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Kekki H, Montoya Perez I, Taimen P, Boström PJ, Gidwani K, Pettersson K. Lectin-nanoparticle concept for free PSA glycovariant providing superior cancer specificity. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 559:119689. [PMID: 38677453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using lectins to target cancer-associated modifications of PSA glycostructure for identification of clinically significant prostate cancers, e.g., Gleason score (GS) ≥ 7, from benign and indolent cancers (GS 6), is highly promising yet technically challenging. From previous findings to quantify increased PSA fucosylation in urine, we set out to construct a robust, specific test concept suitable for plasma samples. METHODS Macrophage galactose-binding lectin (MGL) coupled to 100 nm Eu3 + -nanoparticles was used to probe PSA captured from cancer cell lines, seminal plasma, and plasma samples from 249 patients with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer onto 3 mm dense spots of free PSA antibody fab fragments. Results were compared to four kallikrein tests: tPSA, fPSA, iPSA and hK2. RESULTS The fPSAMGLglycovariant provided superior discrimination of the GS ≥ 7 and benign + GS 6 groups (p 0.0003) compared to fPSA (NS). The corresponding AUC in ROC analysis was 0.70 compared to 0.66 for tPSA. In contrast to all four kallikrein tests, the fPSAMGLGV was independent of prostate gland volume. Using a logistic regression analysis the fPSAMGLGV significantly improved on the four-kallikrein model. CONCLUSIONS Due to Eu-nanoparticles and a dense fPSA capture spot, the fPSAMGL glycovariant identifies an fPSA subform with the highest cancer specificity compared to the four conventional kallikreins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kekki
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Finland.
| | - I Montoya Perez
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - P Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - P J Boström
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - K Gidwani
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Finland
| | - K Pettersson
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Finland
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2
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Ekman M, Salminen T, Raiko K, Soukka T, Gidwani K, Martiskainen I. Spectrally separated dual-label upconversion luminescence lateral flow assay for cancer-specific STn-glycosylation in CA125 and CA15-3. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3251-3260. [PMID: 38584178 PMCID: PMC11068694 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Multiplexed lateral flow assays (LFAs) offer efficient on-site testing by simultaneously detecting multiple biomarkers from a single sample, reducing costs. In cancer diagnostics, where biomarkers can lack specificity, multiparameter detection provides more information at the point-of-care. Our research focuses on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), where STn-glycosylated forms of CA125 and CA15-3 antigens can better discriminate cancer from benign conditions. We have developed a dual-label LFA that detects both CA125-STn and CA15-3-STn within a single anti-STn antibody test line. This utilizes spectral separation of green (540 nm) and blue (450 nm) emitting erbium (NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+)- and thulium (NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+)-doped upconverting nanoparticle (UCNP) reporters conjugated with antibodies against the protein epitopes in CA125 or CA15-3. This technology allows the simultaneous detection of different antigen variants from a single test line. The developed proof-of-concept dual-label LFA was able to distinguish between the ascites fluid samples from diagnosed ovarian cancer patients (n = 10) and liver cirrhosis ascites fluid samples (n = 3) used as a negative control. The analytical sensitivity of CA125-STn for the dual-label LFA was 1.8 U/ml in buffer and 3.6 U/ml in ascites fluid matrix. Here we demonstrate a novel approach of spectrally separated measurement of STn-glycosylated forms of two different cancer-associated protein biomarkers by using UCNP reporter technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miikka Ekman
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teppo Salminen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsti Raiko
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Soukka
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kamlesh Gidwani
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Iida Martiskainen
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Routila E, Mahran R, Salminen S, Irjala H, Haapio E, Kytö E, Ventelä S, Petterson K, Routila J, Gidwani K, Leivo J. Identification of stemness-related glycosylation changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:443. [PMID: 38600440 PMCID: PMC11005150 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer associated with therapy resistance and tumor behavior. In this study, we investigated the glycosylation profile of stemness-related proteins OCT4, CIP2A, MET, and LIMA1 in HNSCC tumors. METHODS Tumor, adjacent normal tissue, and blood samples of 25 patients were collected together with clinical details. After tissue processing, lectin-based glycovariant screens were performed. RESULTS Strong correlation between glycosylation profiles of all four stemness-related proteins was observed in tumor tissue, whereas glycosylation in tumor tissue, adjacent normal tissue, and serum was differential. CONCLUSIONS A mannose- and galactose-rich glycosylation niche associated with stemness-related proteins was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Routila
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland.
