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Percec V, Sahoo D. From Frank-Kasper, Quasicrystals, and Biological Membrane Mimics to Reprogramming In Vivo the Living Factory to Target the Delivery of mRNA with One-Component Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1353-1370. [PMID: 38232372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective is dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of Biomacromolecules. It provides a personal view on the developing field of the polymer and biology interface over the 25 years since the journal was launched by the American Chemical Society (ACS). This Perspective is meant to bridge an article published in the first issue of the journal and recent bioinspired developments in the laboratory of the corresponding author. The discovery of supramolecular spherical helices self-organizing into Frank-Kasper and quasicrystals as models of icosahedral viruses, as well as of columnar helical assemblies that mimic rodlike viruses by supramolecular dendrimers, is briefly presented. The transplant of these assemblies from supramolecular dendrimers to block copolymers, giant surfactants, and other self-organized soft matter follows. Amphiphilic self-assembling Janus dendrimers and glycodendrimers as mimics of biological membranes and their glycans are discussed. New concepts derived from them that evolved in the in vivo targeted delivery of mRNA with the simplest one-component synthetic vector systems are introduced. Some synthetic methodologies employed during the synthesis and self-assembly are explained. Unraveling bioinspired applications of novel materials concludes this brief 25th Anniversary Perspective of Biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Sahoo D, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Maurya DS, Arshad M, Chenna SS, Ona N, Vasserman JA, Ni H, Weissman D, Percec V. The Constitutional Isomerism of One-Component Ionizable Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers Orchestrates the Total and Targeted Activities of mRNA Delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3627-3634. [PMID: 38306714 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Constitutional isomerism has been previously demonstrated by one of our laboratories to represent a powerful design strategy for the elaboration of complex functional self-organizations. Here we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of 14 positional, skeletal, and functional constitutional isomeric one-component, multifunctional, sequence-defined, amphiphilic ionizable Janus dendrimers (IAJDs). Their coassembly by simple injection with luciferase mRNA (Luc-mRNA) to form dendrimersome nanoparticles (DNPs) was studied. Subsequently, the resulting DNPs were employed to investigate, with screening experiments, the delivery of Luc-mRNA in vivo. Constitutional isomerism was shown to produce changes of up to two orders of magnitude of the total-body luciferase activity and targeted luciferase activity to the spleen and liver, of up to three orders of magnitude difference in targeted luciferase activity to the lungs and up to six orders of magnitude to lymph nodes. These results indicate that constitutional isomerism may represent not only a simple but also an important synthetic strategy that most probably may impact the activity of all components of synthetic vectors used in RNA-based nanomedicine, including in mRNA vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Devendra S Maurya
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mahwish Arshad
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Srijay S Chenna
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nathan Ona
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jessica A Vasserman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Houping Ni
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Cao Y, Scholte A, Prehm M, Anders C, Chen C, Song J, Zhang L, He G, Tschierske C, Liu F. Understanding the Role of Trapezoids in Honeycomb Self-Assembly-Pathways between a Columnar Liquid Quasicrystal and its Liquid-Crystalline Approximants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314454. [PMID: 38009676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Quasiperiodic patterns and crystals-having long range order without translational symmetry-have fascinated researchers since their discovery. In this study, we report on new p-terphenyl-based T-shaped facial polyphiles with two alkyl end chains and a glycerol-based hydrogen-bonded side group that self-assemble into an aperiodic columnar liquid quasicrystal with 12-fold symmetry and its periodic liquid-crystalline approximants with complex superstructures. All represent honeycombs formed by the self-assembly of the p-terphenyls, dividing space into prismatic cells with polygonal cross-sections. In the perspective of tiling patterns, the presence of unique trapezoidal tiles, consisting of three rigid sides formed by the p-terphenyls and one shorter, incommensurate, and adjustable side by the alkyl end chains, plays a crucial role for these phases. A delicate temperature-dependent balance between conformational, entropic and space-filling effects determines the role of the alkyl chains, either as network nodes or trapezoid walls, thus resulting in the order-disorder transitions associated with emergence of quasiperiodicity. In-depth analysis suggests a change from a quasiperiodic tiling involving trapezoids to a modified one with a contribution of trapezoid pair fusion. This work paves the way for understanding quasiperiodicity emergence and develops fundamental concepts for its generation by chemical design of non-spherical molecules, aggregates, and frameworks based on dynamic reticular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Alexander Scholte
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Christian Anders
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Changlong Chen
