1
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Yang Z, Stein RA, Pink M, Madzelan P, Ngendahimana T, Rajca S, Wilson MA, Eaton SS, Eaton GR, Mchaourab HS, Rajca A. Cucurbit[7]uril Enhances Distance Measurements of Spin-Labeled Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25726-25736. [PMID: 37963181 PMCID: PMC10961179 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
We report complex formation between the chloroacetamide 2,6-diazaadamantane nitroxide radical (ClA-DZD) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB-7), for which the association constant in water, Ka = 1.9 × 106 M-1, is at least 1 order of magnitude higher than the previously studied organic radicals. The radical is highly immobilized by CB-7, as indicated by the increase in the rotational correlation time, τrot, by a factor of 36, relative to that in the buffer solution. The X-ray structure of ClA-DZD@CB-7 shows the encapsulated DZD guest inside the undistorted CB-7 host, with the pendant group protruding outside. Upon addition of CB-7 to T4 Lysozyme (T4L) doubly spin-labeled with the iodoacetamide derivative of DZD, we observe the increase in τrot and electron spin coherence time, Tm, along with the narrowing of interspin distance distributions. Sensitivity of the DEER measurements at 83 K increases by a factor 4-9, compared to the common spin label such as MTSL, which is not affected by CB-7. Interspin distances of 3 nm could be reliably measured in water/glycerol up to temperatures near the glass transition/melting temperature of the matrix at 200 K, thus bringing us closer to the goal of supramolecular recognition-enabled long-distance DEER measurements at near physiological temperatures. The X-ray structure of DZD-T4L 65 at 1.12 Å resolution allows for unambiguous modeling of the DZD label (0.88 occupancy), indicating an undisturbed structure and conformation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Richard A. Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- IUMSC, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Peter Madzelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Thacien Ngendahimana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Sandra S. Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Gareth R. Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Hassane S. Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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2
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Lončarić D, Movahedifar F, Štoček JR, Dračínský M, Cvačka J, Guan S, Bythell BJ, Císařová I, Masson E, Kaleta J. Solvent-controlled formation of alkali and alkali-earth-secured cucurbituril/guest trimers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9258-9266. [PMID: 37712024 PMCID: PMC10498720 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02032k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) encapsulates adamantyl and trimethylsilyl substituents of positively charged guests in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Unlike in water or deuterium oxide, addition of a selection of alkali and alkali-earth cations with van der Waals radii between 1.0 and 1.4 Å (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Eu3+) to the CB[7]/guest complexes triggers their cation-mediated trimerization, a process that is very slow on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) time scale. Smaller (Li+, Mg2+) or larger cations (Rb+, Cs+ or NH4+) are inert. The trimers display extensive CH-O interactions between the equatorial and pseudo-equatorial hydrogens of CB[7] and the carbonyl rim of the neighboring CB[7] unit in the trimer, and a deeply nested cation between the three interacting carbonylated CB[7] rims; a counteranion is likely perched in the shallow cavity formed by the three outer walls of CB[7] in the trimer. Remarkably, a guest must occupy the cavity of CB[7] for trimerization to take place. Using a combination of semi-empirical and density functional theory techniques in conjunction with continuum solvation models, we showed that trimerization is favored in DMSO, and not in water, because the penalty for the partial desolvation of three of the six CB[7] portals upon aggregation into a trimer is less unfavorable in DMSO compared to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteja Lončarić
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nám. 2 160 00 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague 128 40 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Fahimeh Movahedifar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Jakub Radek Štoček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nám. 2 160 00 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague 128 40 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nám. 2 160 00 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nám. 2 160 00 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Shanshan Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Benjamin J Bythell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague 128 40 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Eric Masson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nám. 2 160 00 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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3
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Yang Z, Stein RA, Pink M, Madzelan P, Ngendahimana T, Rajca S, Wilson MA, Eaton SS, Eaton GR, Mchaourab HS, Rajca A. Cucurbit[7]uril Enhances Distance Measurements of Spin-Labeled Proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554361. [PMID: 37662277 PMCID: PMC10473685 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
We report complex formation between the chloroacetamide 2,6-diazaadamantane nitroxide radical (ClA-DZD) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB-7), for which the association constant in water, Ka = 1.9 × 106 M-1, is at least one order of magnitude higher than the previously studied organic radicals. The radical is highly immobilized by CB-7, as indicated by the increase of the rotational correlation time, τrot, by a factor of 36, relative to that in the buffer solution. The X-ray structure of ClA-DZD@CB-7 shows the encapsulated DZD guest inside the undistorted CB-7 host, with the pendant group protruding outside. Upon addition of CB-7 to T4 Lysozyme (T4L) doubly spin-labeled with the iodoacetamide derivative of DZD, we observe the increase in τrot and electron spin coherence time, Tm, along with the narrowing of inter-spin distance distributions. Sensitivity of the DEER measurements at 83 K increases by a factor 4 - 9, compared to the common spin label such as MTSL, which is not affected by CB-7. Inter-spin distances of 3-nm could be reliably measured in water/glycerol up to temperatures near the glass transition/melting temperature of the matrix at 200 K, thus bringing us closer to the goal of supramolecular recognition-enabled long-distance DEER measurements at near physiological temperatures. The X-ray structure of DZD-T4L 65 at 1.12 Å resolution allows for unambiguous modeling of the DZD label (0.88 occupancy), indicating undisturbed structure and conformation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Richard A. Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- IUMSC, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Peter Madzelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Thacien Ngendahimana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Sandra S. Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Gareth R. Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Hassane S. Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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4
