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Mendelsohn R, Kim SM. Measuring the impacts of air pollution. Science 2023; 382:878-879. [PMID: 37995252 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Reduced air pollution from coal power plants decreased mortality more than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung Min Kim
- School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Shabin M, Kumar A, Hakkim H, Rudich Y, Sinha V. Sources, sinks, and chemistry of Stabilized Criegee Intermediates in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165281. [PMID: 37406701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Night-time oxidation significantly affects the atmospheric concentration of primary and secondary air pollutants but is poorly constrained over South Asia. Here, using a comprehensively measured and unprecedented set of precursors and sinks of Stabilized Criegee Intermediates (SCI), in the summertime air of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), we investigate the chemistry, and abundance in detail. This study reports the first summertime levels from the IGP of ethene, propene, 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, 1-pentene, cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, and 1-hexene and their possible roles in SCI chemistry. Ethene, propene, and 1-butene were the highest ambient alkenes in both the summer and winter seasons. Applying chemical steady-state to the measured precursors, the average calculated SCI concentrations were 4.4 (±3.6) × 103 molecules cm-3, with Z-CH3CHOO (55 %) as the major SCI. Z-RCHOO (35 %) and α-pinene derived PINOO (34 %) were identified as the largest contributors to SCI with a 7.8 × 105 molecules cm-3 s-1 production rate. The peak SCI occurred during the evenings. For all SCI species, the loss was dominated (>50 %) by unimolecular decomposition or reactions with water vapor or water vapor dimer. Pollution events influenced by crop burning resulted in significantly elevated SCI production (2.1 times higher relative to non-polluted periods) reaching as high as (7.4 ± 2.5) × 105 molecules cm-3 s-1. Among individual SCI species, Z-CH3CHOO was highest in all the plume events measured accounting for at least ~41 %. Among alkenes, trans-2-butene was the highest contributor to P(SCI) in plume events ranging from 22 to 32 %. SCIs dominated the night-time oxidation of sulfur dioxide with rates as high as 1.4 (±1.1) × 104 molecules cm-3 s-1 at midnight, suggesting that this oxidation pathway could be a significant source of fine mode sulfate aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, especially during summertime biomass burning pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Shabin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India.
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3
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Lv Y, Xie P, Xu J, Li A, Hu Z, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Tian X, Hu F, Zheng J, Ye Y. Study of SO 2 measurement based on a dual optical path Fabry-Perot correlation spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:2602-2620. [PMID: 36785270 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates a method for measuring SO2 concentration using Fabry-Perot interferometer correlation spectroscopy. In this method, the experimental system is designed as a separated beam, with the beam entering the F-P cavity at two incidence angles simultaneously to match the peak and valley positions of the SO2 absorption cross-section. The system achieves a 2σ detection limit of 28.2 ppm·m(15 cm) at a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. An outfield comparison experiment with the differential optical absorption spectroscopy method shows good agreement for the simultaneous measurement of SO2 concentration from sulfur combustion, with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.93. This study introduces a non-dispersive, highly accurate, and fast gas detection technique.
