1
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Wang D, Ingram AA, Okumura A, Spaniol TP, Schwaneberg U, Okuda J. Benzylic C(sp 3 )-H Bond Oxidation with Ketone Selectivity by a Cobalt(IV)-Oxo Embedded in a β-Barrel Protein. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303066. [PMID: 37818668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes have emerged as biohybrid catalysts that allow to combine the reactivity of a metal catalyst with the flexibility of protein scaffolds. This work reports the artificial metalloenzymes based on the β-barrel protein nitrobindin NB4, in which a cofactor [CoII X(Me3 TACD-Mal)]+ X- (X=Cl, Br; Me3 TACD=N,N' ,N''-trimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, Mal=CH2 CH2 CH2 NC4 H2 O2 ) was covalently anchored via a Michael addition reaction. These biohybrid catalysts showed higher efficiency than the free cobalt complexes for the oxidation of benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds in aqueous media. Using commercially available oxone (2KHSO5 ⋅ KHSO4 ⋅ K2 SO4 ) as oxidant, a total turnover number of up to 220 and 97 % ketone selectivity were achieved for tetralin. As catalytically active intermediate, a mononuclear terminal cobalt(IV)-oxo species [Co(IV)=O]2+ was generated by reacting the cobalt(II) cofactor with oxone in aqueous solution and characterized by ESI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron A Ingram
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Akira Okumura
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Lemon CM. Diversifying the functions of heme proteins with non-porphyrin cofactors. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112282. [PMID: 37320889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heme proteins perform diverse biochemical functions using a single iron porphyrin cofactor. This versatility makes them attractive platforms for the development of new functional proteins. While directed evolution and metal substitution have expanded the properties, reactivity, and applications of heme proteins, the incorporation of porphyrin analogs remains an underexplored approach. This review discusses the replacement of heme with non-porphyrin cofactors, such as porphycene, corrole, tetradehydrocorrin, phthalocyanine, and salophen, and the attendant properties of these conjugates. While structurally similar, each ligand exhibits distinct optical and redox properties, as well as unique chemical reactivity. These hybrids serve as model systems to elucidate the effects of the protein environment on the electronic structure, redox potentials, optical properties, or other features of the porphyrin analog. Protein encapsulation can confer distinct chemical reactivity or selectivity of artificial metalloenzymes that cannot be achieved with the small molecule catalyst alone. Additionally, these conjugates can interfere with heme acquisition and uptake in pathogenic bacteria, providing an inroad to innovative antibiotic strategies. Together, these examples illustrate the diverse functionality that can be achieved by cofactor substitution. The further expansion of this approach will access unexplored chemical space, enabling the development of superior catalysts and the creation of heme proteins with emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Lemon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, PO Box 173400, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
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3
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Bloomer BJ, Natoli SN, Garcia-Borràs M, Pereira JH, Hu DB, Adams PD, Houk KN, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Mechanistic and structural characterization of an iridium-containing cytochrome reveals kinetically relevant cofactor dynamics. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Lewis LC, Shafaat HS. Reversible Electron Transfer and Substrate Binding Support [NiFe 3S 4] Ferredoxin as a Protein-Based Model for [NiFe] Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13869-13875. [PMID: 34488341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The nickel-iron carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) enzyme catalyzes the reversible and selective interconversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) with high rates and negligible overpotential. Despite decades of research, many questions remain about this complex metalloenzyme system. A simplified model enzyme could provide substantial insight into biological carbon cycling. Here, we demonstrate reversible electron transfer and binding of both CO and cyanide, a substrate and an inhibitor of CODH, respectively, in a Pyrococcus furiosus (Pf) ferredoxin (Fd) protein that has been reconstituted with a nickel-iron sulfide cluster ([NiFe3S4] Fd). The [NiFe3S4] cluster mimics the core of the native CODH active site and thus serves as a protein-based structural model of the CODH subsite. Notably, despite binding cyanide, no CO binding is observed for the physiological [Fe4S4] clusters in Pf Fd, providing chemical rationale underlying the evolution of a site-differentiated cluster for substrate conversion in native CODH. The demonstration of a substrate-binding metalloprotein model of CODH sets the stage for high-resolution spectroscopic and mechanistic studies correlating the subsite structure and function, ultimately guiding the design of anthropogenic catalysts that harness the advantages of CODH for effective CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hannah S Shafaat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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5