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Budnikova YH. Phosphorus-Centered Radicals: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. A Review. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500822600353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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5
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Chen M, Lv N, Zhao W, Day AI. The Cyclobutanocucurbit[5-8]uril Family: Electronegative Cavities in Contrast to Classical Cucurbituril while the Electropositive Outer Surface Acts as a Crystal Packing Driver. Molecules 2021; 26:7343. [PMID: 34885923 PMCID: PMC8659056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural parameters for the cyclobutanoQ[5-8] family were determined through single crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found that the electropositive cyclobutano methylene protons (CH2) are important in forming interlinking crystal packing arrangements driven by the dipole-dipole interactions between these protons and the portal carbonyl O of a near neighbor. This type of interaction was observed across the whole family. Electrostatic potential maps also confirmed the electropositive nature of the cyclobutano CH2 but, more importantly, it was established that the cavities are electronegative in contrast to classical Q[5-8], which are near neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Chen
- College of Biology and Chemistry, Xingyi Normal University For Nationalities, Xingyi 562400, China; (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Naixia Lv
- College of Biology and Chemistry, Xingyi Normal University For Nationalities, Xingyi 562400, China; (M.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Anthony I. Day
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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6
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Zaytseva EV, Mazhukin DG. Spirocyclic Nitroxides as Versatile Tools in Modern Natural Sciences: From Synthesis to Applications. Part I. Old and New Synthetic Approaches to Spirocyclic Nitroxyl Radicals. Molecules 2021; 26:677. [PMID: 33525514 PMCID: PMC7865516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirocyclic nitroxyl radicals (SNRs) are stable paramagnetics bearing spiro-junction at a-, b-, or g-carbon atom of the nitroxide fragment, which is part of the heterocyclic system. Despite the fact that the first representatives of SNRs were obtained about 50 years ago, the methodology of their synthesis and their usage in chemistry and biochemical applications have begun to develop rapidly only in the last two decades. Due to the presence of spiro-function in the SNRs molecules, the latter have increased stability to various reducing agents (including biogenic ones), while the structures of the biradicals (SNBRs) comprises a rigid spiro-fused core that fixes mutual position and orientation of nitroxide moieties that favors their use in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments. This first review on SNRs will give a glance at various strategies for the synthesis of spiro-substituted, mono-, and bis-nitroxides on the base of six-membered (piperidine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 9,9'(10H,10H')-spirobiacridine, piperazine, and morpholine) or five-membered (2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, imidazolidine, and oxazolidine) heterocyclic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitrii G. Mazhukin
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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7
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Chen X, Liu LL, Liu S, Grützmacher H, Li Z. A Room‐Temperature Stable Distonic Radical Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Shihua Liu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 30071 China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 30071 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 30071 China
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8
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Chen X, Liu LL, Liu S, Grützmacher H, Li Z. A Room-Temperature Stable Distonic Radical Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23830-23835. [PMID: 32914528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Distonic radical cations (DRCs) with spatially separated charge and radical sites have, so far, largely been observed by gas-phase mass spectrometry and/or matrix isolation spectroscopy work. Herein, we disclose the isolation of a crystalline dicarbondiphosphide-based β-distonic radical cation salt 3.+ (BARF) (BARF=[B(3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 )4 )]- ) stable at room temperature and formed by a one-electron-oxidation-induced intramolecular skeletal rearrangement reaction. Such a species has been validated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV/Vis spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Compound 3.+ (BARF) exhibits a large majority of spin density at a two-coordinate phosphorus atom (0.74 a.u.) and a cationic charge located predominantly at the four-coordinate phosphorus atom (1.53 a.u.), which are separated by one carbon atom. This species represents an isolable entity of a phosphorus radical cation that is the closest to a genuine phosphorus DRC to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shihua Liu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30071, China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30071, China.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 30071, China
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9
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Yang X, Wang R, Kermagoret A, Bardelang D. Oligomeric Cucurbituril Complexes: from Peculiar Assemblies to Emerging Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS ICR Marseille France
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macau, Taipa Macau China
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10