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4
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McGrory MR, Shepherd RH, King MD, Davidson N, Pope FD, Watson IM, Grainger RG, Jones AC, Ward AD. Mie scattering from optically levitated mixed sulfuric acid-silica core-shell aerosols: observation of core-shell morphology for atmospheric science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5813-5822. [PMID: 35226003 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfuric acid is shown to form a core-shell particle on a micron-sized, optically-trapped spherical silica bead. The refractive indices of the silica and sulfuric acid, along with the shell thickness and bead radius were determined by reproducing Mie scattered optical white light as a function of wavelength in Mie spectroscopy. Micron-sized silica aerosols (silica beads were used as a proxy for atmospheric silica minerals) were levitated in a mist of sulfuric acid particles; continuous collection of Mie spectra throughout the collision of sulfuric acid aerosols with the optically trapped silica aerosol demonstrated that the resulting aerosol particle had a core-shell morphology. Contrastingly, the collision of aqueous sulfuric acid aerosols with optically trapped polystyrene aerosol resulted in a partially coated system. The light scattering from the optically levitated aerosols was successfully modelled to determine the diameter of the core aerosol (±0.003 μm), the shell thickness (±0.0003 μm) and the refractive index (±0.007). The experiment demonstrated that the presence of a thin film rapidly changed the light scattering of the original aerosol. When a 1.964 μm diameter silica aerosol was covered with a film of sulfuric acid 0.287 μm thick, the wavelength dependent Mie peak positions resembled sulfuric acid. Thus mineral aerosol advected into the stratosphere would likely be coated with sulfuric acid, with a core-shell morphology, and its light scattering properties would be effectively indistinguishable from a homogenous sulfuric acid aerosol if the film thickness was greater than a few 100 s of nm for UV-visible wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R McGrory
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rosalie H Shepherd
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Martin D King
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Nicholas Davidson
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - I Matthew Watson
- School of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Roy G Grainger
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Anthony C Jones
- Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK.,College of Engineering Maths and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Andrew D Ward
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK.
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Interpolation-Based Fusion of Sentinel-5P, SRTM, and Regulatory-Grade Ground Stations Data for Producing Spatially Continuous Maps of PM2.5 Concentrations Nationwide over Thailand. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has recently drawn significant attention due to its proven adverse effects on public health and the environment. This concern has been aggravated specifically in Southeast Asia due to increasing vehicular use, industrial activity, and agricultural burning practices. Consequently, elevated PM2.5 concentrations have become a matter of intervention for national authorities who have addressed the needs of monitoring air pollution by operating ground stations. However, their spatial coverage is limited and the installation and maintenance are costly. Therefore, alternative approaches are necessary at national and regional scales. In the current paper, we investigated interpolation models to fuse PM2.5 measurements from ground stations and satellite data in an attempt to produce spatially continuous maps of PM2.5 nationwide over Thailand. Four approaches are compared, namely the inverse distance weighted (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), random forest (RF), and random forest combined with OK (RFK) leveraging on the NO2, SO2, CO, HCHO, AI, and O3 products from the Sentinel-5P satellite, regulatory-grade ground PM2.5 measurements, and topographic parameters. The results suggest that RFK is the most robust, especially when the pollution levels are moderate or extreme, achieving an RMSE value of 7.11 μg/m3 and an R2 value of 0.77 during a 10-day long period in February, and an RMSE of 10.77 μg/m3 and R2 and 0.91 during the entire month of March. The proposed approach can be adopted operationally and expanded by leveraging regulatory-grade stations, low-cost sensors, as well as upcoming satellite missions such as the GEMS and the Sentinel-5.
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Carmona-García J, Trabelsi T, Francés-Monerris A, Cuevas CA, Saiz-Lopez A, Roca-Sanjuán D, Francisco JS. Photochemistry of HOSO 2 and SO 3 and Implications for the Production of Sulfuric Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18794-18802. [PMID: 34726419 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) and the hydroxysulfonyl radical (HOSO2) are two key intermediates in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on Earth's atmosphere, one of the major components of acid rain. Here, the photochemical properties of these species are determined by means of high-level quantum chemical methodologies, and the potential impact of their light-induced reactivity is assessed within the context of the conventional acid rain generation mechanism. Results reveal that the photodissociation of HOSO2 occurs primarily in the stratosphere through the ejection of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). This may decrease the production rate of H2SO4 in atmospheric regions with low O2 concentration. In contrast, the photostability of SO3 under stratospheric conditions suggests that its removal efficiency, still poorly understood, is key to assess the H2SO4 formation in the upper atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carmona-García
