CAFs might help us better understand the roles of CAFs and the TME in cancer progression and may facilitate the development of more efficient and safer stroma-targeted cancer therapies. Here, we review recent advances in studies of signaling pathways in CAFs and briefly discuss some future perspectives on CAF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengli Fang
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Institutes of Biomedical SciencesShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032P. R. China,Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032P. R. China,Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
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10
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Li X, Xie G, Zhai J, He Y, Wang T, Wang Y, Shen L. Association of serum Interleukin-8 level with lymph node metastasis and tumor recurrence in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:975269. [PMID: 36185222 PMCID: PMC9522897 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.975269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of pretherapeutic serum interleukin-8 (sIL-8) has been demonstrated to correlate with chemoresistance in gastric cancer. However, its clinicopathological significance of sIL-8 in gastric cancer remains unknown. Herein, a total of 335 patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma were enrolled. The clinicopathological features were collected, and the sIL-8 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The sIL-8 levels ranged from 1.48 pg/ml to 1025.22 pg/ml with > 15.41 pg/ml defined as high according to the receiver operating characteristic analysis. sIL-8 levels were strongly associated with Lauren classification and tumor recurrence. High sIL-8 correlated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) in the intestinal- and diffuse-type tumors and acted as an independent risk factor for LNM in both types. Patients with high sIL-8 levels had worse relapse-free survival than those with low sIL-8 levels. High sIL-8 level was associated with tumor relapse in the intestinal- and diffuse-type tumors, and was also an independent risk factor in the intestinal- and mixed-type tumors. Further analysis revealed that sIL-8 levels were positively associated with LNM and tumor relapse in patients with negative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), but not in those with elevated serum CEA levels. In conclusion, this retrospective study demonstrated that the pretherapeutic sIL-8 level has predictive value for LNM and tumor recurrence, and may serve as a potential tumor marker in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiping Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yani He
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongya Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizong Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lizong Shen,
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11
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Manojlovic N, Savic G, Nikolic B, Rancic N. Dynamic monitoring of carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 and inflammation-based indices in patients with advanced colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:899-918. [PMID: 35127905 PMCID: PMC8790463 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i3.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9) in monitoring the patient response to chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are not clearly defined, and inflammatory indices, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), have been sparsely investigated for this purpose.
AIM To aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the kinetics of CEA, CA19-9, NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in serum and patient response to chemotherapy estimated by computed tomography (CT) in patients with unresectable mCRC.
METHODS Patients with mCRC treated with a 1st-line and 2nd-line chemotherapy underwent at least 3 whole-body spiral CT scans during response monitoring according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumour 1.1 (RECIST 1.1), and simultaneous determination of CEA, CA19-9, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet and monocyte levels was performed. The kinetics of changes in the tumour markers and inflammatory indices were calculated as the percentage change from baseline or nadir, while receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to select the thresholds to define patients with progressive or responsive disease with the highest sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). The correlation of tumour marker kinetics with inflammatory index changes and RECIST response was determined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis and the clinical utility index (CUI).
