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Garcia AD, Leyva V, Bocková J, Pepino RL, Meinert C. Resolution and quantification of carbohydrates by enantioselective comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Talanta 2024; 271:125728. [PMID: 38316075 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates, in particular the d-enantiomers of ribose, 2-deoxyribose, and glucose, are essential to life's informational biopolymers (RNA/DNA) and for supplying energy to living cells through glycolysis. Considered to be potential biosignatures in the search of past or present life, our capacity to detect and quantify these essential sugars is crucial for future space missions to the Moon, Mars or Titan as well as for sample-return missions. However, the enantioselective analysis of carbohydrates is challenging and both research and routine applications, are lacking efficient methods that combine highly sensitive and reproducible detection with baseline enantioselective resolution and reliable enantiomeric excess (ee) measurements. Here, we present four different derivatization strategies in combination with multidimensional gas chromatography coupled to a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC-TOF-MS) for the enantioselective resolution of C3 to C6 carbohydrates potentially suitable for sample-return analyses. Full mass spectral interpretation and calibration curves for one single-step (cyclic boronate derivatives) and three two-step derivatization protocols (aldononitrile-acetate, hemiacetalization-trifluoroacetylation, and hemiacetalization-permethylation) are presented for concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 pmol μL⁻1 with correlation coefficients R2 > 0.94. We compared several analytical parameters including reproducibility, sensitivity (LOD and LOQ), overall separation, chiral resolution (RS), mass spectrum selectivity, stability during long term storage, and reliability of ee measurements to guide the application-dependent selection of optimal separation and quantification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien D Garcia
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Nice, France
| | - Vanessa Leyva
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Nice, France
| | - Jana Bocková
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Nice, France
| | - Raphaël L Pepino
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Nice, France
| | - Cornelia Meinert
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Nice, France.
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Elsaesser A, Burr DJ, Mabey P, Urso RG, Billi D, Cockell C, Cottin H, Kish A, Leys N, van Loon JJWA, Mateo-Marti E, Moissl-Eichinger C, Onofri S, Quinn RC, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, de la Torre Noetzel R, Slenzka K, Ricco AJ, de Vera JP, Westall F. Future space experiment platforms for astrobiology and astrochemistry research. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:43. [PMID: 37308480 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Space experiments are a technically challenging but a scientifically important part of astrobiology and astrochemistry research. The International Space Station (ISS) is an excellent example of a highly successful and long-lasting research platform for experiments in space, that has provided a wealth of scientific data over the last two decades. However, future space platforms present new opportunities to conduct experiments with the potential to address key topics in astrobiology and astrochemistry. In this perspective, the European Space Agency (ESA) Topical Team Astrobiology and Astrochemistry (with feedback from the wider scientific community) identifies a number of key topics and summarizes the 2021 "ESA SciSpacE Science Community White Paper" for astrobiology and astrochemistry. We highlight recommendations for the development and implementation of future experiments, discuss types of in situ measurements, experimental parameters, exposure scenarios and orbits, and identify knowledge gaps and how to advance scientific utilization of future space-exposure platforms that are either currently under development or in an advanced planning stage. In addition to the ISS, these platforms include CubeSats and SmallSats, as well as larger platforms such as the Lunar Orbital Gateway. We also provide an outlook for in situ experiments on the Moon and Mars, and welcome new possibilities to support the search for exoplanets and potential biosignatures within and beyond our solar system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Elsaesser
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David J Burr
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Mabey
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Billi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hervé Cottin
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Adrienne Kish
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Natalie Leys
- Interdisciplinary Biosciences Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Jack J W A van Loon
- Dutch Experiment Support Center (DESC), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam Bone Center (ABC), Amsterdam UMC Location VU University Medical Center (VUmc) & Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Mateo-Marti
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Elke Rabbow
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Rettberg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rosa de la Torre Noetzel
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Departamento de Observación de la Tierra, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Klaus Slenzka
- KS-3D-3D-Printing and Laser Services, In der Heide 16, 27243, Gross Ippener, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Pierre de Vera
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Space Operations and Astronaut Training, Microgravity User Support Center (MUSC), Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frances Westall
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Orléans, France
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Alam A, Fatima B, Shafi S, Sarwar Z, Hussain D, Jawad SEZ, Majeed S, Imran M, Najam-Ul-Haq M. Facile synthesis of Ag@Fe 3O 4/ZnO nanomaterial for label-free electrochemical detection of methemoglobin in anemic patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8711. [PMID: 37248281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia (MetHb, Fe3+) is a chronic disease arising from the unequal distribution of oxyhemoglobin (HbFe2+, OHb) in the blood circulatory system. The oxidation of standard oxyhemoglobin forms methemoglobin, causing cyanosis (skin bluish staining). Methemoglobin cannot bind the pulmonary gaseous ligands such as oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide (CO). As an oxidizing agent, the biochemical approach (MetHb, Fe3+) is modified in vitro by sodium nitrite (NaNO2). The silver-doped iron zinc oxide (Ag@Fe3O4/ZnO) is hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques for the electrochemical sensing of methemoglobin via cyclic voltammetry (CV). Detection parameters such as concentration, pH, scan rate, electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are optimized. The linear limit of detection for Ag@Fe3O4/ZnO is 0.17 µM. The stability is determined by 100 cycles of CV and chronoamperometry for 40 h. The serum samples of anemia patients with different hemoglobin levels (Hb) are analyzed using Ag@Fe3O4/ZnO modified biosensor. The sensor's stability, selectivity, and response suggest its use in methemoglobinemia monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub Alam
