1
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Ge A, Nagai R, Nemoto K, Li B, Kannari K, Inoue KI, Ye S. Unraveling the solvent stability on the cathode surface of Li-O 2 batteries by using in situ vibrational spectroscopies. Faraday Discuss 2024; 248:119-133. [PMID: 37842815 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In aprotic lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries, solvent properties are crucial in the charge/discharge processes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the solvent stability at the cathode surface during the oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is essential for the rational design of high-performance electrolytes. In this study, the stability of typical solvents, a series of glyme solvents with different chain lengths, has been investigated during the ORR/OER by in situ vibrational spectroscopy measurements of sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). The structural evolution and decomposition mechanism of the solvents during ORR/OER have been discussed based on the observations. Our results demonstrate that superoxide (O2-) generated during the ORR plays a critical role in the stability of the solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Ge
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Ryuuta Nagai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Kota Nemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Bingbing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Koki Kannari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Shen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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2
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Wang E, Dey S, Liu T, Menkin S, Grey CP. Effects of Atmospheric Gases on Li Metal Cyclability and Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2020; 5:1088-1094. [PMID: 32300662 PMCID: PMC7155172 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For Li-air batteries, dissolved gas can cross over from the air electrode to the Li metal anode and affect the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, a phenomenon that has not been fully characterized. In this work, the impact of atmospheric gases on the SEI properties is studied using electrochemical methods and ex situ characterization techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of O2 significantly improved the lithium cyclability; less lithium is consumed to form the SEI or is lost because of electrical disconnects. However, the SEI resistivity and plating overpotentials increased. Lithium cycled in an "air-like" mixed O2/N2 environment also demonstrated improved cycling efficiency, suggesting that dissolved O2 participates in electrolyte reduction, forming a homogeneous SEI, even at low concentrations. The impact of gas environments on Li metal plating and SEI formation represents an additional parameter in designing future Li-metal batteries.
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3
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Kwak WJ, Rosy, Sharon D, Xia C, Kim H, Johnson LR, Bruce PG, Nazar LF, Sun YK, Frimer AA, Noked M, Freunberger SA, Aurbach D. Lithium-Oxygen Batteries and Related Systems: Potential, Status, and Future. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6626-6683. [PMID: 32134255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires a drastic reduction in CO2 emissions across many sectors of the world economy. Batteries are vital to this endeavor, whether used in electric vehicles, to store renewable electricity, or in aviation. Present lithium-ion technologies are preparing the public for this inevitable change, but their maximum theoretical specific capacity presents a limitation. Their high cost is another concern for commercial viability. Metal-air batteries have the highest theoretical energy density of all possible secondary battery technologies and could yield step changes in energy storage, if their practical difficulties could be overcome. The scope of this review is to provide an objective, comprehensive, and authoritative assessment of the intensive work invested in nonaqueous rechargeable metal-air batteries over the past few years, which identified the key problems and guides directions to solve them. We focus primarily on the challenges and outlook for Li-O2 cells but include Na-O2, K-O2, and Mg-O2 cells for comparison. Our review highlights the interdisciplinary nature of this field that involves a combination of materials chemistry, electrochemistry, computation, microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface science. The mechanisms of O2 reduction and evolution are considered in the light of recent findings, along with developments in positive and negative electrodes, electrolytes, electrocatalysis on surfaces and in solution, and the degradative effect of singlet oxygen, which is typically formed in Li-O2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jin Kwak
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Rosy
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.,Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Daniel Sharon
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee R Johnson
- School of Chemistry and GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, U.K
| | - Peter G Bruce
- Departments of Materials and Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Linda F Nazar
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yang-Kook Sun
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Aryeh A Frimer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Malachi Noked
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.,Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Stefan A Freunberger
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.,Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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4
