1
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Giovine R, Yoshida E, Wu VC, Ji Y, Crafton MJ, McCloskey BD, Clément RJ. An Experimental Approach to Assess Fluorine Incorporation into Disordered Rock Salt Oxide Cathodes. Chem Mater 2024; 36:3643-3654. [PMID: 38681087 PMCID: PMC11044264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Disordered rock salt oxides (DRX) have shown great promise as high-energy-density and sustainable Li-ion cathodes. While partial substitution of oxygen for fluorine in the rock salt framework has been related to increased capacity, lower charge-discharge hysteresis, and longer cycle life, fluorination is poorly characterized and controlled. This work presents a multistep method aimed at assessing fluorine incorporation into DRX cathodes, a challenging task due to the difficulty in distinguishing oxygen from fluorine using X-ray and neutron-based techniques and the presence of partially amorphous impurities in all DRX samples. This method is applied to "Li1.25Mn0.25Ti0.5O1.75F0.25" prepared by solid-state synthesis and reveals that the presence of LiF impurities in the sample and F content in the DRX phase is well below the target. Those results are used for compositional optimization, and a synthesis product with drastically reduced LiF content and a DRX stoichiometry close to the new target composition (Li1.25Mn0.225Ti0.525O1.85F0.15) is obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness of the strategy. The analytical method is also applied to "Li1.33Mn0.33Ti0.33O1.33F0.66" obtained via mechanochemical synthesis, and the results confirm that much higher fluorination levels can be achieved via ball-milling. Finally, a simple and rapid water washing procedure is developed to reduce the impurity content in as-prepared DRX samples: this procedure results in a ca. 10% increase in initial discharge capacity and a ca. 11% increase in capacity retention after 25 cycles for Li1.25Mn0.25Ti0.50O1.75F0.25. Overall, this work establishes new analytical and material processing methods that enable the development of more robust design rules for high-energy-density DRX cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raynald Giovine
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Eric Yoshida
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vincent C. Wu
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yuefan Ji
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew J. Crafton
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raphaële J. Clément
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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2
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Yu D, Tronstad ZC, McCloskey BD. Lithium-Ion Transport and Exchange between Phases in a Concentrated Liquid Electrolyte Containing Lithium-Ion-Conducting Inorganic Particles. ACS Energy Lett 2024; 9:1717-1724. [PMID: 38633994 PMCID: PMC11019636 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding Li+ transport in organic-inorganic hybrid electrolytes, where Li+ has to lose its organic solvation shell to enter and transport through the inorganic phase, is crucial to the design of high-performance batteries. As a model system, we investigate a range of Li+-conducting particles suspended in a concentrated electrolyte. We show that large Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7P3O12 and Li6PS5Cl particles can enhance the overall conductivity of the electrolyte. When studying impedance using a cell with a large cell constant, the Nyquist plot shows two semicircles: a high-frequency semicircle related to ion transport in the bulk of both phases and a medium-frequency semicircle attributed to Li+ transporting through the particle/liquid interfaces. Contrary to the high-frequency resistance, the medium-frequency resistance increases with particle content and shows a higher activation energy. Furthermore, we show that small particles, requiring Li+ to overcome particle/liquid interfaces more frequently, are less effective in facilitating Li+ transport. Overall, this study provides a straightforward approach to study the Li+ transport behavior in hybrid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Yu
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zachary C. Tronstad
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Bergstrom HK, McCloskey BD. Ion Transport in (Localized) High Concentration Electrolytes for Li-Based Batteries. ACS Energy Lett 2024; 9:373-380. [PMID: 38356937 PMCID: PMC10863389 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
High concentration electrolytes (HCEs) and localized high concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) have emerged as promising candidates to enable higher energy density Li-ion batteries due to their advantageous interfacial properties that result from their unique solvent structures. Using electrophoretic NMR and electrochemical techniques, we characterize and report full transport properties, including the lithium transference numbers (t+) for electrolytes ranging from the conventional ∼1 M to HCE regimes as well as for LHCE systems. We find that compared to conventional electrolytes, t+ increases for HCEs; however the addition of diluents to LHCEs significantly decreases t+. Viscosity effects alone cannot explain this behavior. Using Onsager transport coefficients calculated from our experiments, we demonstrate that there is more positively correlated cation-cation motion in HCEs as well as fast cation-anion ligand exchange consistent with a concerted ion-hopping mechanism. The addition of diluents to LHCEs results in more anticorrelated motion indicating a disruption of concerted cation-hopping leading to low t+ in LHCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K. Bergstrom
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Spotte-Smith EW, Vijay S, Petrocelli TB, Rinkel BLD, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. A Critical Analysis of Chemical and Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanisms in Li-Ion Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:391-400. [PMID: 38175963 PMCID: PMC10801690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrolyte decomposition limits the lifetime of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and slows the adoption of next-generation energy storage technologies. A fundamental understanding of electrolyte degradation is critical to rationally design stable and energy-dense LIBs. To date, most explanations for electrolyte decomposition at LIB positive electrodes have relied on ethylene carbonate (EC) being chemically oxidized by evolved singlet oxygen (1O2) or electrochemically oxidized. In this work, we apply density functional theory to assess the feasibility of these mechanisms. We find that electrochemical oxidation is unfavorable at any potential reached during normal LIB operation, and we predict that previously reported reactions between the EC and 1O2 are kinetically limited at room temperature. Our calculations suggest an alternative mechanism in which EC reacts with superoxide (O2-) and/or peroxide (O22-) anions. This work provides a new perspective on LIB electrolyte decomposition and motivates further studies to understand the reactivity at positive electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Walter
Clark Spotte-Smith
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sudarshan Vijay
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thea Bee Petrocelli
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bernardine L. D. Rinkel
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Patil S, Koirala KP, Crafton MJ, Yang G, Tsai WY, McCloskey BD, Wang C, Nanda J, Self EC. Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes Enabled by a Graphite Conductive Additive. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:39253-39264. [PMID: 37565767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-free cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX) cathodes are a promising class of materials for next-generation Li-ion batteries. Although they have high theoretical specific capacities (>300 mA h/g) and moderate operating voltages (∼3.5 V vs Li/Li+), DRX cathodes typically require a high carbon content (up to 30 wt %) to fully utilize the active material which has a detrimental impact on cell-level energy density. To assess pathways to reduce the electrode's carbon content, the present study investigates how the carbon's microstructure and loading (10-20 wt %) influence the performance of DRX cathodes with the nominal composition Li1.2Mn0.5Ti0.3O1.9F0.1. While electrodes prepared with conventional disordered carbon additives (C65 and ketjenblack) exhibit rapid capacity fade due to an unstable cathode/electrolyte interface, DRX cathodes containing 10 wt % graphite show superior cycling performance (e.g., reversible capacities ∼260 mA h/g with 85% capacity retention after 50 cycles) and rate capability (∼135 mA h/g at 1000 mA/g). A suite of characterization tools was employed to evaluate the performance differences among these composite electrodes. Overall, these results indicate that the superior performance of the graphite-based cathodes is largely attributed to the: (i) formation of a uniform graphitic coating on DRX particles which protects the surface from parasitic reactions at high states of charge and (ii) homogeneous dispersion of the active material and carbon throughout the composite cathode which provides a robust electronically conductive network that can withstand repeated charge-discharge cycles. Overall, this study provides key scientific insights on how the carbon microstructure and electrode processing influence the performance of DRX cathodes. Based on these results, exploration of alternative routes to apply graphitic coatings is recommended to further optimize the material performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad Patil
