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Fuchs V, Sobarzo A, Msamra M, Kezerle Y, Linde L, Sevillya G, Anoze A, Refaely Y, Cohen AY, Melamed I, Azriel A, Shoukrun R, Raviv Y, Porgador A, Peled N, Roisman LC. Personalizing non-small cell lung cancer treatment through patient-derived xenograft models: preclinical and clinical factors for consideration. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:2227-2239. [PMID: 38553659 PMCID: PMC11333550 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the pursuit of creating personalized and more effective treatment strategies for lung cancer patients, Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDXs) have been introduced as preclinical platforms that can recapitulate the specific patient's tumor in an in vivo model. We investigated how well PDX models can preserve the tumor's clinical and molecular characteristics across different generations. METHODS A Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) PDX model was established in NSG-SGM3 mice and clinical and preclinical factors were assessed throughout subsequent passages. Our cohort consisted of 40 NSCLC patients, which were used to create 20 patient-specific PDX models in NSG-SGM3 mice. Histopathological staining and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) analysis were preformed to understand tumor heterogeneity throughout serial passages. RESULTS The main factors that contributed to the growth of the engrafted PDX in mice were a higher grade or stage of disease, in contrast to the long duration of chemotherapy treatment, which was negatively correlated with PDX propagation. Successful PDX growth was also linked to poorer prognosis and overall survival, while growth pattern variability was affected by the tumor aggressiveness, primarily affecting the first passage. Pathology analysis showed preservation of the histological type and grade; however, WES analysis revealed genomic instability in advanced passages, leading to the inconsistencies in clinically relevant alterations between the PDXs and biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the impact of multiple clinical and preclinical factors on the engraftment success, growth kinetics, and tumor stability of patient-specific NSCLC PDXs, and underscores the importance of considering these factors when guiding and evaluating prolonged personalized treatment studies for NSCLC patients in these models, as well as signaling the imperative for additional investigations to determine the full clinical potential of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Fuchs
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Maha Msamra
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yarden Kezerle
- Institute of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Liat Linde
- Biomedical Core Facility, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gur Sevillya
- Biomedical Core Facility, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alaa Anoze
- The Oncology Institute, Helmsley Cancer Center, Precision Oncology and Innovation, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12, Shmuel Beit St, 9103102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Refaely
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Israel Melamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amit Azriel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rami Shoukrun
- Department of Ears, Nose & Throat, Head & Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yael Raviv
- Pulmonary Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Nir Peled
- The Oncology Institute, Helmsley Cancer Center, Precision Oncology and Innovation, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12, Shmuel Beit St, 9103102, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Laila Catalina Roisman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
- The Oncology Institute, Helmsley Cancer Center, Precision Oncology and Innovation, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12, Shmuel Beit St, 9103102, Jerusalem, Israel.
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2
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Sun H, Sun L, Ke X, Liu L, Li C, Jin B, Wang P, Jiang Z, Zhao H, Yang Z, Sun Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Sun M, Pang M, Wang Y, Wu B, Zhao H, Sang X, Xing B, Yang H, Huang P, Mao Y. Prediction of Clinical Precision Chemotherapy by Patient-Derived 3D Bioprinting Models of Colorectal Cancer and Its Liver Metastases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304460. [PMID: 37973557 PMCID: PMC10787059 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Methods accurately predicting the responses of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) to personalized chemotherapy remain limited due to tumor heterogeneity. This study introduces an innovative patient-derived CRC and CRLM tumor model for preclinical investigation, utilizing 3d-bioprinting (3DP) technology. Efficient construction of homogeneous in vitro 3D models of CRC/CRLM is achieved through the application of patient-derived primary tumor cells and 3D bioprinting with bioink. Genomic and histological analyses affirm that the CRC/CRLM 3DP tumor models effectively retain parental tumor biomarkers and mutation profiles. In vitro tests evaluating chemotherapeutic drug sensitivities reveal substantial tumor heterogeneity in chemotherapy responses within the 3DP CRC/CRLM models. Furthermore, a robust correlation is evident between the drug response in the CRLM 3DP model and the clinical outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These findings imply a significant potential for the application of patient-derived 3DP cancer models in precision chemotherapy prediction and preclinical research for CRC/CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Sun
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Lejia Sun
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029China
- The First School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029China
| | - Xindi Ke
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery IKey Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education)Peking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijing100142China
| | - Changcan Li
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Bao Jin
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230001China
| | - Zhuoran Jiang
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Zhiying Yang
- First Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing100029China
| | - Yongliang Sun
- First Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChina‐Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing100029China
| | - Jianmei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100730China
| | - Minghao Sun
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Mingchang Pang
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Yinhan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100730China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Xinting Sang
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Baocai Xing
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery IKey Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education)Peking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijing100142China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
| | - Pengyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and DevicesEngineering Research Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Technology and Device (Ministry of Education)Institute of Biomedical EngineeringChinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300192China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health ScienceTianjin301600China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver SurgeryPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) HospitalPeking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Beijing100730China
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Ye T, Lin A, Qiu Z, Hu S, Zhou C, Liu Z, Cheng Q, Zhang J, Luo P. Microsatellite instability states serve as predictive biomarkers for tumors chemotherapy sensitivity. iScience 2023; 26:107045. [PMID: 37448561 PMCID: PMC10336167 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for markers to predict the efficacy of different chemotherapy drugs. Herein, we examined whether microsatellite instability (MSI) status can predict tumor multidrug sensitivity and explored the underlying mechanisms. We downloaded data from several public databases. Drug sensitivity was compared between the high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and microsatellite-stable/low microsatellite instability (MSS/MSI-L) groups. In addition, we performed pathway enrichment analysis and cellular chemosensitivity assays to explore the mechanisms by which MSI status may affect drug sensitivity and assessed the differences between drug-treated and control cell lines. We found that multiple MSI-H tumors were more sensitive to a variety of chemotherapy drugs than MSS/MSI-L tumors, and especially for CRC, chemosensitivity is enhanced through the downregulation of DDR pathways such as NHEJ. Additional DNA damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs results in further downregulation of DDR pathways and enhances drug sensitivity, forming a cycle of increasing drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taojun Ye
