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Bhandari C, Moffat A, Shah N, Khan A, Quaye M, Fakhry J, Soma S, Nguyen A, Eroy M, Malkoochi A, Brekken R, Hasan T, Ferruzzi J, Obaid G. PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Targeted Photoactivable Liposomes (iTPALs) Prime the Stroma of Pancreatic Tumors and Promote Self-Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304340. [PMID: 38324463 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Desmoplasia in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) limits the penetration and efficacy of therapies. It has been previously shown that photodynamic priming (PDP) using EGFR targeted photoactivable multi-inhibitor liposomes remediates desmoplasia in PDAC and doubles overall survival. Here, bifunctional PD-L1 immune checkpoint targeted photoactivable liposomes (iTPALs) that mediate both PDP and PD-L1 blockade are presented. iTPALs also improve phototoxicity in PDAC cells and induce immunogenic cell death. PDP using iTPALs reduces collagen density, thereby promoting self-delivery by 5.4-fold in collagen hydrogels, and by 2.4-fold in syngeneic CT1BA5 murine PDAC tumors. PDP also reduces tumor fibroblast content by 39.4%. Importantly, iTPALs also block the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint more efficiently than free α-PD-L1 antibodies. Only a single sub-curative priming dose using iTPALs provides 54.1% tumor growth inhibition and prolongs overall survival in mice by 42.9%. Overall survival directly correlates with the extent of tumor iTPAL self-delivery following PDP (Pearson's r = 0.670, p = 0.034), while no relationship is found for sham non-specific IgG constructs activated with light. When applied over multiple cycles, as is typical for immune checkpoint therapy, PDP using iTPALs promises to offer durable tumor growth delay and significant survival benefit in PDAC patients, especially when used to promote self-delivery of integrated chemo-immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanda Bhandari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Azophi Moffat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Nimit Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Maxwell Quaye
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - John Fakhry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Siddharth Soma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Austin Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Menitte Eroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ashritha Malkoochi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Rolf Brekken
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jacopo Ferruzzi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
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Lintern N, Smith AM, Jayne DG, Khaled YS. Photodynamic Stromal Depletion in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4135. [PMID: 37627163 PMCID: PMC10453210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest solid malignancies, with a five-year survival of less than 10%. The resistance of the disease and the associated lack of therapeutic response is attributed primarily to its dense, fibrotic stroma, which acts as a barrier to drug perfusion and permits tumour survival and invasion. As clinical trials of chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT), and targeted agents have not been successful, improving the survival rate in unresectable PDAC remains an urgent clinical need. Photodynamic stromal depletion (PSD) is a recent approach that uses visible or near-infrared light to destroy the desmoplastic tissue. Preclinical evidence suggests this can resensitise tumour cells to subsequent therapies whilst averting the tumorigenic effects of tumour-stromal cell interactions. So far, the pre-clinical studies have suggested that PDT can successfully mediate the destruction of various stromal elements without increasing the aggressiveness of the tumour. However, the complexity of this interplay, including the combined tumour promoting and suppressing effects, poses unknowns for the clinical application of photodynamic stromal depletion in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lintern
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew M. Smith
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David G. Jayne
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Yazan S. Khaled
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Karimnia V, Stanley ME, Fitzgerald CT, Rizvi I, Slack FJ, Celli JP. Photodynamic Stromal Depletion Enhances Therapeutic Nanoparticle Delivery in 3D Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Tumor Models. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:120-131. [PMID: 35699307 PMCID: PMC10082669 DOI: 10.1111/php.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal of human malignancies. PDAC is characterized by dense fibrous stroma which obstructs drug delivery and plays complex tumor-promoting roles. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based modality which has been demonstrated to be clinically feasible and effective for tumors of the pancreas. Here, we use in vitro heterocellular 3D co-culture models in conjunction with imaging, bulk rheology and microrheology to investigate photodegradation of non-cellular components of PDAC stroma (photodynamic stromal depletion, PSD). By measuring the rheology of extracellular matrix (ECM) before and after PDT we find that softening of ECM is concomitant with increased transport of nanoparticles (NPs). At the same time, as shown by us previously, photodestruction of stromal fibroblasts leads to enhanced tumor response to PDT. Here we specifically evaluate the capability of PSD to enhance RNA nanomedicine delivery, using a NP carrying an inhibitor of miR-21-5P, a PDAC oncomiR. We confirm improved delivery of this therapeutic NP after PSD by observation of increased expression of PDCD4, a protein target of miR-21-5P. Collectively, these results in 3D tumor models suggest that PSD could be developed to enhance delivery of other cancer therapeutics and improve tumor response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Karimnia
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA
| | - M Elizabeth Stanley
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christian T Fitzgerald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan P Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA
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4
