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Majumder N, Ghosh S. 3D biofabrication and space: A 'far-fetched dream' or a 'forthcoming reality'? Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108273. [PMID: 37863444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The long duration space missions across the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) often expose the voyagers to an abrupt zero gravity influence. The severe extraterrestrial cosmic radiation directly causes a plethora of moderate to chronic healthcare crises. The only feasible solution to manage critical injuries on board is surgical interventions or immediate return to Earth. This led the group of space medicine practitioners to adopt principles from tissue engineering and develop human tissue equivalents as an immediate regenerative therapy on board. The current review explicitly demonstrates the constructive application of different tissue-engineered equivalents matured under the available ground-based microgravity simulation facilities. Further, it elucidates how augmenting the superiority of biomaterial-based 3D bioprinting technology can enhance their clinical applicability. Additionally, the regulatory role of weightlessness condition on the underlying cellular signaling pathways governing tissue morphogenesis has been critically discussed. This information will provide future directions on how 3D biofabrication can be used as a plausible tool for healing on-flight chronic health emergencies. Thus, in our review, we aimed to precisely debate whether 3D biofabrication is deployed to cater to on-flight healthcare anomalies or space-like conditions are being utilized for generating 3D bioprinted human tissue constructs for efficient drug screening and regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Majumder
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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2
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Lee H, An G, Lim W, Song G. Pendimethalin exposure induces bovine mammary epithelial cell death through excessive ROS production and alterations in the PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 188:105254. [PMID: 36464334 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are chemicals that have been established to have adverse impacts. However, they are still widely used in agriculture. Pendimethalin (PDM) is an herbicide that is widely used in many countries to control annual grasses. The possibility of livestock being exposed to PDM is relatively high, considering the half-life of PDM and its residues in water, soil and crops. However, the toxicity of PDM in cattle, especially in the mammary glands, has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated whether PDM has toxic effects in the mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) of cattle. MAC-T cells were treated with various doses (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM) of PDM. We found that PDM affected cell viability and cell proliferation and causes cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, PDM triggered cell apoptosis, induced excessive ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, and disrupted calcium homeostasis. In addition, PDM altered the activation of proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and modified PI3K and MAPK signaling cascades. In conclusion, our current study unveiled the mechanism of PDM in MAC-T cells and we suggest that PDM might be harmful to the mammary gland system of cattle, possibly affecting milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Peiter GC, de Souza CDBT, de Oliveira LM, Pagliarin LG, dos Anjos VNF, da Silva FAF, de Melo FF, Teixeira KN. COVID-19 liver and gastroenterology findings: An in silico analysis of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with liver molecules. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1131-1141. [PMID: 35978663 PMCID: PMC9258260 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i6.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has not only been shown to affect the respiratory system, but has also demonstrated variable clinical presentations including gastrointestinal tract disorders. In addition, abnormalities in liver enzymes have been reported indicating hepatic injury. It is known that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) might infect cells via the viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is expressed in several organs including the liver. The viral Spike glycoprotein binds to ACE2 and must be cleaved by Furin and Type 2 Serine Protease to enter the cells. After that, the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated and several COVID-19 changes are triggered.
AIM To analyze liver and gastrointestinal symptoms and cell signaling pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection due to virus-liver interactions in silico.
METHODS In this in silico study, the three-dimensional structures of the Akt, mTORC1 and Furin (receptors) were selected from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the structures of inhibitors (ligands) MK-2206, CC-223 and Naphthofluorescein were selected from PubChem and ZINC databases. Ligand files were downloaded as 2D structures and converted to optimized 3D structures using ViewerLite 4.2 software. Marvin Sketch® software was used to calculate prediction of the protonated form of inhibitors in a physiological environment (pH 7.4). AutoDock Tools (ADT) software was used to calculate and delimit the Grid box used in the molecular docking of each structure selected in the PDB. In addition, protonated ligands were prepared for molecular docking using ADT software. Molecular docking was performed using ADT software tools connected to Vina software. Analysis of the amino acid residues involved in ligand interactions, as well as ligand twists, the atoms involved in interactions, bond type and strength of interactions were performed using PyMol® and Discovery Studio® (BIOVIA) software.