RESULTS A total of 102 patients with mCRC treated with chemotherapy were included. Progressive disease (PD), defined as a CEA increase of 25.52%, resulted in an Se of 80.3%, an Sp of 84%, a good CUI negative [CUI (Ve-)] value of 0.75 and a good fraction correct (FC) value of 81.2; at a CEA cut-off of -60.85% with an Se of 100% and an Sp of 35.7% for PD, CT could be avoided in 25.49% of patients. The 21.49% CA19-9 cut-off for PD had an Se of 66.5%, an Sp of 87.4%, an acceptable CUI (Ve-) value of 0.65 and an acceptable FC value of 75. An NLR increase of 11.5% for PD had an Se of 67% and an Sp of 66%; a PLR increase of 5.9% had an Se of 53% and an Sp of 69%; an SII increase above -6.04% had an Se of 72% and an Sp of 63%; and all had acceptable CUI (Ve-) values at 0.55. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, CEA (P < 0.001), CA19-9 (P < 0.05), NLR (P < 0.05), PLR (P < 0.05) and SII (P < 0.05) were important predictors of tumour progression, but in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, CEA was the only independent predictor of PD (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION CEA is a useful marker for monitoring the chemotherapy response of patients with unresectable mCRC and could replace a quarter of CT examinations. CA19-9 has poorer diagnostic characteristics than CEA but could be useful in some clinical circumstances, particularly when CEA is not increased. Dynamic changes in the inflammatory indices NLR, PLR and SII could be promising for further investigation as markers of the chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa Manojlovic
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Military Medical Academy, Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Goran Savic
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Bojan Nikolic
- Institute for Radiology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Rancic
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Institute for Radiology, Military Medical Academy, Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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12
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Kamali Zonouzi S, Pezeshki PS, Razi S, Rezaei N. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 24:757-769. [PMID: 34839457 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of mortality among cancers. Many aspects of this cancer are under investigation to find established markers of diagnosis, prognosis, and also potential drug targets. In this review article, we are going to discuss the possible solution to all these aims by investigating the literature about cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) involved in CRC. Moreover, we are going to review their interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and vitamin D and their role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Moreover, we are going to expand more on some markers produced by them or related to them including FAP, a-SMA, CXCL12, TGF- β, POSTN, and β1-Integrin. Some signaling pathways related to CAFs are as follows: FAK, AKT, activin A, and YAP/TAZ. Some genes related to the CAFs which are found to be possible therapeutic targets include COL3A1, JAM3, AEBP1 and, CAF-derived TGFB3, WNT2, and WNT54.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kamali Zonouzi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - P S Pezeshki
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - S Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Wang L, Wang E, Prado Balcazar J, Wu Z, Xiang K, Wang Y, Huang Q, Negrete M, Chen K, Li W, Fu Y, Dohlman A, Mines R, Zhang L, Kobayashi Y, Chen T, Shi G, Shen JP, Kopetz S, Tata PR, Moreno V, Gersbach C, Crawford G, Hsu D, Huang E, Bu P, Shen X. Chromatin Remodeling of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis is Mediated by an HGF-PU.1-DPP4 Axis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004673. [PMID: 34378358 PMCID: PMC8498885 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasizes mainly to the liver, which accounts for the majority of CRC-related deaths. Here it is shown that metastatic cells undergo specific chromatin remodeling in the liver. Hepatic growth factor (HGF) induces phosphorylation of PU.1, a pioneer factor, which in turn binds and opens chromatin regions of downstream effector genes. PU.1 increases histone acetylation at the DPP4 locus. Precise epigenetic silencing by CRISPR/dCas9KRAB or CRISPR/dCas9HDAC revealed that individual PU.1-remodeled regulatory elements collectively modulate DPP4 expression and liver metastasis growth. Genetic silencing or pharmacological inhibition of each factor along this chromatin remodeling axis strongly suppressed liver metastasis. Therefore, microenvironment-induced epimutation is an important mechanism for metastatic tumor cells to grow in their new niche. This study presents a potential strategy to target chromatin remodeling in metastatic cancer and the promise of repurposing drugs to treat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | | | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyKey Laboratory of Protein and Peptide PharmaceuticalInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Kun Xiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Marcos Negrete
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Kai‐Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Yujie Fu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Anders Dohlman
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Robert Mines
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyKey Laboratory of Protein and Peptide PharmaceuticalInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell BiologyRegeneration NextDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Guizhi Shi
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical OncologyMD AndersonDurhamNC77030USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical OncologyMD AndersonDurhamNC77030USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell BiologyRegeneration NextDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Victor Moreno
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelona08193Spain