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxuan Song
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute for Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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Lu J, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Maurya DS, Shalihin MI, Zhang D, Chenna SS, Adamson J, Liu M, Shah HUR, Shah H, Xiao Q, Queeley B, Ona NA, Reagan EK, Ni H, Sahoo D, Peterca M, Weissman D, Percec V. Screening Libraries to Discover Molecular Design Principles for the Targeted Delivery of mRNA with One-Component Ionizable Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers Derived from Plant Phenolic Acids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1572. [PMID: 37376020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and synthetic vectors to deliver nucleic acids were key to the rapid development of extraordinarily efficient COVID-19 vaccines. The four-component lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), containing phospholipids, PEG-conjugated lipids, cholesterol, and ionizable lipids, co-assembled with mRNA via a microfluidic technology, are the leading nonviral delivery vector used by BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna to access COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. LNPs exhibit a statistical distribution of their four components when delivering mRNA. Here, we report a methodology that involves screening libraries to discover the molecular design principles required to realize organ-targeted mRNA delivery and mediate activity with a one-component ionizable multifunctional amphiphilic Janus dendrimer (IAJD) derived from plant phenolic acids. IAJDs co-assemble with mRNA into monodisperse dendrimersome nanoparticles (DNPs) with predictable dimensions, via the simple injection of their ethanol solution in a buffer. The precise location of the functional groups in one-component IAJDs demonstrated that the targeted organs, including the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and lung, are selected based on the hydrophilic region, while activity is associated with the hydrophobic domain of IAJDs. These principles, and a mechanistic hypothesis to explain activity, simplify the synthesis of IAJDs, the assembly of DNPs, handling, and storage of vaccines, and reduce price, despite employing renewable plant starting materials. Using simple molecular design principles will lead to increased accessibility to a large diversity of mRNA-based vaccines and nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Lu
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Devendra S Maurya
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Muhammad Irhash Shalihin
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Srijay S Chenna
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Matthew Liu
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Habib Ur Rehman Shah
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Honey Shah
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bryn Queeley
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Nathan A Ona
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Erin K Reagan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Houping Ni
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Jun T, Park H, Kim J, Lee W, Ahn H, Jang WD, Lee B, Ryu DY. Impact of peripheral alkyl chain length on mesocrystal assemblies of G2 dendrons. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:9069-9075. [PMID: 37158020 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01243c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Unique sphere-packing mesophases such as Frank-Kasper (FK) phases have emerged from the viable design of intermolecular interactions in supramolecular assemblies. Herein, a series of Cn-G2-CONH2 dendrons possessing an identical core wedge are investigated to elucidate the impact of peripheral alkyl chain lengths (Cn) on the formation of the close-packed structures. The C18 and C14 dendrons, of which the contour lengths of the periphery Lp are longer than the wedge length Lw, assemble into a uniform sphere-packing phase such as body-centred cubic (BCC), whereas the C8 dendron with short (Lp < Lw) corona environment forms the FK A15 phase. Particularly in the intermediate C12 and C10 dendrons (Lp ≈ Lw), cooling the samples from an isotropic state leads to cooling-rate-dependent phase behaviours. The C12 dendron produces two structures of hexagonal columnar and sphere-packing phases (BCC and A15), while the C10 dendron generates the A15 and σ phases by the fast- and slow-cooling processes, respectively. Our results show the impact of peripheral alkyl chain lengths on the formation of mesocrystal phases, where the energy landscape of the dendrons at Lp/Lw ≈ 1 must be more complex and delicate than those with either longer or shorter peripheral alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesuk Jun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Junsu Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Wooseop Lee
