1
|
Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu Y, Wan S, Liu Q, Ye C. Luminescent Materials for Volumetric Three-Dimensional Displays Based on Photoactivated Phosphorescence. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092004. [PMID: 37177152 PMCID: PMC10181432 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
True three-dimensional (3D) displays are the best display technologies and their breakthrough is primarily due to advancements in display media. In this paper, we propose two luminescent materials for a static volumetric 3D display based on photoactivated phosphorescence. The luminescent materials include (1) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) or tetramethylene sulfoxide (TMSO) as the solvent and photochemically-deoxygenating reagent; (2) a metal phthalocyanine complex as the sensitizer; (3) a phosphorescent platinum complex as the emitter. The metal phthalocyanine complex, PdPrPc (PdBuPc), absorbs the light beam of 635 nm and the solvent scavenges the sensitized singlet oxygen. Light beams pass through a deoxygenated zone. The phosphorescent emitter, PtNI, absorbs the 440 nm light beam and phosphoresces only in the deoxygenated zone generated by the sensitizer. Phosphorescent voxels and high-contrast 3D images are well-defined at the intersection of 635 and 440 nm light beams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Shigang Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Changqing Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Battula H, Nath M, Mishra S, Jayanty S. Spirocyclic rhodamine B benzoisothiazole derivative: a multi-stimuli fluorescent switch manifesting ethanol-responsiveness, photo responsiveness, and acidochromism. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5134-5148. [PMID: 36777943 PMCID: PMC9910283 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08022b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-stimuli fluorescent switching materials have been extensively employed in chemistry, biochemistry, physics, and materials science. Although rhodamine-based spirolactams have been specifically considered for metal ion sensing by photoluminescence, only some of them manifest photochromic behavior, and further development of rhodamine B (RHB)-based photochromic materials is required. RHB and its cyclic amides are advantageous in various sensing applications owing to their colorimetric responses to external stimulation. Hence, the current work reports a novel multifunctional active molecular material (3',6'-bis(diethylamino))-2-(5-nitrobenzo[c]isothiazol-3-yl)spiro[isoindoline-1,9'-xanthen]-3-one (RHBIT) by linking rhodamine B with 3-amino,5-nitro[2,1]benzoisothiazole (ANB) in a facile synthetic pathway; that perceives both emission color change and switching between off-on states. RHBIT shows acidochromism, photochromism, and pH sensitivity accompanied by unique ethanol responsiveness, with potential applications in anti-counterfeiting and drug delivery. Notably, RHBIT is highly acid sensitive and reverts to the ring-closed form on treatment with triethylamine (base), visible with the naked eye amidst colorless-pink-colorless transformations. On short UV irradiation, RHBIT provides a two-fold rise in the lifetime for the ring-open form in CHCl3 and DCM compared to the spirolactam (closed form). DFT and TDDFT studies provide electronic characterization for the absorption spectra of the open and closed forms. Using the photoresponsive feature of RHBIT, an information protection application has been enacted via a rewritable platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Battula
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Shameerpet, Kapra Mandal, Medchal Dist. Hyderabad-500078 Telangana State India +91-040-66303998 +91-40-66303561
| | - Moromi Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of TechnologyKharagpur-721302India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of TechnologyKharagpur-721302India
| | - Subbalakshmi Jayanty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Shameerpet, Kapra Mandal, Medchal Dist. Hyderabad-500078 Telangana State India +91-040-66303998 +91-40-66303561
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarkar S, Chatterjee A, Biswas K. A Recent Update on Rhodamine Dye Based Sensor Molecules: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 36705594 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2169598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein we have discussed such important modified rhodamine compounds which have been used as chemosensors for the last 7-8 years. This review covered some chemosensors for the detection of metal ions like Al(III), Cu(II), Hg(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Au(III), Cr(III), and some anion like CN-. The selectivity, sensitivity, photophysical properties (i.e., UV-Vis spectral studies, fluorescence studies giving special emphasis to absorption wavelength in UV-Vis spectra and excitation and emission wavelength in fluorescence spectra), binding affinity, the limit of detection, and the application of those chemosensors are described clearly. Here we have also discussed some functionalized rhodamine-based chemosensors that emit in the near-infrared region (NIR) and can target lysosomes and detect lysosomal pH. Their versatile applicability in the medicinal ground is also delineated. We have focused on the photophysical properties of spirolactam rhodamine photoswitches and applications in single-molecule localization microscopy and volumetric 3D light photoactivable dye displays. The real-time detection of radical intermediates has also been exemplified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soma Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Raiganj University, Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhik Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Raiganj University, Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Kinkar Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Chemiluminescent molecules which emit light in