1
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Patil RD, Pratihar S. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Hydrogenation and Tandem (De)Hydrogenation via Metal-Ligand Cooperation: Base- and Solvent-Assisted Switchable Selectivity. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1361-1378. [PMID: 36283058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A versatile, selective, solvent (methanol vs ethanol)- and base (potassium vs lithium carbonate)-assisted switchable synthesis of saturated ketone and α-methyl saturated ketone from α,β-unsaturated ketone is developed. Mechanistic aspects, evaluated from spectroscopic studies, in situ monitoring of the reaction progress, control studies, and labeling studies, further indicate the involvement of a tandem dehydrogenation-condensation-hydrogenation sequence in the reaction, in which the interconvertible coordination mode (imino N → Ru and amido N-Ru) of coordinated imidazole with Ru(II)-para-cymene is crucial, without which the efficiency and selectivity of the catalyst are completely lost. The catalyst demonstrates good efficiency, selectivity, and functional group tolerance and displays a broad scope (69 examples) for monomethylation and hydrogenation of unsaturated chalcones, double methylation of ketones, and N-methylation of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Daga Patil
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Pratihar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
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2
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Seeman JI. Revolutions in Chemistry: Assessment of Six 20th Century Candidates (The Instrumental Revolution; Hückel Molecular Orbital Theory; Hückel's 4 n + 2 Rule; the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules; Quantum Chemistry; and Retrosynthetic Analysis). JACS AU 2023; 3:2378-2401. [PMID: 37772184 PMCID: PMC10523497 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Six 20th century candidates for revolutions in chemistry are examined, using a definitional scheme published recently by the author. Six groupings of 13 characteristics of revolutions in science are considered: causes and birthings of revolutions, relationships between the old and the new, conceptual qualities of the candidate revolutions, instrumental and methodological functions, social construction of knowledge and practical considerations, and testimonials. The Instrumental Revolution was judged to be a revolution in chemistry because of the enormous increase in community-wide knowledge provided by the new instruments and the intentionality in the identification of specific target instruments, in the mindfulness in their design, manufacture, testing, use, and ultimately commercialization. The Woodward-Hoffmann rules were judged to precipitate the Quantum Chemistry Revolution because of theoretical, practical, and social construction of knowledge characteristics. Neither Hückel molecular orbital theory nor Hückel's 4n + 2 rule was considered an initiator of a revolution in chemistry but rather participants in the Quantum Chemistry Revolution. Retrosynthetic analysis was not judged to initiate a revolution in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I. Seeman
- Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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3
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Aisha, Raza MA, Farwa U, Rashid U, Maurin JK, Budzianowski A. Synthesis, single crystal, in-silico and in-vitro assessment of the thiazolidinones. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Munda M, Niyogi S, Shaw K, Kundu S, Nandi R, Bisai A. Electrocatalysis as a key strategy for the total synthesis of natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:727-748. [PMID: 34989383 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical strategies have been a powerful approach for the synthesis of valuable intermediates, in particular heterocyclic motifs. Because of the mild nature, a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections have been achieved via in situ-generated radical intermediates in a highly efficient manner. In particular, anodic electrochemical oxidative strategies have been utilized for the total synthesis of many structurally intriguing natural products. In this review article, we have discussed a number of total syntheses of structurally intriguing alkaloids and terpenoids in which electrochemical processes play an important role as a key methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Munda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sovan Niyogi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia-741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Kundan Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sourav Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rhituparna Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia-741246, West Bengal, India.