RESULTS Molecular docking analysis showed that the mTORC1/CC-223 complex had affinity energy between the receptor and ligand of -7.7 kcal/moL with interactions ranging from 2.7 to 4.99 Å. There were four significant chemical bonds which involved two of five polypeptide chains that formed the FKBP12–Rapamycin-Binding (FRB) domain. The strongest was a hydrogen bond, the only polar interaction, and Van der Waals interactions shown to be present in 12 residues of mTORC1’s FRB domain. With regard to the Akt/MK-2206 complex there were three Van der Waals interactions and 12 chemical bonds in which seven residues of Akt were involved with all five rings of the MK-2206 structure. In this way, both ASP 388 and GLN 391 bind to the same MK-2206 ring, the smaller one. However, LYS 386 had four chemical bonds with the inhibitor, one with each structure ring, while LYS 387 binds two distinct rings. One of the MK-2206 inhibitor's rings which binds to LYS 387 also binds simultaneously to ILE 367 and LEU 385 residues, and the fifth ring of the structure was involved in a bond with the ALA 382 residue. The hydrogen bonds were the shortest bonds in the complex (2.61 and 3.08 Å) and all interactions had an affinity energy of -8.8 kcal/moL. The affinity energy in the Furin/Naphhofluorescein complex was -9.8 kcal/moL and involved six interactions ranging from 2.57 to 4.98 Å. Among them, two were polar and the others were non-polar, in addition to twelve more Van der Waals interactions. Two distinct hydrogen bonds were formed between Furin and its inhibitor involving GLN 388 and ALA 532 residues. ALA 532 also binds to two distinct rings of Naphthofluorescein, while TRP 531 residue has two simultaneous bonds with the inhibitor.
CONCLUSION Liver infection and signaling pathways altered by SARS-CoV-2 can be modulated by inhibitors that demonstrate significant interaction affinity with human proteins, which could prevent the development of infection and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Park J, An G, Lim W, Song G. Aclonifen induces bovine mammary gland epithelial cell death by disrupting calcium homeostasis and inducing ROS production. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 181:105011. [PMID: 35082034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides play key roles in agriculture. Aclonifen is a diphenyl ether herbicide that is widely used for sunflower, potato, corn, and wheat crops. Since it has a long half-life, it is considered persistent and can easily accumulate in the environment. Therefore, livestock and humans are at risk of exposure to aclonifen. Importantly, aclonifen is toxic to several mammals such as rats, mice, and dogs. However, the toxicity of aclonifen in cattle remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to investigate its toxicity in cattle using bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (MAC-T). We found that aclonifen induces sub-G1 phase arrest and represses MAC-T proliferation. In addition, aclonifen caused mitochondrial dysfunction, as evidenced by excessive ROS production and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium homeostases were disrupted after aclonifen treatment. Moreover, aclonifen treatment caused alterations in the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways, which are involved in the regulation of cell survival and death. In conclusion, aclonifen causes MAC-T cell death through mitochondrial dysfunction and the collapse of calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Jung Y, Kim J, Kim S, Chung SH, Wie J. Multiple proliferation signaling pathways are modulated by octacalcium phosphate in osteoblasts. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1724-1731. [PMID: 36313230 PMCID: PMC9608048 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.77017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Octacalcium phosphate (OCP), a type of bioactive ceramics, may be associated with dentine, tooth apatite, and especially bone generation, and promotes wound healing after fracture. Recently, commercial bone grafting products containing a large amount of OCP material have been released because OCP can be synthesized in large quantities. It is reported to increase cell proliferation, but the interaction between OCP and cell signaling pathways is still unclear. In this study, first, we demonstrated OCP mediated cell signaling pathways with only purified OCP materials. OCP regulated P38, JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), Src, and AKT (protein kinase B) signaling pathways. OCP crystals appeared in the characteristic ribbon shape but varied by several tens of micrometers in size. The X-ray diffraction pattern was the same as previously reported. We studied two concentrations of OCP (10 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml) to understand whether the effect of OCP on cell signaling pathways is dose dependent. We confirmed that OCP treatment affected cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase and disrupted Src phosphorylation but did not change the total protein level. P38 phosphorylation was activated with OCP treatment and inhibited by SB203580, but P38 total protein level did not change. OCP inhibited JNK phosphorylation signaling, whereas PD98509 inhibited JNK phosphorylation with or without OCP. Interestingly, the AKT total level decreased after OCP treatment, but AKT phosphorylation increased considerably. Our results demonstrate that OCP materials modulate cell signaling pathways and increase cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Jung
