Fisetin and 5-fluorouracil: Effective combination for PIK3CA-mutant colorectal cancer

Fisetin disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis via superoxide dismutase 2 acetylation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors with an urgent need for precision medicine strategies. The present study seeks to assess the antitumor effects of fisetin, and characterize its impact on PDAC. Multi-omic approaches include proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Further validation includes the assessment of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as ATP generation. Molecular docking, immunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assay were used to detect the interactions among fiseitn, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and sirtuin 2 (SIRT2). We showed that fisetin disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis and induced SOD2 acetylation in PDAC. Further, we produced site mutants to determine that fisetin-induced mtROS were dependent on SOD2 acetylation. Fisetin inhibited SIRT2 expression, thus blocking SOD2 deacetylation. SIRT2 overexpression could impede fisetin-induced SOD2 acetylation. Additionally, untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed an acceleration of folate metabolism with fisetin. Collectively, our findings suggest that fisetin disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, eliciting an important cancer-suppressive role; thus, fisetin may serve as a promising therapeutic for PDAC.

Protein post-translational modifications: A key factor in colorectal cancer resistance mechanisms

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Despite advances in treatment, drug resistance remains a critical impediment. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein stability, localization, and activity, impacting vital cellular processes. Recent research has highlighted the essential role of PTMs in the development of CRC resistance. This review summarizes recent advancements in understanding PTMs' roles in CRC resistance, focusing on the latest discoveries. We discuss the functional impact of PTMs on signaling pathways and molecules involved in CRC resistance, progress in drug development, and potential therapeutic targets. We also summarize the primary enrichment methods for PTMs. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions, including the need for more comprehensive PTM analysis methods and PTM-targeted therapies. This review identifies potential therapeutic interventions for addressing medication resistance in CRC, proposes prospective therapeutic options, and gives an overview of the function of PTMs in CRC resistance.

Fisetin induces the upregulation of AKAP12 mRNA and anti-angiogenesis in a patient-derived organoid xenograft model

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with high incidence and mortality rates. Targeted therapies for CRC cause various adverse effects, necessitating the development of novel approaches to control CRC progression. In this milieu, we investigated the anti-CRC effects of fisetin, a natural plant flavonoid. Cytotoxicity was performed in CRC patient-derived organoids (30 T and 33 T). Fisetin-induced tumor growth was evaluated in a CRC patient-derived organoid xenograft (PDOX) model. RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were performed subsequently. Fisetin significantly decreased organoid viability in a dose-dependent manner. In the PDOX model, fisetin significantly delayed tumor growth, showing a decrease in Ki-67 expression and the induction of apoptosis. In tumor tissues, four genes were identified as differentially expressed between the control and fisetin-treated groups. Among these, A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) level was significantly increased by fisetin treatment (fold change > 2, p < 0.05). Notably, fisetin significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) via upregulation of AKAP12. Our results demonstrate the upregulation of AKAP12 mRNA and inhibition of angiogenesis by fisetin as a therapeutic strategy against CRC.

Biological effects and mechanisms of fisetin in cancer: a promising anti-cancer agent

Fisetin, a natural flavonoid, possesses numerous biological activities that have been extensively studied in various diseases. When it comes to cancer, fisetin exhibits a range of biological effects, such as suppressing cell growth, triggering programmed cell death, reducing the formation of new blood vessels, protecting against oxidative stress, and inhibiting cell migration. Moreover, fisetin has the ability to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The anticancer properties of fisetin can be attributed to a diverse array of molecules and signaling pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and Nrf2/HO-1. Consequently, fisetin holds promise as a therapeutic agent for anticancer treatment. In this review, we place emphasis on the biological functions and various molecular targets of fisetin in anticancer therapy.