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Characterization of the apo-form of extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) and its stability in the presence of urea. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:449-462. [PMID: 32681183 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The structural study of small heme-containing proteins, such as myoglobin, in the apo-form lacking heme has been extensively described, but the characterization and stability of the giant Glossoscolex paulistus hemoglobin (HbGp), in the absence of heme groups, has not been studied. Spectroscopic data show efficient extraction of the heme groups from the hemoglobin, with relatively small secondary and tertiary structural changes in apo-HbGp noticed compared to oxy-HbGp. Electrophoresis shows a partial precipitation of the trimer abc (significantly lower intensity of the corresponding band in the gel), due to extraction of heme groups, and the predominance of the intense monomeric d band, as well as of two linker bands. AUC and DLS data agree with SDS-PAGE in showing that the apo-HbGp undergoes dissociation into the d and abc subunits. Subunits d and abc are characterized by sedimentation coefficients and percentage contributions of 2.0 and 3.0 S and 76 and 24%, respectively. DLS data suggest that the apo-HbGp is unstable, and two populations are present in solution: one with a diameter around 6.0 nm, identified with the dissociated species, and a second one with diameter 100-180 nm, due to aggregated protein. Finally, the presence of urea promotes the exposure of the fluorescent probes, extrinsic ANS and intrinsic protein tryptophans to the aqueous solvent due to the unfolding process. An understanding of the effect of heme extraction on the stability of hemoproteins is important for biotechnological approaches such as the introduction of non-native prosthetic groups and development of artificial enzymes with designed properties.
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6
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Damiano C, Sonzini P, Gallo E. Iron catalysts with N-ligands for carbene transfer of diazo reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4867-4905. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the catalytic activity of iron complexes of nitrogen ligands in driving carbene transfers towards CC, C–H and X–H bonds. The reactivity of diazo reagents is discussed as well as the proposed reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Sonzini
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milan
- Italy
| | - Emma Gallo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milan
- Italy
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7
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Mansot J, Vasseur J, Arseniyadis S, Smietana M. α,β‐Unsaturated 2‐Acyl‐Imidazoles in Asymmetric Biohybrid Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mansot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Jean‐Jacques Vasseur
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Queen Mary University of LondonSchool of Biological and Chemical Sciences Mile End Road E1 4NS London UK
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
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8
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Cheng HM, Yuan H, Wang XJ, Xu JK, Gao SQ, Wen GB, Tan X, Lin YW. Formation of Cys-heme cross-link in K42C myoglobin under reductive conditions with molecular oxygen. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 182:141-149. [PMID: 29477977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of heme proteins are regulated by diverse post-translational modifications including heme-protein cross-links, with the underlying mechanisms not well understood. In this study, we introduced a Cys (K42C) close to the heme 4-vinyl group in sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) and solved its X-ray crystal structure. Interestingly, we found that K42C Mb can partially form a Cys-heme cross-link (termed K42C Mb-X) under dithiothreitol-induced reductive conditions in presence of O2, as suggested by guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding and heme extraction studies. Mass spectrometry (MS) studies, together with trypsin digestion studies, further indicated that a thioether bond is formed between Cys42 and the heme 4-vinyl group with an additional mass of 16 Da, likely due to hydroxylation of the α‑carbon. We then proposed a plausible mechanism for the formation of the novel Cys-heme cross-link based on MS, kinetic UV-vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies. Moreover, the Cys-heme cross-link was shown to fine-tune the protein reactivity toward activation of H2O2. This study provides valuable insights into the post-translational modification of heme proteins, and also suggests that the Cys-heme cross-link can be induced to form in vitro, making it useful for design of new heme proteins with a non-dissociable heme and improved functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Biology for Protein Research & Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jia-Kun Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shu-Qin Gao
- Lab of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ge-Bo Wen
- Lab of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Biology for Protein Research & Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Lab of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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9
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Yu Y, Hu C, Xia L, Wang J. Artificial Metalloenzyme Design with Unnatural Amino Acids and Non-Native Cofactors. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Laboratory