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5
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Nelson H, Richard W, Brown H, Medlin A, Light C, Heller ST. Practical Chemoselective Acylation: Organocatalytic Chemodivergent Esterification and Amidation of Amino Alcohols with
N
‐Carbonylimidazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hope Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Loyola Marymount University 1 LMU Drive Los Angeles CA 90045 USA
| | - William Richard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Loyola Marymount University 1 LMU Drive Los Angeles CA 90045 USA
| | - Hailee Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Loyola Marymount University 1 LMU Drive Los Angeles CA 90045 USA
| | - Abigail Medlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Loyola Marymount University 1 LMU Drive Los Angeles CA 90045 USA
| | - Christina Light
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Loyola Marymount University 1 LMU Drive Los Angeles CA 90045 USA
| | - Stephen T. Heller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Loyola Marymount University 1 LMU Drive Los Angeles CA 90045 USA
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6
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McConnell DL, Blades AM, Rodrigues DG, Keyes PV, Sonberg JC, Anthony CE, Rachad S, Simone OM, Sullivan CF, Shapiro JD, Williams CC, Schafer BC, Glanzer AM, Hutchinson HL, Thayaparan AB, Krevlin ZA, Bote IC, Haffary YA, Bhandari S, Goodman JA, Majireck MM. Synthesis of Bench-Stable N-Quaternized Ketene N, O-Acetals and Preliminary Evaluation as Reagents in Organic Synthesis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13025-13040. [PMID: 34498466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-Quaternized ketene N,O-acetals are typically an unstable, transient class of compounds most commonly observed as reactive intermediates. In this report, we describe a general synthetic approach to a variety of bench-stable N-quaternized ketene N,O-acetals via treatment of pyridine or aniline bases with acetylenic ethers and an appropriate Brønsted or Lewis acid (triflic acid, triflimide, or scandium(III) triflate). The resulting pyridinium and anilinium salts can be used as reagents or synthetic intermediates in multiple reaction types. For example, N-(1-ethoxyvinyl)pyridinium or anilinium salts can thermally release highly reactive O-ethyl ketenium ions for use in acid catalyst-free electrophilic aromatic substitutions. N-(1-Ethoxyvinyl)-2-halopyridinium salts can be employed in peptide couplings as a derivative of Mukaiyama reagents or react with amines in nucleophilic aromatic substitutions under mild conditions. These preliminary reactions illustrate the broad potential of these currently understudied compounds in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L McConnell
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Alisha M Blades
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Danielle Gomes Rodrigues
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Phoebe V Keyes
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Justin C Sonberg
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Caitlin E Anthony
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Sofia Rachad
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Olivia M Simone
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Caroline F Sullivan
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Jonathan D Shapiro
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Christopher C Williams
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Benjamin C Schafer
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Amy M Glanzer
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Holly L Hutchinson
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Ashley B Thayaparan
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Zoe A Krevlin
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Isabella C Bote
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Yasin A Haffary
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Sambat Bhandari
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Jack A Goodman
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Max M Majireck
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
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7
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Nelson H, Richard W, Brown H, Medlin A, Light C, Heller S. Practical Chemoselective Acylation: Organocatalytic Chemodivergent Esterification and Amidation of Amino Alcohols with N-Carbonylimidazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22818-22825. [PMID: 34387009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective transformations are a cornerstone of efficient organic synthesis; however, achieving this goal for even simple transformations like acylations is often a challenge. We report that N -carbonylimidazoles undergo catalytic chemodivergent acylations of anilines or alcohols in the presence of pyridinium ions or DBU (1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene), respectively. Both of these acylations display simultaneously high and broad chemoselectivity for the target group. Unprecedented levels of chemoselectivity were achieved in the DBU-catalyzed esterification: a single esterification product was obtained from a molecule containing primary aniline, alcohol, phenol, secondary amide, and N- H indole groups. These acylations are highly practical as they involve only readily available, inexpensive, and relatively safe reagents; can be performed at the multigram scale; and can be used on carboxylic acids directly via in situ formation of the acylimidazole electrophile. Reaction discovery, scope, assessment of practicality, and preliminary mechanistic investigations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Nelson
- Willamette University, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - William Richard
- Loyola Marymount University, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Hailee Brown
- The University of Arizona, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Abigail Medlin
- Loyola Marymount University, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Christina Light
- Loyola Marymount University, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Stephen Heller
- Loyola Marymount University, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry 1 LMU Drive, 90045, Los Angeles, UNITED STATES
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8
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Abstract
Enzymatic reactions and noncovalent (i.e., supramolecular) interactions are two fundamental nongenetic attributes of life. Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS) refers to a process where enzymatic reactions control intermolecular noncovalent interactions for spatial organization of higher-order molecular assemblies that exhibit emergent properties and functions. Like enzymatic covalent synthesis (ECS), in which an enzyme catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds to generate individual molecules, ENS is a unifying theme for understanding the functions, morphologies, and locations of molecular ensembles in cellular environments. This review intends to provide a summary of the works of ENS within the past decade and emphasize ENS for functions. After comparing ECS and ENS, we describe a few representative examples where nature uses ENS, as a rule of life, to create the ensembles of biomacromolecules for emergent properties/functions in a myriad of cellular processes. Then, we focus on ENS of man-made (synthetic) molecules in cell-free conditions, classified by the types of enzymes. After that, we introduce the exploration of ENS of man-made molecules in the context of cells by discussing intercellular, peri/intracellular, and subcellular ENS for cell morphogenesis, molecular imaging, cancer therapy, and other applications. Finally, we provide a perspective on the promises of ENS for developing molecular assemblies/processes for functions. This review aims to be an updated introduction for researchers who are interested in exploring noncovalent synthesis for developing molecular science and technologies to address societal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian He