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Krishna Prasad Koirala
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Matthew J Crafton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Wan-Yu Tsai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ethan C Self
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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6
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Bergstrom HK, Fong KD, Halat DM, Karouta CA, Celik HC, Reimer JA, McCloskey BD. Ion correlation and negative lithium transference in polyelectrolyte solutions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6546-6557. [PMID: 37350831 PMCID: PMC10283486 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01224g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte solutions (PESs) recently have been proposed as high conductivity, high lithium transference number (t+) electrolytes where the majority of the ionic current is carried by the electrochemically active Li-ion. While PESs are intuitively appealing because anchoring the anion to a polymer backbone selectively slows down anionic motion and therefore increases t+, increasing the anion charge will act as a competing effect, decreasing t+. In this work we directly measure ion mobilities in a model non-aqueous polyelectrolyte solution using electrophoretic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (eNMR) to probe these competing effects. While previous studies that rely on ideal assumptions predict that PESs will have higher t+ than monomeric solutions, we demonstrate that below the entanglement limit, both conductivity and t+ decrease with increasing degree of polymerization. For polyanions of 10 or more repeat units, at 0.5 m Li+ we directly observe Li+ move in the "wrong direction" in an electric field, evidence of a negative transference number due to correlated motion through ion clustering. This is the first experimental observation of negative transference in a non-aqueous polyelectrolyte solution. We also demonstrate that t+ increases with increasing Li+ concentration. Using Onsager transport coefficients calculated from experimental data, and insights from previously published molecular dynamics studies we demonstrate that despite selectively slowing anion motion using polyanions, distinct anion-anion correlation through the polymer backbone and cation-anion correlation through ion aggregates reduce the t+ in non-entangled PESs. This leads us to conclude that short-chained polyelectrolyte solutions are not viable high transference number electrolytes. These results emphasize the importance of understanding the effects of ion-correlations when designing new concentrated electrolytes for improved battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Bergstrom
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Kara D Fong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - David M Halat
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Carl A Karouta
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hasan C Celik
- College of Chemistry NMR Facility, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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7
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Crafton MJ, Huang TY, Yue Y, Giovine R, Wu VC, Dun C, Urban JJ, Clément RJ, Tong W, McCloskey BD. Tuning Bulk Redox and Altering Interfacial Reactivity in Highly Fluorinated Cation-Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:18747-18762. [PMID: 37014990 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-excess, cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX) materials have been subject to intense scrutiny and development in recent years as potential cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. Despite their compositional flexibility and high initial capacity, they suffer from poorly understood parasitic degradation reactions at the cathode-electrolyte interface. These interfacial degradation reactions deteriorate both the DRX material and electrolyte, ultimately leading to capacity fade and voltage hysteresis during cycling. In this work, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and titration mass spectrometry are combined to quantify the extent of bulk redox and surface degradation reactions for a set of Mn2+/4+-based DRX oxyfluorides during initial cycling with a high-voltage charging cutoff (4.8 V vs Li/Li+). Increasing the fluorine content from 7.5 to 33.75% is shown to diminish oxygen redox and suppresses high-voltage O2 evolution from the DRX surface. Additionally, electrolyte degradation processes resulting in the formation of both gaseous species and electrolyte-soluble protic species are observed. Subsequently, DEMS is paired with a fluoride-scavenging additive to demonstrate that increasing fluorine content leads to increased dissolution of fluorine from the DRX material into the electrolyte. Finally, a suite of ex situ spectroscopy techniques (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) are employed to study the change in DRX composition during charging, revealing the dissolution of manganese and fluorine from the DRX material at high voltages. This work provides insight into the degradation processes occurring at the DRX-electrolyte interface and points toward potential routes of interfacial stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Crafton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tzu-Yang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuan Yue
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raynald Giovine
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vincent C Wu
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Chaochao Dun
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raphaële J Clément
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Wei Tong
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Kaufman LA, Huang TY, Lee D, McCloskey BD. Particle Surface Cracking Is Correlated with Gas Evolution in High-Ni Li-Ion Cathode Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:39959-39964. [PMID: 36017882 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-Ni layered oxide cathode materials (LiNixTM(1-x)O2, where x > 0.8) are of great interest because they offer increased capacity compared to current commercial materials within a narrow voltage range. However, recent studies have shown that these materials in their current form suffer from capacity fading when an upper cutoff voltage above 4.3 V vs Li/Li+ is used. While many studies have focused on the H2 → H3 transition as the primary cause of capacity fading, gas evolution studies show that degradation processes cannot be attributed to the H2 → H3 transition alone. In this work, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) is combined with titration mass spectrometry (TiMS) to measure gases evolved in a lithium half-cell during cycling as well as surface species which evolve gas upon addition of strong acid to an extracted cathode. Along with qualitative observations of particle cracking by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), these results reveal correlations between particle cracking, electrolyte reactivity, and carbonate oxidation and deposition on the cathode surface during the first charge of high-Ni cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Kaufman
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tzu-Yang Huang
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donghun Lee
- R&D Campus, LG Energy Solution, Daejeon 34122, South Korea