Senolytic Flavonoids Enhance Type-I and Type-II Cell Death in Human Radioresistant Colon Cancer Cells through AMPK/MAPK Pathway

Resistance to cancer therapies remains a clinical challenge and an unsolved problem. In a previous study, we characterized a new colon cancer cell line, namely HT500, derived from human HT29 cells and resistant to clinically relevant levels of ionizing radiation (IR). Here, we explored the effects of two natural flavonoids, quercetin (Q) and fisetin (F), well-known senolytic agents that inhibit genotoxic stress by selectively removing senescent cells. We hypothesized that the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the radiosensitising effects of these natural senolytics could intercept multiple biochemical pathways of signal transduction correlated to cell death resistance. Radioresistant HT500 cells modulate autophagic flux differently than HT29 cells and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8), commonly associated with senescence-related secretory phenotypes (SASP). Q and F inhibit PI₃K/AKT and ERK pathways, which promote p16^INK4 stability and resistance to apoptosis, but they also activate AMPK and ULK kinases in response to autophagic stress at an early stage. In summary, the combination of natural senolytics and IR activates two forms of cell death: apoptosis correlated to the inhibition of ERKs and lethal autophagy dependent on AMPK kinase. Our study confirms that senescence and autophagy partially overlap, share common modulatory pathways, and reveal how senolytic flavonoids can play an important role in these processes.

Phenolic Phytochemicals for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Critical Evaluation of In Vivo Studies

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed and second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Limitations with existing treatment regimens have demanded the search for better treatment options. Different phytochemicals with promising anti-CRC activities have been reported, with the molecular mechanism of actions still emerging. This review aims to summarize recent progress on the study of natural phenolic compounds in ameliorating CRC using in vivo models. This review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reporting and Meta-Analysis. Information on the relevant topic was gathered by searching the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases using keywords, such as "colorectal cancer" AND "phenolic compounds", "colorectal cancer" AND "polyphenol", "colorectal cancer" AND "phenolic acids", "colorectal cancer" AND "flavonoids", "colorectal cancer" AND "stilbene", and "colorectal cancer" AND "lignan" from the reputed peer-reviewed journals published over the last 20 years. Publications that incorporated in vivo experimental designs and produced statistically significant results were considered for this review. Many of these polyphenols demonstrate anti-CRC activities by inhibiting key cellular factors. This inhibition has been demonstrated by antiapoptotic effects, antiproliferative effects, or by upregulating factors responsible for cell cycle arrest or cell death in various in vivo CRC models. Numerous studies from independent laboratories have highlighted different plant phenolic compounds for their anti-CRC activities. While promising anti-CRC activity in many of these agents has created interest in this area, in-depth mechanistic and well-designed clinical studies are needed to support the therapeutic use of these compounds for the prevention and treatment of CRC.

Gas-Mediated Intestinal Microbiome Regulation Prompts the Methanol Extract of Schizonepetae Spica to Relieve Colitis

Intestinal dysbiosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of colitis (UC). Schizonepetae Herba can achieve anti-inflammatory effects as a medicine and food homologous vegetable. Luteolin, eriodictyol, fisetin, and kaempferol are the main anti-inflammatory active compounds obtained through mass spectrometry from the methanol extract of Schizonepetae Spica (JJSM). JJSM intervention resulted in attenuated weight loss, high disease-activity-index score, colon length shortening and colonic pathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice. Interestingly, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was inhibited remarkably, which is helpful to elucidate the relationship between active substance and intestinal flora. Furthermore, JJSM administration improved intestinal flora with down-regulating the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Clostridiales and Desulfovibrio and up-regulating the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Muribaculaceae and Ligolactobacillus and enhanced the production of SCFAs. It is worth noticing that Desulfovibrio is related to the production of intestinal gas H₂S. The elevated levels of Desulfovibrio and H₂S will hasten the onset of colitis, which is a crucial risk factor for colitis. The results displayed that JJSM could considerably ameliorate colitis by rebuilding H₂S-related intestinal flora, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for Schizonepetae Spica to be utilized as a functional food and considered as an emerging candidate for intestinal inflammation.