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Yang X, Wang R, Kermagoret A, Bardelang D. Oligomeric Cucurbituril Complexes: from Peculiar Assemblies to Emerging Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21280-21292. [PMID: 32567745 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are an endless source of inspiration. By carefully tuning the amino-acid sequence of proteins, nature made them evolve from primary to quaternary structures, a property specific to protein oligomers and often crucial to accomplish their function. On the other hand, the synthetic macrocycles cucurbiturils (CBs) have shown outstanding recognition properties in water, and a growing number of (host)n :(guest)n supramolecular polymers involving CBs have been reported. However, the burgeoning field of discrete (n:n) host:guest oligomers has just started to attract attention. While 2:2 complexes are the major oligomers, 3:3 and up to 6:6 oligomers have been described, some associated with emerging applications, specific to the (n:n) arrangements. Design rules to target (n:n) host:guest oligomers are proposed toward new advanced host:guest systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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11
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EPR Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool to Analyze Supramolecular Host•Guest Complexes of Stable Radicals with Cucurbiturils. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040776. [PMID: 32054033 PMCID: PMC7070855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable organic free radicals are increasingly studied compounds due to the multiple and unusual properties imparted by the single electron(s). However, being paramagnetic, classical methods such as NMR spectroscopy can hardly be used due to relaxation and line broadening effects. EPR spectroscopy is thus better suited to get information about the immediate surroundings of the single electrons. EPR has enabled obtaining useful data in the context of host•guest chemistry, and a classical example is reported here for the stable (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)oxyl or 4-oxo-TEMPO nitroxide (TEMPONE) inside the macrocycle host cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). Generally and also observed here, a contraction of the spectrum is observed as a result of the reduced nitrogen coupling constant due to inclusion complexation in the hydrophobic cavity of the host. Simulations of EPR spectra allowed determining the corresponding binding constant pointing to a weaker affinity for CB[7], compared to TEMPO with CB[7]. We complement this work by the results of EPR spectroscopy of a biradical: bis-TEMPO-bis-ketal (bTbk) with cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). Initial investigations pointed to very weak effects on the spectrum of the guest and incorrectly led us to conclude an absence of binding. However, simulations of EPR spectra combined with NMR data of reduced bTbk allowed showing inclusion complexation. EPR titrations were performed, and the corresponding binding constant was determined. 1H NMR spectra with reduced bTbk suggested a shuttle mechanism, at nearly one equivalent of CB[8], for which the host moves rapidly between two stations.
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12
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Petroselli M, Angamuthu V, Rahman FU, Zhao X, Yu Y, Rebek J. Radical Reactions in Cavitands Unveil the Effects of Affinity on Dynamic Supramolecular Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2396-2403. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Petroselli
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Venkatachalam Angamuthu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xinluo Zhao
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Combes S, Tran KT, Ayhan MM, Karoui H, Rockenbauer A, Tonetto A, Monnier V, Charles L, Rosas R, Viel S, Siri D, Tordo P, Clair S, Wang R, Bardelang D, Ouari O. Triangular Regulation of Cucurbit[8]uril 1:1 Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5897-5907. [PMID: 30808163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triangular shapes have inspired scientists over time and are common in nature, such as the flower petals of oxalis triangularis, the triangular faces of tetrahedrite crystals, and the icosahedron faces of virus capsids. Supramolecular chemistry has enabled the construction of triangular assemblies, many of which possess functional features. Among these structures, cucurbiturils have been used to build supramolecular triangles, and we recently reported paramagnetic cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) triangles, but the reasons for their formation remain unclear. Several parameters have now been identified to explain their formation. At first sight, the radical nature of the guest was of prime importance in obtaining the triangles, and we focused on extending this concept to biradicals to get supramolecular hexaradicals. Two sodium ions were systematically observed by ESI-MS in trimer structures, and the presence of Na+ triggered or strengthened the triangulation of CB[8]/guest 1:1 complexes in solution. X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling have allowed the proposal of two plausible sites of residence for the two sodium cations. We then found that a diamagnetic guest with an H-bond acceptor function is equally good at forming CB[8] triangles. Hence, a guest molecule containing a ketone function has been precisely triangulated thanks to CB[8] and sodium cations as determined by DOSY-NMR and DLS. A binding constant for the triangulation of 1:1 to 3:3 complexes is proposed. This concept has finally been extended to the triangulation of ditopic guests toward network formation by the reticulation of CB[8] triangles using dinitroxide biradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Combes
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, ICR , Marseille , France.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS UMR7258, Inserm U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes , Aix Marseille Univ, UM105 , 13009 Marseille , France
| | | | - Mehmet Menaf Ayhan
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, ICR , Marseille , France.,Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , P.K.141 , 41400 Gebze , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, ICR , Marseille , France
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box. 286, 1519 Budapest , Hungary.,Department of Physics , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , 1111 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Alain Tonetto
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), PRATIM , F-13397 Marseille , France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole , Marseille , France
| | | | - Roselyne Rosas
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole , Marseille , France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, ICR , Marseille , France.,Institut Universitaire de France , F-75005 Paris , France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, ICR , Marseille , France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, ICR , Marseille , France
| | - Sylvain Clair
- Aix Marseille Univ, University of Toulon , CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille , France
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Taipa , Macau , China
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14
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