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Liu X, Zhang P, Liu L, Feng J, He X, Song X, Han Q, Wang H, Peng Z, Zhao Y. Inhibition of Discharge Side Reactions by Promoting Solution-Mediated Oxygen Reduction Reaction with Stable Quinone in Li-O 2 Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10607-10615. [PMID: 32031771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aprotic lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries with an ultrahigh theoretical energy density have great potential in rechargeable power supply, while their application still faces several challenges, especially poor cycle stability. To solve the problems, one of the effective strategies is to inhibit the generation of the LiO2 intermediate produced via a surface-mediated oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway, which is an important species inducing byproduct generation and low cell cyclic stability. Herein, a series of quinones and solid materials serve as the solution-mediated and surface-mediated ORR catalysts, and it was found that the generation of LiO2 and byproducts from solid catalysts was inhibited by quinones. Among the studied quinones, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione, a quinone molecule with the advantage of a highly symmetrical planar and conjugated structure and without α-H, exhibits high redox potential, diffusion coefficient, and electrochemical stability, and consequently the best ORR activities and the capability to inhibit byproduct generation. It indicated that the increase of the solution-mediated ORR pathway plays an important role in restraining the discharging side reaction, substantially improving cell cycle stability and capacity. This study provides the theoretical and experimental basis for better understanding the ORR process of Li-O2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Materials Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Song
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qing Han
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhangquan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
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5
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Harlow GS, Aldous IM, Thompson P, Gründer Y, Hardwick LJ, Lucas CA. Adsorption, surface relaxation and electrolyte structure at Pt(111) electrodes in non-aqueous and aqueous acetonitrile electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8654-8662. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00499h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Application of synchrotron X-ray scattering to probe the atomic structure of the interface between Pt(111) electrodes and non-aqueous acetonitrile electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S. Harlow
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Iain M. Aldous
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Paul Thompson
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Yvonne Gründer
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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6
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Liu T, Kim G, Jónsson E, Castillo-Martinez E, Temprano I, Shao Y, Carretero-González J, Kerber RN, Grey CP. Understanding LiOH Formation in a Li-O2 Battery with LiI and H2O Additives. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Erlendur Jónsson
- Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE 412 96, Sweden
| | | | - Israel Temprano
- Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Yuanlong Shao
- Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Javier Carretero-González
- Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | - Clare P. Grey
- Chemistry Department, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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7
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Notable Reactivity of Acetonitrile Towards Li2O2/LiO2 Probed by NAP XPS During Li–O2 Battery Discharge. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Xia C, Kwok CY, Nazar LF. A high-energy-density lithium-oxygen battery based on a reversible four-electron conversion to lithium oxide. Science 2018; 361:777-781. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have attracted much attention owing to the high theoretical energy density afforded by the two-electron reduction of O2 to lithium peroxide (Li2O2). We report an inorganic-electrolyte Li-O2 cell that cycles at an elevated temperature via highly reversible four-electron redox to form crystalline lithium oxide (Li2O). It relies on a bifunctional metal oxide host that catalyzes O–O bond cleavage on discharge, yielding a high capacity of 11 milliampere-hours per square centimeter, and O2 evolution on charge with very low overpotential. Online mass spectrometry and chemical quantification confirm that oxidation of Li2O involves transfer of exactly 4 e–/O2. This work shows that Li-O2 electrochemistry is not intrinsically limited once problems of electrolyte, superoxide, and cathode host are overcome and that coulombic efficiency close to 100% can be achieved.
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9
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Ulissi U, Elia GA, Jeong S, Reiter J, Tsiouvaras N, Passerini S, Hassoun J. New Electrode and Electrolyte Configurations for Lithium-Oxygen Battery. Chemistry 2018; 24:3178-3185. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulderico Ulissi
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU); Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Giuseppe Antonio Elia
- Technische Universität Berlin; Research Center of Microperipheric Technologies; Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25 13355 Berlin Germany
| | - Sangsik Jeong
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU); Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | | | | | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU); Helmholtzstrasse 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jusef Hassoun
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Via Fossato di Mortara 44121 Ferrara Italy
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10