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Berlinger SA, Chowdhury A, Van Cleve T, He A, Dagan N, Neyerlin KC, McCloskey BD, Radke CJ, Weber AZ. Impact of Platinum Primary Particle Loading on Fuel Cell Performance: Insights from Catalyst/Ionomer Ink Interactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:36731-36740. [PMID: 35916522 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A variety of electrochemical energy conversion technologies, including fuel cells, rely on solution-processing techniques (via inks) to form their catalyst layers (CLs). The CLs are heterogeneous structures, often with uneven ion-conducting polymer (ionomer) coverage and underutilized catalysts. Various platinum-supported-on-carbon colloidal catalyst particles are used, but little is known about how or why changing the primary particle loading (PPL, or the weight fraction of platinum of the carbon-platinum catalyst particles) impacts performance. By investigating the CL gas-transport resistance and zeta (ζ)-potentials of the corresponding inks as a function of PPL, a direct correlation between the CL high current density performance and ink ζ-potential is observed. This correlation stems from likely changes in ionomer distributions and catalyst-particle agglomeration as a function of PPL, as revealed by pH, ζ-potential, and impedance measurements. These findings are critical to unraveling the ionomer distribution heterogeneity in ink-based CLs and enabling enhanced Pt utilization and improved device performance for fuel cells and related electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Berlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Anamika Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Tim Van Cleve
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 United States
| | - Aaron He
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Nicholas Dagan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Kenneth C Neyerlin
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Clayton J Radke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
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10
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Lu Y, Zhu T, McShane E, McCloskey BD, Chen G. Single-Crystal LiNi x Mn y Co 1- x - y O 2 Cathodes for Extreme Fast Charging. Small 2022; 18:e2105833. [PMID: 35060327 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ni-rich layered LiNix Mny Co1- x - y O2 (NMCs, x ≥ 0.8) are poised to be the dominating cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries for the foreseeable future. Conventional polycrystalline NMCs, however, suffer from severe cracking along the grain boundaries of primary particles and capacity loss under high charge and/or discharge rates, hindering their implementation in fast-charging electric vehicular (EV) batteries. Single-crystal (SC) NMCs are attractive alternatives as they eliminate intergranular cracking and allow for grain-level surface optimization for fast Li transport. In the present study, the authors report synthetic approaches to produce SC LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 (NMC811) samples with different morphologies: Oct-SC811 with predominating (012)-family surface and Poly-SC811 with predominating (104)-family surface. Poly-SC811, representing the first experimentally synthesized NMC811 single crystals with (104) surface, delivers superior performance even at the ultra-high rate of 6 C. Through detailed X-ray analysis and electron microscopy characterization, it is shown that the enhanced performance originates from better chemical and structural stabilities, faster Li+ diffusion kinetics, suppressed side reactions with electrolyte, and excellent cracking resistance. These insights provide important design guidelines in the future development of fast-charging NMC-type cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Lu
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric McShane
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guoying Chen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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11
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Yue Y, Ha Y, Huang TY, Li N, Li L, Li Q, Feng J, Wang C, McCloskey BD, Yang W, Tong W. Interplay between Cation and Anion Redox in Ni-Based Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes. ACS Nano 2021; 15:13360-13369. [PMID: 34347434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reversibility of the redox processes plays a crucial role in the electrochemical performance of lithium-excess cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX) cathodes. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of the redox reactions in a representative Ni-based DRX cathode. The aim of this work is to elucidate the roles of multiple cations and anions in the charge compensation mechanism that is ultimately linked to the electrochemical performance of Ni-based DRX cathode. The low-voltage reduction reaction results in the low energy efficiency and strong voltage hysteresis. Our data reveal that the Mo migration between octahedral and tetrahedral sites enhances the O reduction potential, thus offering a potential strategy to improve energy efficiency. This work highlights the important role that the high-valence transition metal plays in the redox chemistry and provides useful insights into the potential pathway to further address the challenges in Ni-based DRX systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yang Ha
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tzu-Yang Huang
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Linze Li
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352 United States
| | - Qingtian Li
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jun Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352 United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wei Tong
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Li N, Sun M, Kan WH, Zhuo Z, Hwang S, Renfrew SE, Avdeev M, Huq A, McCloskey BD, Su D, Yang W, Tong W. Layered-rocksalt intergrown cathode for high-capacity zero-strain battery operation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2348. [PMID: 33879797 PMCID: PMC8058087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The dependence on lithium-ion batteries leads to a pressing demand for advanced cathode materials. We demonstrate a new concept of layered-rocksalt intergrown structure that harnesses the combined figures of merit from each phase, including high capacity of layered and rocksalt phases, good kinetics of layered oxide and structural advantage of rocksalt. Based on this concept, lithium nickel ruthenium oxide of a main layered structure (R\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\bar{3}$$\end{document}3¯m) with intergrown rocksalt (Fm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\bar{3}$$\end{document}3¯m) is developed, which delivers a high capacity with good rate performance. The interwoven rocksalt structure successfully prevents the anisotropic structural change that is typical for layered oxide, enabling a nearly zero-strain operation upon high-capacity cycling. Furthermore, a design principle is successfully extrapolated and experimentally verified in a series of compositions. Here, we show the success of such layered-rocksalt intergrown structure exemplifies a new battery electrode design concept and opens up a vast space of compositions to develop high-performance intergrown cathode materials. The dependence on lithium-ion batteries leads to a pressing demand for advanced cathode materials. Here the authors report a new concept of layered-rocksalt intergrown structure that enables nearly zero-strain operation upon high-capacity cycling, offering tremendous opportunities to design new cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Meiling Sun
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wang Hay Kan
- Dongguan Neutron Science Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523803, China
| | - Zengqing Zhuo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Sara E Renfrew
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maxim Avdeev
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, New South Wales, 2234, Australia
| | - Ashfia Huq
- Neutron Scattering Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Wei Tong
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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13