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, València 46071, Spain.,Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, València 46071, Spain
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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7
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Carmona-García J, Francés-Monerris A, Cuevas CA, Trabelsi T, Saiz-Lopez A, Francisco JS, Roca-Sanjuán D. Photochemistry and Non-adiabatic Photodynamics of the HOSO Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10836-10841. [PMID: 34270223 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysulfinyl radical (HOSO) is important due to its involvement in climate geoengineering upon SO2 injection and generation of the highly hygroscopic H2SO4. Its photochemical behavior in the upper atmosphere is, however, uncertain. Here we present the ultraviolet-visible photochemistry and photodynamics of this species by simulating the atmospheric conditions with high-level quantum chemistry methods. Photocleavage to HO + SO arises as the major solar-induced channel, with a minor contribution of H + SO2 photoproducts. The efficient generation of SO is relevant due to its reactivity with O3 and the consequent depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carmona-García
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, València 46071, Spain.,Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Antonio Francés-Monerris
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, València 46071, Spain
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8
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Long-Range Transport Influence on Key Chemical Components of PM2.5 in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea, during the Years 2012–2016. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study identified the key chemical components based on an analysis of the seasonal variations of ground level PM2.5 concentrations and its major chemical constituents (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, and elemental carbon) in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), over a period of five years, ranging from 2012 to 2016. It was found that the mean PM2.5 concentration in the SMA was 33.7 μg/m3, while inorganic ions accounted for 53% of the total mass concentration. The component ratio of inorganic ions increased by up to 61%–63% as the daily mean PM2.5 concentration increased. In spring, nitrate was the dominant component of PM2.5, accounting for 17%–32% of the monthly mean PM2.5 concentrations. In order to quantify the impact of long-range transport on the SMA PM2.5, a set of sensitivity simulations with the community multiscale air-quality model was performed. Results show that the annual averaged impact of Chinese emissions on SMA PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 41% to 44% during the five years. Chinese emissions’ impact on SMA nitrate ranged from 50% (winter) to 67% (spring). This result exhibits that reductions in SO2 and NOX emissions are crucial to alleviate the PM2.5 concentration. It is expected that NOX emission reduction efforts in China will help decrease PM2.5 concentrations in the SMA.
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Satellite-Derived Correlation of SO2, NO2, and Aerosol Optical Depth with Meteorological Conditions over East Asia from 2005 to 2015. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11151738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intense economic and industrial development in China has been accompanied by severe local air pollution, as well as in other downwind countries in East Asia. This study analyzes satellite observational data of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and aerosol optical depth (AOD) to explore the spatial distribution, long-term temporal variation, and correlation to meteorological conditions over this region over the period 2005–2015. SO2 and NO2 data are retrieved from the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aura satellite, while AOD data are from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. Spatial distributions of SO2, NO2, and AOD show the highest levels in the North China Plain (NCP), with hotspots also in Southeastern China (SC) and the Sichuan Basin (SB). Biomass burning also contributes to a high level of AOD in Southeast Asia in spring and in Equatorial Asia in fall. Considering the correlation of pollutant levels to meteorological conditions, monitoring data show that higher temperature and higher relative humidity (RH) favor the conversion of SO2 and NO2 to sulfate and nitrate aerosol, respectively. The impact of stronger lower tropospheric stability facilitates the accumulation of SO2 and NO2 in NCP and SC. Transport of SO2 and NO2 from intense source regions to relatively clean regions is highly influential over East Asia; such transport from the NCP leads to a considerable increase of pollutants in SC, SB, Taiwan Island (TW), and Taiwan Strait (TWS), particularly in winter. Aerosols generated by biomass burning in Southeast Asia and anthropogenic aerosol in SC are transported to TW and TWS and lead to the increase of AOD, with the highest levels of AOD in SC, TW, and TWS occurring in spring. Precipitation results in the removal of pollutants, especially in highly polluted regions, the effect of which is most significant in winter and spring.