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Broekgaarden M, Coll JL. Microtumor Models as a Preclinical Investigational Platform for Photodynamic Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:33-47. [PMID: 35505008 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Classic preclinical investigations on the mechanisms and effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) are typically performed in two-dimensional cell cultures that have some, albeit limited, relevance to cancer biology. Bioengineered three-dimensional (3D) culture models of cancer are gaining traction in translational oncology as microtumors recapitulate the tumor architectures and cellular heterogeneity more faithfully than conventional 2D cultures. These 3D models bridge a gap between highly relevant but low-throughput in vivo animal models and high-throughput two-dimensional cultures with low clinical relevance, and thus hold promise as preclinical testing platforms in PDT research. Here, we discuss the potential applications of organotypic cancer models for PDT research and provide two well-established methodologies for generating 3D cultures of cancer: a liquid-suspended spheroid model and an adherent microtumor culture model grown on extracellular matrix scaffolds. Particular emphasis is given to harvesting the cultures for the purpose of immunoblotting and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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5
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Karimnia V, Slack FJ, Celli JP. Photodynamic Therapy for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174354. [PMID: 34503165 PMCID: PMC8431269 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal of human cancers. Numerous clinical trials evaluating various combinations of chemotherapy and targeted agents and radiotherapy have failed to provide meaningful improvements in survival. A growing number of studies however have indicated that photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be a viable approach for treatment of some pancreatic tumors. PDT, which uses light to activate a photosensitizing agent in target tissue, has seen widespread adoption primarily for dermatological and other applications where superficial light delivery is relatively straightforward. Advances in fiber optic light delivery and dosimetry however have been leveraged to enable PDT even for challenging internal sites, including the pancreas. The aim of this article is to help inform future directions by reviewing relevant literature on the basic science, current clinical status, and potential challenges in the development of PDT as a treatment for PDAC. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal of human cancers. Clinical trials of various chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted agents and combination strategies have generally failed to provide meaningful improvement in survival for patients with unresectable disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry-based approach that enables selective cell killing using tumor-localizing agents activated by visible or near-infrared light. In recent years, clinical studies have demonstrated the technical feasibility of PDT for patients with locally advanced PDAC while a growing body of preclinical literature has shown that PDT can overcome drug resistance and target problematic and aggressive disease. Emerging evidence also suggests the ability of PDT to target PDAC stroma, which is known to act as both a barrier to drug delivery and a tumor-promoting signaling partner. Here, we review the literature which indicates an emergent role of PDT in clinical management of PDAC, including the potential for combination with other targeted agents and RNA medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Karimnia
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
| | - Frank J. Slack
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Jonathan P. Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Prieto-García E, Díaz-García CV, Agudo-López A, Pardo-Marqués V, García-Consuegra I, Asensio-Peña S, Alonso-Riaño M, Pérez C, Gómez C, Adeva J, Paz-Ares L, López-Martín JA, Agulló-Ortuño MT. Tumor-Stromal Interactions in a Co-Culture Model of Human Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells and Fibroblasts and Their Connection with Tumor Spread. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040364. [PMID: 33807441 PMCID: PMC8065458 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One key feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a dense desmoplastic reaction that has been recognized as playing important roles in metastasis and therapeutic resistance. We aim to study tumor-stromal interactions in an in vitro coculture model between human PDAC cells (Capan-1 or PL-45) and fibroblasts (LC5). Confocal immunofluorescence, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Western blotting were used to evaluate the expressions of activation markers; cytokines arrays were performed to identify secretome profiles associated with migratory and invasive properties of tumor cells; extracellular vesicle production was examined by ELISA and transmission electron microscopy. Coculture conditions increased FGF-7 secretion and α-SMA expression, characterized by fibroblast activation and decreased epithelial marker E-cadherin in tumor cells. Interestingly, tumor cells and fibroblasts migrate together, with tumor cells in forming a center surrounded by fibroblasts, maximizing the contact between cells. We show a different mechanism for tumor spread through a cooperative migration between tumor cells and activated fibroblasts. Furthermore, IL-6 levels change significantly in coculture conditions, and this could affect the invasive and migratory capacities of cells. Targeting the interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment might represent a novel therapeutic approach to advanced PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Prieto-García
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - C. Vanesa Díaz-García
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - Alba Agudo-López
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - Virginia Pardo-Marqués
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - Inés García-Consuegra
- Proteomic Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (S.A.-P.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBERER), U723, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Asensio-Peña
- Proteomic Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (S.A.-P.)
- Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Mitochondrial &Neuromuscular Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Alonso-Riaño
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carlos Pérez
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Jorge Adeva
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (J.A.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía (UCM), Av. de Séneca, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. López-Martín
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (J.A.)
| | - M. Teresa Agulló-Ortuño
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.P.-G.); (C.V.D.-G.); (A.A.-L.); (V.P.-M.); (C.P.); (L.P.-A.); (J.A.L.-M.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Facultad de Fisioterapia y Enfermería, (UCLM), Av. de Carlos III, S/N, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Karimnia V, Rizvi I, Slack FJ, Celli JP. Photodestruction of Stromal Fibroblasts Enhances Tumor Response to PDT in 3D Pancreatic Cancer Coculture Models. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:416-426. [PMID: 33011973 PMCID: PMC7965253 DOI: 10.1111/php.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal of human cancers. The dismal response of PDAC to virtually all therapeutics is associated, in part, with a characteristically dense fibrotic stroma. This stroma not only acts as a barrier to drug perfusion, but also promotes tumor survival through paracrine crosstalk and biophysical interactions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being explored for PDAC treatment, though the impact of tumor-promoting stromal crosstalk on PDT response in PDAC is not well-characterized. The current study assesses the effect of tumor-stroma interactions on response to PDT or chemotherapy in heterocellular 3D cocultures using PDAC cells and two different fibroblastic cell types (pancreatic stellate cells, PSCs, and a normal human fibroblast cell line, MRC5) embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM). While stromal fibroblasts promote resistance to chemotherapy as expected, PDAC 3D nodules in coculture with fibroblasts exhibit increased response to PDT relative to homotypic cultures. These results point to the potential for PDT to overcome tumor-promoting stromal interactions associated with poor therapeutic response in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Karimnia
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Frank J. Slack
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC Cancer Center/Harvard Medical School; 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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8
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Sorrin AJ, Ruhi MK, Ferlic NA, Karimnia V, Polacheck WJ, Celli JP, Huang HC, Rizvi I. Photodynamic Therapy and the Biophysics of the Tumor Microenvironment. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:232-259. [PMID: 31895481 PMCID: PMC7138751 DOI: 10.1111/php.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) provides opportunities to modulate tumor physiology, enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents, impact immune response and overcome resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry-based, nonthermal modality that produces reactive molecular species at the site of light activation and is in the clinic for nononcologic and oncologic applications. The unique mechanisms and exquisite spatiotemporal control inherent to PDT enable selective modulation or destruction of the TME and cancer cells. Mechanical stress plays an important role in tumor growth and survival, with increasing implications for therapy design and drug delivery, but remains understudied in the context of PDT and PDT-based combinations. This review describes pharmacoengineering and bioengineering approaches in PDT to target cellular and noncellular components of the TME, as well as molecular targets on tumor and tumor-associated cells. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of mechanical stress in the context of targeted PDT regimens, and combinations, for primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Sorrin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mustafa Kemal Ruhi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nathaniel A. Ferlic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Vida Karimnia
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - William J. Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Celli
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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9
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Tsai CW, Wang JH, Young TH. Core/shell multicellular spheroids on chitosan as in vitro 3D coculture tumor models. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S651-S660. [PMID: 30311795 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1505744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An ideal in vitro drug screening model is important for the drug development. In addition to monoculture systems, 3 dimensional (3D) coculture systems are extensively used to simulate the in vivo tumor microenvironment as cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions within the tumor tissues can be mimicked. In this study, in vitro 3D suspension coculture multicellular spheroids with core/shell cell distribution were developed on chitosan-coated surfaces. Based on the characteristic of chitosan inhibiting cell adhesion, SW620 (colon cancer cell line), 3A6 (mesenchymal stem-like cell line) and Hs68 (foreskin fibroblast line) cells could aggregate to form 3D coculture spheroids with intimate cell contacts. When cells were cocultured on chitosan, 3A6 and Hs68 cells always located in the core of spheroids and were completely enveloped by SW620 cells due to their N-cadherin protein expression following the differential adhesion hypothesis. The core cells could be the feeder layers to stimulate the shell SW620 cells to enhance their mitochondria activity. Moreover, 3D coculture core/shell multicellular spheroids could enhance the resistance of SW620 cells against the cytotoxicity effect of chemotherapy drugs. To sum up, based on the specificity of the core/shell coculture multicellular spheroids, a novel in vitro tumor model was proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Tsai