of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Center
for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Laboratory
of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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10
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Hestericová M, Heinisch T, Lenz M, Ward TR. Ferritin encapsulation of artificial metalloenzymes: engineering a tertiary coordination sphere for an artificial transfer hydrogenase. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:10837-10841. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Creating a tertiary coordination sphere around a transition metal catalyst incorporated within a protein affects its catalytic turnover and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus Lenz
- Institute for Ecopreneurship
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland
- Muttenz
- Switzerland
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11
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Design of artificial metalloproteins/metalloenzymes by tuning noncovalent interactions. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 23:7-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
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13
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Okamoto Y, Ward TR. Cross-Regulation of an Artificial Metalloenzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10156-10160. [PMID: 28485105 PMCID: PMC5575532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-regulation of complex biochemical reaction networks is an essential feature of living systems. In a biomimetic spirit, we report on our efforts to program the temporal activation of an artificial metalloenzyme via cross-regulation by a natural enzyme. In the presence of urea, urease slowly releases ammonia that reversibly inhibits an artificial transfer hydrogenase. Addition of an acid, which acts as fuel, allows to maintain the system out of equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSpitalstrasse 514056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSpitalstrasse 514056BaselSwitzerland
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14
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Kinzel J, Sauer DF, Bocola M, Arlt M, Mirzaei Garakani T, Thiel A, Beckerle K, Polen T, Okuda J, Schwaneberg U. 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD) boosts as detergent-substitute the performance of ß-barrel hybrid catalyst for phenylacetylene polymerization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1498-1506. [PMID: 28845193 PMCID: PMC5550818 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Covering hydrophobic regions with stabilization agents to solubilize purified transmembrane proteins is crucial for their application in aqueous media. The small molecule 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD) was used to stabilize the transmembrane protein Ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA) utilized as host for the construction of a rhodium-based biohybrid catalyst. Unlike commonly used detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate or polyethylene polyethyleneglycol, MPD does not form micelles in solution. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the effect and position of stabilizing MPD molecules. The advantage of the amphiphilic MPD over micelle-forming detergents is demonstrated in the polymerization of phenylacetylene, showing a ten-fold increase in yield and increased molecular weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kinzel
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel F Sauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Arlt
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tayebeh Mirzaei Garakani
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Beckerle
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tino Polen
- Institute of Bio- und Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Schwizer F, Okamoto Y, Heinisch T, Gu Y, Pellizzoni MM, Lebrun V, Reuter R, Köhler V, Lewis JC, Ward TR. Artificial Metalloenzymes: Reaction Scope and Optimization Strategies. Chem Rev 2017; 118:142-231. [PMID: 28714313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a synthetic, catalytically competent metallocofactor into a protein scaffold to generate an artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) has been explored since the late 1970's. Progress in the ensuing years was limited by the tools available for both organometallic synthesis and protein engineering. Advances in both of these areas, combined with increased appreciation of the potential benefits of combining attractive features of both homogeneous catalysis and enzymatic catalysis, led to a resurgence of interest in ArMs starting in the early 2000's. Perhaps the most intriguing of potential ArM properties is their ability to endow homogeneous catalysts with a genetic memory. Indeed, incorporating a homogeneous catalyst into a genetically encoded scaffold offers the opportunity to improve ArM performance by directed evolution. This capability could, in turn, lead to improvements in ArM efficiency similar to those obtained for natural enzymes, providing systems suitable for practical applications and greater insight into the role of second coordination sphere interactions in organometallic catalysis. Since its renaissance in the early 2000's, different aspects of artificial metalloenzymes have been extensively reviewed and highlighted. Our intent is to provide a comprehensive overview of all work in the field up to December 2016, organized according to reaction class. Because of the wide range of non-natural reactions catalyzed by ArMs, this was done using a functional-group transformation classification. The review begins with a summary of the proteins and the anchoring strategies used to date for the creation of ArMs, followed by a historical perspective. Then follows a summary of the reactions catalyzed by ArMs and a concluding critical outlook. This analysis allows for comparison of similar reactions catalyzed by ArMs constructed using different metallocofactor anchoring strategies, cofactors, protein scaffolds, and mutagenesis strategies. These data will be used to construct a searchable Web site on ArMs that will be updated regularly by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schwizer