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Kroll JA, Frandsen BN, Kjaergaard HG, Vaida V. Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radical Source: Reaction of Triplet SO2 and Water. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4465-4469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A. Kroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 216, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin N. Frandsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 216, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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11
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Chemical Composition of Indoor and Outdoor PM2.5 in Three Schools in the City of Rome. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Kuprov R, Eatough DJ, Cruickshank T, Olson N, Cropper PM, Hansen JC. Composition and secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the Salt Lake Valley: winter 2009. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:957-69. [PMID: 25185397 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.903878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), put in place as a result of the Clean Air Amendments of 1990, three regions in the state of Utah are in violation of the NAAQS for PM10 and PM2.5 (Salt Lake County, Ogden City, and Utah County). These regions are susceptible to strong inversions that can persist for days to weeks. This meteorology, coupled with the metropolitan nature of these regions, contributes to its violation of the NAAQS for PM during the winter. During January-February 2009, 1-hr averaged concentrations of PM10-2.5, PM2.5, NO(x), NO2, NO, O3, CO, and NH3 were measured. Particulate-phase nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate and gas-phase HONO, HNO3, and SO2 were also measured on a 1-hr average basis. The results indicate that ammonium nitrate averages 40% of the total PM2.5 mass in the absence of inversions and up to 69% during strong inversions. Also, the formation of ammonium nitrate is nitric acid limited. Overall, the lower boundary layer in the Salt Lake Valley appears to be oxidant and volatile organic carbon (VOC) limited with respect to ozone formation. The most effective way to reduce ammonium nitrate secondary particle formation during the inversions period is to reduce NO(x) emissions. However, a decrease in NO(x) will increase ozone concentrations. A better definition of the complete ozone isopleths would better inform this decision. Implications: Monitoring of air pollution constituents in Salt Lake City, UT, during periods in which PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the NAAQS, reveals that secondary aerosol formation for this region is NO(x) limited. Therefore, NO(x) emissions should be targeted in order to reduce secondary particle formation and PM2.5. Data also indicate that the highest concentrations of sulfur dioxide are associated with winds from the north-northwest, the location of several small refineries.
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Carn SA, Krotkov NA, Yang K, Krueger AJ. Measuring global volcanic degassing with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1144/sp380.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ultraviolet (UV) Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), launched on NASA's Aura satellite in July 2004, was the first space-based sensor to provide operational sulphur dioxide (SO2) measurements (OMSO2) for use by the scientific community. Herein, we discuss the application of OMSO2 data for the monitoring of global volcanic SO2 emissions, with an emphasis on lower tropospheric volcanic plumes. We review the algorithms used to produce OMSO2 data and highlight some key measurement sensitivity issues. The data processing scheme used to generate web-based OMSO2 data subsets for volcanic regions and estimate SO2 burdens in volcanic plumes is outlined. We describe three techniques to derive SO2 emission rates from the OMSO2 measurements, and employ one method (using single OMI pixels to estimate SO2 fluxes) to elucidate SO2 flux detection thresholds on a global scale. Applications of OMSO2 data to volcanic degassing studies are demonstrated using four case studies. These examples show how OMSO2 measurements correlate with changes in eruptive activity at Kilauea volcano (Hawaii), constrain small, potentially significant SO2 releases from reawakening, historically inactive volcanoes, track long-term changes in SO2 degassing from Nyiragongo volcano (D.R. Congo), and detect SO2 emissions from the remote Lastarria Volcano (Chile), in the actively deforming Lazufre region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Carn
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - N. A. Krotkov
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - K. Yang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - A. J. Krueger
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Retired
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McCormick BT, Edmonds M, Mather TA, Campion R, Hayer CSL, Thomas HE, Carn SA. Volcano monitoring applications of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1144/sp380.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a satellite-based ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer with unprecedented sensitivity to atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations. Since late 2004, OMI has provided a high-quality SO2 dataset with near-continuous daily global coverage. In this review, we discuss the principal applications of this dataset to volcano monitoring: (1) the detection and tracking of large eruption clouds, primarily for aviation hazard mitigation; and (2) the use of OMI data for long-term monitoring of volcanic degassing. This latter application is relatively novel, and despite showing some promise, requires further study into a number of key uncertainties. We discuss these uncertainties, and illustrate their potential impact on volcano monitoring with OMI through four new case studies. We also discuss potential future avenues of research using OMI data, with a particular emphasis on the need for greater integration between various monitoring strategies, instruments and datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. McCormick