Therapy-Induced Tumor Cell Senescence: Mechanisms and Circumvention

Plasticity of tumor cells (multitude of molecular regulation pathways) allows them to evade cytocidal effects of chemo- and/or radiation therapy. Metabolic adaptation of the surviving cells is based on transcriptional reprogramming. Similarly to the process of natural cell aging, specific features of the survived tumor cells comprise the therapy-induced senescence phenotype. Tumor cells with this phenotype differ from the parental cells since they become less responsive to drugs and form aggressive progeny. Importance of the problem is explained by the general biological significance of transcriptional reprogramming as a mechanism of adaptation to stress, and by the emerging potential of its pharmacological targeting. In this review we analyze the mechanisms of regulation of the therapy-induced tumor cell senescence, as well as new drug combinations aimed to prevent this clinically unfavorable phenomenon.

The Potential Role of Fisetin, a Flavonoid in Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Cancer is a main culprit and the second-leading cause of death worldwide. The current mode of treatment strategies including surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be effective, but cancer is still considered a major cause of death. Plant-derived products or their purified bioactive compounds have confirmed health-promoting effects as well as cancer-preventive effects. Among these products, flavonoids belong to polyphenols, chiefly found in fruits, vegetables and in various seeds/flowers. It has been considered to be an effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and to play a vital role in diseases management. Besides these activities, flavonoids have been revealed to possess anticancer potential through the modulation of various cell signaling molecules. In this regard, fisetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has a confirmed role in disease management through antioxidant, neuro-protective, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and reno-protective potential. As well, its cancer-preventive effects have been confirmed via modulating various cell signaling pathways including inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, growth factor, transcription factor and other cell signaling pathways. This review presents an overview of the anti-cancer potential of fisetin in different types of cancer through the modulation of cell signaling pathways based on in vivo and in vitro studies. A synergistic effect with anticancer drugs and strategies to improve the bioavailability are described. More clinical trials need to be performed to explore the anti-cancer potential and mechanism-of-action of fisetin and its optimum therapeutic dose.

Protein Expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Targets Validated by Gene Expression and its Correlation with Prognosis in Canine Mammary Cancer

Mammary cancer is the main type of neoplasia in female dogs and is considered an adequate model for the biological and therapeutic study of cancer in women. The PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR pathway plays a central role in cellular homeostasis and is often dysregulated in cancer. The increased expression of PI3K protein in the literature is associated with a poor prognosis, and alterations in the PIK3CA gene can lead to changes in downstream pathways. Thus, the objective of this study was to validate the protein expression to confirm the gene expression of proteins belonging to the main pathway PI3K and PTEN, and their downstream pathways through ZEB1, ZEB2, HIF1A, VHL, CASP3 and PARP1 relating to prognosis in canine mammary cancer. For protein studies, the samples came from 58 female dogs with mammary neoplasia, immunohistochemistry was performed and its analysis by the histoscore method. For the genetic evaluation, the samples came from 13 patients, the DNA was extracted and the analysis for quantitative expression. Through immunohistochemistry, PI3K positivity was significantly associated with affected regional lymph node, distant metastasis, patients with HER2+, Triple Negative and Luminal B phenotypes, and the lowest survival rates. Through gene expression, we observed higher gene expression of ZEB2 and PARP1 both among patients who were alive and who died, which was not true for the expressions of PIK3CA and HIF1A. In conclusion, the data observed in this work are promising in the study of new molecular prognostic markers such as PI3K, ZEB2 and PARP1 for canine mammary cancer.

Fisetin, a Potent Anticancer Flavonol Exhibiting Cytotoxic Activity against Neoplastic Malignant Cells and Cancerous Conditions: A Scoping, Comprehensive Review

Diet plays a crucial role in homeostasis maintenance. Plants and spices containing flavonoids have been widely used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Flavonols present in our diet may prevent cancer initiation, promotion and progression by modulating important enzymes and receptors in signal transduction pathways related to proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis and reversal of multidrug resistance. The anticancer activity of fisetin has been widely documented in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. This review summarizes the worldwide, evidence-based research on the activity of fisetin toward various types of cancerous conditions, while describing the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects, molecular targets and mechanisms that contribute to the observed anticancer activity of fisetin. In addition, this review synthesized the results from preclinical studies on the use of fisetin as an anticancer agent. Based on the available literature, it might be suggested that fisetin has a bioactive potential to become a complementary drug in the prevention and treatment of cancerous conditions. However, more in-depth research is required to validate current data, so that this compound or its derivatives can enter the clinical trial phase.