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Corson ER, Creel EB, Kostecki R, Urban JJ, McCloskey BD. Effect of pressure and temperature on carbon dioxide reduction at a plasmonically active silver cathode. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Lun Z, Ouyang B, Kwon DH, Ha Y, Foley EE, Huang TY, Cai Z, Kim H, Balasubramanian M, Sun Y, Huang J, Tian Y, Kim H, McCloskey BD, Yang W, Clément RJ, Ji H, Ceder G. Cation-disordered rocksalt-type high-entropy cathodes for Li-ion batteries. Nat Mater 2021; 20:214-221. [PMID: 33046857 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy (HE) ceramics, by analogy with HE metallic alloys, are an emerging class of solid solutions composed of a large number of species. These materials offer the benefit of large compositional flexibility and can be used in a wide variety of applications, including thermoelectrics, catalysts, superionic conductors and battery electrodes. We show here that the HE concept can lead to very substantial improvements in performance in battery cathodes. Among lithium-ion cathodes, cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX)-type materials are an ideal platform within which to design HE materials because of their demonstrated chemical flexibility. By comparing a group of DRX cathodes containing two, four or six transition metal (TM) species, we show that short-range order systematically decreases, whereas energy density and rate capability systematically increase, as more TM cation species are mixed together, despite the total metal content remaining fixed. A DRX cathode with six TM species achieves 307 mAh g-1 (955 Wh kg-1) at a low rate (20 mA g-1), and retains more than 170 mAh g-1 when cycling at a high rate of 2,000 mA g-1. To facilitate further design in this HE DRX space, we also present a compatibility analysis of 23 different TM ions, and successfully synthesize a phase-pure HE DRX compound containing 12 TM species as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Lun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Deok-Hwang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yang Ha
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emily E Foley
- Materials Department, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tzu-Yang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zijian Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hyunchul Kim
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Yingzhi Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yaosen Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Haegyeom Kim
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Huiwen Ji
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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16
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Fong KD, Bergstrom HK, McCloskey BD, Mandadapu KK. Transport phenomena in electrolyte solutions: Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
- Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Helen K. Bergstrom
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
- Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
- Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Kranthi K. Mandadapu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
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17
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Fong KD, Self J, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Onsager Transport Coefficients and Transference Numbers in Polyelectrolyte Solutions and Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
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18
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Huang W, Attia PM, Wang H, Renfrew SE, Jin N, Das S, Zhang Z, Boyle DT, Li Y, Bazant MZ, McCloskey BD, Chueh WC, Cui Y. Correction to "Evolution of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Carbonaceous Anodes Visualized by Atomic-Resolution Cryogenic Electron Microscopy". Nano Lett 2020; 20:5591. [PMID: 32530289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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19
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Corson ER, Kas R, Kostecki R, Urban JJ, Smith WA, McCloskey BD, Kortlever R. In Situ ATR-SEIRAS of Carbon Dioxide Reduction at a Plasmonic Silver Cathode. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11750-11762. [PMID: 32469508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Illumination of a voltage-biased plasmonic Ag cathode during CO2 reduction results in a suppression of the H2 evolution reaction while enhancing CO2 reduction. This effect has been shown to be photonic rather than thermal, but the exact plasmonic mechanism is unknown. Here, we conduct an in situ ATR-SEIRAS (attenuated total reflectance-surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy) study of a sputtered thin film Ag cathode on a Ge ATR crystal in CO2-saturated 0.1 M KHCO3 over a range of potentials under both dark and illuminated (365 nm, 125 mW cm-2) conditions to elucidate the nature of this plasmonic enhancement. We find that the onset potential of CO2 reduction to adsorbed CO on the Ag surface is -0.25 VRHE and is identical in the light and the dark. As the production of gaseous CO is detected in the light near this onset potential but is not observed in the dark until -0.5 VRHE, we conclude that the light must be assisting the desorption of CO from the surface. Furthermore, the HCO3- wavenumber and peak area increase immediately upon illumination, precluding a thermal effect. We propose that the enhanced local electric field that results from the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is strengthening the HCO3- bond, further increasing the local pH. This would account for the decrease in H2 formation and increase the CO2 reduction products in the light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Corson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Recep Kas
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wilson A Smith
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruud Kortlever
- Department of Process & Energy, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime & Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
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20
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Chen D, Wu J, Papp JK, McCloskey BD, Yang W, Chen G. Role of Redox-Inactive Transition-Metals in the Behavior of Cation-Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes. Small 2020; 16:e2000656. [PMID: 32363748 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the capacity boost from oxygen redox activities, Li-rich cation-disordered rocksalts (LRCDRS) represent a new class of promising high-energy Li-ion battery cathode materials. Redox-inactive transition-metal (TM) cations, typically d0 TM, are essential in the formation of rocksalt phases, however, their role in electrochemical performance and cathode stability is largely unknown. In the present study, the effect of two d0 TM (Nb5+ and Ti4+ ) is systematically compared on the redox chemistry of Mn-based model LRCDRS cathodes, namely Li1.3 Nb0.3 Mn0.4 O2 (LNMO), Li1.25 Nb0.15 Ti0.2 Mn0.4 O2 (LNTMO), and Li1.2 Ti0.4 Mn0.4 O2 (LTMO). Although electrochemically inactive, d0 TM serves as a modulator for oxygen redox, with Nb5+ significantly enhancing initial charge storage contribution from oxygen redox. Further studies using differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering reveal that Ti4+ is better in stabilizing the oxidized oxygen anions (On - , 0 < n < 2), leading to a more reversible O redox process with less oxygen gas release. As a result, much improved chemical, structural and cycling stabilities are achieved on LTMO. Detailed evaluation on the effect of d0 TM on degradation mechanism further suggests that proper design of redox-inactive TM cations provides an important avenue to balanced capacity and stability in this newer class of cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchang Chen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jinpeng Wu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph K Papp
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guoying Chen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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21
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Li H, Ramakrishnan S, Freeland JW, McCloskey BD, Cabana J. Definition of Redox Centers in Reactions of Lithium Intercalation in Li3RuO4 Polymorphs. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8160-8173. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Srinivasan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John W. Freeland
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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22
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Ramakrishnan S, Park B, Wu J, Yang W, McCloskey BD. Extended Interfacial Stability through Simple Acid Rinsing in a Li-Rich Oxide Cathode Material. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8522-8531. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Byungchun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- LG Chem Research Campus, Battery R&D, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jue Wu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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23