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tillmann Heinisch
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yifan Gu
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago , 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michela M Pellizzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Lebrun
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Searle Chemistry Laboratory, University of Chicago , 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Spitalstrasse 51, University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Anguera
- Grup d’Enginyeria
de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-García
- Grup d’Enginyeria
de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Heinisch T, Ward TR. Artificial Metalloenzymes Based on the Biotin-Streptavidin Technology: Challenges and Opportunities. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1711-21. [PMID: 27529561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biotin-streptavidin technology offers an attractive means to engineer artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs). Initiated over 50 years ago by Bayer and Wilchek, the biotin-(strept)avidin techonology relies on the exquisite supramolecular affinity of either avidin or streptavidin for biotin. This versatile tool, commonly referred to as "molecular velcro", allows nearly irreversible anchoring of biotinylated probes within a (strept)avidin host protein. Building upon a visionary publication by Whitesides from 1978, several groups have been exploiting this technology to create artificial metalloenzymes. For this purpose, a biotinylated organometallic catalyst is introduced within (strept)avidin to afford a hybrid catalyst that combines features reminiscent of both enzymes and organometallic catalysts. Importantly, ArMs can be optimized by chemogenetic means. Combining a small collection of biotinylated organometallic catalysts with streptavidin mutants allows generation of significant diversity, thus allowing optimization of the catalytic performance of ArMs. Pursuing this strategy, the following reactions have been implemented: hydrogenation, alcohol oxidation, sulfoxidation, dihydroxylation, allylic alkylation, transfer hydrogenation, Suzuki cross-coupling, C-H activation, and metathesis. In this Account, we summarize our efforts in the latter four reactions. X-ray analysis of various ArMs based on the biotin-streptavidin technology reveals the versatility and commensurability of the biotin-binding vestibule to accommodate and interact with transition states of the scrutinized organometallic transformations. In particular, streptavidin residues at positions 112 and 121 recurrently lie in close proximity to the biotinylated metal cofactor. This observation led us to develop a streamlined 24-well plate streptavidin production and screening platform to optimize the performance of ArMs. To date, most of the efforts in the field of ArMs have focused on the use of purified protein samples. This seriously limits the throughput of the optimization process. With the ultimate goal of complementing natural enzymes in the context of synthetic and chemical biology, we outline the milestones required to ultimately implement ArMs within a cellular environment. Indeed, we believe that ArMs may allow signficant expansion of the natural enzymes' toolbox to access new-to-nature reactivities in vivo. With this ambitious goal in mind, we report on our efforts to (i) activate the biotinylated catalyst precursor upon incorporation within streptavidin, (ii) minimize the effect of the cellular environment on the ArM's performance, and (iii) demonstrate the compatibility of ArMs with natural enzymes in cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Heinisch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Senge MO, MacGowan SA, O'Brien JM. Conformational control of cofactors in nature - the influence of protein-induced macrocycle distortion on the biological function of tetrapyrroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:17031-63. [PMID: 26482230 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole-containing proteins are one of the most fundamental classes of enzymes in nature and it remains an open question to give a chemical rationale for the multitude of biological reactions that can be catalyzed by these pigment-protein complexes. There are many fundamental processes where the same (i.e., chemically identical) porphyrin cofactor is involved in chemically quite distinct reactions. For example, heme is the active cofactor for oxygen transport and storage (hemoglobin, myoglobin) and for the incorporation of molecular oxygen in organic substrates (cytochrome P450). It is involved in the terminal oxidation (cytochrome c oxidase) and the metabolism of H2O2 (catalases and peroxidases) and catalyzes various electron transfer reactions in cytochromes. Likewise, in photosynthesis the same chlorophyll cofactor may function as a reaction center pigment (charge separation) or as