Fisetin inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer by targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling

Pancreatic cancer is an extremely malignant digestive tract tumor. With the increase of chemotherapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer, clinical treatment is in a dilemma. Hence, it is pivotal to design an effective drug for treating individuals with pancreatic cancer. Fisetin extracted from vegetables, as well as fruits was explored to possess antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory along with anti-microbial properties. Nonetheless, there is limited research focusing on the utility of fisetin as an inhibitor of pancreatic cancer. Similarly, the mechanism through which Fisetin dampens pancreatic cancer remains unknown. This research work systematically evaluated the possible anti-cancer influences of fisetin in pancreatic cancer, as well as explored its responsible molecular mechanism. Our data revealed that fisetin obviously dampens pancreatic cancer progress in vitro along with in vivo dose-dependently. Furthermore, we established that fisetin repressed pancreatic cancer via explicitly targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade and not the JAK2 cascade. Our data clarified that fisetin is a prospective anti-cancer drug for pancreatic cancer, as well as indicated the distinct molecular target of fisetin.

Diosmin in combination with naringenin enhances apoptosis in colon cancer cells

Colon cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies, which begins as a polyp and grows to become cancer. Diosmin (DS) and naringenin (NR) are naturally occurring flavonoids that exhibit various pharmacological activities. Although several studies have illustrated the effectiveness of these flavonoids as anti‑cancerous agents individually, the combinatorial impact of these compounds has not been explored. In the present study, the combined effect of DS and NR (DiNar) in colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480 were assessed by targeting apoptosis and inflammatory pathways. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of DiNar on cell proliferation, while Chou‑Talalay analysis was employed to determine the combination index of DS and NR. Moreover, flow cytometry was used to monitor cell cycle arrest and population study. The onset of apoptosis was assessed by DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (Annexin V‑FITC/PI). The expression levels of apoptotic pathway markers, Bcl‑2, Bax, caspase3, caspase8, caspase9 and p53, and inflammatory markers, NF‑κβ, IKK‑α and IKK‑β, were assessed using western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. These results suggested that DiNar treatment acts synergistically and induces cytotoxicity with a concomitant increase in chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Annexin V‑FITC/PI apoptosis assay also showed increased number of cells undergoing apoptosis in the DiNar treatment group. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis and inflammatory markers was also more effectively regulated under the DiNar treatment. Thereby, these findings demonstrated that DiNar treatment could be a potential novel chemotherapeutic alternative in colon cancer.

Cancer chemopreventive role of fisetin: Regulation of cell signaling pathways in different cancers

It is becoming progressively more understandable that pharmaceutical targeting of drug-resistant cancers is challenging because of intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Interestingly, naturally derived bioactive compounds have unique ability to modulate wide-ranging deregulated oncogenic cell signaling pathways. In this review, we have focused on the available evidence related to regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB and TRAIL/TRAIL-R by fisetin in different cancers. Fisetin has also been shown to inhibit the metastatic spread of cancer cells in tumor-bearing mice. We have also summarized how fisetin regulated autophagy in different cancers. In addition, this review also covers fisetin-mediated regulation of VEGF/VEGFR, EGFR, necroptosis and Hippo pathway. Fisetin has entered into clinical trials particularly in context of COVID19-associated inflammations. Furthermore, fisetin mediated effects are also being tested in clinical trials with reference to osteoarthritis and senescence. These developments will surely pave the way for full-fledge and well-designed clinical trials of fisetin in different cancers. However, we still have to comprehensively analyze and fully unlock pharmacological potential of fisetin against different oncogenic signaling cascades and non-coding RNAs. Fisetin has remarkable potential as chemopreventive agent and future studies must converge on the identification of additional regulatory roles of fisetin for inhibition and prevention of cancers.