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Corson ER, Creel EB, Kostecki R, McCloskey BD, Urban JJ. Important Considerations in Plasmon-Enhanced Electrochemical Conversion at Voltage-Biased Electrodes. iScience 2020; 23:100911. [PMID: 32113155 PMCID: PMC7047194 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this perspective we compare plasmon-enhanced electrochemical conversion (PEEC) with photoelectrochemistry (PEC). PEEC is the oxidation or reduction of a reactant at the illuminated surface of a plasmonic metal (or other conductive material) while a potential bias is applied. PEC uses solar light to generate photoexcited electron-hole pairs to drive an electrochemical reaction at a biased or unbiased semiconductor photoelectrode. The mechanism of photoexcitation of charge carriers is different between PEEC and PEC. Here we explore how this difference affects the response of PEEC and PEC systems to changes in light, temperature, and surface morphology of the photoelectrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Corson
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erin B Creel
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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24
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Lebens-Higgins ZW, Chung H, Zuba MJ, Rana J, Li Y, Faenza NV, Pereira N, McCloskey BD, Rodolakis F, Yang W, Whittingham MS, Amatucci GG, Meng YS, Lee TL, Piper LFJ. How Bulk Sensitive is Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Accounting for the Cathode-Electrolyte Interface when Addressing Oxygen Redox. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2106-2112. [PMID: 32101006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity to the "bulk" oxygen core orbital makes hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) an appealing technique for studying oxygen redox candidates. Various studies have reported an additional O 1s peak (530-531 eV) at high voltages, which has been considered a direct signature of the bulk oxygen redox process. Here, we find the emergence of a 530.4 eV O 1s HAXPES peak for three model cathodes-Li2MnO3, Li-rich NMC, and NMC 442-that shows no clear link to oxygen redox. Instead, the 530.4 eV peak for these three systems is attributed to transition metal reduction and electrolyte decomposition in the near-surface region. Claims of oxygen redox relying on photoelectron spectroscopy must explicitly account for the surface sensitivity of this technique and the extent of the cathode degradation layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Lebens-Higgins
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Hyeseung Chung
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mateusz J Zuba
- Materials Science & Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jatinkumar Rana
- Materials Science & Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicholas V Faenza
- Energy Storage Research Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, North Brunswick, New Jersey 08902, United States
| | - Nathalie Pereira
- Energy Storage Research Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, North Brunswick, New Jersey 08902, United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Fanny Rodolakis
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - M Stanley Whittingham
- Materials Science & Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Glenn G Amatucci
- Energy Storage Research Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, North Brunswick, New Jersey 08902, United States
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tien-Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Louis F J Piper
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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25
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Corson ER, Subramani A, Cooper JK, Kostecki R, Urban JJ, McCloskey BD. Reduction of carbon dioxide at a plasmonically active copper–silver cathode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9970-9973. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene, CO, methane, formate, and allyl alcohol were selectively enhanced upon illumination of a copper–silver cathode during plasmon-enhanced electrochemical conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Corson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
| | - Ananya Subramani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
| | - Jason K. Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- The Molecular Foundry
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
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26
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Lun Z, Ouyang B, Cai Z, Clément RJ, Kwon DH, Huang J, Papp JK, Balasubramanian M, Tian Y, McCloskey BD, Ji H, Kim H, Kitchaev DA, Ceder G. Design Principles for High-Capacity Mn-Based Cation-Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Kim HW, Bukas VJ, Park H, Park S, Diederichsen KM, Lim J, Cho YH, Kim J, Kim W, Han TH, Voss J, Luntz AC, McCloskey BD. Mechanisms of Two-Electron and Four-Electron Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reactions at Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 24341, Korea
| | - Vanessa J. Bukas
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hun Park
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sojung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Kyle M. Diederichsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinkyu Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Cho
- Membrane Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 24341, Korea
| | - Wooyul Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Han
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Johannes Voss
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alan C. Luntz
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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28
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Diederichsen KM, Terrell RC, McCloskey BD. Counterion Transport and Transference Number in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Short-Chain Polyelectrolyte Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10858-10867. [PMID: 31747280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonaqueous polyelectrolyte solutions have recently been proposed as potential battery electrolytes due to their unique ability to tune the mobility of the anion relative to that of the electrochemically active lithium ion. This could potentially be used to study the effect of concentration polarization during battery charge, a major limiting factor in achieving fast charge rates that is caused by high anion mobility. An important consideration in the design of polyelectrolyte solutions for battery applications is the solubility of the polymer in battery-relevant carbonate blend solvents. Little is understood from a transport perspective, however, about the importance of designing the polymer to be solvophillic or if it is sufficient to obtain solubility through the incorporation of appended ions alone (as with polystyrene sulfonate in water). Using a model polysulfone-based system without added salt, we investigate the conductivity, viscosity, and diffusion of polyelectrolyte solutions over a range of concentrations and molecular weights in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water. In both solvents, sulfonated polysulfone is readily soluble and the charged group is known to dissociate, but the neutral backbone polymer is only soluble in DMSO. We find marked differences in the transport behavior of polymer solutions prepared from the two solvents, particularly at high concentrations. Comparing this transport behavior to that of the monomer in solution demonstrates a larger decrease in lithium motion in DMSO than in water, even though the bulk viscosity in water increases far more rapidly. This study sheds light on the important parameters for optimizing polyelectrolyte solution transport in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Diederichsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Rickey C Terrell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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29
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Renfrew SE, Kaufman LA, McCloskey BD. Altering Surface Contaminants and Defects Influences the First-Cycle Outgassing and Irreversible Transformations of LiNi 0.6Mn 0.2Co 0.2O 2. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:34913-34921. [PMID: 31465196 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By altering the surface of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) we show that surface defects and contaminants dominate the outgassing and irreversible surface transformations during the first electrochemical cycle. To alter the surface defects and contaminants without changing the bulk structure of the NMC622, we perform mild methanol and water rinses, a water soak, a water rinse and subsequent heat treatment, as well as purposeful increase of the surface Li2CO3. By combining isotopic labeling; gas analysis; and peroxide, hydroxide, and carbonate titrations we observe that these alterations change the surface Li2CO3, surface hydroxides, and the local defects, which in turn alter the nature and extent of the outgassing to O2 and CO2. Our results highlight that outgassing of Li-ion cathode materials is highly dependent on the synthesis and storage routes and comparison of varying compositions must take into account these differences to make any meaningful conclusions. We also show that simple rinsing procedures may be an effective route to controlling interfacial reactivity of Li-ion active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Renfrew