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Batool Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Sameera Shafi
- Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zohaib Sarwar
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shan E Zahra Jawad
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Saadat Majeed
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Najam-Ul-Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
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Gus’kov VY, Gainullina YY, Musina RI, Zaripova AI, Pavlova IN. The emergence of chirality in cyanuric acid conglomerates by Viedma ripening: Surface characterization, chirality assessment and applications in chromatography. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1723030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Simkus DN, Aponte JC, Elsila JE, Parker ET, Glavin DP, Dworkin JP. Methodologies for Analyzing Soluble Organic Compounds in Extraterrestrial Samples: Amino Acids, Amines, Monocarboxylic Acids, Aldehydes, and Ketones. Life (Basel) 2019; 9:E47. [PMID: 31174308 PMCID: PMC6617175 DOI: 10.3390/life9020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble organic compositions of extraterrestrial samples offer valuable insights into the prebiotic organic chemistry of the solar system. This review provides a summary of the techniques commonly used for analyzing amino acids, amines, monocarboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones in extraterrestrial samples. Here, we discuss possible effects of various experimental factors (e.g., extraction protocols, derivatization methods, and chromatographic techniques) in order to highlight potential influences on the results obtained from different methodologies. This detailed summary and assessment of current techniques is intended to serve as a basic guide for selecting methodologies for soluble organic analyses and to emphasize some key considerations for future method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Simkus
- NASA Postdoctoral Program at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
| | - José C Aponte
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064, USA.
| | - Jamie E Elsila
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
| | - Eric T Parker
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
| | - Daniel P Glavin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
| | - Jason P Dworkin
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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Gus’kov VY, Maistrenko VN. New Chiral Stationary Phases: Preparation, Properties, and Applications in Gas Chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Han J, Kitagawa O, Wzorek A, Klika KD, Soloshonok VA. The self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE): a menace or an opportunity? Chem Sci 2018; 9:1718-1739. [PMID: 29675218 PMCID: PMC5892310 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report on the well-documented, yet not widely known, phenomenon of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE): the spontaneous fractionation of scalemic material into enantioenriched and -depleted fractions when any physicochemical process is applied.
Herein we report on the well-documented, yet not widely known, phenomenon of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE): the spontaneous fractionation of scalemic material into enantioenriched and -depleted fractions when any physicochemical process is applied. The SDE has implications ranging from the origins of prebiotic homochirality to unconventional enantiopurification methods, though the risks of altering the enantiomeric excess (ee) unintentionally, regrettably, remain greatly unappreciated. While recrystallization is well known as an SDE process, occurrences of the SDE in other processes are much less recognized, e.g. sublimation and even distillation. But the most common process that many workers seem to be completely ignorant of is SDE via chromatography and reports have included all manner of structures, all types of interactions, and all forms of chromatography, including GC. The SDE can be either a blessing – as a means to obtain enantiopure samples from scalemates – or a curse, as unwitting alteration of the ee leads to errors in the reporting of results and/or misinterpretation of the system under study. Thus the ramifications of the SDE are relevant to any area involving chirality – natural products, asymmetric synthesis, etc. Moreover, there is grave concern regarding errors in the literature, in addition to the possible occurrence of valid results which may have been overlooked and thus remain unreported, as well as the potential for the SDE to alter the ee, particularly via chromatography, and the following concepts will be conveyed: (1) the SDE occurs under totally achiral conditions of (a) precipitation, (b) centrifugation, (c) evaporation, (d) distillation, (e) crystallization, (f) sublimation, and (g) achiral chromatography (e.g. column, flash, MPLC, HPLC, SEC, GC, etc.). (2) The SDE cannot be controlled simply by experimental accuracy and ignorance of the SDE unavoidably leads to mistakes in the recorded and reported stereochemical outcome of enantioselective transformations. (3) The magnitude of the SDE (the difference between the extremes of enantioenrichment and -depletion) can be controlled and used to: (a) minimize mistakes in the recorded experimental values and (b) to develop unconventional and preparatively superior methods for enantiopurification. (4) The magnitude of the SDE cannot be predicted but can be expected for compounds possessing SDE-phoric groups or which have a general tendency for strong hydrogen or halogen bonds or dipole–dipole or aromatic π–π interactions. (5) An SDE test and the rigorous reporting and description of applied physicochemical processes should become part of standard experimental practice to prevent the erroneous reporting of the stereochemical outcome of enantioselective catalytic reactions and the chirooptical properties of scalemates. New directions in the study of the SDE, including halogen bonding-based interactions and novel, unconventional enantiopurification methods such as pseudo-SDE (chiral selector-assisted SDE resolution of racemates), are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China .
| | - Osamu Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Shibaura Institute of Technology , 3-7-5 Toyosu, Kohto-ku , Tokyo 135-8548 , Japan
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry , Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce , Świętokrzyska 15G , 25-406 Kielce , Poland.,Department of Organic Chemistry I , Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3 , 20018 San Sebastián , Spain .
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 , D-69009 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I , Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3 , 20018 San Sebastián , Spain . .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza, Bizkaia , 48011 Bilbao , Spain
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