Phytochemicals in cancer and their effect on the PI3K/AKT-mediated cellular signalling

Protein kinases belong to the largest family of enzymes controlling every aspect of cellular activity including gene expression, cell division, differentiation and metabolism. They are part of major intracellular signalling pathways. Hence, it is not surprising that they are involved in the development of major diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, dementia and, most importantly, cancer when they undergo mutations, modifications and unbalanced expression. This review will explore the possibility to draw a connection between the application of natural phytochemicals and the treatment of cancer. We have chosen to focus on the PI3K/AKT cellular signalling pathway which has been shown to be a major target by natural compounds in cell cultures and animal models.

Integrating Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Cotinus coggygria and Toxicodendron vernicifluum: What Predictions can be Made for the European Smoketree?

The smoketree (Cotinus coggygria) is a historically known medicinal plant from Southeast Europe. Its ethnomedicinal use in skin and mucosal lesions is commonly accepted across countries. Other utilizations reported locally include fever reduction, cardiac diseases, hypertension, urinary diseases, cough, asthma, hemorrhoids, diabetes, numbness of arm, liver disease, and cancer. Departing from the smoketree's traditional uses, this review summarizes investigations on the phytochemistry and bioactivity of the plant. In vitro and in vivo experiments supporting wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxic, antioxidative, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects are presented. Metabolites from smoketree that are responsible for the main pharmacological effects of smoketree are pointed out. Furthermore, the review performs a comparison between C. coggygria and the lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum). The latter is a comprehensively studied species used in Asian phytotherapy, with whom the European smoketree shares a consistent pool of secondary metabolites. The comparative approach aims to open new perspectives in the research of smoketree and anticipates an optimized use of C. coggygria in therapy. It also points out the relevance of a chemosystematic approach in the field of medicinal plants research.

Role of PRPS2 as a prognostic and therapeutic target in osteosarcoma

AIMS

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumour of the bone. However, further improvement in survival has not been achieved due to a lack of well-validated prognostic markers and more effective therapeutic agents. Recently, the c-Myc-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 2 (PRPS2) pathway has been shown to promote nucleic acid metabolism and cancer cell proliferation in malignant melanoma; phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) has been upregulated and an effective therapeutic target in OS. However, the p-mTOR-PRPS2 pathway has not been evaluated in OS.

METHODS

In this study, the expression level of PRPS2, p-mTOR and marker of proliferation (MKI-67) was observed in a cohort of specimens (including 236 OS cases and 56 control samples) using immunohistochemistry, and the association between expression level and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with OS was analysed.

RESULTS

PRPS2 protein level, which is related to tumour proliferation, was higher in OS cells (p=0.003) than in fibrous dysplasia, and the higher PRPS2 protein level was associated with a higher tumour recurrence (p=0.001). In addition, our statistical analysis confirmed that PRPS2 is a novel, independent prognostic indicator of OS. Finally, we found that the expression of p-mTOR was associated with the poor prognosis of patients with OS (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

PRPS2 is an independent prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for OS.

Natural Products Targeting the Mitochondria in Cancers

There are abundant sources of anticancer drugs in nature that have a broad prospect in anticancer drug discovery. Natural compounds, with biological activities extracted from plants and marine and microbial metabolites, have significant antitumor effects, but their mechanisms are various. In addition to providing energy to cells, mitochondria are involved in processes, such as cell differentiation, cell signaling, and cell apoptosis, and they have the ability to regulate cell growth and cell cycle. Summing up recent data on how natural products regulate mitochondria is valuable for the development of anticancer drugs. This review focuses on natural products that have shown antitumor effects via regulating mitochondria. The search was done in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, over a 5-year period, between 2015 and 2020, with a keyword search that focused on natural products, natural compounds, phytomedicine, Chinese medicine, antitumor, and mitochondria. Many natural products have been studied to have antitumor effects on different cells and can be further processed into useful drugs to treat cancer. In the process of searching for valuable new drugs, natural products such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, coumarins, and quinones cover the broad space.