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengang Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shulu Hu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaozheng Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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4
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Zeng M, Ruan Z, Tang J, Liu M, Hu C, Fan P, Dai X. Generation, evolution, interfering factors, applications, and challenges of patient-derived xenograft models in immunodeficient mice. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:120. [PMID: 37344821 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing appropriate preclinical models is essential for cancer research. Evidence suggests that cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. This follows the growing use of cancer models in cancer research to avoid these differences between xenograft tumor models and patient tumors. In recent years, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor model has been actively generated and applied, which preserves both cell-cell interactions and the microenvironment of tumors by directly transplanting cancer tissue from tumors into immunodeficient mice. In addition to this, the advent of alternative hosts, such as zebrafish hosts, or in vitro models (organoids and microfluidics), has also facilitated the advancement of cancer research. However, they still have a long way to go before they become reliable models. The development of immunodeficient mice has enabled PDX to become more mature and radiate new vitality. As one of the most reliable and standard preclinical models, the PDX model in immunodeficient mice (PDX-IM) exerts important effects in drug screening, biomarker development, personalized medicine, co-clinical trials, and immunotherapy. Here, we focus on the development procedures and application of PDX-IM in detail, summarize the implications that the evolution of immunodeficient mice has brought to PDX-IM, and cover the key issues in developing PDX-IM in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zijing Ruan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiaxi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Maozhu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chengji Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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Liu Y, Wu W, Cai C, Zhang H, Shen H, Han Y. Patient-derived xenograft models in cancer therapy: technologies and applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:160. [PMID: 37045827 PMCID: PMC10097874 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, in which tumor tissues from patients are implanted into immunocompromised or humanized mice, have shown superiority in recapitulating the characteristics of cancer, such as the spatial structure of cancer and the intratumor heterogeneity of cancer. Moreover, PDX models retain the genomic features of patients across different stages, subtypes, and diversified treatment backgrounds. Optimized PDX engraftment procedures and modern technologies such as multi-omics and deep learning have enabled a more comprehensive depiction of the PDX molecular landscape and boosted the utilization of PDX models. These irreplaceable advantages make PDX models an ideal choice in cancer treatment studies, such as preclinical trials of novel drugs, validating novel drug combinations, screening drug-sensitive patients, and exploring drug resistance mechanisms. In this review, we gave an overview of the history of PDX models and the process of PDX model establishment. Subsequently, the review presents the strengths and weaknesses of PDX models and highlights the integration of novel technologies in PDX model research. Finally, we delineated the broad application of PDX models in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and other novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wantao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Changjing Cai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China.
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Chen F, Creighton CJ. Pan-cancer molecular subtypes of metastasis reveal distinct and evolving transcriptional programs. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100932. [PMID: 36731467 PMCID: PMC9975284 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying cancer metastasis span diverse tissues of origin. Here, we synthesize and collate the transcriptomes of patient-derived xenografts and patient tumor metastases, and these data collectively represent 38 studies and over 3,000 patients and 4,000 tumors. We identify four expression-based subtypes of metastasis transcending tumor lineage. The first subtype has extensive copy alterations, higher expression of MYC transcriptional targets and DNA repair genes, and bromodomain inhibitor response association. The second subtype has higher expression of genes involving metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis and regulation. The third subtype has evidence of neuronal differentiation, higher expression of DNA and histone methylation genes and EZH2 transcriptional targets, and BCL2 inhibitor response association. The fourth subtype has higher expression of immune checkpoint and Notch pathway genes. The metastasis subtypes reflect expression differences from paired primaries, with subtype switching being common. These subtypes facilitate understanding of the molecular underpinnings of metastases beyond tissue-oriented domains, with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fengju Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS305, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Liu X, Xin Z, Wang K. Patient-derived xenograft model in colorectal cancer basic and translational research. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:26-40. [PMID: 36543756 PMCID: PMC9986239 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most popular malignancies globally, with 930 000 deaths in 2020. The evaluation of CRC-related pathogenesis and the discovery of potential therapeutic targets will be meaningful and helpful for improving CRC treatment. With huge efforts made in past decades, the systematic treatment regimens have been applied to improve the prognosis of CRC patients. However, the sensitivity of CRC to chemotherapy and targeted therapy is different from person to person, which is an important cause of treatment failure. The emergence of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models shows great potential to alleviate the straits. PDX models possess similar genetic and pathological characteristics as the features of primary tumors. Moreover, PDX has the ability to mimic the tumor microenvironment of the original tumor. Thus, the PDX model is an important tool to screen precise drugs for individualized treatment, seek predictive biomarkers for prognosis supervision, and evaluate the unknown mechanism in basic research. This paper reviews the recent advances in constructed methods and applications of the CRC PDX model, aiming to provide new knowledge for CRC basic research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zechang Xin
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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8
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Recent advances in the development of transplanted colorectal cancer mouse models. Transl Res 2022; 249:128-143. [PMID: 35850446 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in prevention and treatment, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common malignancy worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer death in 2020. To evaluate various characteristics of human CRC, a variety of mouse models have been established. Transplant mouse models have distinct advantages in studying the clinical behavior and therapeutic progress of CRC. Host, xenograft, and transplantation routes are the basis of transplant mouse models. As the effects of the tumor microenvironment and the systemic environment on cancer cells are gradually revealed, 3 key elements of transplanted CRC mouse models have been revolutionized. This has led to the development of humanized mice, patient-derived xenografts, and orthotopic transplants that reflect the human systemic environment, patient's tumor of origin, and tumor growth microenvironments in immunodeficient mice, respectively. These milestone events have allowed for great progress in tumor biology and the treatment of CRC. This article reviews the evolution of these events and points out their strengths and weaknesses as innovative and useful preclinical tools to study CRC progression and metastasis and to exploit novel treatment schedules by establishing a testing platform. This review article depicts the optimal transplanted CRC mouse models and emphasizes the significance of surgical models in the study of CRC behavior and treatment response.