- Dental biomaterials science, School of dentistry and dental research institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooseong Kim
- HudensBio Co., Ltd, 318 Cheomdanyeonsin-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61088, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyoung Kim
- HudensBio Co., Ltd, 318 Cheomdanyeonsin-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61088, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hye Chung
- Dental biomaterials science, School of dentistry and dental research institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Wie
- Department of Physiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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Fang X, Li M, Zhang W, Li J, Zhu T. Thrombin induces pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion from human mast cell line (HMC-1) via protease-activated receptors. Mol Immunol 2021; 141:60-69. [PMID: 34808483 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin-induced mast cell activation represents cross-talk between coagulation and inflammation. However, there is still controversy concerning the pro- or anti-inflammatory effects mast cells have in response to thrombin signaling. Human mast cell HMC-1 was incubated with 0.2 U/mL thrombin. Cells and supernatants were collected. Production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and -4 (PAR4) mRNA in HMC-1 cells was analyzed by qPCR. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was measured by immunoblotting. Furthermore, the impact of PAR1 inhibitor (SCH79797) and agonist (TFLLR-NH2), PAR4 inhibitor (BMS986120) and agonist (AYPGKF-NH2), and MAPK inhibitors (SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125) on the production of mediators was evaluated using qPCR and ELISA. Thrombin exposure increased pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, expression of PAR1 and PAR4 mRNA, and phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 MAPKs in HMC-1 cells. SCH79797, BMS986120, and MAPK inhibitors (SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125) were inhibited, while TFLLR-NH2 and AYPGKF-NH2 promoted pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in this process. HMC-1 produces pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines after thrombin incubation, namely PAR1 and PAR4. Alongside HMC-1, MAPK signaling pathways are involved in the production of these mediators. The mast cells showed dual activation after thrombin stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Unit of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Unit of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Unit of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Farooqi AA, Naureen H, Zahid R, Youssef L, Attar R, Xu B. Cancer chemopreventive role of fisetin: Regulation of cell signaling pathways in different cancers. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105784. [PMID: 34302980 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming progressively more understandable that pharmaceutical targeting of drug-resistant cancers is challenging because of intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Interestingly, naturally derived bioactive compounds have unique ability to modulate wide-ranging deregulated oncogenic cell signaling pathways. In this review, we have focused on the available evidence related to regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB and TRAIL/TRAIL-R by fisetin in different cancers. Fisetin has also been shown to inhibit the metastatic spread of cancer cells in tumor-bearing mice. We have also summarized how fisetin regulated autophagy in different cancers. In addition, this review also covers fisetin-mediated regulation of VEGF/VEGFR, EGFR, necroptosis and Hippo pathway. Fisetin has entered into clinical trials particularly in context of COVID19-associated inflammations. Furthermore, fisetin mediated effects are also being tested in clinical trials with reference to osteoarthritis and senescence. These developments will surely pave the way for full-fledge and well-designed clinical trials of fisetin in different cancers. However, we still have to comprehensively analyze and fully unlock pharmacological potential of fisetin against different oncogenic signaling cascades and non-coding RNAs. Fisetin has remarkable potential as chemopreventive agent and future studies must converge on the identification of additional regulatory roles of fisetin for inhibition and prevention of cancers.