- COMET+, National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Marie Edmonds
- COMET+, National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Tamsin A. Mather
- COMET+, National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Robin Campion
- Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Ave Roosevelt, CP160/02, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Catherine S. L. Hayer
- COMET+, National Centre for Earth Observation, Environmental Systems Science Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AL, UK
| | - Helen E. Thomas
- Department of Geological and Mining Sciences and Engineering, Michigan Technological, University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Simon A. Carn
- Department of Geological and Mining Sciences and Engineering, Michigan Technological, University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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15
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Carn SA, Froyd KD, Anderson BE, Wennberg P, Crounse J, Spencer K, Dibb JE, Krotkov NA, Browell EV, Hair JW, Diskin G, Sachse G, Vay SA. In situ measurements of tropospheric volcanic plumes in Ecuador and Colombia during TC4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Martins CR, Alves JJ, Carvalho WB, Cardoso CS, Andrade JBD. Influence of NO2 and metal ions on oxidation of aqueous-phase S(IV) in atmospheric concentrations. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008; 80:279-90. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation was made of the influence of atmospheric concentrations (15 or 130 ppbv) of NO2 on the aqueous-phase oxidation rate of S(IV) in the presence and absence of Fe(III), Mn(II) and Cr(VI) metal ions under controlled experimental conditions (pH, T, concentration of reactants, etc.). The reaction rate in the presence of the NO2 flow was slower than the reaction rate using only clean air with an initial S(IV) concentration of 10-4 mol/L. NO2 appears to react with S(IV), producing a kind of inhibitor that slows down the reaction. Conversely, tenfold lower concentrations of S(IV) ([S(IV)]º = 10-5 mol/L) caused a faster reaction in the presence of NO2 than the reaction using purified air. Under these conditions, therefore, the equilibrium shifts to sulfate formation. With the addition of Fe(III), Mn(II) or Cr(VI) in the presence of a NO2 flow, the reaction occurred faster under all the conditions in which S(IV) oxidation was investigated.
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17
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Mather TA, McCabe JR, Rai VK, Thiemens MH, Pyle DM, Heaton THE, Sloane HJ, Fern GR. Oxygen and sulfur isotopic composition of volcanic sulfate aerosol at the point of emission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Asaf L. Influence of small- and large-scale variables on the chemical and isotopic compositions of urban rainwater, as illustrated by a case study in Ashdod, Israel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Aiuppa A, Bellomo S, D'Alessandro W, Federico C, Ferm M, Valenza M. Volcanic plume monitoring at Mount Etna by diffusive (passive) sampling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Aiuppa
- Dipartimento Chimica e Fisica della Terra e Applicazioni (CFTA); Università di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - S. Bellomo
- Dipartimento Chimica e Fisica della Terra e Applicazioni (CFTA); Università di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - W. D'Alessandro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - C. Federico
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - M. Ferm
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - M. Valenza
- Dipartimento Chimica e Fisica della Terra e Applicazioni (CFTA); Università di Palermo; Palermo Italy
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20
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Mather TA, Tsanev VI, Pyle DM, McGonigle AJS, Oppenheimer C, Allen AG. Characterization and evolution of tropospheric plumes from Lascar and Villarrica volcanoes, Chile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Mather
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - V. I. Tsanev
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - D. M. Pyle
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | | | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - A. G. Allen
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
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21