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Sorokin AV, Kanikarla Marie P, Bitner L, Syed M, Woods M, Manyam G, Kwong LN, Johnson B, Morris VK, Jones P, Menter DG, Lee MS, Kopetz S. Targeting RAS Mutant Colorectal Cancer with Dual Inhibition of MEK and CDK4/6. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3335-3344. [PMID: 35913398 PMCID: PMC9478530 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
KRAS and NRAS mutations occur in 45% of colorectal cancers, with combined MAPK pathway and CDK4/6 inhibition identified as a potential therapeutic strategy. In the current study, this combinatorial treatment approach was evaluated in a co-clinical trial in patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and safety was established in a clinical trial of binimetinib and palbociclib in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with RAS mutations. Across 18 PDX models undergoing dual inhibition of MEK and CDK4/6, 60% of tumors regressed, meeting the co-clinical trial primary endpoint. Prolonged duration of response occurred predominantly in TP53 wild-type models. Clinical evaluation of binimetinib and palbociclib in a safety lead-in confirmed safety and provided preliminary evidence of activity. Prolonged treatment in PDX models resulted in feedback activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and acquired resistance, which was reversed with a SHP2 inhibitor. These results highlight the clinical potential of this combination in colorectal cancer, along with the utility of PDX-based co-clinical trial platforms for drug development. SIGNIFICANCE This co-clinical trial of combined MEK-CDK4/6 inhibition in RAS mutant colorectal cancer demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in patient-derived xenografts and safety in patients, identifies biomarkers of response, and uncovers targetable mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Sorokin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Preeti Kanikarla Marie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lea Bitner
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Muddassir Syed
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Melanie Woods
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ganiraju Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lawrence N. Kwong
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Benny Johnson
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Van K. Morris
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip Jones
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David G. Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael S. Lee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Iman H, Benjamin A, Peyton K, Habbit NL, Ahmed B, Heslin MJ, Mobley JA, Greene MW, Lipke EA. Engineered colorectal cancer tissue recapitulates key attributes of a patient-derived xenograft tumor line. Biofabrication 2022; 14:10.1088/1758-5090/ac73b6. [PMID: 35617932 PMCID: PMC9822569 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac73b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of physiologically relevantin vitrocolorectal cancer (CRC) models is vital for advancing understanding of tumor biology. Although CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) recapitulate key patient tumor characteristics and demonstrate high concordance with clinical outcomes, the use of thisin vivomodel is costly and low-throughput. Here we report the establishment and in-depth characterization of anin vitrotissue-engineered CRC model using PDX cells. To form the 3D engineered CRC-PDX (3D-eCRC-PDX) tissues, CRC PDX tumors were expandedin vivo, dissociated, and the isolated cells encapsulated within PEG-fibrinogen hydrogels. Following PEG-fibrinogen encapsulation, cells remain viable and proliferate within 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues. Tumor cell subpopulations, including human cancer and mouse stromal cells, are maintained in long-term culture (29 days); cellular subpopulations increase ratiometrically over time. The 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues mimic the mechanical stiffness of originating tumors. Extracellular matrix protein production by cells in the 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues resulted in approximately 57% of proteins observed in the CRC-PDX tumors also being present in the 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues on day 22. Furthermore, we show congruence in enriched gene ontology molecular functions and Hallmark gene sets in 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues and CRC-PDX tumors compared to normal colon tissue, while prognostic Kaplan-Meier plots for overall and relapse free survival did not reveal significant differences between CRC-PDX tumors and 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues. Our results demonstrate high batch-to-batch consistency and strong correlation between ourin vitrotissue-engineered PDX-CRC model and the originatingin vivoPDX tumors, providing a foundation for future studies of disease progression and tumorigenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassani Iman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Anbiah Benjamin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kuhlers Peyton
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nicole L. Habbit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Bulbul Ahmed
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Martin J. Heslin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - James A. Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205-3703, USA
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205-3703, USA
| | - Michael W. Greene
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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11
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Longitudinal evaluation of five nasopharyngeal carcinoma animal models on the microPET/MR platform. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1497-1507. [PMID: 34862520 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We longitudinally evaluated the tumour growth and metabolic activity of three nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line models (C666-1, C17 and NPC43) and two xenograft models (Xeno76 and Xeno23) using a micropositron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (microPET/MR). With a better understanding of the interplay between tumour growth and metabolic characteristics of these NPC models, we aim to provide insights for the selection of appropriate NPC cell line/xenograft models to assist novel drug discovery and evaluation. METHODS Mice were imaged by 18F-deoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) microPET/MR twice a week for consecutive 3-7 weeks. [18F]FDG uptake was quantified by standardized uptake value (SUV) and presented as SUVmean tumour-to-liver ratio (SUVRmean). Longitudinal tumour growth patterns and metabolic patterns were recorded. SUVRmean and histological characteristics were compared across the five NPC models. Cisplatin was administrated to one selected optimal tumour model, C17, to evaluate our imaging platform. RESULTS We found variable tumour growth and metabolic patterns across different NPC tumour types. C17 has an optimal growth rate and higher tumour metabolic activity compared with C666-1. C666-1 has a fast growth rate but is low in SUVRmean at endpoint due to necrosis as confirmed by H&E. NPC43 and Xeno76 have relatively slow growth rates and are low in SUVRmean, due to severe necrosis. Xeno23 has the slowest growth rate, and a relative high SUVRmean. Cisplatin showed the expected therapeutic effect in the C17 model in marked reduction of tumour size and metabolism. CONCLUSION Our study establishes an imaging platform that characterizes the growth and metabolic patterns of different NPC models, and the platform is well able to demonstrate drug treatment outcome supporting its use in novel drug discovery and evaluation for NPC.