an accessory pigment (exciton transfer) in light harvesting complexes (e.g., chlorophyll a). Whilst differences in the apoprotein sequences alone cannot explain the often drastic differences in physicochemical properties encountered for the same cofactor in diverse protein complexes, a critical factor for all biological functions must be the close structural interplay between bound cofactors and the respective apoprotein in addition to factors such as hydrogen bonding or electronic effects. Here, we explore how nature can use the same chemical molecule as a cofactor for chemically distinct reactions using the concept of conformational flexibility of tetrapyrroles. The multifaceted roles of tetrapyrroles are discussed in the context of the current knowledge on distorted porphyrins. Contemporary analytical methods now allow a more quantitative look at cofactors in protein complexes and the development of the field is illustrated by case studies on hemeproteins and photosynthetic complexes. Specific tetrapyrrole conformations are now used to prepare bioengineered designer proteins with specific catalytic or photochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Stuart A MacGowan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Osseili H, Sauer DF, Beckerle K, Arlt M, Himiyama T, Polen T, Onoda A, Schwaneberg U, Hayashi T, Okuda J. Artificial Diels-Alderase based on the transmembrane protein FhuA. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1314-1321. [PMID: 27559380 PMCID: PMC4979952 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper(I) and copper(II) complexes were covalently linked to an engineered variant of the transmembrane protein Ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA ΔCVFtev). Copper(I) was incorporated using an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand equipped with a maleimide group on the side arm at the imidazole nitrogen. Copper(II) was attached by coordination to a terpyridyl ligand. The spacer length was varied in the back of the ligand framework. These biohybrid catalysts were shown to be active in the Diels–Alder reaction of a chalcone derivative with cyclopentadiene to preferentially give the endo product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Osseili
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel F Sauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Beckerle
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Arlt
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tomoki Himiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tino Polen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Akira Onoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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23
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Okamoto Y, Köhler V, Paul CE, Hollmann F, Ward TR. Efficient In Situ Regeneration of NADH Mimics by an Artificial Metalloenzyme. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Okamoto Y, Köhler V, Ward TR. An NAD(P)H-Dependent Artificial Transfer Hydrogenase for Multienzymatic Cascades. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5781-4. [PMID: 27100673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes typically depend on either NAD(P)H or FADH2 as hydride source for reduction purposes. In contrast, organometallic catalysts most often rely on isopropanol or formate to generate the reactive hydride moiety. Here we show that incorporation of a Cp*Ir cofactor possessing a biotin moiety and 4,7-dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthroline into streptavidin yields an NAD(P)H-dependent artificial transfer hydrogenase (ATHase). This ATHase (0.1 mol%) catalyzes imine reduction with 1 mM NADPH (2 mol%), which can be concurrently regenerated by a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) using only 1.2 equiv of glucose. A four-enzyme cascade consisting of the ATHase, the GDH, a monoamine oxidase, and a catalase leads to the production of enantiopure amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Oohora K, Hayashi T. Reconstitution of Heme Enzymes with Artificial Metalloporphyrinoids. Methods Enzymol 2016; 580:439-54. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Sauer DF, Gotzen S, Okuda J. Metatheases: artificial metalloproteins for olefin metathesis. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9174-9183. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advance in the design of artificial metalloproteins for olefin metathesis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. F. Sauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - S. Gotzen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - J. Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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27
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Preface. Methods Enzymol 2016; 580:xvii-xxii. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(16)30242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Sauer DF, Himiyama T, Tachikawa K, Fukumoto K, Onoda A, Mizohata E, Inoue T, Bocola M, Schwaneberg U, Hayashi T, Okuda J. A Highly Active Biohybrid Catalyst for Olefin Metathesis in Water: Impact of a Hydrophobic Cavity in a β-Barrel Protein. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Sauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tomoki Himiyama
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kengo Tachikawa
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fukumoto
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Onoda
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Marco Bocola
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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