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Meihui Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Adrianna N Shy
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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9
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Saa JM, Frontera A. On the Role of Water as a Catalyst in Prebiotic Chemistry. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:313-320. [PMID: 31904135 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript we provide computational support to the catalytic role of water in all kinds of pseudopericyclic reactions operating in the reductive acid cycle, as well as in other metabolic processes. Water catalysis is not limited to those reactions where simple translocation of hydrogen atoms occurs, such as those represented by NuH+E→Nu-EH general equation. Indeed, water catalysis is more general and extremely important in tautomerization reactions of the type HX-Y=Z→X=Y-ZH, which operate in the reductive citric acid cycle and metabolic processes. Moreover, the comprehensive theoretical study reported herein illustrates that these reactions appear to behave as authentic enzyme-catalyzed reactions showing Michaelis-Menten behavior, however with the abnormal singularity that the concentration of the catalytic "water clusters" of different length and nature must be taken as a huge number. Overall, the results presented are suggestive of the workability of the so-called "metabolism first" proposal in a hot water world, as water catalysis eliminates the dilution problem frequently associated to this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Saa
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), SPAIN
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), SPAIN
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10
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11
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Hernandez LW, Sarlah D. Empowering Synthesis of Complex Natural Products. Chemistry 2019; 25:13248-13270. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas W. Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue 270 RAL, Box 107-5 Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - David Sarlah
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue 270 RAL, Box 107-5 Urbana IL 61801 USA
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12
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Shatskiy A, Lundberg H, Kärkäs MD. Organic Electrosynthesis: Applications in Complex Molecule Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of ChemistryKTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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13
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Davies IW. The digitization of organic synthesis. Nature 2019; 570:175-181. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Robertson JC, Coote ML, Bissember AC. Synthetic applications of light, electricity, mechanical force and flow. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Zuo R, Ding Y. Direct Aromatic Nitration System for Synthesis of Nitrotryptophans in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:857-865. [PMID: 30865826 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitrotryptophan and its analogues are useful building blocks for synthesizing bioactive and biotechnologically relevant chemicals, materials, and proteins. However, synthetic routes to enantiopure nitro-containing tryptophan derivatives are either complex and polluting or even unestablished yet. Herein, we describe microbial production of 4-NO2-l-tryptophan (Nitrotrp) and its analogues by designing and expressing the biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli. The biosynthetic pathway comprised one engineered self-sufficient P450 TB14 of Streptomyces origin for direct nitration of the C-4 of l-Trp indole and one nitric oxide synthase from Bacillus subtilis (BsNOS) for the production of nitric oxide (NO) from l-Arg to support the direct aromatic nitration. As both TB14 and BsNOS require reducing agent NADPH for their reactions, we also included one glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from B. subtilis for in situ NADPH regeneration. The initially designed pathway led to 16.2 ± 2.3 mg/L of Nitrotrp by the engineered E. coli fermented in the M9 minimal medium for 3 days. A combination of the design and screening of three additional pathways, fermentation optimization and the knockout of competitive metabolic pathways together improved the Nitrotrp titer to around 192 mg/L within 20 h. Finally, the whole-cell biotransformation system produced eight Nitrotrp analogues with their titers varying from 2.5 to 61.5 mg/L. This work provides the first microbial direct aromatic nitration processes and sets the stage for the development of biocatalytic routes to other useful nitroaromatics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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16
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Feng Z, Wang H, Xu B. Instructed Assembly of Peptides for Intracellular Enzyme Sequestration. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16433-16437. [PMID: 30452246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-like droplets of biomacromolecules are emerging as a fundamental mechanism of cellular signaling, but designing synthetic mimics to form such membraneless organelles remains unexplored. Here we report the use of supramolecular assemblies of small peptides, as a mimic of biomacromolecular condensates, for intracellular sequestration of enzymes on endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Specifically, integrating a short peptide with naproxen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and a ligand of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)) generates an enzymatic substrate that acts as a precursor for instructed assembly. Slowly dephosphorylating the precursors by phosphatases forms the corresponding hydrogelators in a cellular environment, which results in the supramolecular assemblies on ER. Consisting of the precursor and the hydrogelator molecules, the assemblies enable the sequestration of COX-2 and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) on ER. Further structure-activity investigation reveals that the colocalization of COX-2 and PTP1B relies on the NSAID motif, the phosphotyrosine, and the enzymatic dephosphorylation of the precursor. This work, for the first time, illustrates the use of supramolecular processes for associating enzymes in cells and may provide insights for understanding intracellular liquid condensates and a new strategy for modulating protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqianqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , 415 South Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , 415 South Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , 415 South Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
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17
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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