- Prevention and Control ProgramCatalan Institute of Oncology‐IDIBELLCIBERESPBarcelonaE08907Spain
| | - Charles Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Gregory Crawford
- Department of PediatricsDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - David Hsu
- Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Emina Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Colorectal SurgeryLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOH44195USA
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyKey Laboratory of Protein and Peptide PharmaceuticalInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
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14
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Schüler-Toprak S, Weber F, Skrzypczak M, Ortmann O, Treeck O. Expression of estrogen-related receptors in ovarian cancer and impact on survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2555-2567. [PMID: 34089362 PMCID: PMC8310835 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study further approaches the role of estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) in ovarian cancer. Protein expression of ERRα, ERRβ and ERRγ in ovarian cancer was assessed and was correlated with ovarian cancer markers, steroid hormone receptors and cancer-associated genes. Additionally, we examined to what extent expression of ERRs affects survival of ovarian cancer patients. METHODS For this purpose, we established a tissue microarray from 208 ovarian cancer patients and performed immunohistochemical analyses of the mentioned proteins. RESULTS ERRα and ERRγ protein could be detected at different levels in more than 90% of all ovarian cancer tissues, whereas expression of ERRβ was observed in 82.2% of the cases. ERRα was found to positively correlate with ovarian cancer marker CEA (p < 0.005) and ERRγ correlated with ERα (p < 0.001). Univariate survival analyses revealed that ERRα expression did not affect overall (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) of ovarian cancer patients. In contrast, higher expression of ERRβ in serous ovarian cancers was found to lead to a significantly decreased OS (p < 0.05). The strongest impact on survival was exhibited by ERRγ. Lower expression of this receptor in women with serous ovarian cancers indicated significantly increased OS compared to those with higher levels of ERRγ (p < 0.05). Multivariate survival analyses revealed ERRγ as an independent prognostic marker regarding OS of patients with serous ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrating that ERR proteins are frequently expressed in ovarian cancer and high levels of ERRβ and ERRγ significantly decreased OS of serous ovarian cancer patients suggest that these proteins might be interesting therapy targets in this cancer entity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/mortality
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Endometrial Neoplasms/mortality
- Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Rate
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schüler-Toprak
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weber
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef Strauß Allee11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Skrzypczak
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Treeck
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Ren X, Li L, Wu J, Lin K, He Y, Bian L. PDGF-BB regulates the transformation of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts via the lncRNA LURAP1L-AS1/LURAP1L/IKK/IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:537. [PMID: 34079593 PMCID: PMC8157341 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant cells in the tumor microenvironment are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). They play an important role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB has an obvious regulating effect on the formation of CAFs through binding to PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-β, but the role of long non-coding (lnc)RNA in PDGF-BB-induced transformation of fibroblasts into CAFs remains poorly understood. Using an lncRNA ChIP, 370 lncRNA transcripts were identified to be significantly and differentially expressed between fibroblasts and PDGF-BB-induced fibroblasts, including 240 upregulated lncRNAs and 130 downregulated lncRNAs, indicating that lncRNAs are involved in the regulation of the transformation of CAFs. Previous studies have shown that the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the activation of CAFs. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and co-immunoprecipitation were conducted to confirm that the leucine-rich adaptor protein 1-like (LURAP1L), which is the target of lncRNA LURAP1L antisense RNA 1 (LURAP1L-AS1) had a positive regulatory effect on I-κB kinase (IKK)/NF-κB signaling. Therefore, LURAP1L-AS1 was selected and PDGF-BB was demonstrated to upregulate the expression of LURAP1L-AS1 and LURAP1L, which was reversed by a PDGFR-β inhibitor. Subsequently, knocking down LURAP1L-AS1 suppressed the expression of PDGF-BB-induced fibroblast activation marker protein α-smooth muscle actin, fibroblast activation protein-α, PDGFR-β and phosphorylated (p)-PDGFR-β. IKKα, p-IĸB and p-NF-κB were downregulated by the knockdown of LURAP1L-AS1 and upregulated by overexpression of LURAP1L-AS1. The present study indicates that LURAP1L-AS1/LURAP1L/IKK/IĸB/NF-κB plays an important regulatory role in PDGF-BB-induced fibroblast activation and may become a potential target for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ren
- Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 530102, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 530102, P.R. China
| | - Ken Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650034, P.R. China
| | - Yongwen He
- Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 530102, P.R. China
| | - Li Bian
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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16