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Lori A Kaufman
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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30
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Huang W, Attia PM, Wang H, Renfrew SE, Jin N, Das S, Zhang Z, Boyle DT, Li Y, Bazant MZ, McCloskey BD, Chueh WC, Cui Y. Evolution of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Carbonaceous Anodes Visualized by Atomic-Resolution Cryogenic Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2019; 19:5140-5148. [PMID: 31322896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The stability of modern lithium-ion batteries depends critically on an effective solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), a passivation layer that forms on the carbonaceous negative electrode as a result of electrolyte reduction. However, a nanoscopic understanding of how the SEI evolves with battery aging remains limited due to the difficulty in characterizing the structural and chemical properties of this sensitive interphase. In this work, we image the SEI on carbon black negative electrodes using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and track its evolution during cycling. We find that a thin, primarily amorphous SEI nucleates on the first cycle, which further evolves into one of two distinct SEI morphologies upon further cycling: (1) a compact SEI, with a high concentration of inorganic components that effectively passivates the negative electrode; and (2) an extended SEI spanning hundreds of nanometers. This extended SEI grows on particles that lack a compact SEI and consists primarily of alkyl carbonates. The diversity in observed SEI morphologies suggests that SEI growth is a highly heterogeneous process. The simultaneous emergence of these distinct SEI morphologies highlights the necessity of effective passivation by the SEI, as large-scale extended SEI growths negatively impact lithium-ion transport, contribute to capacity loss, and may accelerate battery failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Peter M Attia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Sara E Renfrew
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Norman Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Supratim Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - David T Boyle
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yuzhang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
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31
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Fong KD, Self J, Diederichsen KM, Wood BM, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Ion Transport and the True Transference Number in Nonaqueous Polyelectrolyte Solutions for Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS Cent Sci 2019; 5:1250-1260. [PMID: 31403073 PMCID: PMC6661974 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonaqueous polyelectrolyte solutions have been recently proposed as high Li+ transference number electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. However, the atomistic phenomena governing ion diffusion and migration in polyelectrolytes are poorly understood, particularly in nonaqueous solvents. Here, the structural and transport properties of a model polyelectrolyte solution, poly(allyl glycidyl ether-lithium sulfonate) in dimethyl sulfoxide, are studied using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the static structural analysis of Li+ ion pairing is insufficient to fully explain the overall conductivity trend, necessitating a dynamic analysis of the diffusion mechanism, in which we observe a shift from largely vehicular transport to more structural diffusion as the Li+ concentration increases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that despite the significantly higher diffusion coefficient of the lithium ion, the negatively charged polyion is responsible for the majority of the solution conductivity at all concentrations, corresponding to Li+ transference numbers much lower than previously estimated experimentally. We quantify the ion-ion correlations unique to polyelectrolyte systems that are responsible for this surprising behavior. These results highlight the need to reconsider the approximations typically made for transport in polyelectrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyle M. Diederichsen
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brandon M. Wood
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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32
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilda G. Buss
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jacob L. Thelen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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33
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Hsu CH, Ma C, Bui N, Song Z, Wilson AD, Kostecki R, Diederichsen KM, McCloskey BD, Urban JJ. Enhanced Forward Osmosis Desalination with a Hybrid Ionic Liquid/Hydrogel Thermoresponsive Draw Agent System. ACS Omega 2019; 4:4296-4303. [PMID: 31459634 PMCID: PMC6648795 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) has emerged as a new technology for desalination and exhibits potentials for applications where reverse osmosis is incapable or uneconomical for treating streams with high salinity or fouling propensity. However, most of current draw agents in FO are salts and difficult to be recycled cost- and energy-effectively. In this work, we demonstrate a new and facile approach to efficiently recover water from the FO process with enhanced water purity by using a binary ion liquid/hydrogel system. The hybrid ion liquid/hydrogel draw solution system demonstrated in this work synergistically leverages the thermoresponsive properties of both the ionic liquid (IL) and hydrogel to improve the overall FO performance. Our findings corroborate that the hydrogel mitigates the water flux decline of the IL as the draw agent and provide a ready route to contiguously and effectively regenerate water from the FO process. Such a route allows for an efficient recovery of water from the draw solute/water mixture with enhanced water purity, compared with conventional thermal treating of lower critical solution temperature IL draw solute/water. Furthermore, hydrogels can be used in a continuous and readily recyclable process to recover water without heating the entire draw solute/water mixture. Our design principles open the door to use low-grade/waste heat or solar energy to regenerate draw agents and potentially reduce energy in the FO process considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Hsu
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Canghai Ma
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ngoc Bui
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhuonan Song
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron D. Wilson
- Idaho
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625
MS 2208, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Robert Kostecki
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyle M. Diederichsen
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- The
Molecular Foundry and Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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34
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Bukas VJ, Kim HW, Sengpiel R, Knudsen K, Voss J, McCloskey BD, Luntz AC. Combining Experiment and Theory To Unravel the Mechanism of Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction at a Selective and Active Co-catalyst. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J. Bukas
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hyo Won Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert Sengpiel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristian Knudsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Johannes Voss
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alan C. Luntz
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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35