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12
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Li MM, Yuan J, Guan XY, Ma NF, Liu M. Molecular subclassification of gastrointestinal cancers based on cancer stem cell traits. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:53. [PMID: 34774101 PMCID: PMC8590337 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gastrointestinal malignancies are highly heterogeneous cancers. Clinically, heterogeneity largely contributes to tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Heterogeneity within gastrointestinal cancers is defined by molecular subtypes in genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been demonstrated to be a major source of tumor heterogeneity; therefore, assessing tumor heterogeneity by CSC trait-guided classification of gastrointestinal cancers is essential for the development of effective therapies. CSCs share critical features with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Molecular investigations have revealed that embryonic genes and developmental signaling pathways regulating the properties of ESCs or cell lineage differentiation are abnormally active and might be oncofetal drivers in certain tumor subtypes. Currently, multiple strategies allow comprehensive identification of tumor subtype-specific oncofetal signatures and evaluation of subtype-specific therapies. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning the molecular classification of gastrointestinal malignancies based on CSC features and elucidate their clinical relevance. We also outline strategies for molecular subtype identification and subtype-based therapies. Finally, we explore how clinical implementation of tumor classification by CSC subtype might facilitate the development of more effective personalized therapies for gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning-Fang Ma
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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13
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Durinikova E, Buzo K, Arena S. Preclinical models as patients' avatars for precision medicine in colorectal cancer: past and future challenges. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:185. [PMID: 34090508 PMCID: PMC8178911 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, characterized by dismal prognosis and low survival rate in the advanced (metastatic) stage. During the last decade, the establishment of novel preclinical models, leading to the generation of translational discovery and validation platforms, has opened up a new scenario for the clinical practice of CRC patients. To bridge the results developed at the bench with the medical decision process, the ideal model should be easily scalable, reliable to predict treatment responses, and flexibly adapted for various applications in the research. As such, the improved benefit of novel therapies being tested initially on valuable and reproducible preclinical models would lie in personalized treatment recommendations based on the biology and genomics of the patient's tumor with the overall aim to avoid overtreatment and unnecessary toxicity. In this review, we summarize different in vitro and in vivo models, which proved efficacy in detection of novel CRC culprits and shed light into the biology and therapy of this complex disease. Even though cell lines and patient-derived xenografts remain the mainstay of colorectal cancer research, the field has been confidently shifting to the use of organoids as the most relevant preclinical model. Prioritization of organoids is supported by increasing body of evidence that these represent excellent tools worth further therapeutic explorations. In addition, novel preclinical models such as zebrafish avatars are emerging as useful tools for pharmacological interrogation. Finally, all available models represent complementary tools that can be utilized for precision medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Durinikova
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Kristi Buzo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Sabrina Arena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Strada Provinciale 142, Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
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14
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Rizzo G, Bertotti A, Leto SM, Vetrano S. Patient-derived tumor models: a more suitable tool for pre-clinical studies in colorectal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:178. [PMID: 34074330 PMCID: PMC8168319 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), despite the advances in screening and surveillance, remains the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The biological inadequacy of pre-clinical models to fully recapitulate the multifactorial etiology and the complexity of tumor microenvironment and human CRC's genetic heterogeneity has limited cancer treatment development. This has led to the development of Patient-derived models able to phenocopy as much as possible the original inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of CRC, reflecting the tumor microenvironment's cellular interactions. Implantation of patient tissue into immunodeficient mice hosts and the culture of tumor organoids have allowed advances in cancer biology and metastasis. This review highlights the advantages and limits of Patient-derived models as innovative and valuable pre-clinical tools to study progression and metastasis of CRC, develop novel therapeutic strategies by creating a drug screening platform, and predict the efficacy of clinical response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertotti
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Maria Leto
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy.
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Linnekamp JF, Kandimalla R, Fessler E, de Jong JH, Rodermond HM, van Bochove GGW, The FO, Punt CJA, Bemelman WA, van de Ven AWH, Tanis PJ, Kemper EM, Koens L, Dekker E, Vermeulen L, van Laarhoven HWM, Medema JP. Pre-Operative Decitabine in Colon Cancer Patients: Analyses on WNT Target Methylation and Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102357. [PMID: 34068407 PMCID: PMC8153633 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation is common in colon cancer. Previously, we have shown that methylation of WNT target genes predicts poor prognosis in stage II colon cancer. The primary objective of this study was to assess whether pre-operative treatment with decitabine can decrease methylation and increase the expression of WNT target genes APCDD1, AXIN2 and DKK1 in colon cancer patients. A clinical study was conducted, investigating these potential effects of decitabine in colon cancer patients (DECO). Patients were treated two times with 25 mg/m2 decitabine before surgery. Methylation and expression of LINE1 and WNT target genes (primary outcome) and expression of endogenous retroviral genes (secondary outcome) were analysed in pre- and post-treatment tumour samples using pyrosequencing and rt-PCR. Ten patients were treated with decitabine and eighteen patients were used as controls. Decitabine treatment only marginally decreased LINE1 methylation. More importantly, no differences in methylation or expression of WNT target or endogenous retroviral genes were observed. Due to the lack of an effect on primary and secondary outcomes, the study was prematurely closed. In conclusion, pre-operative treatment with decitabine is safe, but with the current dosing, the primary objective, increased WNT target gene expression, cannot be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke F. Linnekamp
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.F.L.); (R.K.); (E.F.); (J.H.d.J.); (H.M.R.); (G.G.W.v.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raju Kandimalla
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.F.L.); (R.K.); (E.F.); (J.H.d.J.); (H.M.R.); (G.G.W.v.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Evelyn Fessler
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.F.L.); (R.K.); (E.F.); (J.H.d.J.); (H.M.R.); (G.G.W.v.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Joan H. de Jong
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.F.L.); (R.K.); (E.F.); (J.H.d.J.); (H.M.R.); (G.G.W.v.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. Rodermond
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.F.L.); (R.K.); (E.F.); (J.H.d.J.); (H.M.R.); (G.G.W.v.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor G. W. van Bochove
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.F.L.); (R.K.); (E.F.); (J.H.d.J.); (H.M.R.); (G.G.W.v.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans O. The
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Cornelis J. A. Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.A.P.); (H.W.M.v.L.)
| | - Willem A. Bemelman
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.A.B.); (A.W.H.v.d.V.); (P.J.T.)
| | - Anthony W. H. van de Ven
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.A.B.); (A.W.H.v.d.V.); (P.J.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Flevo Hospital Almere, 1315 RA Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Tanis
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.A.B.); (A.W.H.v.d.V.); (P.J.T.)
| | - Elles M. Kemper
- Department of Pharmacology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Lianne Koens
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Evelien Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.F.L.); (R.K.); (E.F.); (J.H.d.J.); (H.M.R.); (G.G.W.v.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W. M. van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.A.P.); (H.W.M.v.L.)