- a Institute of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Wang
- b Department of Orthopedic Surgery , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- a Institute of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
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10
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Broekgaarden M, Rizvi I, Bulin AL, Petrovic L, Goldschmidt R, Massodi I, Celli JP, Hasan T. Neoadjuvant photodynamic therapy augments immediate and prolonged oxaliplatin efficacy in metastatic pancreatic cancer organoids. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13009-13022. [PMID: 29560127 PMCID: PMC5849191 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment of advanced metastatic disease remains the primary challenge in the management of inoperable pancreatic cancer. Current therapies such as oxaliplatin (OxPt)-based chemotherapy regimens (FOLFIRINOX) provide modest short-term survival improvements, yet with significant toxicity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-activated cancer therapy, demonstrated clinical promise for pancreatic cancer treatment and enhances conventional chemotherapies with non-overlapping toxicities. This study investigates the capacity of neoadjuvant PDT using a clinically-approved photosensitizer, benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD, verteporfin), to enhance OxPt efficacy in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Treatment effects were evaluated in organotypic three-dimensional (3D) cultures, clinically representative models that bridge the gap between conventional cell cultures and in vivo models. The temporally-spaced, multiparametric analyses demonstrated a superior efficacy for combined PDT+OxPt compared to each monotherapy alone, which was recapitulated on different organotypic pancreatic cancer cultures. The therapeutic benefit of neoadjuvant PDT to OxPt chemotherapy materialized in a time-dependent manner, reducing residual viable tissue and tumor viability in a manner not achievable with OxPt or PDT alone. These findings emphasize the need for intelligent combination therapies and relevant models to evaluate the temporal kinetics of interactions between mechanistically-distinct treatments and highlight the promise of PDT as a neoadjuvant treatment for disseminated pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Bulin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ljubica Petrovic
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Ruth Goldschmidt
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Iqbal Massodi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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11
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Čunderlíková B. Extracellular Matrix Containing in vitro Three-dimensional Tumor Models in Photodynamic Therapy-related Research. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 94:398-403. [PMID: 29143338 DOI: 10.1111/php.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tumor models have been intensively evaluated for their use in cancer research, and there is a strong rationale behind using 3D cell cultures in photodynamic therapy (PDT)-related experimentation. In this contribution, it is explained why 3D cell cultures containing extracellular matrix (ECM) are preferred for this purpose. Results of experimental studies utilizing ECM-containing 3D cellular models in PDT research are summarized. Finally, the design of in vitro 3D models that would provide clinically relevant information is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Čunderlíková
- Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Bratislava Slovakia
- International Laser Centre; Bratislava Slovakia
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12
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van Straten D, Mashayekhi V, de Bruijn HS, Oliveira S, Robinson DJ. Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles, Current Clinical Status and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020019. [PMID: 28218708 PMCID: PMC5332942 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved cancer therapy, based on a photochemical reaction between a light activatable molecule or photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen. When these three harmless components are present together, reactive oxygen species are formed. These can directly damage cells and/or vasculature, and induce inflammatory and immune responses. PDT is a two-stage procedure, which starts with photosensitizer administration followed by a locally directed light exposure, with the aim of confined tumor destruction. Since its regulatory approval, over 30 years ago, PDT has been the subject of numerous studies and has proven to be an effective form of cancer therapy. This review provides an overview of the clinical trials conducted over the last 10 years, illustrating how PDT is applied in the clinic today. Furthermore, examples from ongoing clinical trials and the most recent preclinical studies are presented, to show the directions, in which PDT is headed, in the near and distant future. Despite the clinical success reported, PDT is still currently underutilized in the clinic. We also discuss the factors that hamper the exploration of this effective therapy and what should be changed to render it a more effective and more widely available option for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian van Straten
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
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13