response to a chemical reaction are powerful tools for the detection and measurement of biological analytes and enable the understanding of complex biochemical processes in living systems. Triggerable chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanes have been studied and tuned over the past decades to advance quantitative measurement of biological analytes and molecular imaging in live cells and animals. A crucial determinant of success for these 1,2-dioxetane based sensors is their chemical structure, which can be manipulated to achieve desired chemical properties. In this Perspective, we survey the structural space of triggerable 1,2-dioxetane and assess how their design features affect chemiluminescence properties including quantum yield, emission wavelength, and decomposition kinetics. Based on this appraisal, we identify some structural modifications of 1,2-dioxetanes that are ripe for exploration in the context of chemiluminescent biological sensors.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang J, Shen H, Liu X, Yang X, Broman SL, Wang H, Li Q, Lam JWY, Zhang H, Cacciarini M, Nielsen MB, Tang BZ. A Dihydroazulene‐Based Photofluorochromic AIE System for Rewritable 4D Information Encryption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208460. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Søren Lindbæk Broman
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Qiyao Li
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Haoke Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry University of Florence via della Lastruccia 3–13 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019 Italy
| | | | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077 China
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Shen H, Liu X, Yang X, Broman SL, Wang H, Li Q, Lam JWY, Zhang H, Cacciarini M, Nielsen MB, Tang BZ. A Dihydroazulene‐based Photofluorochromic AIE System for Rewritable 4D Information Encryption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zhang
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong HONG KONG
| | - Hanchen Shen
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong HONG KONG
| | - Xinyue Liu
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong HONG KONG
| | - Xueqin Yang
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong HONG KONG
| | - Søren Lindbæk Broman
- University of Copenhagen: Kobenhavns Universitet Department of Chemistry 2100 Copenhagen DENMARK
| | - Haoran Wang
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong HONG KONG
| | - Qiyao Li
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen School of Science and Engineering 518172 Shenzhen CHINA
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 999077 Hong Kong HONG KONG
| | - Haoke Zhang
- Zhejiang University Department of Polymer Science and Engineering No. 866 Yuhangtang Rd 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze Department of Chemistry via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Florence ITALY
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen: Kobenhavns Universitet Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen DENMARK
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen School of Science and Engineering 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District 518172 Shenzhen CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stratton BFC, Pierre AJ, Riser EA, Grinalds NJ, Edwards CW, Wohlwend AM, Bauer JS, Spera RJ, Pferdmenges LS, Griffith KM, Hunter BW, Bobadova-Parvanova P, Day CS, Lundin PM, Fogarty KH. Synthesis and Optical Characterization of a Rhodamine B Spirolactam Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4211-4220. [PMID: 35749658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amide derivatives of xanthene dyes such as rhodamine B are useful in a variety of sensing applications due to their colorimetric responses to stimuli such as acidity changes and UV light. The optical properties of these molecules can be influenced by intermolecular associations into dimeric structures, but the exact impact can be hard to predict. We have designed a covalently linked intramolecular dimer of the dye rhodamine B utilizing p-phenylenediamine to link the two dyes via amide bonds. The doubly closed spirolactam version of this dimer, RSL2, is isolated as a colorless solid. Under acidic conditions or UV exposure, RSL2 solutions develop a pink color that is expected for the ring-opened form of the molecule. However, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and single-crystal diffraction data show that the equilibrium still prefers the closed dimer state. Interestingly, the emission profile of RSL2 shows solvatochromic blue fluorescence. Control studies of model compounds with similar structural motifs do not display similar blue fluorescence, indicating that this optical behavior is unique to the dimeric form. This behavior may lend itself to applications of such xanthene dimers to more sophisticated sensors beyond those with traditional binary on/off fluorescence profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandy-Fey C Stratton
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Angelina J Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Riser
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Nathan J Grinalds
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Charles W Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Anna M Wohlwend
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Jacob S Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Rachel J Spera
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Lauren S Pferdmenges
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Brandon W Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Petia Bobadova-Parvanova
- Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608, United States
| | - Cynthia S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Pamela M Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Keir H Fogarty