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (J.F.L.); (R.K.); (E.F.); (J.H.d.J.); (H.M.R.); (G.G.W.v.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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16
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Lan T, Xue X, Dunmall LC, Miao J, Wang Y. Patient-derived xenograft: a developing tool for screening biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for human esophageal cancers. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:12273-12293. [PMID: 33903283 PMCID: PMC8109069 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) represents a human malignancy, diagnosed often at the advanced stage of cancer and resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The development of precision medicine allows for the identification of more personalized therapeutic strategies to improve cancer treatment. By implanting primary cancer tissues into immunodeficient mice for expansion, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models largely maintain similar histological and genetic representations naturally found in patients' tumor cells. PDX models of EC (EC-PDX) provide fine platforms to investigate the tumor microenvironment, tumor genomic heterogeneity, and tumor response to chemoradiotherapy, which are necessary for new drug discovery to combat EC in addition to optimization of current therapeutic strategies for EC. In this review, we summarize the methods used for establishing EC-PDX models and investigate the utilities of EC-PDX in screening predictive biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. The challenge of this promising research tool is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Lan
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xue
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
- The Academy of Medical Science, Precision Medicine Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Louisa Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeuitcs, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jinxin Miao
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeuitcs, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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17
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Georgopoulou D, Callari M, Rueda OM, Shea A, Martin A, Giovannetti A, Qosaj F, Dariush A, Chin SF, Carnevalli LS, Provenzano E, Greenwood W, Lerda G, Esmaeilishirazifard E, O'Reilly M, Serra V, Bressan D, Mills GB, Ali HR, Cosulich SS, Hannon GJ, Bruna A, Caldas C. Landscapes of cellular phenotypic diversity in breast cancer xenografts and their impact on drug response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1998. [PMID: 33790302 PMCID: PMC8012607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of breast cancer plays a major role in drug response and resistance and has been extensively characterized at the genomic level. Here, a single-cell breast cancer mass cytometry (BCMC) panel is optimized to identify cell phenotypes and their oncogenic signalling states in a biobank of patient-derived tumour xenograft (PDTX) models representing the diversity of human breast cancer. The BCMC panel identifies 13 cellular phenotypes (11 human and 2 murine), associated with both breast cancer subtypes and specific genomic features. Pre-treatment cellular phenotypic composition is a determinant of response to anticancer therapies. Single-cell profiling also reveals drug-induced cellular phenotypic dynamics, unravelling previously unnoticed intra-tumour response diversity. The comprehensive view of the landscapes of cellular phenotypic heterogeneity in PDTXs uncovered by the BCMC panel, which is mirrored in primary human tumours, has profound implications for understanding and predicting therapy response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Georgopoulou
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maurizio Callari
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oscar M Rueda
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail Shea
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair Martin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agnese Giovannetti
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Fatime Qosaj
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ali Dariush
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Elena Provenzano
- Breast Cancer Programme, CRUK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Breast Cancer Research Unit, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wendy Greenwood
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giulia Lerda
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elham Esmaeilishirazifard
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bioscience, Oncology, Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin O'Reilly
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dario Bressan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Cell, Development and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - H Raza Ali
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabina S Cosulich
- Bioscience, Oncology, Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alejandra Bruna
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Breast Cancer Programme, CRUK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Breast Cancer Research Unit, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
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18
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Lee MW, Miljanic M, Triplett T, Ramirez C, Aung KL, Eckhardt SG, Capasso A. Current methods in translational cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:7-30. [PMID: 32929562 PMCID: PMC7897192 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in pre-clinical screening tools, that more reliably predict the clinical effects and adverse events of candidate therapeutic agents, has ushered in a new era of drug development and screening. However, given the rapid pace with which these models have emerged, the individual merits of these translational research tools warrant careful evaluation in order to furnish clinical researchers with appropriate information to conduct pre-clinical screening in an accelerated and rational manner. This review assesses the predictive utility of both well-established and emerging pre-clinical methods in terms of their suitability as a screening platform for treatment response, ability to represent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug properties, and lastly debates the translational limitations and benefits of these models. To this end, we will describe the current literature on cell culture, organoids, in vivo mouse models, and in silico computational approaches. Particular focus will be devoted to discussing gaps and unmet needs in the literature as well as current advancements and innovations achieved in the field, such as co-clinical trials and future avenues for refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lee
- Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mihailo Miljanic
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Todd Triplett
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Craig Ramirez
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kyaw L Aung
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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19
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AKT3 Expression in Mesenchymal Colorectal Cancer Cells Drives Growth and Is Associated with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040801. [PMID: 33673003 PMCID: PMC7918753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer can be subdivided into four distinct subtypes that are characterised by different clinical features and responses to therapies currently used in the clinic to treat this disease. One of those subtypes, called CMS4, is associated with a worse prognosis and poor response to therapies compared to other subtypes. We therefore set out to explore what proteins are differentially expressed and used in CMS4 to find potential new targets for therapy. We found that protein AKT3 is highly expressed in CMS4, and that active AKT3 inhibits a protein that stalls growth of cancer cells (p27KIP1). We can target AKT3 with inhibitors which leads to strongly reduced growth of cancer cell lines that are categorised as CMS4. Furthermore, our data suggests that high AKT3 expression in tumour cells may be used to identify poor prognosis colorectal cancer patients. Future research should point out if high AKT3 expression can be used to select colorectal cancer patients that have a poor prognosis but that could benefit from AKT3-targeted treatment. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that can currently be subdivided into four distinct consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) based on gene expression profiling. The CMS4 subtype is marked by high expression of mesenchymal genes and is associated with a worse overall prognosis compared to other CMSs. Importantly, this subtype responds poorly to the standard therapies currently used to treat CRC. We set out to explore what regulatory signalling networks underlie the CMS4 phenotype of cancer cells, specifically, by analysing which kinases were more highly expressed in this subtype compared to others. We found AKT3 to be expressed in the cancer cell epithelium of CRC specimens, patient derived xenograft (PDX) models and in (primary) cell cultures representing CMS4. Importantly, chemical inhibition or knockout of this gene hampers outgrowth of this subtype, as AKT3 controls expression of the cell cycle regulator p27KIP1. Furthermore, high AKT3 expression was associated with high expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes, and this observation could be expanded to cell lines representing other carcinoma types. More importantly, this association allowed for the identification of CRC patients with a high propensity to metastasise and an associated poor prognosis. High AKT3 expression in the tumour epithelial compartment may thus be used as a surrogate marker for EMT and may allow for a selection of CRC patients that could benefit from AKT3-targeted therapy.