| | - R Mahran
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - S Salminen
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - H Irjala
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Savitehtaankatu 5, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - E Haapio
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Savitehtaankatu 5, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - E Kytö
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Savitehtaankatu 5, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - S Ventelä
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Savitehtaankatu 5, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - K Petterson
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - J Routila
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Savitehtaankatu 5, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - K Gidwani
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - J Leivo
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
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Sideris M, Menon U, Manchanda R. Screening and prevention of ovarian cancer. Med J Aust 2024; 220:264-274. [PMID: 38353066 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynaecological malignancy with 314 000 cases and 207 000 deaths annually worldwide. Ovarian cancer cases and deaths are predicted to increase in Australia by 42% and 55% respectively by 2040. Earlier detection and significant downstaging of ovarian cancer have been demonstrated with multimodal screening in the largest randomised controlled trial of ovarian cancer screening in women at average population risk. However, none of the randomised trials have demonstrated a mortality benefit. Therefore, ovarian cancer screening is not currently recommended in women at average population risk. More frequent surveillance for ovarian cancer every three to four months in women at high risk has shown good performance characteristics and significant downstaging, but there is no available information on a survival benefit. Population testing offers an emerging novel strategy to identify women at high risk who can benefit from ovarian cancer prevention. Novel multicancer early detection biomarker, longitudinal multiple marker strategies, and new biomarkers are being investigated and evaluated for ovarian cancer screening. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) decreases ovarian cancer incidence and mortality and is recommended for women at over a 4-5% lifetime risk of ovarian cancer. Pre-menopausal women without contraindications to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) undergoing RRSO should be offered HRT until 51 years of age to minimise the detrimental consequences of premature menopause. Currently risk-reducing early salpingectomy and delayed oophorectomy (RRESDO) should only be offered to women at increased risk of ovarian cancer within the context of a research trial. Pre-menopausal early salpingectomy is associated with fewer menopausal symptoms and better sexual function than bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. A Sectioning and Extensively Examining the Fimbria (SEE-FIM) protocol should be used for histopathological assessment in women at high risk of ovarian cancer who are undergoing surgical prevention. Opportunistic salpingectomy may be offered at routine gynaecological surgery to all women who have completed their family. Long term prospective opportunistic salpingectomy studies are needed to determine the effect size of ovarian cancer risk reduction and the impact on menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Sideris
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Usha Menon
- Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ranjit Manchanda
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Davodabadi F, Mirinejad S, Fathi-Karkan S, Majidpour M, Ajalli N, Sheervalilou R, Sargazi S, Rozmus D, Rahdar A, Diez-Pascual AM. Aptamer-functionalized quantum dots as theranostic nanotools against cancer and bacterial infections: A comprehensive overview of recent trends. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3366. [PMID: 37222166 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers (Apts) are synthetic nucleic acid ligands that can be engineered to target various molecules, including amino acids, proteins, and pharmaceuticals. Through a series of adsorption, recovery, and amplification steps, Apts are extracted from combinatorial libraries of synthesized nucleic acids. Using aptasensors in bioanalysis and biomedicine can be improved by combining them with nanomaterials. Moreover, Apt-associated nanomaterials, including liposomes, polymeric, dendrimers, carbon nanomaterials, silica, nanorods, magnetic NPs, and quantum dots (QDs), have been widely used as promising nanotools in biomedicine. Following surface modifications and conjugation with appropriate functional groups, these nanomaterials can be successfully used in aptasensing. Advanced biological assays can use Apts immobilized on QD surfaces through physical interaction and chemical bonding. Accordingly, modern QD aptasensing platforms rely on interactions between QDs, Apts, and targets to detect them. QD-Apt conjugates can be used to directly detect prostate, ovarian, colorectal, and lung cancers or simultaneously detect biomarkers associated with these malignancies. Tenascin-C, mucin 1, prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, nucleolin, growth factors, and exosomes are among the cancer biomarkers that can be sensitively detected using such bioconjugates. Furthermore, Apt-conjugated QDs have shown great potential for controlling bacterial infections such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. This comprehensive review discusses recent advancements in the design of QD-Apt bioconjugates and their applications in cancer and bacterial theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Davodabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mahdi Majidpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Dominika Rozmus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ana M Diez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Quimica Fisica e Ingenieria Quimica, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Jain S, Parimelazhagan Santhi P, Vinod R, Afrin Ruma S, Huhtinen K, Pettersson K, Sundfeldt K, Leivo J, Gidwani K. Aberrant glycosylation of α3 integrins as diagnostic markers in epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 543:117323. [PMID: 37003518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycans are strongly involved in stability and function of integrins (ITG) and tetraspanin protein CD63 and their respective interaction partners as they are dysregulated in the tumorigenic processes. Glycosylation changes is a universal phenomenon of cancer cells. In this study, glycosylation changes in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are explored using tetraspanin and integrin molecules. METHODS ITG and CD63 were immobilized from 10 EOC and 5 benign ovarian cyst fluid on microtiter wells and traced with 3 glycan binding proteins (STn, WGA, UEA) conjugated on europium nanoparticles. Total protein measurements (ITG & CD63 immunoassays) were also performed. The most promising glycovariant candidates identified were then clinically evaluated on the whole cohort of 77 ovarian cyst fluids. Additional testing was performed in ascites fluid samples of liver cirrhosis (n=2) and EOC (n=4). RESULTS Sialylated Tn antibody based glycovariants of ITGα3 (ITGα3STn) and CD63 (CD63STn) performed better than corresponding protein epitope-based immunoassays, ITGα3IA and CD63IA respectively. Combined ITGα3 based assays (ITGα3IA + ITGα3STn) detected 49 out of 55 malignant & borderline cases without detecting any of the 22 benign and healthy cysts. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate the potential diagnostic application of ITGα3STn along with total ITGα3IA, which could help reduce the unnecessary surgeries. The results encourage studying further the potential use of these novel assays to detect EOC at earlier clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Jain
- Department of Life Technologies and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.