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Liu T, Frith JT, Kim G, Kerber RN, Dubouis N, Shao Y, Liu Z, Magusin PCMM, Casford MTL, Garcia-Araez N, Grey CP. The Effect of Water on Quinone Redox Mediators in Nonaqueous Li-O 2 Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1428-1437. [PMID: 29345915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic reactions associated with reduced oxygen species and the difficulty in achieving the high theoretical capacity have been major issues plaguing development of practical nonaqueous Li-O2 batteries. We hereby address the above issues by exploring the synergistic effect of 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone and H2O on the oxygen chemistry in a nonaqueous Li-O2 battery. Water stabilizes the quinone monoanion and dianion, shifting the reduction potentials of the quinone and monoanion to more positive values (vs Li/Li+). When water and the quinone are used together in a (largely) nonaqueous Li-O2 battery, the cell discharge operates via a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction to form Li2O2, with the battery discharge voltage, rate, and capacity all being considerably increased and fewer side reactions being detected. Li2O2 crystals can grow up to 30 μm, more than an order of magnitude larger than cases with the quinone alone or without any additives, suggesting that water is essential to promoting a solution dominated process with the quinone on discharging. The catalytic reduction of O2 by the quinone monoanion is predominantly responsible for the attractive features mentioned above. Water stabilizes the quinone monoanion via hydrogen-bond formation and by coordination of the Li+ ions, and it also helps increase the solvation, concentration, lifetime, and diffusion length of reduced oxygen species that dictate the discharge voltage, rate, and capacity of the battery. When a redox mediator is also used to aid the charging process, a high-power, high energy density, rechargeable Li-O2 battery is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - James T Frith
- Chemistry Department, University of Southampton , Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Graphene Center, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel N Kerber
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Dubouis
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanlong Shao
- Cambridge Graphene Center, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Zigeng Liu
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C M M Magusin
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T L Casford
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Garcia-Araez
- Chemistry Department, University of Southampton , Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Clare P Grey
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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11
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Knipping E, Aucher C, Guirado G, Aubouy L. Room temperature ionic liquids versus organic solvents as lithium–oxygen battery electrolytes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00449h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Correlation between the physicochemical properties of ionic liquid-based electrolytes and lithium–oxygen battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Knipping
- Leitat Technological Center
- Carrer de la Innovació
- 2 08225 Terrassa
- Spain
- Departament de Química
| | - C. Aucher
- Leitat Technological Center
- Carrer de la Innovació
- 2 08225 Terrassa
- Spain
| | - G. Guirado
- Departament de Química
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - L. Aubouy
- Leitat Technological Center
- Carrer de la Innovació
- 2 08225 Terrassa
- Spain
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12
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Liu T, Liu Z, Kim G, Frith JT, Garcia-Araez N, Grey CP. Understanding LiOH Chemistry in a Ruthenium-Catalyzed Li-O2
Battery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Zigeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - James T. Frith
- Department of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Nuria Garcia-Araez
- Department of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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13
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Liu T, Liu Z, Kim G, Frith JT, Garcia-Araez N, Grey CP. Understanding LiOH Chemistry in a Ruthenium-Catalyzed Li-O 2 Battery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16057-16062. [PMID: 29058366 PMCID: PMC6033020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries are promising for next-generation energy storage. New battery chemistries based on LiOH, rather than Li2 O2 , have been recently reported in systems with added water, one using a soluble additive LiI and the other using solid Ru catalysts. Here, the focus is on the mechanism of Ru-catalyzed LiOH chemistry. Using nuclear magnetic resonance, operando electrochemical pressure measurements, and mass spectrometry, it is shown that on discharging LiOH forms via a 4 e- oxygen reduction reaction, the H in LiOH coming solely from added H2 O and the O from both O2 and H2 O. On charging, quantitative LiOH oxidation occurs at 3.1 V, with O being trapped in a form of dimethyl sulfone in the electrolyte. Compared to Li2 O2 , LiOH formation over Ru incurs few side reactions, a critical advantage for developing a long-lived battery. An optimized metal-catalyst-electrolyte couple needs to be sought that aids LiOH oxidation and is stable towards attack by hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zigeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - James T Frith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nuria Garcia-Araez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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14