- Industry Technology Convergence Centre, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Industry Technology Convergence Centre, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Percec V, Sahoo D, Adamson J. Stimuli-Responsive Principles of Supramolecular Organizations Emerging from Self-Assembling and Self-Organizable Dendrons, Dendrimers, and Dendronized Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081832. [PMID: 37111979 PMCID: PMC10142069 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All activities of our daily life, of the nature surrounding us and of the entire society and its complex economic and political systems are affected by stimuli. Therefore, understanding stimuli-responsive principles in nature, biology, society, and in complex synthetic systems is fundamental to natural and life sciences. This invited Perspective attempts to organize, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time the stimuli-responsive principles of supramolecular organizations emerging from self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers. Definitions of stimulus and stimuli from different fields of science are first discussed. Subsequently, we decided that supramolecular organizations of self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers may fit best in the definition of stimuli from biology. After a brief historical introduction to the discovery and development of conventional and self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers, a classification of stimuli-responsible principles as internal- and external-stimuli was made. Due to the enormous amount of literature on conventional dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers as well as on their self-assembling and self-organizable systems we decided to discuss stimuli-responsive principles only with examples from our laboratory. We apologize to all contributors to dendrimers and to the readers of this Perspective for this space-limited decision. Even after this decision, restrictions to a limited number of examples were required. In spite of this, we expect that this Perspective will provide a new way of thinking about stimuli in all fields of self-organized complex soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Chemical Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Jun T, Park H, Jeon S, Ahn H, Jang WD, Lee B, Ryu DY. Apex hydrogen bonds in dendron assemblies modulate close-packed mesocrystal structures. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16936-16943. [PMID: 36345976 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The close-packed mesocrystal structures from soft-matter assemblies have recently received attention due to their structural similarity to atomic crystals, displaying various sphere-packing Frank-Kasper (FK) and quasicrystal structures. Herein, diverse mesocrystal structures are explored in second-generation dendrons (G2-X) designed with identical wedges, in which the terminal functionalities X = CONH2 and CH2NH2 represent two levels of the strong and weak hydrogen-bonding apexes, respectively. The cohesive interactions at the core apex, referred to as the core interactions, are effectively modulated by forming heterogeneous hydrogen bonds between these two functional units. For the dendron assemblies compositionally close to each pure component of G2-CONH2 and G2-CH2NH2, their own FK A15 and C14 phases dominate other phases, respectively. We show the existence of the wide-range FK σ including the dodecagonal quasicrystal (DDQC) phases from the dendron mixtures between G2-CONH2 and G2-CH2NH2, providing an experimental phase sequence of A15-σ-DDQC-C14 as the core interactions are alleviated. Intriguingly, the temperature dependence of particle sizes shows that the high plateau values of particle sizes are maintained equivalently until each threshold temperature (Tth), followed by a prompt decrease above the Tth. A decrease in Tth by alleviating the core interactions and its composition dependence suggest that the more size-dispersed particles, the more susceptibility to chain exchange with increasing temperature. Our results on the formation of supramolecular dendron assemblies provide a guide to understand the core-interaction-dependent mesocrystal structures toward the fundamental principle underlying the temperature dependence of their particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesuk Jun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Seungbae Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Industry Technology Convergence Centre, Pohang Accelerator, Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Percec V, Wang S, Huang N, Partridge BE, Wang X, Sahoo D, Hoffman DJ, Malineni J, Peterca M, Jezorek RL, Zhang N, Daud H, Sung PD, McClure ER, Song SL. An Accelerated Modular-Orthogonal Ni-Catalyzed Methodology to Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Constitutional Isomeric AB 2 to AB 9 Dendrons Exhibiting Unprecedented Self-Organizing Principles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17724-17743. [PMID: 34637302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Five libraries of natural and synthetic phenolic acids containing five AB3, ten constitutional isomeric AB2, one AB4, and one AB5 were previously synthesized and reported by our laboratory in 5 to 11 steps. They were employed to construct seven libraries of self-assembling dendrons, by divergent generational, deconstruction, and combined approaches, enabling the discovery of a diversity of supramolecular assemblies including Frank-Kasper phases, soft quasicrystals, and complex helical organizations, some undergoing deracemization in the crystal state. However, higher substitution patterns within a single dendron were not accessible. Here we report three libraries consisting of 30 symmetric and nonsymmetric constitutional isomeric phenolic acids with unprecedented sequenced patterns, including two AB2, three AB3, eight AB4, five AB5, six AB6, three AB7, two AB8, and one AB9 synthesized by accelerated modular-orthogonal Ni-catalyzed borylation and cross-coupling. A single etherification step with 4-(n-dodecyloxy)benzyl chloride transformed all these phenolic acids, of interest also for other applications, into self-assembling dendrons. Despite this synthetic simplicity, they led to a diversity of unprecedented self-organizing principles: lamellar structures of interest for biological membrane mimics, helical columnar assemblies from rigid-solid angle dendrons forming Tobacco Mosaic Virus-like assemblies, columnar organizations from adaptable-solid angle dendrons forming disordered micellar-like nonhelical columns, columns from supramolecular spheres, five body-centered cubic phases displaying supramolecular orientational memory, rarely encountered in previous libraries forming predominantly Frank-Kasper phases, and two Frank-Kasper phases. Lessons from these self-organizing principles, discovered within a single generation of self-assembling dendrons, may help elaborate design principles for complex helical and nonhelical organizations of synthetic and biological matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shitao Wang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ning Huang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Benjamin E Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - David J Hoffman