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Cramer GM, Jones DP, El-Hamidi H, Celli JP. ECM Composition and Rheology Regulate Growth, Motility, and Response to Photodynamic Therapy in 3D Models of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:15-25. [PMID: 27671335 PMCID: PMC5381935 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is characterized by prominent stromal involvement, which plays complex roles in regulating tumor growth and therapeutic response. The extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich stroma associated with this disease has been implicated as a barrier to drug penetration, although stromal depletion strategies have had mixed clinical success. It remains less clear how interactions with ECM, acting as a biophysical regulator of phenotype, not only a barrier to drug perfusion, regulate susceptibilities and resistance to specific therapies. In this context, an integrative approach is used to evaluate invasive behavior and motility in rheologically characterized ECM as determinants of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) responses. We show that in 3D cultures with ECM conditions that promote invasive progression, response to PDT is markedly enhanced in the most motile ECM-infiltrating populations, whereas the same cells exhibit chemoresistance. Conversely, drug-resistant sublines with enhanced invasive potential were generated to compare differential treatment response in identical ECM conditions, monitored by particle tracking microrheology measurements of matrix remodeling. In both scenarios, ECM-infiltrating cell populations exhibit increased sensitivity to PDT, whether invasion is consequent to selection of chemoresistance, or whether chemoresistance is correlated with acquisition of invasive behavior. However, while ECM-invading, chemoresistant cells exhibit mesenchymal phenotype, induction of EMT in monolayers without ECM was not sufficient to enhance PDT sensitivity, yet does impart chemoresistance as expected. In addition to containing platform development with broader applicability to inform microenvironment-dependent therapeutics, these results reveal the efficacy of PDT for targeting the most aggressive, chemoresistant, invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma associated with dismal outcomes for this disease. IMPLICATIONS ECM-infiltrating and chemoresistant pancreatic tumor populations exhibit increased sensitivity to PDT. Mol Cancer Res; 15(1); 15-25. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn M Cramer
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Molecular, Cellular and Organismal Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dustin P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hamid El-Hamidi
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan P Celli
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.
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14
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Getting it right: 3D cell cultures for the assessment of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1957-60. [PMID: 26496381 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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15
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Tumor Microenvironment as a Determinant of Photodynamic Therapy Resistance. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Jones DP, Hanna W, El-Hamidi H, Celli JP. Longitudinal measurement of extracellular matrix rigidity in 3D tumor models using particle-tracking microrheology. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24961668 DOI: 10.3791/51302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical microenvironment has been shown to act as a crucial regulator of tumor growth behavior and signaling, which is itself remodeled and modified as part of a set of complex, two-way mechanosensitive interactions. While the development of biologically-relevant 3D tumor models have facilitated mechanistic studies on the impact of matrix rheology on tumor growth, the inverse problem of mapping changes in the mechanical environment induced by tumors remains challenging. Here, we describe the implementation of particle-tracking microrheology (PTM) in conjunction with 3D models of pancreatic cancer as part of a robust and viable approach for longitudinally monitoring physical changes in the tumor microenvironment, in situ. The methodology described here integrates a system of preparing in vitro 3D models embedded in a model extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold of Type I collagen with fluorescently labeled probes uniformly distributed for position- and time-dependent microrheology measurements throughout the specimen. In vitro tumors are plated and probed in parallel conditions using multiwell imaging plates. Drawing on established methods, videos of tracer probe movements are transformed via the Generalized Stokes Einstein Relation (GSER) to report the complex frequency-dependent viscoelastic shear modulus, G*(ω). Because this approach is imaging-based, mechanical characterization is also mapped onto large transmitted-light spatial fields to simultaneously report qualitative changes in 3D tumor size and phenotype. Representative results showing contrasting mechanical response in sub-regions associated with localized invasion-induced matrix degradation as well as system calibration, validation data are presented. Undesirable outcomes from common experimental errors and troubleshooting of these issues are also presented. The 96-well 3D culture plating format implemented in this protocol is conducive to correlation of microrheology measurements with therapeutic screening assays or molecular imaging to gain new insights into impact of treatments or biochemical stimuli on the mechanical microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - William Hanna
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston
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