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Liu W, Wang L, Zhang J, Qiao L, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Zheng W, Ma Z. Purification of recombinant human chemokine CCL2 in E. coli and its function in ovarian cancer. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:8. [PMID: 33442507 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (CC-motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is an inflammatory cytokine that regulates the infiltration and migration of monocytes. It is highly expressed by both tumor and stromal cells and has been associated with tumorigenesis. However, the effect of the exogenous administration of CCL2 on ovarian cancer remains largely unknown. In this report, we attempted to establish an expression system in Escherichia coli to produce recombinant hCCL2. The recombinant plasmid containing the hCCL2 cDNA was prepared using the prokaryotic-expression plasmid pGEX-5X-3 and transformed into E. coli BL21. GST-hCCL2 was successfully induced by 0.1 mmol/L IPTG at 20 °C for 6 h, and the recombinant protein was purified using affinity chromatography. The purified protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot. In vitro experiments revealed that rhCCL2 promoted the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and increased the levels of phosphorylation of MEK and ERK1/2, and the levels of JUN, RELB and NF-κB2 mRNA. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK signaling by treatment with PD98059 decreased ovarian cancer cell proliferation and levels of JUN, RELB, and NF-κB2 mRNA, indicating that exogenous rhCCL2 increased the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, partially by activating the MAPK/ERK pathway, and by targeting JUN, RELB, and NF-κB2. Our study uncovered a promoting role of exogenous CCL2 on ovarian cancer cell proliferation through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which may facilitate the discovery of more potential roles of CCL2 in ovarian cancer. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02571-0.
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Bellat V, Verchère A, Ashe SA, Law B. Transcriptomic insight into salinomycin mechanisms in breast cancer cell lines: synergistic effects with dasatinib and induction of estrogen receptor β. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:661. [PMID: 32678032 PMCID: PMC7364656 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors are heterogeneous in nature, composed of different cell populations with various mutations and/or phenotypes. Using a single drug to encounter cancer progression is generally ineffective. To improve the treatment outcome, multiple drugs of distinctive mechanisms but complementary anticancer activities (combination therapy) are often used to enhance antitumor efficacy and minimize the risk of acquiring drug resistance. We report here the synergistic effects of salinomycin (a polyether antibiotic) and dasatinib (a Src kinase inhibitor). METHODS Functionally, both drugs induce cell cycle arrest, intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) production, and apoptosis. We rationalized that an overlapping of the drug activities should offer an enhanced anticancer effect, either through vertical inhibition of the Src-STAT3 axis or horizontal suppression of multiple pathways. We determined the toxicity induced by the drug combination and studied the kinetics of iROS production by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. Using genomic and proteomic techniques, including RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western Blot, we subsequently identified the responsible pathways that contributed to the synergistic effects of the drug combination. RESULTS Compared to either drug alone, the drug combination showed enhanced potency against MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 human breast cancer (BC) cell lines and tumor spheroids. The drug combination induces both iROS generation and apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, following a 2-step kinetic profile. RNA-seq data revealed that the drug combination exhibited synergism through horizontal suppression of multiple pathways, possibly through a promotion of cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase via the estrogen-mediated S-phase entry pathway, and partially via the BRCA1 and DNA damage response pathway. CONCLUSION Transcriptomic analyses revealed for the first time, that the estrogen-mediated S-phase entry pathway partially contributed to the synergistic effect of the drug combination. More importantly, our studies led to the discoveries of new potential therapeutic targets, such as E2F2, as well as a novel drug-induced targeting of estrogen receptor β (ESR2) approach for triple-negative breast cancer treatment, currently lacking of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bellat
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Verchère
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sally A Ashe
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benedict Law
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Lead contact, New York, USA.
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Park H, Song G, Lim W. Ivermectin-induced programmed cell death and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 163:84-93. [PMID: 31973874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a commercially well-known antiparasitic agent derived from the natural fermentation product avermectin. Originally used as a veterinary drug, IVM has been studied for its pharmacokinetic advantages, such as anticancer, antimigration, and antiproliferative effects, using several cell types. In the present study, we verified that IVM suppressed bovine mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation and induced the arrest of the cell cycle from the sub-G1 to the G2/M phase in these cells. Due to IVM treatment, the homeostasis of calcium ions, which play a crucial role in intracellular metabolism, deteriorated, leading to the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). To underpin these results, further studies using inhibitors of Ca2+ signaling were performed; combination treatment with IVM and these factors, including 2-APB, BAPTA-AM, or ruthenium red, inhibited the IVM-induced MMP disruption. Furthermore, following IVM treatment, the relationships among various cell signaling mediators were altered, and the balance between diverse cellular processes associated with cell survival or death was disturbed. In conclusion, we assessed the anti-survival effects of IVM on mammary gland epithelial cells; IVM may impede normal lactation in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea..