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jagadeesh Malineni
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ryan L Jezorek
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Na Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Hina Daud
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Paul D Sung
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Emily R McClure
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Se Lin Song
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Percec V, Xiao Q. Helical Chirality of Supramolecular Columns and Spheres Self‐Organizes Complex Liquid Crystals, Crystals, and Quasicrystals. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
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10
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Huang N, Xiao Q, Peterca M, Zeng X, Percec V. Self-organisation of rhombitruncated cuboctahedral hexagonal columns from an amphiphilic Janus dendrimer. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1902586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Percec V, Xiao Q. Helical Self-Organizations and Emerging Functions in Architectures, Biological and Synthetic Macromolecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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12
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Mueller AJ, Lindsay AP, Jayaraman A, Lodge TP, Mahanthappa MK, Bates FS. Quasicrystals and Their Approximants in a Crystalline–Amorphous Diblock Copolymer. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J. Mueller
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aaron P. Lindsay
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ashish Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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Percec V, Xiao Q, Lligadas G, Monteiro MJ. Perfecting self-organization of covalent and supramolecular mega macromolecules via sequence-defined and monodisperse components. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Huang J, Su Z, Huang M, Zhang R, Wang J, Feng X, Zhang R, Zhang R, Shan W, Yan XY, Guo QY, Liu T, Liu Y, Cui Y, Li X, Shi AC, Cheng SZD. Spherical Supramolecular Structures Constructed via Chemically Symmetric Perylene Bisimides: Beyond Columnar Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18563-18571. [PMID: 32656991 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Like other discotic molecules, self-assembled supramolecular structures of perylene bisimides (PBIs) are commonly limited to columnar or lamellar structures due to their distinct π-conjugated scaffolds and unique rectangular shape of perylene cores. The discovery of PBIs with supramolecular structures beyond layers and columns may expand the scope of PBI-based materials. A series of unconventional spherical packing phases in PBIs, including A15 phase, σ phase, dodecagonal quasicrystalline (DQC) phase, and body-centered cubic (BCC) phase, is reported. A strategy involving functionalization of perylene core with several polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cages achieved spherical assemblies of PBIs, instead of columnar assemblies, due to the significantly increased steric hindrance at the periphery. This strategy may also be employed for the discovery of unconventional spherical assemblies in other related discotic molecules by the introduction of similar bulky functional groups at their periphery. An unusual inverse phase transition sequence from a BCC phase to a σ phase was observed by increasing annealing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Zebin Su
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Mingjun Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Rongchun Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ruimeng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Wenpeng Shan
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Xiao-Yun Yan
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Qing-Yun Guo
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Yuchu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Yunpeng Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Stephen Z D Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
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15
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Huang J, Su Z, Huang M, Zhang R, Wang J, Feng X, Zhang R, Zhang R, Shan W, Yan X, Guo Q, Liu T, Liu Y, Cui Y, Li X, Shi A, Cheng SZD. Spherical Supramolecular Structures Constructed via Chemically Symmetric Perylene Bisimides: Beyond Columnar Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Zebin Su
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Mingjun Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Rongchun Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ruimeng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Wenpeng Shan
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Xiao‐Yun Yan
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Qing‐Yun Guo
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yuchu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yunpeng Cui