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Messaggi F, Ruggeri I, Genovese D, Zaccheroni N, Arbizzani C, Soavi F. Oxygen Redox Reaction in Lithium-based Electrolytes: from Salt-in-Solvent to Solvent-in-Salt. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Hirshberg D, Sharon D, De La Llave E, Afri M, Frimer AA, Kwak WJ, Sun YK, Aurbach D. Feasibility of Full (Li-Ion)-O 2 Cells Comprised of Hard Carbon Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:4352-4361. [PMID: 27786463 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aprotic Li-O2 battery is an exciting concept. The enormous theoretical energy density and cell assembly simplicity make this technology very appealing. Nevertheless, the instability of the cell components, such as cathode, anode, and electrolyte solution during cycling, does not allow this technology to be fully commercialized. One of the intrinsic challenges facing researchers is the use of lithium metal as an anode in Li-O2 cells. The high activity toward chemical moieties and lack of control of the dissolution/deposition processes of lithium metal makes this anode material unreliable. The safety issues accompanied by these processes intimidate battery manufacturers. The need for a reliable anode is crucial. In this work we have examined the replacement of metallic lithium anode in Li-O2 cells with lithiated hard carbon (HC) electrodes. HC anodes have many benefits that are suitable for oxygen reduction in the presence of solvated lithium cations. In contrast to lithium metal, the insertion of lithium cations into the carbon host is much more systematic and safe. In addition, with HC anodes we can use aprotic solvents such as glymes that are suitable for oxygen reduction applications. By contrast, lithium cations fail to intercalate reversibly into ordered carbon such as graphite and soft carbons using ethereal electrolyte solutions, due to detrimental co-intercalation of solvent molecules with Li ions into ordered carbon structures. The hard carbon electrodes were prelithiated prior to being used as anodes in the Li-O2 rechargeable battery systems. Full cells containing diglyme based solutions and a monolithic carbon cathode were measured by various electrochemical methods. To identify the products and surface films that were formed during cells operation, both the cathodes and anodes were examined ex situ by XRD, FTIR, and electron microscopy. The HC anodes were found to be a suitable material for (Li-ion)-O2 cell. Although there are still many challenges to tackle, this study offers a more practical direction for this promising battery technology and sets up a platform for further systematic optimization of its various components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hirshberg
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Daniel Sharon
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | - Michal Afri
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Aryeh A Frimer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Won-Jin Kwak
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Yang-Kook Sun
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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16
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A Rechargeable Li-Air Fuel Cell Battery Based on Garnet Solid Electrolytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41217. [PMID: 28117359 PMCID: PMC5259739 DOI: 10.1038/srep41217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aqueous Li-air batteries have been intensively studied in the past few years for their theoretically super-high energy density. However, they cannot operate properly in real air because they contain highly unstable and volatile electrolytes. Here, we report the fabrication of solid-state Li-air batteries using garnet (i.e., Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12, LLZTO) ceramic disks with high density and ionic conductivity as the electrolytes and composite cathodes consisting of garnet powder, Li salts (LiTFSI) and active carbon. These batteries run in real air based on the formation and decomposition at least partially of Li2CO3. Batteries with LiTFSI mixed with polyimide (PI:LiTFSI) as a binder show rechargeability at 200 °C with a specific capacity of 2184 mAh g−1carbon at 20 μA cm−2. Replacement of PI:LiTFSI with LiTFSI dissolved in polypropylene carbonate (PPC:LiTFSI) reduces interfacial resistance, and the resulting batteries show a greatly increased discharge capacity of approximately 20300 mAh g−1carbon and cycle 50 times while maintaining a cutoff capacity of 1000 mAh g−1carbon at 20 μA cm−2 and 80 °C. These results demonstrate that the use of LLZTO ceramic electrolytes enables operation of the Li-air battery in real air at medium temperatures, leading to a novel type of Li-air fuel cell battery for energy storage.
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17
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Sharon D, Hirshberg D, Afri M, Frimer AA, Aurbach D. The importance of solvent selection in Li–O2 cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3269-3272. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diglyme (G2) is the highly preferred solvent choice over other types of glymes for achieving longer cycling performance of Li–O2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sharon
- Department of Chemistry
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat-Gan
- Israel
| | | | - Michal Afri
- Department of Chemistry
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat-Gan
- Israel
| | | | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat-Gan
- Israel
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18
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Knipping E, Aucher C, Guirado G, Fauth F, Aubouy L. In operando X-ray diffraction of lithium–oxygen batteries using an ionic liquid as an electrolyte co-solvent. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical instability of ionic liquids in the presence of lithium metal leading to spontaneous LiOH formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Knipping
- Leitat Technological Center
- Carrer de la Innovació
- 2 08225 Terrassa
- Spain
- Departament de Química
| | - C. Aucher
- Leitat Technological Center
- Carrer de la Innovació
- 2 08225 Terrassa
- Spain
| | - G. Guirado
- Departament de Química
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- E-08193 Bellaterra
- Spain
| | - F. Fauth
- CELLS – ALBA Synchrotron
- E-08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
| | - L. Aubouy
- Leitat Technological Center
- Carrer de la Innovació
- 2 08225 Terrassa
- Spain
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19
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McCloskey BD, Addison D. A Viewpoint on Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis and Redox Mediation in Nonaqueous Li-O2 Batteries. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dan Addison
- Liox Power Inc., 129 N. Hill
Avenue, Pasadena, California 91106, United States
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20