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Sawayama H, Miyamoto Y, Ogawa K, Yoshida N, Baba H. Investigation of colorectal cancer in accordance with consensus molecular subtype classification. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2020; 4:528-539. [PMID: 33005848 PMCID: PMC7511559 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classification of colorectal cancer (CRC) plays a pivotal role in predicting a patient's prognosis and determining treatment strategies. The consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classification system was constructed by analyzing genetic information from 18 CRC data sets, containing 4151 CRC samples. CRC was classified into four subtypes with distinct molecular and biological characteristics: CMS1 (microsatellite instability immune), CMS2 (canonical), CMS3 (metabolic), and CMS4 (mesenchymal). Since their designation in 2015, these classifications have been applied to basic and translational research of CRC, with the hope that understanding these subsets will influence a clinician's approach to therapeutic treatment and improve clinical outcomes. We reviewed CRC investigations in accordance with CMSs published in the last 5 years to further explore the clinical significance of these subtypes and identify underlying trends that may direct relevant future research. We determined that CMSs linked common features of CRC cell lines and PDX models in various studies. Furthermore, associations between prognosis and clinicopathological findings, including pathological grade and the stage of carcinogenesis, tumor budding, and tumor location, were correlated with CMS classification. Novel prognostic factors were identified, and the relationship between chemotherapeutic drug resistance and CMS has been fortified by our compilation of research; thus, indicating that this review provides advanced insight into clinical questions and treatment strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sawayama
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityHonjoJapan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityHonjoJapan
| | - Katsuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityHonjoJapan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityHonjoJapan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKumamoto UniversityHonjoJapan
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21
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Buikhuisen JY, Torang A, Medema JP. Exploring and modelling colon cancer inter-tumour heterogeneity: opportunities and challenges. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:66. [PMID: 32647253 PMCID: PMC7347540 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer inter-tumour heterogeneity is installed on multiple levels, ranging from (epi)genetic driver events to signalling pathway rewiring reflected by differential gene expression patterns. Although the existence of heterogeneity in colon cancer has been recognised for a longer period of time, it is sparingly incorporated as a determining factor in current clinical practice. Here we describe how unsupervised gene expression-based classification efforts, amongst which the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), can stratify patients in biological subgroups associated with distinct disease outcome and responses to therapy. We will discuss what is needed to extend these subtyping efforts to the clinic and we will argue that preclinical models recapitulate CMS subtypes and can be of vital use to increase our understanding of treatment response and resistance and to discover novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Buikhuisen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arezo Torang
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Xu J, Chen Q, Tian K, Liang R, Chen T, Gong A, Mathy NW, Yu T, Chen X. m6A methyltransferase METTL3 maintains colon cancer tumorigenicity by suppressing SOCS2 to promote cell proliferation. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:973-986. [PMID: 32705223 PMCID: PMC7388248 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification maintained by N6-methyltransferases and demethylases is involved in multiple biological functions. Methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) is a major N6-methyltransferase. However, the role of METTL3 and its installed m6A modification in colorectal tumorigenesis remains to be fully elucidated. METTL3 is highly expressed as indicated in colorectal cancer samples in the TCGA and Oncomine databases, implying its potential role in colon tumorigenesis. SW480 cell line with stable METTL3 knockout (METTL3-KO) was generated using CRISPR/Cas9 and were confirmed by the loss of METTL3 expression and suppression of m6A modification. The proliferation of METTL3-KO cells was significantly inhibited compared with that of control cells. METTL3-KO decreased the decay rate of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) RNA, resulting in elevated SOCS2 protein expression. m6A-RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR (MeRIP-qPCR) revealed that SOCS2 mRNA was targeted by METTL3 for m6A modification. Similar to METTL3-KO SW480 cells, SW480 cells treated with 3-deazaadenosine, an RNA methylation inhibitor, exhibited elevated SOCS2 protein expression. Increased levels of SOCS2 in METTL3-KO SW480 cells were associated with decreased expression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), contributing to the inhibition of cell proliferation. The underlying associations among METTL3, SOCS2, and LGR5 were further confirmed in SW480 cells transfected with si-METTL3 and in tumor samples from patients with colorectal cancer. Taken together, our data demonstrate that an increased level of METTL3 may maintain the tumorigenicity of colon cancer cells by suppressing SOCS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihao Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Qikui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Kuangyi Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Aiyu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Nicholas W Mathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Molina-Cerrillo J, San Román M, Pozas J, Alonso-Gordoa T, Pozas M, Conde E, Rosas M, Grande E, García-Bermejo ML, Carrato A. BRAF Mutated Colorectal Cancer: New Treatment Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061571. [PMID: 32545884 PMCID: PMC7353017 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in adults, considering both its incidence and prevalence. Anatomically, the right colon is considered as being from the cecum to the splenic flexure, and the left colon is from the splenic flexure to the rectum. Sidedness is a surrogate of a wide spectrum of colorectal cancer (CRC) biology features (embryology, microbiome, methylation, microsatellite instability (MSI), BRAF, aging, KRAS, consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), etc.), which result in prognostic factors. Different molecular subtypes have been identified, according to genomic and transcriptomic criteria. A subgroup harboring a BRAF mutation has been described, and represents approximately 10% of the patients diagnosed with colon cancer. This subgroup has morphological, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics that differ substantially from patients who do not carry this genetic alteration. Unfortunately, there is no established standard of care for this particular cohort of patients. This manuscript aims to study the biology of this subgroup of colon cancer, to understand the current approach in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Molina-Cerrillo
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.R.); (J.P.); (T.A.-G.); (M.P.); (A.C.)