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - An‐Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy McMaster University Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Stephen Z. D. Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology School of Molecular Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Polymer Science College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
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16
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Percec V. Merging Macromolecular and Supramolecular Chemistry into Bioinspired Synthesis of Complex Systems. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of MatterUniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
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17
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Nürnberger C, Lu H, Zeng X, Liu F, Ungar G, Hahn H, Lang H, Prehm M, Tschierske C. Soft self-assembled sub-5 nm scale chessboard and snub-square tilings with oligo(para-phenyleneethynylene) rods. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4154-4157. [PMID: 30809626 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00494g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-Shaped bolapolyphiles, comprising a linear polyaromatic core with glycerol groups at each end and two chemically different and incompatible chains, fixed to it at opposite sides, were synthesized and found to self-assemble into honeycomb-type liquid crystalline phases with square symmetry. The polyaromatic π-conjugated rods form the cell walls and the resulting prismatic cells of sub-5 nm size are alternatively filled with perfluorocarbon (RF) and the carbosilane chains (RSi). The resulting structures can be represented as either a two-colour snub-square tiling with triangular and square cells or as a chessboard tiling of squares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Nürnberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Self-assembling dendrimers have facilitated the discovery of periodic and quasiperiodic arrays of supramolecular architectures and the diverse functions derived from them. Examples are liquid quasicrystals and their approximants plus helical columns and spheres, including some that disregard chirality. The same periodic and quasiperiodic arrays were subsequently found in block copolymers, surfactants, lipids, glycolipids, and other complex molecules. Here we report the discovery of lamellar and hexagonal periodic arrays on the surface of vesicles generated from sequence-defined bicomponent monodisperse oligomers containing lipid and glycolipid mimics. These vesicles, known as glycodendrimersomes, act as cell-membrane mimics with hierarchical morphologies resembling bicomponent rafts. These nanosegregated morphologies diminish sugar-sugar interactions enabling stronger binding to sugar-binding proteins than densely packed arrangements of sugars. Importantly, this provides a mechanism to encode the reactivity of sugars via their interaction with sugar-binding proteins. The observed sugar phase-separated hierarchical arrays with lamellar and hexagonal morphologies that encode biological recognition are among the most complex architectures yet discovered in soft matter. The enhanced reactivity of the sugar displays likely has applications in material science and nanomedicine, with potential to evolve into related technologies.
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19
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Buzzacchera I, Xiao Q, Han H, Rahimi K, Li S, Kostina NY, Toebes BJ, Wilner SE, Möller M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Baumgart T, Wilson DA, Wilson CJ, Klein ML, Percec V. Screening Libraries of Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers Based on Natural Phenolic Acids to Discover Monodisperse Unilamellar Dendrimersomes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:712-727. [PMID: 30354069 PMCID: PMC6571140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural, including plant, and synthetic phenolic acids are employed as building blocks for the synthesis of constitutional isomeric libraries of self-assembling dendrons and dendrimers that are the simplest examples of programmed synthetic macromolecules. Amphiphilic Janus dendrimers are synthesized from a diversity of building blocks including natural phenolic acids. They self-assemble in water or buffer into vesicular dendrimersomes employed as biological membrane mimics, hybrid and synthetic cells. These dendrimersomes are predominantly uni- or multilamellar vesicles with size and polydispersity that is predicted by their primary structure. However, in numerous cases, unilamellar dendrimersomes completely free of multilamellar assemblies are desirable. Here, we report the synthesis and structural analysis of a library containing 13 amphiphilic Janus dendrimers containing linear and branched alkyl chains on their hydrophobic part. They were prepared by an optimized iterative modular synthesis starting from natural phenolic acids. Monodisperse dendrimersomes were prepared by injection and giant polydisperse by hydration. Both were structurally characterized to select the molecular design principles that provide unilamellar dendrimersomes in higher yields and shorter reaction times than under previously used reaction conditions. These dendrimersomes are expected to provide important tools for synthetic cell biology, encapsulation, and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Buzzacchera
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- NovioSense B.V., Transistorweg 5, 6534 AT Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Hong Han
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shangda Li
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Nina Yu. Kostina
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - B. Jelle Toebes
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha E. Wilner
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- DWI−Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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20