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Zeng X, Ward SE, Zhou J, Cheng ASL. Liver Immune Microenvironment and Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer-Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2418. [PMID: 34067719 PMCID: PMC8156220 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A drastic difference exists between the 5-year survival rates of colorectal cancer patients with localized cancer and distal organ metastasis. The liver is the most favorable organ for cancer metastases from the colorectum. Beyond the liver-colon anatomic relationship, emerging evidence highlights the impact of liver immune microenvironment on colorectal liver metastasis. Prior to cancer cell dissemination, hepatocytes secrete multiple factors to recruit or activate immune cells and stromal cells in the liver to form a favorable premetastatic niche. The liver-resident cells including Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and liver-sinusoidal endothelial cells are co-opted by the recruited cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages, to establish an immunosuppressive liver microenvironment suitable for tumor cell colonization and outgrowth. Current treatments including radical surgery, systemic therapy, and localized therapy have only achieved good clinical outcomes in a minority of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis, which is further hampered by high recurrence rate. Better understanding of the mechanisms governing the metastasis-prone liver immune microenvironment should open new immuno-oncology avenues for liver metastasis intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Simon E Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jingying Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alfred S L Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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17
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Polivka J, Windrichova J, Pesta M, Houfkova K, Rezackova H, Macanova T, Vycital O, Kucera R, Slouka D, Topolcan O. The Level of Preoperative Plasma KRAS Mutations and CEA Predict Survival of Patients Undergoing Surgery for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092434. [PMID: 32867151 PMCID: PMC7565270 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) belongs to the most common cancers. The liver is a predominant site of CRC dissemination. Novel biomarkers for predicting the survival of CRC patients with liver metastases (CLM) undergoing metastasectomy are needed. We examined KRAS mutated circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) in CLM patients as a prognostic biomarker, independently or in combination with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Thereby, a total of 71 CLM were retrospectively analyzed. Seven KRAS G12/G13 mutations was analyzed by a ddPCR™ KRAS G12/G13 Screening Kit on QX200 Droplet Digital PCR System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) in liver metastasis tissue and preoperative and postoperative plasma samples. CEA were determined by an ACCESS CEA assay with the UniCel DxI 800 Instrument (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). Tissue KRAS positive liver metastases was detected in 33 of 69 patients (47.8%). Preoperative plasma samples were available in 30 patients and 11 (36.7%) were KRAS positive. The agreement between plasma- and tissue-based KRAS mutation status was 75.9% (22 in 29; kappa 0.529). Patients with high compared to low levels of preoperative plasma KRAS fractional abundance (cut-off 3.33%) experienced shorter overall survival (OS 647 vs. 1392 days, p = 0.003). The combination of high preoperative KRAS fractional abundance and high CEA (cut-off 3.33% and 4.9 µg/L, resp.) best predicted shorter OS (HR 13.638, 95%CI 1.567–118.725) in multivariate analysis also (OS HR 44.877, 95%CI 1.59–1266.479; covariates: extend of liver resection, biological treatment). KRAS mutations are detectable and quantifiable in preoperative plasma cell-free DNA, incompletely overlapping with tissue biopsy. KRAS mutated ctDNA is a prognostic factor for CLM patients undergoing liver metastasectomy. The best prognostic value can be reached by a combination of ctDNA and tumor marker CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Polivka
- Department of Histology and Embryology and Biomedical Center, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Karlovarska 48, 30166 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, E. Benese 13, 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (H.R.); (R.K.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Jindra Windrichova
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, E. Benese 13, 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (H.R.); (R.K.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Martin Pesta
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, E. Benese 13, 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (H.R.); (R.K.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
- Department of Biology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-377-593-261
| | - Katerina Houfkova
- Department of Biology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Hana Rezackova
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, E. Benese 13, 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (H.R.); (R.K.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Tereza Macanova
- Department of Biology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Ondrej Vycital
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Pilsen, E. Beneše 13, 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Radek Kucera
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, E. Benese 13, 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (H.R.); (R.K.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - David Slouka
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, E. Benese 13, 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (H.R.); (R.K.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
| | - Ondrej Topolcan
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis, University Hospital in Pilsen, E. Benese 13, 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (J.W.); (H.R.); (R.K.); (D.S.); (O.T.)