- CIBERONC, The Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine School, Alcalá University, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: or
| | - María San Román
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.R.); (J.P.); (T.A.-G.); (M.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Javier Pozas
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.R.); (J.P.); (T.A.-G.); (M.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.R.); (J.P.); (T.A.-G.); (M.P.); (A.C.)
- CIBERONC, The Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine School, Alcalá University, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Pozas
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.R.); (J.P.); (T.A.-G.); (M.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Elisa Conde
- Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Group and Core Facility, The Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), CIBERONC, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (M.L.G.-B.)
| | - Marta Rosas
- Pathology department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Enrique Grande
- Department of Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 28033 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Laura García-Bermejo
- Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Group and Core Facility, The Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), CIBERONC, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (M.L.G.-B.)
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.S.R.); (J.P.); (T.A.-G.); (M.P.); (A.C.)
- CIBERONC, The Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine School, Alcalá University, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Ramzy GM, Koessler T, Ducrey E, McKee T, Ris F, Buchs N, Rubbia-Brandt L, Dietrich PY, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Patient-Derived In Vitro Models for Drug Discovery in Colorectal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061423. [PMID: 32486365 PMCID: PMC7352800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of relevant preclinical models that reliably recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of human cancer has slowed down the development and approval of new anti-cancer therapies. Even though two-dimensional in vitro culture models remain widely used, they allow only partial cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions and therefore do not represent the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, better models reflecting intra-tumor heterogeneity need to be incorporated in the drug screening process to more reliably predict the efficacy of drug candidates. Classic methods of modelling colorectal carcinoma (CRC), while useful for many applications, carry numerous limitations. In this review, we address the recent advances in in vitro CRC model systems, ranging from conventional CRC patient-derived models, such as conditional reprogramming-based cell cultures, to more experimental and state-of-the-art models, such as cancer-on-chip platforms or liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Ramzy
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thibaud Koessler
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.K.); (P.-Y.D.)
| | - Eloise Ducrey
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas McKee
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.M.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Frédéric Ris
- Translational Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Buchs
- Translational Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.M.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.K.); (P.-Y.D.)
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-3352
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25
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Bürtin F, Mullins CS, Linnebacher M. Mouse models of colorectal cancer: Past, present and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1394-1426. [PMID: 32308343 PMCID: PMC7152519 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i13.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed malignancy among both sexes in the United States as well as in the European Union. While the incidence and mortality rates in western, high developed countries are declining, reflecting the success of screening programs and improved treatment regimen, a rise of the overall global CRC burden can be observed due to lifestyle changes paralleling an increasing human development index. Despite a growing insight into the biology of CRC and many therapeutic improvements in the recent decades, preclinical in vivo models are still indispensable for the development of new treatment approaches. Since the development of carcinogen-induced rodent models for CRC more than 80 years ago, a plethora of animal models has been established to study colon cancer biology. Despite tenuous invasiveness and metastatic behavior, these models are useful for chemoprevention studies and to evaluate colitis-related carcinogenesis. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) mirror the pathogenesis of sporadic as well as inherited CRC depending on the specific molecular pathways activated or inhibited. Although the vast majority of CRC GEMM lack invasiveness, metastasis and tumor heterogeneity, they still have proven useful for examination of the tumor microenvironment as well as systemic immune responses; thus, supporting development of new therapeutic avenues. Induction of metastatic disease by orthotopic injection of CRC cell lines is possible, but the so generated models lack genetic diversity and the number of suited cell lines is very limited. Patient-derived xenografts, in contrast, maintain the pathological and molecular characteristics of the individual patient’s CRC after subcutaneous implantation into immunodeficient mice and are therefore most reliable for preclinical drug development – even in comparison to GEMM or cell line-based analyses. However, subcutaneous patient-derived xenograft models are less suitable for studying most aspects of the tumor microenvironment and anti-tumoral immune responses. The authors review the distinct mouse models of CRC with an emphasis on their clinical relevance and shed light on the latest developments in the field of preclinical CRC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bürtin
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Christina S Mullins
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
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Xie J, Lin Y. Patient-derived xenograft models for personalized medicine in colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:167-172. [PMID: 32100151 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Establishing superior preclinical models is critical for translational cancer research owing to the high failure rates of novel therapeutics in clinical studies. Even though cell line-derived xenograft models are easy to create, they have numerous limitations since these models do not represent the distinctive features of each cancer patient adequately. To circumvent the discrepancies between xenograft models and tumors, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been developed. These models are established through the engraftment of tissue from a patient's tumor into an immune-deficient mouse, which preserves cell-cell interactions and tumor microenvironment. Since PDXs precisely replicate intratumoral heterogeneity, a range of chemotherapeutic agents can be tested on individual tumors. Colorectal cancer represents a unique case to demonstrate clinical perspectives revealed by PDX models since they surmount limitations of conventional ex vivo models. Even though PDX models have been associated with drawbacks with respect to prediction of clinical outcomes, they are currently the model of choice for preclinical investigations in colorectal cancer. In the current review, we provide an overview of the methodology and applications of PDX for colorectal cancer and discuss critical issues for the advancement of these models for preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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27