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Lin H, Lu P, Zhou M, Wu F, Weng L, Meng K, Yang D, Li S, Jiang C, Tian H. Purification of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 13 in E. coli and its molecular mechanism of mitogenesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7017-7027. [PMID: 31289905 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 13, a member of the FGF11 subfamily, is a kind of intracrine protein similar to other family members including FGF11, FGF12, and FGF14. Unlike classical FGF, FGF13 exerts its bioactivities independent of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). However, the effect of exogenous administration of FGF13 still remains further investigated. In the present study, we established an Escherichia coli expression system for the large-scale production of FGF13 and then obtained two isoform proteins including recombinant human FGF13A (rhFGF13A) and rhFGF13B with a purity greater than 90% by column chromatography, respectively. Otherwise, soluble analysis indicated that both rhFGF13A and rhFGF13B expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS were soluble. Furthermore, cellular-based experiments demonstrated that rhFGF13A, rather than rhFGF13B, could promote the proliferation of NIH3T3 cells in the presence of heparin. Mechanistically, the mitogenic effect of FGF13 was mediated by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not p38. Moreover, blockage of FGFRs also significantly attenuated the mitogenic effects of rhFGF13A, implying that FGFRs are still related to FGF13. Thus, our research shows that exogenous FGF13 can act as secreted FGF to participate in cell signal transmission and heparin is still required as an ancillary cofactor for the mitogenic effects of FGF13, which may help people to discover more potential functions of FGF13 in cell life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panyu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenfang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Weng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuikui Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Park H, Lim W, You S, Song G. Oxibendazole induces apoptotic cell death in proliferating porcine trophectoderm and uterine luminal epithelial cells via mitochondria-mediated calcium disruption and breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 220:9-19. [PMID: 30822534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The well-known and effective anthelmintic oxibendazole was recently shown to have a broad spectrum of biological abilities, such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammation activities. In contrast, the mechanism of oxibendazole's anti-proliferative effect via cell signaling pathways and its role in pre-implantation has not been studied. Therefore, in this study we demonstrated the effects of oxibendazole on the proliferation of porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells and porcine luminal epithelial (pLE) cells, a well-known in vitro model system of the fetal-maternal interface. Cell proliferation decreased in both pTr and pLE cells in response to oxibendazole, and we determined that this was modulated through intracellular cell signal transduction. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2, P90RSK, and S6 were downregulated by exposure to a 200 nM dose of oxibendazole in both types of cells, while the expression of phosphorylated JNK, AKT, and P70S6K was upregulated. Pre-treatment with a PI3K/AKT inhibitor (Wortmannin), ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126), and JNK inhibitor (SP600125) induced the signaling interactions of these molecules, and oxibendazole co-treatment with each inhibitor resulted in even greater decreases in cell proliferation. Furthermore, intracellular and mitochondrial calcium ion accumulation was observed, which would mean that calcium ion homeostasis was disrupted, causing damage to the mitochondrial membrane potential. These deteriorated conditions ultimately led to apoptotic cell death. Taken together, the results of the present study identified that the apoptotic effect of oxibendazole on pTr and pLE cells is regulated by cell signaling pathways, and thus oxibendazole could influence the connection between the conceptus and the maternal uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Tobar-Tosse F, Veléz PE, Ocampo-Toro E, Moreno PA. Structure, clustering and functional insights of repeats configurations in the upstream promoter region of the human coding genes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:862. [PMID: 30537933 PMCID: PMC6288848 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive DNA sequences (Repeats) are significant regions in the human genome that have a specific genomic distribution, structure, and several binding sites for genome architecture and function. In consequence, the possible configurations of Repeats in specific and dynamic regions like the gene promoters could define footprints for molecular mechanisms, pathways, and cell function beyond their density in the genome. Here we explored the distribution of Repeats in the upstream promoter region of the human coding genes with the aim to identify specific configurations, clusters and functional meaning of those elements. Our method includes structural descriptions, hierarchical clustering, pathway association, and functional enrichment analysis. Results We report here several configurations of Repeats in the upstream promoter region (UPR), which define 2729 patterns for the 80% of the human coding genes. There are 47 types of Repeats in these configurations, where the most frequent were Alu, Low_complexity, MIR, Simple_repeat, LINE/L2, LINE/L1, hAT-Charlie, and