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Gonzalez-Villarreal CA, Quiroz-Reyes AG, Islas JF, Garza-Treviño EN. Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the Progression to Liver Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1511. [PMID: 32974184 PMCID: PMC7468493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality. Tumorigenesis is a dynamic process wherein cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their microenvironment promote initiation, progression, and metastasis. Metastatic colonization is an inefficient process that is very complex and is poorly understood; however, in most cases, metastatic disease is not curable, and resistance mechanisms tend to develop against conventional treatments. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors that contribute to the development of metastasis in CRC can aid in the search for specific therapeutic targets for improving standard treatments. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding tumor biology and the use of stroma cells as prognostic factors and inflammatory inducers associated with the use of tumor microenvironments as a promoter of cancer metastasis. Moreover, we look into the importance of CSC, pericytes, and circulating tumor cells as mechanisms that lead to liver metastasis, and we also focus on the cellular and molecular pathways that modulate and regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Finally, we discuss a novel therapeutic target that can potentially eliminate CSCs as a CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana G Quiroz-Reyes
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Jose F Islas
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Elsa N Garza-Treviño
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
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Reduced DAXX Expression Is Associated with Reduced CD24 Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101242. [PMID: 31614769 PMCID: PMC6830082 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an activating mutation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is found in ~90% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. Death domain-associated protein (DAXX), a nuclear protein, interacts with β-catenin in CRC cells. We investigated DAXX expression in 106 matched sample pairs of CRC and adjacent normal tissue by Western blotting. This study evaluated DAXX expression and its clinical implications in CRC. The results revealed that DAXX expression was significantly lower in the patients with the positive serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) screening results compared to the patients with negative CEA screening levels (p < 0.001). It has been reported that CD24 is a Wnt target in CRC cells. Here, we further revealed that DAXX expression was significantly correlated with CD24 expression (rho = 0.360, p < 0.001) in 106 patients. Consistent with this, in the CEA-positive subgroup, of which the carcinomas expressed DAXX at low levels, they were significantly correlated with CD24 expression (rho = 0.461, p < 0.005). Therefore, reduced DAXX expression is associated with reduced CD24 expression in CRC. Notably, in the Hct116 cells, DAXX knockdown using short-hairpin RNA against DAXX (shDAXX) not only caused significant cell proliferation, but also promoted metastasis. The DAXX-knockdown cells also demonstrated significantly decreased CD24 expression, however the intracellular localization of CD24 did not change. Thus, DAXX might be considered as a potential regulator of CD24 or β-catenin expression, which might be correlated with proliferative and metastatic potential of CRC.