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Xu W, Zhao ZY, An QM, Dong B, Lv A, Li CP, Guan XY, Tian XY, Wu JH, Hao CY. Comprehensive comparison of patient-derived xenograft models in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and metastatic Liver Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:3073-3081. [PMID: 33173428 PMCID: PMC7646096 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.46686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are effective preclinical cancer models that reproduce the tumor microenvironment of the human body. The methods have been widely used for drug screening, biomarker development, co-clinical trials, and personalized medicine. However, the low success rate and the long tumorigenesis period have largely limited their usage. In the present studies, we compared the PDX establishment between hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and metastatic liver cancer (MLC), and identified the key factors affecting the transplantation rate of PDXs. Surgically resected tumor specimens obtained from patients were subcutaneously inoculated into immunodeficient mice to construct PDX models. The overall transplantation rate was 38.5% (20/52), with the HCC group (28.1%, 9/32) being lower than MLC group (56.2%, 9/16). In addition, HCC group took significantly longer latency period than MLC group to construct PDX models. Hematoxylin and eosin staining results showed that the histopathology of all generations in PDX models was similar to the original tumor in all three types of cancer. The transplantation rate of PDX models in HCC patients was significantly associated with blood type (P=0.001), TNM stage (P=0.023), lymph node metastasis (P=0.042) and peripheral blood CA19-9 level (P=0.049), while the transplantation rate of PDX models in MLC patients was significantly associated with tumor size (P=0.034). This study demonstrates that PDX models can effectively reproduce the histological patterns of human tumors. The transplantation rate depends on the type of original tumor. Furthermore, it shows that the invasiveness of the original liver cancer affects the possibility of its growth in immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Qi-Ming An
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Guan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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Shi J, Li Y, Jia R, Fan X. The fidelity of cancer cells in PDX models: Characteristics, mechanism and clinical significance. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:2078-2088. [PMID: 31479514 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are widely used as preclinical cancer models and are considered better than cell culture models in recapitulating the histological features, molecular characteristics and intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of human tumors. While the PDX model is commonly accepted for use in drug discovery and other translational studies, a growing body of evidence has suggested its limitations. Recently, the fidelity of cancer cells within a PDX has been questioned, which may impede the future application of these models. In this review, we will focus the variable phenotypes of xenograft tumors and the genomic instability and molecular inconsistency of PDX tumors after serial transplantation. Next, we will discuss the underlying mechanism of ITH and its clinical relevance. Stochastic selection bias in the sampling process and/or deterministic clonal dynamics due to murine selective pressure may have detrimental effects on the results of personalized medicine and drug screening studies. In addition, we aim to identify a possible solution for the issue of fidelity in current PDX models and to discuss emerging next-generation preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Chen Y, Zhang R, Wang L, Correa AM, Pataer A, Xu Y, Zhang X, Ren C, Wu S, Meng QH, Fujimoto J, Jensen VB, Antonoff MB, Hofstetter WL, Mehran RJ, Pisimisis G, Rice DC, Sepesi B, Vaporciyan AA, Walsh GL, Swisher SG, Roth JA, Heymach JV, Fang B. Tumor characteristics associated with engraftment of patient-derived non-small cell lung cancer xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Cancer 2019; 125:3738-3748. [PMID: 31287557 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models increasingly are used in translational research. However, the engraftment rates of patient tumor samples in immunodeficient mice to PDX models vary greatly. METHODS Tumor tissue samples from 308 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were implanted in immunodeficient mice. The patients were followed for 1.5 to approximately 6 years. The authors performed histological analysis of PDXs and some residual tumor tissues in mice with failed PDX growth at 1 year after implantation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay were performed to measure the levels of Epstein-Barr virus genes and human immunoglobulin G in PDX samples. Patient characteristics were compared for PDX growth and overall survival as outcomes using Cox regression analyses. Disease staging was based on the 7th TNM staging system. RESULTS The overall engraftment rate for PDXs from patients with non-small cell lung cancer was 34%. Squamous cell carcinomas had a higher engraftment rate (53%) compared with adenocarcinomas. Tumor samples from patients with stage II and stage III disease and from larger tumors were found to have relatively high engraftment rates. Patients whose tumors successfully engrafted had worse overall survival, particularly those individuals with adenocarcinoma, stage III or stage IV disease, and moderately differentiated tumors. Lymphoma formation was one of the factors associated with engraftment failure. Human CD8-positive and CD20-positive cells were detected in residual samples of tumor tissue that failed to generate a PDX at 1 year after implantation. Human immunoglobulin G was detected in the plasma of mice that did not have PDX growth at 14 months after implantation. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicate that the characteristics of cancer cells and the tumor immune microenvironment in primary tumors both can affect engraftment of a primary tumor sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungchang Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine of The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arlene M Correa
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Apar Pataer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chenghui Ren
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shuhong Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qing H Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vanessa B Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wayne L Hofstetter
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Reza J Mehran
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - George Pisimisis
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David C Rice
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Boris Sepesi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ara A Vaporciyan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Garrett L Walsh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen G Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jack A Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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30
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Menter DG, Davis JS, Broom BM, Overman MJ, Morris J, Kopetz S. Back to the Colorectal Cancer Consensus Molecular Subtype Future. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2019; 21:5. [PMID: 30701321 PMCID: PMC6622456 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-019-0674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review seeks to provide an informed prospective on the advances in molecular profiling and analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The goal is to provide a historical context and current summary on how advances in gene and protein sequencing technology along with computer capabilities led to our current bioinformatic advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS An explosion of knowledge has occurred regarding genetic, epigenetic, and biochemical alterations associated with the evolution of colorectal cancer. This has led to the realization that CRC is a heterogeneous disease with molecular alterations often dictating natural history, response to treatment, and outcome. The consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) classification classifies CRC into four molecular subtypes with distinct biological characteristics, which may form the basis for clinical stratification and subtype-based targeted intervention. This review summarizes new developments of a field moving "Back to the Future." CRC molecular subtyping will better identify key subtype specific therapeutic targets and responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard--Unit 0426, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Davis
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bradley M Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard--Unit 0426, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard--Unit 0426, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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