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Holerca MN, Sahoo D, Partridge BE, Peterca M, Zeng X, Ungar G, Percec V. Dendronized Poly(2-oxazoline) Displays within only Five Monomer Repeat Units Liquid Quasicrystal, A15 and σ Frank–Kasper Phases. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16941-16947. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian N. Holerca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- State Key
Laboratory
for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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21
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Lewis RM, Arora A, Beech HK, Lee B, Lindsay AP, Lodge TP, Dorfman KD, Bates FS. Role of Chain Length in the Formation of Frank-Kasper Phases in Diblock Copolymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:208002. [PMID: 30500248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.208002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The phase behavior of poly(styrene)-b-poly(1,4-butadiene) diblock copolymers with a polymer block invariant degree of polymerization N[over ¯]_{b}≈800 shows no evidence of Frank-Kasper phases, in contrast to low molar mass diblock copolymers (N[over ¯]_{b}<100) with the same conformational asymmetry. A universal self-concentration crossover parameter N[over ¯]_{x}≈400 is identified, directly related to the crossover to entanglement dynamics in polymer melts. Mean-field behavior is recovered when N[over ¯]_{b}>N[over ¯]_{x}, while complex low symmetry phase formation is attributed to fluctuations and space-filling constraints, which dominate when N[over ¯]_{b}<N[over ¯]_{x}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Lewis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Akash Arora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Bongjoon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Aaron P Lindsay
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin D Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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22
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23
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Savitz S, Babadi M, Lifshitz R. Multiple-scale structures: from Faraday waves to soft-matter quasicrystals. IUCRJ 2018; 5:247-268. [PMID: 29755742 PMCID: PMC5929372 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For many years, quasicrystals were observed only as solid-state metallic alloys, yet current research is now actively exploring their formation in a variety of soft materials, including systems of macromolecules, nanoparticles and colloids. Much effort is being invested in understanding the thermodynamic properties of these soft-matter quasicrystals in order to predict and possibly control the structures that form, and hopefully to shed light on the broader yet unresolved general questions of quasicrystal formation and stability. Moreover, the ability to control the self-assembly of soft quasicrystals may contribute to the development of novel photonics or other applications based on self-assembled metamaterials. Here a path is followed, leading to quantitative stability predictions, that starts with a model developed two decades ago to treat the formation of multiple-scale quasiperiodic Faraday waves (standing wave patterns in vibrating fluid surfaces) and which was later mapped onto systems of soft particles, interacting via multiple-scale pair potentials. The article reviews, and substantially expands, the quantitative predictions of these models, while correcting a few discrepancies in earlier calculations, and presents new analytical methods for treating the models. In so doing, a number of new stable quasicrystalline structures are found with octagonal, octadecagonal and higher-order symmetries, some of which may, it is hoped, be observed in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Savitz
- Condensed Matter Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mehrtash Babadi
- Condensed Matter Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ron Lifshitz
- Condensed Matter Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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24
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Zhang R, Zeng X, Ungar G. Direct AFM observation of individual micelles, tile decorations and tiling rules of a dodecagonal liquid quasicrystal. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:414001. [PMID: 28737166 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We performed an atomic force microscopy study of the dendron-based dodecagonal quasicrystal, the material that had been reported in 2004 as the first soft quasicrystal. We succeeded in orienting the 12-fold axis perpendicular to the substrate, which allowed the imaging of the quasiperiodic xy plane. Thus for the first time we have been able to obtain direct real-space information not only on the arrangement of the tiles, but also on their 'decorations' by the individual spherical micelles or 'nanoatoms'. The high-resolution patterns recorded confirm the square-triangle tiling, but the abundance of different nodes corresponds closely to random tiling rather than to any inflation rule. The previously proposed model of three types of decorated tiles, two triangular and one square, has been confirmed; the basic Frank-Kasper mode of alternating dense-sparse-dense-sparse layer stacking along z is confirmed too, each of the four sublayers being 2 nm thick. The consecutive dense layers are seen to be rotated by 90°, as expected. The 2 nm steps on the surface correspond to one layer of spheres, nonetheless with a dense layer always remaining on top, which implies a layer slip underneath and possibly the existence of screw dislocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Zhang
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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25