ERV1. The distribution, length, and the high frequency of Repeats in the UPR defines several patterns and clusters, where the minimum frequency of configuration among Repeats was higher than 0.7. We found those clusters associated with cellular pathways and ontologies; thus, it was plausible to determine groups of Repeats to specific functional insights, for example, pathways for Genetic Information Processing or Metabolism shows particular groups of Repeats with specific configurations. Conclusion Based on these findings, we propose that specific configurations of repetitive elements describe frequent patterns in the upstream promoter for sets of human coding genes, which those correlated to specific and essential cell pathways and functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5196-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Tobar-Tosse
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Patricia E Veléz
- Departamento de Biología, FACNED, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Eliana Ocampo-Toro
- Especialización en Hematología y Oncología Clínica, Universidad Libre Seccional Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Pedro A Moreno
- Escuela de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Computación, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Pang G, Wang F, Zhang LW. Dose matters: Direct killing or immunoregulatory effects of natural polysaccharides in cancer treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:243-256. [PMID: 29804974 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from natural resources possess anti-tumor activities for decades, but the efficacy of polysaccharides as the adjuvant drugs for cancer treatment at prescribed doses remains open for debate. In this review, molecular mechanisms involved in direct killing effects of polysaccharides, including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and mitochondria/DNA damage were described. However, the concentrations/doses used to reach the direct killing effects are too high to be applicable. Polysaccharides can also exert anti-tumor effects through immunoregulation at lower doses, and the effects of polysaccharides on natural killer cells, dendritic cells and other lymphocytes for tumor destruction, along with the receptor recognition and downstream signaling pathways, were delineated. Unfortunately, the prescribed doses of polysaccharides are too low to stimulate immunoresponse, resulting in the failure of some clinical trials. Therefore, understanding the sophisticated mechanisms of the immunoregulatory function of natural polysaccharides with refined doses for clinical use will help the standardization of traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Pang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fujun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, 322100, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Leshuai W Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, 322100, China.
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15
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Fujinaga D, Kohmura Y, Okamoto N, Kataoka H, Mizoguchi A. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-like peptide and 20-hydroxyecdysone regulate the growth and development of the male genital disk through different mechanisms in the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 87:35-44. [PMID: 28610907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that ecdysteroids play pivotal roles in the regulation of insect molting and metamorphosis. However, the mechanisms by which ecdysteroids regulate the growth and development of adult organs after pupation are poorly understood. Recently, we have identified insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-like peptides (IGFLPs), which are secreted after pupation under the control of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). In the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, massive amounts of Bombyx-IGFLP (BIGFLP) are present in the hemolymph during pupal-adult development, suggesting its importance in the regulation of adult tissue growth. Thus, we hypothesized that the growth and development of adult tissues including imaginal disks are regulated by the combined effects of BIGFLP and 20E. In this study, we investigated the growth-promoting effects of BIGFLP and 20E using the male genital disks of B. mori cultured ex vivo, and further analyzed the cell signaling pathways mediating hormone actions. We demonstrate that 20E induces the elongation of genital disks, that both hormones stimulate protein synthesis in an additive manner, and that BIGFLP and 20E exert their effects through the insulin/IGF signaling pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, respectively. These results show that the growth and development of the genital disk are coordinately regulated by both BIGFLP and 20E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Fujinaga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kohmura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Naoki Okamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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Zhang Y, Huang B, Wang HY, Chang A, Zheng XFS. Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in mTOR Signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2613-2625. [PMID: 28238105 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role in the control of cellular growth and metabolism. Hyperactivation of mTOR pathway is common in human cancers, driving uncontrolled proliferation. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of short noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of a wide variety of genes. Deregulation of miRNAs is a hallmark of cancer. Recent studies have revealed interplays between miRNAs and the mTOR pathway during cancer development. Such interactions appear to provide a fine-tuning of various cellular functions and contribute qualitatively to the behavior of cancer. Here we provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the reciprocal relationship between miRNAs and mTOR pathway: regulation of mTOR signaling by miRNAs and control of miRNA biogenesis by mTOR. Further research in this area may prove important for the diagnosis and therapy of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Augustus Chang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - X F Steven Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