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Shin Y, Kan WH, Aykol M, Papp JK, McCloskey BD, Chen G, Persson KA. Alleviating oxygen evolution from Li-excess oxide materials through theory-guided surface protection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4597. [PMID: 30389938 PMCID: PMC6214920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Li-excess cathodes comprise one of the most promising avenues for increasing the energy density of current Li-ion technology. However, the first-cycle surface oxygen release in these materials causes cation densification and structural reconstruction of the surface region, leading to encumbered ionic transport and increased impedance. In this work, we use the first principles Density Functional Theory to systematically screen for optimal cation dopants to improve oxygen-retention at the surface. The initial dopant set includes all transition metal, post-transition metal, and metalloid elements. Our screening identifies Os, Sb, Ru, Ir, or Ta as high-ranking dopants considering the combined criteria, and rationalization based on the electronic structure of the top candidates are presented. To validate the theoretical screening, a Ta-doped Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 cathode was synthesized and shown to present initial improved electrochemical performance as well as significantly reduced oxygen evolution, as compared with the pristine, un-doped, system. Rechargeable Li-ion batteries can show extensive oxygen loss from the cathode material under operating conditions. Here, the authors use high-throughput computational screening to guide the synthesis of a Tantalum-doped Li-excess cathode that significantly reduces oxygen loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Shin
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Advanced Materials Lab, Samsung Research America, Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
| | - Wang Hay Kan
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, 523803, PR China
| | - Muratahan Aykol
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, 94022, USA
| | - Joseph K Papp
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guoying Chen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
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36
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Sun Y, Radke CJ, McCloskey BD, Prausnitz JM. Wetting behavior of four polar organic solvents containing one of three lithium salts on a lithium-ion-battery separator. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 529:582-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Diederichsen KM, Fong KD, Terrell RC, Persson KA, McCloskey BD. Investigation of Solvent Type and Salt Addition in High Transference Number Nonaqueous Polyelectrolyte Solutions for Lithium Ion Batteries. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Diederichsen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kara D. Fong
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Kristin A. Persson
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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38
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Abstract
Thin perfluorosulfonated ion-conducting polymers (PFSI ionomers) in energy-conversion devices have limitations in functionality attributed to confinement-driven and surface-dependent interactions. This study highlights the effects of confinement and interface-dependent interactions of PFSI thin-films by exploring thin-film thermal transition temperature (TT). Change in TT in polymers is an indicator for chain relaxation and mobility with implications on properties like gas transport. This work demonstrates an increase in TT with decreasing PFSI film thickness in acid (H+) form (from 70 to 130 °C for 400 to 10 nm, respectively). In metal cation (M+) exchanged PFSI, TT remained constant with thickness. Results point to an interplay between increased chain mobility at the free surface and hindered motion near the rigid substrate interface, which is amplified upon further confinement. This balance is additionally impacted by ionomer intermolecular forces, as strong electrostatic networks within the PFSI-M+ matrix raises TT above the mainly hydrogen-bonded PFSI-H+ ionomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meron Tesfaye
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Douglas I. Kushner
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z. Weber
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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39
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Liyana-Arachchi TP, Haskins JB, Burke CM, Diederichsen KM, McCloskey BD, Lawson JW. Polarizable Molecular Dynamics and Experiments of 1,2-Dimethoxyethane Electrolytes with Lithium and Sodium Salts: Structure and Transport Properties. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8548-8559. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Colin M. Burke
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyle M. Diederichsen
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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40
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Berlinger SA, McCloskey BD, Weber AZ. Inherent Acidity of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Dispersions and Implications for Ink Aggregation. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7790-7796. [PMID: 30016864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) dispersions are used as components in a variety of electrochemical technologies, particularly in fuel-cell catalyst-layer inks. In this study, we characterize dispersions of a common PFSA, Nafion, as well as inks of Nafion and carbon. It is shown that solvent choice affects a dispersion's measured pH, which is found to scale linearly with Nafion loading. Dispersions in water-rich solvents are more acidic than those in propanol-rich solvents: a 90% water versus 30% water dispersion can have up to a 55% measured proton deviation. Furthermore, because electrostatic interactions are a function of pH, these differences affect how particles aggregate in solution. Despite having different water contents, all inks studied demonstrate the same particle size and surface charge trends as a function of pH, thus providing insights into the relative influence of solvent and pH effects on these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Berlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Energy Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Energy Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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41
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Corson ER, Creel EB, Kim Y, Urban JJ, Kostecki R, McCloskey BD. A temperature-controlled photoelectrochemical cell for quantitative product analysis. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:055112. [PMID: 29864888 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the design and operation of a temperature-controlled photoelectrochemical cell for analysis of gaseous and liquid products formed at an illuminated working electrode. This cell is specifically designed to quantitatively analyze photoelectrochemical processes that yield multiple gas and liquid products at low current densities and exhibit limiting reactant concentrations that prevent these processes from being studied in traditional single chamber electrolytic cells. The geometry of the cell presented in this paper enables front-illumination of the photoelectrode and maximizes the electrode surface area to electrolyte volume ratio to increase liquid product concentration and hence enhances ex situ spectroscopic sensitivity toward them. Gas is bubbled through the electrolyte in the working electrode chamber during operation to maintain a saturated reactant concentration and to continuously mix the electrolyte. Gaseous products are detected by an in-line gas chromatograph, and liquid products are analyzed ex situ by nuclear magnetic resonance. Cell performance was validated by examining carbon dioxide reduction on a silver foil electrode, showing comparable results both to those reported in the literature and identical experiments performed in a standard parallel-electrode electrochemical cell. To demonstrate a photoelectrochemical application of the cell, CO2 reduction experiments were carried out on a plasmonic nanostructured silver photocathode and showed different product distributions under dark and illuminated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Corson
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Erin B Creel
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Youngsang Kim
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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42
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Abstract