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26
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Sahoo D, Peterca M, Aqad E, Partridge BE, Heiney PA, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Percec V. Tetrahedral Arrangements of Perylene Bisimide Columns via Supramolecular Orientational Memory. ACS NANO 2017; 11:983-991. [PMID: 28038310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral, shape, and liquid crystalline memory effects are well-known to produce commercial macroscopic materials with important applications as springs, sensors, displays, and memory devices. A supramolecular orientational memory effect that provides complex nanoscale arrangements was only recently reported. This supramolecular orientational memory was demonstrated to preserve the molecular orientation and packing within supramolecular units of a self-assembling cyclotriveratrylene crown at the nanoscale upon transition between its columnar hexagonal and Pm3̅n cubic periodic arrays. Here we report the discovery of supramolecular orientational memory in a dendronized perylene bisimide (G2-PBI) that self-assembles into tetrameric crowns and subsequently self-organizes into supramolecular columns and spheres. This supramolecular orientation memory upon transition between columnar hexagonal and body-centered cubic (BCC) mesophases preserves the 3-fold cubic [111] orientations rather than the 4-fold [100] axes, generating an unusual tetrahedral arrangement of supramolecular columns. These results indicate that the supramolecular orientational memory concept may be general for periodic arrays of self-assembling dendrons and dendrimers as well as for other periodic and quasiperiodic nanoscale organizations comprising supramolecular spheres, generated from other organized complex soft matter including block copolymers and surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Emad Aqad
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Benjamin E Partridge
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Paul A Heiney
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Hans W Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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27
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Sun HJ, Zhang S, Percec V. From structure to function via complex supramolecular dendrimer systems. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3900-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00249k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of quasi-equivalent amphiphilic dendrons into secondary and tertiary structures and their self-organization into periodic arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jan Sun
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
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Barkan K, Engel M, Lifshitz R. Controlled self-assembly of periodic and aperiodic cluster crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:098304. [PMID: 25216013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.098304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft particles are known to overlap and form stable clusters that self-assemble into periodic crystalline phases with density-independent lattice constants. We use molecular dynamics simulations in two dimensions to demonstrate that, through a judicious design of an isotropic pair potential, one can control the ordering of the clusters and generate a variety of phases, including decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals. Our results confirm analytical predictions based on a mean-field approximation, providing insight into the stabilization of quasicrystals in soft macromolecular systems, and suggesting a practical approach for their controlled self-assembly in laboratory realizations using synthesized soft-matter particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Barkan
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Engel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ron Lifshitz
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel and Condensed Matter Physics 149-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Abstract
Complex nematic fluids have the remarkable capability for self-assembling regular colloidal structures of various symmetries and dimensionality according to their micromolecular orientational order. Colloidal chains, clusters, and crystals were demonstrated recently, exhibiting soft-matter functionalities of robust binding, spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, entanglement, shape-driven and topological driven assembly, and even memory imprinting. However, no quasicrystalline structures were found. Here, we show with numerical modeling that quasicrystalline colloidal lattices can be achieved in the form of original Penrose P1 tiling by using pentagonal colloidal platelets in layers of nematic liquid crystals. The tilings are energetically stabilized with binding energies up to 2500 kBT for micrometer-sized platelets and further allow for hierarchical substitution tiling, i.e., hierarchical pentagulation. Quasicrystalline structures are constructed bottom-up by assembling the boat, rhombus, and star maximum density clusters, thus avoiding other (nonquasicrystalline) stable or metastable configurations of platelets. Central to our design of the quasicrystalline tilings is the symmetry breaking imposed by the platelet shape and the surface anchoring conditions at the colloidal platelets, which are misaligning and asymmetric over two perpendicular mirror planes. Finally, the design of the quasicrystalline tilings as platelets in nematic liquid crystals is inherently capable of a continuous variety of length scales of the tiling, ranging over three orders of magnitude in the typical length (from ~ 10 nm to ~ 10 μm), which could allow for the design of quasicrystalline photonics at multiple frequency ranges.