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haris U, Plank JT, Li B, Page ZA, Lippert AR. Visible Light Chemical Micropatterning Using a Digital Light Processing Fluorescence Microscope. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:67-76. [PMID: 35106374 PMCID: PMC8796306 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Patterning chemical reactivity with a high spatiotemporal resolution and chemical versatility is critically important for advancing revolutionary emergent technologies, including nanorobotics, bioprinting, and photopharmacology. Current methods are complex and costly, necessitating novel techniques that are easy to use and compatible with a wide range of chemical functionalities. This study reports the development of a digital light processing (DLP) fluorescence microscope that enables the structuring of visible light (465-625 nm) for high-resolution photochemical patterning and simultaneous fluorescence imaging of patterned samples. A range of visible-light-driven photochemical systems, including thiol-ene photoclick reactions, Wolff rearrangements of diazoketones, and photopolymerizations, are shown to be compatible with this system. Patterning the chemical functionality onto microscopic polymer beads and films is accomplished with photographic quality and resolutions as high as 2.1 μm for Wolff rearrangement chemistry and 5 μm for thiol-ene chemistry. Photoactivation of molecules in living cells is demonstrated with single-cell resolution, and microscale 3D printing is achieved using a polymer resin with a 20 μm xy-resolution and a 100 μm z-resolution. Altogether, this work debuts a powerful and easy-to-use platform that will facilitate next-generation nanorobotic, 3D printing, and metamaterial technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uroob Haris
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205-0314, United States
| | - Joshua T. Plank
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205-0314, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205-0314, United States
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United
States
| | - Alexander R. Lippert
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205-0314, United States
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 7205-0314, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Haris U, Kagalwala HN, Kim YL, Lippert AR. Seeking Illumination: The Path to Chemiluminescent 1,2-Dioxetanes for Quantitative Measurements and In Vivo Imaging. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2844-2857. [PMID: 34110136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is a fascinating phenomenon that evolved in nature and has been harnessed by chemists in diverse ways to improve life. This Account tells the story of our research group's efforts to formulate and manifest spiroadamantane 1,2-dioxetanes with triggerable chemiluminescence for imaging and monitoring important reactive analytes in living cells, animals, and human clinical samples. Analytes like reactive sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as pH and hypoxia can be indicators of cellular function or dysfunction and are often implicated in the causes and effects of disease. We begin with a foundation in binding-based and activity-based fluorescence imaging that has provided transformative tools for understanding biological systems. The intense light sources required for fluorescence excitation, however, introduce autofluorescence and light scattering that reduces sensitivity and complicates in vivo imaging. Our work and the work of our collaborators were the first to demonstrate that spiroadamantane 1,2-dioxetanes had sufficient brightness and biological compatibility for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity and reactive analytes like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inside of living mice. This launched an era of renewed interest in 1,2-dioxetanes that has resulted in a plethora of new chemiluminescence imaging agents developed by groups around the world. Our own research group focused its efforts on reactive sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen species, pH, and hypoxia, resulting in a large family of bright chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanes validated for cell monitoring and in vivo imaging. These chemiluminescent probes feature low background and high sensitivity that have been proven quite useful for studying signaling, for example, the generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in cellular models of immune function and phagocytosis. This high sensitivity has also enabled real-time quantitative reporting of oxygen-dependent enzyme activity and hypoxia in living cells and tumor xenograft models. We reported some of the first ratiometric chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetane systems for imaging pH and have introduced a powerful kinetics-based approach for quantification of reactive species like azanone (nitroxyl, HNO) and enzyme activity in living cells. These tools have been applied to untangle complex signaling pathways of peroxynitrite production in radiation therapy and as substrates in a split esterase system to provide an enzyme/substrate pair to rival luciferase/luciferin. Furthermore, we have pushed chemiluminescence toward commercialization and clinical translation by demonstrating the ability to monitor airway hydrogen peroxide in the exhaled breath of asthma patients using transiently produced chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanedione intermediates. This body of work shows the powerful possibilities that can emerge when working at the interface of light and chemistry, and we hope that it will inspire future scientists to seek out ever brighter and more illuminating ideas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uroob Haris
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Husain N. Kagalwala
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Yujin Lisa Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Alexander R. Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| |
Collapse
|