Solid alkali metal carbonates are universal passivation layer components of intercalation battery materials and common side products in metal‐O2 batteries, and are believed to form and decompose reversibly in metal‐O2/CO2 cells. In these cathodes, Li2CO3 decomposes to CO2 when exposed to potentials above 3.8 V vs. Li/Li+. However, O2 evolution, as would be expected according to the decomposition reaction 2 Li2CO3→4 Li++4 e−+2 CO2+O2, is not detected. O atoms are thus unaccounted for, which was previously ascribed to unidentified parasitic reactions. Here, we show that highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) forms upon oxidizing Li2CO3 in an aprotic electrolyte and therefore does not evolve as O2. These results have substantial implications for the long‐term cyclability of batteries: they underpin the importance of avoiding 1O2 in metal‐O2 batteries, question the possibility of a reversible metal‐O2/CO2 battery based on a carbonate discharge product, and help explain the interfacial reactivity of transition‐metal cathodes with residual Li2CO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Mahne
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara E Renfrew
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stefan A Freunberger
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Mahne
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien Technische Universität Graz Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Sara E. Renfrew
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California – Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California – Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Stefan A. Freunberger
- Institut für Chemische Technologie von Materialien Technische Universität Graz Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
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44
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Lee J, Kitchaev DA, Kwon DH, Lee CW, Papp JK, Liu YS, Lun Z, Clément RJ, Shi T, McCloskey BD, Guo J, Balasubramanian M, Ceder G. Reversible Mn 2+/Mn 4+ double redox in lithium-excess cathode materials. Nature 2018; 556:185-190. [PMID: 29643482 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for low-cost, resource-friendly, high-energy-density cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries to satisfy the rapidly increasing need for electrical energy storage. To replace the nickel and cobalt, which are limited resources and are associated with safety problems, in current lithium-ion batteries, high-capacity cathodes based on manganese would be particularly desirable owing to the low cost and high abundance of the metal, and the intrinsic stability of the Mn4+ oxidation state. Here we present a strategy of combining high-valent cations and the partial substitution of fluorine for oxygen in a disordered-rocksalt structure to incorporate the reversible Mn2+/Mn4+ double redox couple into lithium-excess cathode materials. The lithium-rich cathodes thus produced have high capacity and energy density. The use of the Mn2+/Mn4+ redox reduces oxygen redox activity, thereby stabilizing the materials, and opens up new opportunities for the design of high-performance manganese-rich cathodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyuk Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniil A Kitchaev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deok-Hwang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Wook Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Joseph K Papp
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyan Lun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Raphaële J Clément
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tan Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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45
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Kim HW, Ross MB, Kornienko N, Zhang L, Guo J, Yang P, McCloskey BD. Efficient hydrogen peroxide generation using reduced graphene oxide-based oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Xu J, Sun M, Qiao R, Renfrew SE, Ma L, Wu T, Hwang S, Nordlund D, Su D, Amine K, Lu J, McCloskey BD, Yang W, Tong W. Elucidating anionic oxygen activity in lithium-rich layered oxides. Nat Commun 2018; 9:947. [PMID: 29507369 PMCID: PMC5838240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has explored combining conventional transition-metal redox with anionic lattice oxygen redox as a new and exciting direction to search for high-capacity lithium-ion cathodes. Here, we probe the poorly understood electrochemical activity of anionic oxygen from a material perspective by elucidating the effect of the transition metal on oxygen redox activity. We study two lithium-rich layered oxides, specifically lithium nickel metal oxides where metal is either manganese or ruthenium, which possess a similar structure and discharge characteristics, but exhibit distinctly different charge profiles. By combining X-ray spectroscopy with operando differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, we reveal completely different oxygen redox activity in each material, likely resulting from the different interaction between the lattice oxygen and transition metals. This work provides additional insights into the complex mechanism of oxygen redox and development of advanced high-capacity lithium-ion cathodes. A reversible oxygen redox process contributes extra capacity and understanding this behavior is of high importance. Here, aided by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, the authors reveal the distinctive anionic oxygen activity of battery electrodes with different transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Meiling Sun
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ruimin Qiao
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sara E Renfrew
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lu Ma
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Tianpin Wu
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Wei Tong
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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47
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Renfrew SE, McCloskey BD. Residual Lithium Carbonate Predominantly Accounts for First Cycle CO2 and CO Outgassing of Li-Stoichiometric and Li-Rich Layered Transition-Metal Oxides. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17853-17860. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Renfrew
- Energy Storage and Distributed
Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed
Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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48
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Lee J, Papp JK, Clément RJ, Sallis S, Kwon DH, Shi T, Yang W, McCloskey BD, Ceder G. Mitigating oxygen loss to improve the cycling performance of high capacity cation-disordered cathode materials. Nat Commun 2017; 8:981. [PMID: 29042560 PMCID: PMC5645360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the understanding of percolation theory points to cation-disordered lithium-excess transition metal oxides as high-capacity lithium-ion cathode materials. Nevertheless, the oxygen redox processes required for these materials to deliver high capacity can trigger oxygen loss, which leads to the formation of resistive surface layers on the cathode particles. We demonstrate here that, somewhat surprisingly, fluorine can be incorporated into the bulk of disordered lithium nickel titanium molybdenum oxides using a standard solid-state method to increase the nickel content, and that this compositional modification is very effective in reducing oxygen loss, improving energy density, average voltage, and rate performance. We argue that the valence reduction on the anion site, offered by fluorine incorporation, opens up significant opportunities for the design of high-capacity cation-disordered cathode materials.The performance of lithium-excess cation-disordered oxides as cathode materials relies on the extent to which the oxygen loss during cycling is mitigated. Here, the authors show that incorporating fluorine is an effective strategy which substantially improves the cycling stability of such a material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyuk Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph K Papp
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Raphaële J Clément
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shawn Sallis
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Deok-Hwang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tan Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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49
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Asenbauer J, Ben Hassen N, McCloskey BD, Prausnitz JM. Solubilities and ionic conductivities of ionic liquids containing lithium salts. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Diederichsen
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed
Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hilda G. Buss
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed
Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Storage and Distributed
Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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