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Gan H, Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng L, Xie X, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK. Zingerone induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in experimental rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22387. [PMID: 31476248 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a prevalent of tumoregenesis in women and reports for the maximum mortality and morbidity in the global. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is the mainly widespread spice and herbal remedies used in the world. Since antique periods, ginger has been used in Greece, India and China for the curing of upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, colds, and headaches. The current work was planned to explore the anticancer properties of zingerone (ZO) toward 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-treated mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and MCF-7 mammary cancer cells. The mammary carcinogenesis was produced through a single dosage of DMBA (20 mg/kg bwt) mixed in soya oil (1 mL) administrated intragastrically with a gavage. We found improved concentrations of lipid peroxidation (LOOH and TBARS), carcinoembryonic antigen, lowered levels of enzymatic (CAT, GPx, and SOD), and nonenzymatic (vitamin E, GSH, and vitamin C) antioxidant in mammary tissues and plasma of DMBA-induced cancer bearing animals. Moreover, augmented concentrations of phase I (Cyt-b5 and CYP450 ) and reduced levels of phase II (GR and GST) detoxification microsomal proteins in mammary tissues were noticed. ZO administrations significantly reverted back to all these parameters in this way, showing efficient of anticancer effect. Furthermore, our in vitro study also supported the anticancer effect of the treatment of ZO were noticed loss of cell viability, improved reactive oxygen species formation, and reduced MMP. Furthermore, the status of apoptosis proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax, and Bid expressions was determined by using Western blot analysis techniques. Overall, these results proposed the anticancer effect of ZO toward DMBA-induced mammary cancer in SD animals and Michigan cancer foundation-7 mammary cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Gan
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qingyun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lierui Zheng
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Applied Medical Sciences - Jubail (CAMSJ), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Williamson T, Sultanpuram N, Sendi H. The role of liver microenvironment in hepatic metastasis. Clin Transl Med 2019; 8:21. [PMID: 31263976 PMCID: PMC6603103 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-019-0237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is still poorly understood and thus further research must be conducted to provide insight into the driving factors. Novel research has revealed the significance of the microenvironment in the delegation of metastasis, expanding the field of cancer metastasis to cells and cell environments surrounding the migrated tumor cells. Research on hepatic metastasis is an ever-growing domain of this field, as several primary tumors can metastasize to the liver. The two features within the liver that promote metastasis—cellular and acellular—are found in the current interpretation of liver microenvironment. Novel findings of both are included in this review. Different hypotheses detailing the methods by which metastasis can occur must be included to understand the significance of the microenvironment, as well as a brief overview of the methods that can be used during research. This review aims to highlight the importance of liver microenvironment on the development or potential regression of hepatic metastasis through discussing both acellular and cellular components of liver microenvironment and their interaction with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah Williamson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nikhila Sultanpuram
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hossein Sendi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Zhang Y, Pan D, Zhou Q, Zhao J, Pan N, Zhang Y, Wang LX, Shen Y. An enzyme cascade-based electrochemical immunoassay using a polydopamine-carbon nanotube nanocomposite for signal amplification. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:8180-8187. [PMID: 32254937 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By coupling tyrosinase (Tyr) and β-galactosidase (Gal) into one redox-cycling scheme, an enzyme cascade-based electrochemical immunosensor with boosted selectivity and sensitivity was constructed using polydopamine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs-PDA) nanohybrid modified electrodes. The MWCNTs-PDA nanohybrid presented a 5 times enhanced capability for antibody conjugation, which was responsible for signal amplification. In the proposed enzyme cascade scheme, Gal was captured on the immunosensor surface by a sandwiched immunoreaction, which catalyzed phenyl β-d-galactopyranoside (P-GP) into phenol based on a hydrolysis reaction. The resulting phenol was used as a substrate of Tyr, which was catalyzed to catechol and subsequently to o-quinone. The o-quinone was then electrochemically reduced to catechol, forming a redox cycle between catechol and o-quinone. The enzyme cascade-based immunoassay not only significantly amplified the electrochemical signal, but also led to a high selectivity. Taking the detection of CEA as an example, the enzyme cascade-based electrochemical immunosensor showed a detectable range of 10 pg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 and a low detection limit of 8.39 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3), which was superior/comparable to those using other methodologies in previous reports. The selectivity of the enzyme cascade-based immunosensor was 44-80% higher than that of a single enzyme-based immunosensor. This work shows great potential of the coupling enzyme cascade in immunosensing for clinical diagnosis with boosted selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Medical School, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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