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Laikov DN. Penrose nanotiles: design of the thin and thick rhomb molecules to self-assemble into a quasicrystal. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New organic molecules are designed, with synthesis in mind, to fit the shape of the thin and thick rhombs of the Penrose tiling and self-assemble by hydrogen bonding into nearly flat sheets (that may stack face-to-face) following the matching rules.
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Tschierske C. Entwicklung struktureller Komplexität durch Selbstorganisation in flüssigkristallinen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tschierske C. Development of structural complexity by liquid-crystal self-assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8828-78. [PMID: 23934786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the liquid-crystalline state of matter 125 years ago, this field has developed into a scientific area with many facets. This Review presents recent developments in the molecular design and self-assembly of liquid crystals. The focus is on new exciting soft-matter structures distinct from the usually observed nematic, smectic, and columnar phases. These new structures have enhanced complexity, including multicompartment and cellular structures, periodic and quasiperiodic arrays of spheres, and new emergent properties, such as ferroelctricity and spontaneous achiral symmetry-breaking. Comparisons are made with developments in related fields, such as self-assembled monolayers, multiblock copolymers, and nanoparticle arrays. Measures of structural complexity used herein are the size of the lattice, the number of distinct compartments, the dimensionality, and the logic depth of the resulting supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tschierske
- Institut für Chemie, Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle Saale, Germany.
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Cheng X, Gao H, Tan X, Yang X, Prehm M, Ebert H, Tschierske C. Transition between triangular and square tiling patterns in liquid-crystalline honeycombs formed by tetrathiophene-based bolaamphiphiles. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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From Synthetic Macromolecules to Biological-Like Complex Systems. HIERARCHICAL MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES: 60 YEARS AFTER THE STAUDINGER NOBEL PRIZE I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Tschierske C. Microsegregation: From Basic Concepts to Complexity in Liquid Crystal Self-Assembly. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
In the past two decades significant progress has been made in the search for stable quasicrystals, the determination of their structures and the understanding of their physical properties. Now, quasiperiodic ordering states are not only known for intermetallic compounds, but also for mesoscopic systems such as ABC-star terpolymers, liquid crystals or different kinds of colloids. However, in spite of all these achievements fundamental questions concerning quasicrystal formation, growth and stability are still not fully answered. This tutorial review introduces the research in these fields and addresses some of the open questions concerning the origin of quasiperiodicity.
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Ungar G. Nobel Prize for quasicrystals. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2012.656396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Rosen BM, Roche C, Percec V. Self-assembly of dendritic dipeptides as a model of chiral selection in primitive biological systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 333:213-53. [PMID: 23306867 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological macromolecules are homochiral, composed of sequences of stereocenters possessing the same repeated absolute configuration. This chapter addresses the mechanism of homochiral selection in polypeptides. In particular, the relationship between the stereochemistry (L or D) of structurally distinct α-amino acids is explored. Through functionalization of Tyr-Xaa dipeptides with self-assembling dendrons, the effect of stereochemical sequence of the dipeptide on the thermodynamics of self-assembly and the resulting structural features can be quantified. The dendritic dipeptide approach effectively isolates the stereochemical information of the shortest sequence of stereochemical information possible in polypeptide, while simultaneously allowing for dendron driven tertiary and quaternary structure formation and subsequent transfer of chiral information from the dipeptide to the dendritic sheath. This approach elucidates a mechanism of selecting a homochiral relationship between dissimilar but neighboring α-amino acids through thermodynamic preference for homochirality in solution-phase and bulk supramolecular helical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Rosen
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
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