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Al-Shami K, Awadi S, Khamees A, Alsheikh AM, Al-Sharif S, Ala’ Bereshy R, Al-Eitan SF, Banikhaled SH, Al-Qudimat AR, Al-Zoubi RM, Al Zoubi MS. Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20224. [PMID: 37809638 PMCID: PMC10559995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In female mammals, the development and regulation of the reproductive system and non-reproductive system are significantly influenced by estrogens (oestrogens). In addition, lipid metabolism is another physiological role of estrogens. Estrogens act through different types of receptors to introduce signals to the target cell by affecting many estrogen response elements. Breast cancer is considered mostly a hormone-dependent disease. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express progesterone receptors and/or estrogen receptors, and they are a good marker for cancer prognosis. This review will discuss estrogen metabolism and the interaction of estrogen metabolites with breast cancer. The carcinogenic role of estrogen is discussed in light of both conventional and atypical cancers susceptible to hormones, such as prostate, endometrial, and lung cancer, as we examine how estrogen contributes to the formation and activation of breast cancer. In addition, this review will discuss other factors that can be associated with estrogen-driven breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khayry Al-Shami
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sajeda Awadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Almu'atasim Khamees
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
- Department of General Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, 11941, Jordan
| | | | - Sumaiya Al-Sharif
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Sharaf F. Al-Eitan
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Ahmad R. Al-Qudimat
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raed M. Al-Zoubi
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Jalaeefar A, Moini A, Eslami B, Alipour S, Shirkhoda M, Aryan A, Mahmoodzadeh H, Omranipour R. Abnormal anti-Müllerian hormone level may be a trigger for breast cancer in young women: A case-control study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2021; 19:181-190. [PMID: 33718762 PMCID: PMC7922299 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v19i2.8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a known sensitive biomarker for fertility and ovarian reserve. The results of in vivo and human studies showed inconsistency with respect to the relation between AMH and breast cancer. Objective To compare the AMH level of young Iranian women with early breast cancer who have not received any treatment compared to that of healthy women. Materials and Methods In this case-control study, 58 breast cancer cases were recruited from the breast oncology clinic of two university hospitals. They were diagnosed with an in situ or invasive breast cancer before any anticancer treatment between August 2018 and April 2019. Healthy controls (n = 58) were selected from women referred to a gynecologic outpatient clinic without any symptoms of cancer or infertility. AMH was measured by the AMH enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits in one laboratory. Results Final analysis showed that the AMH means of case and control were not statistically significant (3.36 ± 2.95 vs 3.13 ± 1.79). However, the lower and higher AMH level categories are more prevalent in breast cancer compared to the control. Pearson's correlation test showed that the AMH level was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.44, p< 0.001). The results of logistic regression analysis considering confounding factors showed the positive association between breast cancer and lower (Odds Ratio [OR] = 5.98, p = 0.02) and higher quartile of AMH level (OR = 4.95, p = 0.01). Conclusion Our results suggest that abnormal AMH level is more frequent in young breast cancer patients. Further investigation considering AMH determinants is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirmohsen Jalaeefar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Moini
- Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Eslami
- Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Alipour
- Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Surgery, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirkhoda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvin Aryan
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramesh Omranipour
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gowkielewicz M, Lipka A, Majewska M, Piotrowska A, Szadurska-Noga M, Nowakowski JJ, Wiszpolska M, Dzięgiel P, Wasniewski T, Majewski MK, Jozwik M. Anti-Müllerian Hormone Type II Receptor Expression in Endometrial Cancer Tissue. Cells 2020; 9:E2312. [PMID: 33080800 PMCID: PMC7603004 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is responsible for the Müllerian ducts' regression in male fetuses. In cells of cancers with AMH receptors (AMHRII), AMH induces cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. As AMH occurs naturally and does not exhibit significant side effects while reducing neoplastic cell colonies, it can be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the AMHRII expression in endometrial cancer (EC) in correlation to various demographic data and clinical conditions. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to assess AMHRII expression in EC tissue samples retrieved from 230 women with pre-cancerous state of endometrium (PCS) and EC. AMHRII was detected in 100% of samples. No statistical difference was observed for AMHRII expression depending on the histopathological type of EC, cancer staging, body mass index, and age, as well as the number of years of menstruation, births and miscarriages, and average and total breastfeeding time. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the only factor that has an impact on AMHRII expression in EC tissue. Thus, this study supports the idea of theoretical use of AMH in EC treatment because all histopathological types of EC at all stages of advancement present receptors for AMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gowkielewicz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.L.); (T.W.); (M.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Lipka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.L.); (T.W.); (M.J.)
| | - Marta Majewska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.M.); (M.W.); (M.K.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Marta Szadurska-Noga
- Department of Pathomorphology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jacek J. Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Marta Wiszpolska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.M.); (M.W.); (M.K.M.)
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (P.D.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wasniewski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.L.); (T.W.); (M.J.)
| | - Mariusz Krzysztof Majewski
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.M.); (M.W.); (M.K.M.)
| | - Marcin Jozwik
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.L.); (T.W.); (M.J.)
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