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Liu T, Kim G, Casford MTL, Grey CP. Mechanistic Insights into the Challenges of Cycling a Nonaqueous Na-O 2 Battery. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4841-4846. [PMID: 27934035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide-based nonaqueous metal-oxygen batteries have received considerable research attention as they exhibit high energy densities and round-trip efficiencies. The cycling performance, however, is still poor. Here we study the cycling characteristic of a Na-O2 battery using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. We find that the poor cycling performance is primarily caused by the considerable side reactions stemming from the chemical aggressiveness of NaO2 as both a solid-phase and dissolved species in the electrolyte. The side reaction products cover electrode surfaces and hinder electron transfer across the electrode-electrolyte interface, being a major reason for cell failure. In addition, the available electrode surface and porosity change considerably during cell discharging and charging, affecting the diffusion of soluble species (superoxide and water) and resulting in inhomogeneous reactions across the electrode. This study provides insights into the challenges associated with achieving long-lived superoxide-based metal-O2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1EW
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1EW
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom CB3 0FA
| | - Mike T L Casford
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1EW
| | - Clare P Grey
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1EW
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21
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Gao X, Chen Y, Johnson L, Bruce PG. Promoting solution phase discharge in Li-O2 batteries containing weakly solvating electrolyte solutions. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:882-8. [PMID: 27111413 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
On discharge, the Li-O2 battery can form a Li2O2 film on the cathode surface, leading to low capacities, low rates and early cell death, or it can form Li2O2 particles in solution, leading to high capacities at relatively high rates and avoiding early cell death. Achieving discharge in solution is important and may be encouraged by the use of high donor or acceptor number solvents or salts that dissolve the LiO2 intermediate involved in the formation of Li2O2. However, the characteristics that make high donor or acceptor number solvents good (for example, high polarity) result in them being unstable towards LiO2 or Li2O2. Here we demonstrate that introduction of the additive 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ) promotes solution phase formation of Li2O2 in low-polarity and weakly solvating electrolyte solutions. Importantly, it does so while simultaneously suppressing direct reduction to Li2O2 on the cathode surface, which would otherwise lead to Li2O2 film growth and premature cell death. It also halves the overpotential during discharge, increases the capacity 80- to 100-fold and enables rates >1 mA cmareal(-2) for cathodes with capacities of >4 mAh cmareal(-2). The DBBQ additive operates by a new mechanism that avoids the reactive LiO2 intermediate in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwen Gao
- Departments of Materials and Chemistry, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Departments of Materials and Chemistry, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Lee Johnson
- Departments of Materials and Chemistry, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Peter G Bruce
- Departments of Materials and Chemistry, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
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22
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Sharon D, Hirsberg D, Afri M, Chesneau F, Lavi R, Frimer AA, Sun YK, Aurbach D. Catalytic Behavior of Lithium Nitrate in Li-O2 Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16590-16600. [PMID: 26158598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of a successful Li-O2 battery depends to a large extent on the discovery of electrolyte solutions that remain chemically stable through the reduction and oxidation reactions that occur during cell operations. The influence of the electrolyte anions on the behavior of Li-O2 cells was thought to be negligible. However, it has recently been suggested that specific anions can have a dramatic effect on the chemistry of a Li-O2 cell. In the present paper, we describe how LiNO3 in polyether solvents can improve both oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions. In particular, the nitrate anion can enhance the ORR by enabling a mechanism that involves solubilized species like superoxide radicals, which allows for the formation of submicronic Li2O2 particles. Such phenomena were also observed in Li-O2 cells with high donor number solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA). Nevertheless, their instability toward oxygen reduction, lithium metals, and high oxidation potentials renders them less suitable than polyether solvents. In turn, using catalysts like LiI to reduce the OER overpotential might enhance parasitic reactions. We show herein that LiNO3 can serve as an electrolyte and useful redox mediator. NO2(-) ions are formed by the reduction of nitrate ions on the anode. Their oxidation forms NO2, which readily oxidizes to Li2O2. The latter process moves the OER overpotentials down into a potential window suitable for polyether solvent-based cells. Advanced analytical tools, including in situ electrochemical quartz microbalance (EQCM) and ESR plus XPS, HR-SEM, and impedance spectroscopy, were used for the studies reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sharon
- †Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Daniel Hirsberg
- †Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Michal Afri
- †Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | - Ronit Lavi
- †Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Aryeh A Frimer
- †Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yang-Kook Sun
- §Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Doron Aurbach
- †Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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