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Zhang Y, Dong S, Wang H, Tao S, Kiyama R. Biological impact of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ePAHs) as endocrine disruptors. Environ Pollut 2016; 213:809-824. [PMID: 27038213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often detected in the environment and are regarded as endocrine disruptors. We here designated mixtures of PAHs in the environment as environmental PAHs (ePAHs) to discuss their effects collectively, which could be different from the sum of the constituent PAHs. We first summarized the biological impact of environmental PAHs (ePAHs) found in the atmosphere, sediments, soils, and water as a result of human activities, accidents, or natural phenomena. ePAHs are characterized by their sources and forms, followed by their biological effects and social impact, and bioassays that are used to investigate their biological effects. The findings of the bioassays have demonstrated that ePAHs have the ability to affect the endocrine systems of humans and animals. The pathways that mediate cell signaling for the endocrine disruptions induced by ePAHs and PAHs have also been summarized in order to obtain a clearer understanding of the mechanisms responsible for these effects without animal tests; they include specific signaling pathways (MAPK and other signaling pathways), regulatory mechanisms (chromatin/epigenetic regulation, cell cycle/DNA damage control, and cytoskeletal/adhesion regulation), and cell functions (apoptosis, autophagy, immune responses/inflammation, neurological responses, and development/differentiation) induced by specific PAHs, such as benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benz[l]aceanthrylene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, 3-methylcholanthrene, perylene, phenanthrene, and pyrene as well as their derivatives. Estrogen signaling is one of the most studied pathways associated with the endocrine-disrupting activities of PAHs, and involves estrogen receptors and aryl hydrocarbon receptors. However, some of the actions of PAHs are contradictory, complex, and unexplainable. Although several possibilities have been suggested, such as direct interactions between PAHs and receptors and the suppression of their activities through other pathways, the mechanisms underlying the activities of PAHs remain unclear. Thus, standardized assay protocols for pathway-based assessments are considered to be important to overcome these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Hongou Wang
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ryoiti Kiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Kwan JHM, Emili A. Simple and Effective Affinity Purification Procedures for Mass Spectrometry-Based Identification of Protein-Protein Interactions in Cell Signaling Pathways. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1394:181-187. [PMID: 26700049 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3341-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Identification of protein-protein interactions can be a critical step in understanding the function and regulation of a particular protein and for exploring intracellular signaling cascades. Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (APMS) is a powerful method for isolating and characterizing protein complexes. This approach involves the tagging and subsequent enrichment of a protein of interest along with any stably associated proteins that bind to it, followed by the identification of the interacting proteins using mass spectrometry. The protocol described here offers a quick and simple method for routine sample preparation for APMS analysis of suitably tagged human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian H M Kwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3E1
| | - Andrew Emili
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3E1.
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is one of the most important intracellular signal transduction pathways and is involved in a series of biological activities, such as gene transcription, protein translation, ribosome synthesis, and cell apoptosis. The abnormal activation of the mTOR signaling pathway has a close relationship with the development of some hereditary diseases, tumors and diabetes. Intervention with biological processes of these diseases by influencing the mTOR signalling pathway with all kinds of biological means has become a hot area of research for several years. This article reviews the recent advances in understanding the composition and function of the mTOR signaling pathway and its role in the pathogenesis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. It is expected that molecular therapy targeting the mTOR signalling pathway can be used for preventive therapy of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
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