| | | | - Rufus Vinod
- Department of Life Technologies and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.
| | - Shamima Afrin Ruma
- Department of Life Technologies and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku, Finland. Research Program in Systems Oncology, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Department of Life Technologies and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.
| | - Karin Sundfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Janne Leivo
- Department of Life Technologies and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.
| | - Kamlesh Gidwani
- Department of Life Technologies and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.
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Xu R, Yang L, Zhang Z, Liao Y, Yu Y, Zhou D, Li J, Guan H, Xiao W. Cancer-associated fibroblast related gene signature in Helicobacter pylori-based subtypes of gastric carcinoma for prognosis and tumor microenvironment estimation in silico analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1079470. [PMID: 36744128 PMCID: PMC9889637 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1079470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) remains the major constituent of cancer-related deaths and a global public health challenge with a high incidence rate. Helicobacter pylori (HP) plays an essential role in promoting the occurrence and progression of GC. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are regarded as a significant component in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is related to the metastasis of GC. However, the regulation mechanisms of CAFs in HP-related GC are not elucidated thoroughly. Methods HP-related genes (HRGs) were downloaded from the GSE84437 and TCGA-GC databases. The two databases were combined into one cohort for training. Furthermore, the consensus unsupervised clustering analysis was obtained to sort the training cohort into different groups for the identification of differential expression genes (DEGs). Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to verify the correlation between the DEGs and cancer-associated fibroblasts which were key components in the tumor microenvironment. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was executed to find cancer-associated fibroblast-related differential expression genes (CDEGs) for the further establishment of a prognostic model. Results and discussion In this study, 52 HP-related genes (HRGs) were screened out based on the GSE84437 and TCGA-GC databases. A total of 804 GC samples were analyzed, respectively, and clustered into two HP-related subtypes. The DEGs identified from the two subtypes were proved to have a relationship with TME. After WGCNA and LASSO, the CAFs-related module was identified, from which 21 gene signatures were confirmed. Then, a CDEGs-Score was constructed and its prediction efficiency in GC patients was conducted for validation. Overall, a highly precise nomogram was established for enhancing the adaptability of the CDEGs-Score. Furthermore, our findings revealed the applicability of CDEGs-Score in the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs. In general, our research provided brand-new possibilities for comprehending HP-related GC, evaluating survival, and more efficient therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhewen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxuan Liao
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoyu Guan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Wei Xiao,
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Zhang R, Siu MKY, Ngan HYS, Chan KKL. Molecular Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912041. [PMID: 36233339 PMCID: PMC9569881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer, leading to over 152,000 deaths each year. A late diagnosis is the primary factor causing a poor prognosis of ovarian cancer and often occurs due to a lack of specific symptoms and effective biomarkers for an early detection. Currently, cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is the most widely used biomarker for ovarian cancer detection, but this approach is limited by a low specificity. In recent years, multimarker panels have been developed by combining molecular biomarkers such as human epididymis secretory protein 4 (HE4), ultrasound results, or menopausal status to improve the diagnostic efficacy. The risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA), the risk of malignancy index (RMI), and OVA1 assays have also been clinically used with improved sensitivity and specificity. Ongoing investigations into novel biomarkers such as autoantibodies, ctDNAs, miRNAs, and DNA methylation signatures continue to aim to provide earlier detection methods for ovarian cancer. This paper reviews recent advancements in molecular biomarkers for the early detection of ovarian cancer.
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