Senescence and Cancer: A Review of Clinical Implications of Senescence and Senotherapies

Cellular senescence is a key component of human aging that can be induced by a range of stimuli, including DNA damage, cellular stress, telomere shortening, and the activation of oncogenes. Senescence is generally regarded as a tumour suppressive process, both by preventing cancer cell proliferation and suppressing malignant progression from pre-malignant to malignant disease. It may also be a key effector mechanism of many types of anticancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapies, both directly and via bioactive molecules released by senescent cells that may stimulate an immune response. However, senescence may contribute to reduced patient resilience to cancer therapies and may provide a pathway for disease recurrence after cancer therapy. A new group of drugs, senotherapies, (drugs which interact with senescent cells to interfere with their pro-aging impacts by either selectively destroying senescent cells (senolytic drugs) or inhibiting their function (senostatic drugs)) are under active investigation to determine whether they can enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies and improve resilience to cancer treatments. Senolytic drugs include quercetin, navitoclax, and fisetin and preclinical and early phase clinical data are emerging of their potential role in cancer treatments, although none are yet in routine use clinically. This article provides a review of these issues.

LOXL1-AS1 Drives The Progression Of Gastric Cancer Via Regulating miR-142-5p/PIK3CA Axis

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is a deadly disease, and its incidence is especially high in East Asia including China. Recently, some long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) have been identified as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. This study aimed to determine the function and mechanism of lncRNA LOXL1-AS1 on the progression of GC.

Methods

RT-PCR was done to measure the expression levels of LOXL1-AS1 and miR-142-5p in GC tissues. The association between pathological indexes and LOXL1-AS1 expression was also analyzed. Human GC cell lines AGS and BGC823 were used as cell models. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were conducted to assess the effect of LOXL1-AS1 on the proliferation of GC cell lines. Transwell assay was conducted to determine the influence of LOXL1-AS1 on cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay was carried out to confirm the relationship of miR-142-5p with LOXL1-AS1. Additionally, Western blot was done to detect the regulatory function of LOXL1-AS1 on PIK3CA, a target of miR-142-5p. In vivo experiment was also performed to validate the roles and mechanism of LOXL1-AS1 on the growth and metastasis of GC cells.

Results

LOXL1-AS1 expression in GC samples was significantly increased, which was correlated with unfavorable pathological indexes. Highly expressed LOXL1-AS1 was closely linked to shorter overall survival time and post-progression survival time of the patients. LOXL1-AS1 markedly modulated the malignant phenotypes of GC cells. Additionally, overexpressed LOXL1-AS1 notably reduced the expression of miR-142-5p, but enhanced the expression level of PIK3CA. In vivo experiments further validated that knockdown of LOXL1-AS1 inhibited the growth and metastasis of GC cells via regulating miR-142-5p and PIK3CA.

Conclusion

LOXL1-AS1 was a sponge of tumor suppressor miR-142-5p in GC, enhanced the expression of PIK3CA indirectly and functioned as an oncogenic lncRNA.

[Effect of miskleron (clofibrate) on dimethylhydrazine induction of intestinal tumors in rats]

In this review, we report on the complexity of breast cancer stem cells as key cells in the emergence of a chemoresistant tumor phenotype, and as a result, the appearance of distant metastasis in breast cancer patients. The search for mechanisms that increase sensitivity to chemotherapy and also allow activation of the tumor-specific immune response is of high priority. As we observed throughout this review, natural products isolated or in standardized extracts, such as P2Et or others, could act synergistically, increasing tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy, recovering the tumor microenvironment, and participating in the induction of a specific immune response. This, in turn, would lead to the destruction of cancer stem cells and the decrease in metastasis.

Source of Data: Relevant studies were found using the following keywords or medical subject headings (MeSH) in PubMed, and Google Scholar: “immune response” and “polyphenols” and “natural products” and “BCSC” and “therapy” and “metabolism” and “immunogenic cell death.” The focus was primarily on the most recent scientific publication.