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Horrocks LA, Oppenheimer C, Burton MR, Duffell HJ. Compositional variation in tropospheric volcanic gas plumes: evidence from ground-based remote sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRemotely sensed measurements of volcanic plumes have been undertaken for 30 years with instruments such as the correlation spectrometer, and more recently, open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometers. Observations are typically made several kilometres from the source, by which time chemical reactions may have occurred in the plume, overprinting the source composition and flux. Volcanological interpretations of such data therefore demand an understanding of the atmospheric processes initiated as gases leave the volcanic vent. Ground-based remote sensing techniques offer the temporal resolution, repeatability and quantitative analysis necessary for investigation of these processes. Here we report OP-FTIR spectroscopic measurements of gas emissions from Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua, between 1998 and 2001, and examine the influence of atmospheric processes on its tropospheric plume. Comparisons of observations made at the summit and down-wind, and in different measurement modes confirm that tropospheric processes and local meteorology have only minor impact on gas composition after the plume has left the crater. This study demonstrates that plume monitoring downwind provides a reliable proxy for at-crater sampling, and that volcanological information content is not obscured by the intervening transport. From February 1998 to May 2000, Masaya’s plume composition was strikingly stable and characterized by SO2/HCl and HCl/HF molar ratios of 1.6 and 5.0, respectively. Departures from this stable background composition are likely to signify changes in the volcanic system or degassing regime, as identified in April–May 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - M. R. Burton
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania
Via Monte Rossi 12, Nicolosi, 95030 CT, Italy
| | - H. J. Duffell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge
Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
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22
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Mather TA, Pyle DM, Oppenheimer C. Tropospheric volcanic aerosol. VOLCANISM AND THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/139gm12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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23
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Abstract
AbstractRecent studies suggest that the environmental effects of volcanic gas emissions in the lower troposphere have been underestimated. This chapter first briefly summarizes the techniques available for characterizing tropospheric volcanic gas plumes, including the composition and fluxes of emitted gases and aerosols, as well as their atmospheric dispersion. The second part documents the contribution of gas emissions from degassing craters to the composition of the atmosphere, including effects from dry and wet deposition chemistry. The third section deals with the detrimental impacts on vegetation, soils, and groundwater in relation to passive degassing activity. Improved understanding of the impacts of volcanic degassing on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment will require: (1) systematic two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of tropospheric volcanic plumes, (2) development of general physical and chemical models to describe the fate of volcanic gases and aerosols during transport in the troposphere, and (3) investigation of the response of diverse ecosystems to volcanogenic air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Delmelle
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Land Use Planning, Soil Sciences Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
AbstractVolcanic gas and aerosol surveillance yield important insights into magmatic, hydrothermal, and atmospheric processes. A range of optical sensing and sampling techniques has been applied to measurements of the composition and fluxes of volcanic emissions. In particular, the 30-year worldwide volcanological service record of the Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC) illustrates the point that robust, reliable, straightforward optical techniques are of tremendous interest to the volcano observatory and research community. This chapter reviews the field, in particular the newer and more versatile instruments capable of augmenting or superseding COSPEC, with the aim of stimulating their rapid adoption by the volcanological community. It focuses on sensors that can be operated from the ground, since they generally offer the most flexibility and sensitivity. The success of COSPEC underlines the point, however, that such devices should be comparatively cheap, and easy to use and maintain, if they are to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. S. McGonigle
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
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25
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Allen AG, Oppenheimer C, Ferm M, Baxter PJ, Horrocks LA, Galle B, McGonigle AJS, Duffell HJ. Primary sulfate aerosol and associated emissions from Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Allen
- School of Geography; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - M. Ferm
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - P. J. Baxter
- Institute of Public Health; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | | | - B. Galle
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - H. J. Duffell
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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26
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Matvev V, Dayan U, Tass I, Peleg M. Atmospheric sulfur flux rates to and from Israel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2002; 291:143-154. [PMID: 12150434 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Both field measurements and model simulation studies have shown that Israel is the recipient of long range transported air pollutants that originated over various parts of Europe. The present paper presents results of aircraft measurements aimed at quantitizing the sulfur flux arriving at Israel's western coast from Europe and the Israeli pollution contribution to the air masses leaving its eastern borders towards Jordan. During the research flights, measurements of sulfur dioxide and sulfate particulates and meteorological data were recorded. Two different legs were performed for each research flight: one over the Mediterranean Sea, west of the coast and the second along the Jordan Valley. All flights were carried out at a height of approximately 300 m above ground level. A total of 14 research flights were performed covering the summer and autumn seasons. The results indicate that the influx of sulfur arriving at the Israeli coast from Europe varied in the range of 1-30 mg S/h, depending on the measuring season. The particulate sulfate level in the incoming LRT air masses was at least 50% of the total sulfur content. The contribution of the local pollutant sources to the outgoing easterly fluxes also varies strongly according to season. During the early and late summer, the Israeli sources contributed an average of 25 mg S/h to the total pollution flux as compared to only approximately 9 mg S/h during the autumn period. Synoptic analysis indicates that conditions during the summer in Israel favor the accumulation of pollution species above the Mediterranean basin from upwind European sources. This season features a shallow mixed layer and weak zonal flow leads to poor ventilation rates, inhibiting an efficient dispersion of these pollutants while being transported eastward. Under these conditions, in flux, local contribution and the total out-flux of these pollutants are elevated as opposed to during other seasons. During the fall, the eastern Mediterranean region is usually subjected to weak easterly winds, interrupted at times by strong westerly wind flows inducing higher ventilation rates. These meteorological conditions and the lack of major emitting sources eastwards of Israel result in lower sulfur budgets to and from Israel for this season. An estimate of the yearly flux showed that approximately 0.06 tg S arrived at the Israeli coast from the west. This is approximately 15% of the estimated pollution leaving Europe towards the eastern edge of the Mediterranean basin. The local contribution to the out-flux towards Jordan was calculated to be 0.13 tg S per year, almost all of the sulfur air pollutants emitted in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Matvev
- Environmental Sciences Division, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Matveev V, Luria M, Tov DAS, Peleg M. Long-range transportation of air pollutants from Europe to Israel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1560/q1jm-792c-6gku-d45m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Stability of XSO2 (X=F, Cl, and Br) radical: impact of the basis set on X–S bonding energy in ab initio and DFT calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)01290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Chen MT, Tsai YI. Characterization of visibility and atmospheric aerosols in urban, suburban, and remote areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2000; 263:101-114. [PMID: 11194144 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Visibility data from over the past four decades accumulated from urban areas of central Taiwan indicated that air pollutants have significantly degraded visibility in recent years. Currently, the annual average visibility in urban areas of the same region is approximately 8-10 km, while the visibility in remote areas is approximately 25-30 km. To understand how aerosols affect the visibility in this region, here we selected three sites in central Taiwan to measure the soluble ionic and carbonaceous species of PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) during 1997-1998. A MOUDI cascade impactor was used to measure the size distributions of atmospheric sulfate, nitrate, and carbonaceous particles. The aerosol data were then analyzed together with meteorological and air quality data. Comparing the results obtained from urban, coastal suburban and remote sites revealed that sulfate, carbonaceous species and local wind speed significantly affected the visibility in the urban area. However, sulfate concentration and humidity influenced visibility in the coastal area of central Taiwan. The particulate concentration at the remote station was roughly one-fifth of that in the city. Regression analysis results indicated that humidity is a dominant factor affecting remote visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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30
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Do K, Klein TP, Pommerening CA, Bachrach SM, Sunderlin LS. The Gas-Phase Basicity of Sulfuric Acid. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja970415t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Do
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Timothy P. Klein
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Cynthia Ann Pommerening
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Steven M. Bachrach
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Lee S. Sunderlin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
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31
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Luria M, Peleg M, Sharf G, Tov-Alper DS, Spitz N, Ben Ami Y, Gawii Z, Lifschitz B, Yitzchaki A, Seter I. Atmospheric sulfur over the east Mediterranean region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Zhu QZ, Li QG, Lu JZ, Xu JG. Application of Thiamine as A Fluorogenic Substrate in the Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide Based on the Catalytic Effect of Hemin. ANAL LETT 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719608001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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