Bladder cancer metastasis producing beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and parathyroid hormone-related protein

Aberrant trophoblastic differentiation in human cancer: An emerging novel therapeutic target (Review)

Various types of human cancer may develop aberrant trophoblastic differentiation, including histological changes and altered expression of β‑human chorionic gonadotropin (β‑hCG). Aberrant trophoblastic differentiation in epithelial cancer is usually associated with poor differentiation, tumor metastasis, unfavorable prognosis and treatment resistance. Since β‑hCG‑targeting vaccines have failed in an early phase II trial, it is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of trophoblastic differentiation in human cancer. The present review summarizes the clinical and translational research on this topic with the aim of accelerating the development of an effective targeted therapy. Ectopic expression of β‑hCG promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, vasculogenesis and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro, and enhances metastatic and tumorigenic capabilities in vivo. Signaling cascades modulated by β‑hCG include the TGF‑β receptor pathway, EMT‑related pathways, the c‑MET receptor tyrosine kinase and mitogen‑activated protein kinase/ERK pathways, and the SMAD2/4 pathway. Taken together, these findings indicated that TGF‑β receptors, c‑MET and ERK1/2 are potential therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, further investigation on the molecular basis of aberrant trophoblastic differentiation is mandatory to improve the design of precision therapy for this aggressive type of human cancer.

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor producing cervical cancer with elevated levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein: a case report and literature review

Systemic effects associated with hormones and cytokines secreted by tumor cells can cause paraneoplastic syndrome. Leukemoid reactions and hypercalcemia are relatively common manifestations of paraneoplastic syndrome. Here, we describe the case of a 90-year-old woman who presented with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia and was diagnosed with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-producing cervical cancer with elevated levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). The patient visited our hospital complaining of general fatigue and anorexia. On admission, she presented with marked leukocytosis, hypercalcemia, and an increase in C-reactive protein level. On the basis of abdominal magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological examination, the patient was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Additional tests confirmed elevated plasma levels of G-CSF, PTHrP, and serum interleukin-6. Immunostaining of pathological specimens of the uterine cervix showed expression of G-CSF in tumor cells. The patient was diagnosed with G-CSF-producing cervical cancer accompanied by elevation of PTHrP levels. As a treatment for hypercalcemia, discontinuation of oral vitamin D derivative and administration of saline and elcatonin were ineffective, and therapeutic intervention with zoledronic acid hydrate was required. Considering the patient's advanced age, surgical resection of cervical cancer was not performed. She died from congestive heart failure approximately 3 months after hospitalization. This case was indicated to be a paraneoplastic syndrome in which G-CSF and PTHrP-induced leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of G-CSF-producing cervical cancer with elevated PTHrP levels, and our case is the first report.

Quantification of hCG Hormone Using Tapered Optical Fiber Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles

In this study, a novel technique for the quantification of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone using localized surface plasmons and a tapered optical fiber decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) is reported. The tapered optical fiber fabrication process involves stretching a single-mode optical fiber using the flame-brushing system. The waist of the tapered optical fiber reaches a diameter of 3 μm. Decoration of the taper is achieved through the photodeposition of 100 nm Au-NPs using the drop-casting technique and a radiation source emitting at 1550 nm. The presence of the hCG hormone in the sample solutions is verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), revealing the presence of bands related to functional groups, such as C=O (1630 cm-1), which are associated with proteins and lipids, components of the hCG hormone. Quantification tests for hormone concentrations were carried out by measuring the optical power response of the tapered optical fiber with Au-NPs under the influence of hCG hormone concentrations, ranging from 1 mIU/mL to 100,000 mIU/mL. In the waist of the tapered optical fiber, the evanescent field is amplified because of localized surface plasmons generated by the nanoparticles and the laser radiation through the optical fiber. Experimental results demonstrated a proportional relationship between measured radiation power and hCG concentration, with the optical power response decreasing from 4.45 mW down to 2.5 mW, as the hCG hormone concentration increased from 1 mIU/mL up to 100,000 mIU/mL. Furthermore, the spectral analysis demonstrated a spectral shift of 14.2 nm with the increment of the hCG hormone concentration. The measurement system exhibits promising potential as a sensor for applications in the biomedical and industrial fields.

Malignancy-related Hypercalcemia Caused by Metameric Cutaneous Metastasis of Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein-producing Bladder Carcinoma with Squamous Cell Differentiation: An Autopsy Case of Cobb Syndrome

A 74-year-old woman was admitted with hypercalcemia and prolonged disturbance of consciousness. The left buttock to the anterior aspect of the left thigh was swollen and erythematous, with a collection of 1.0-cm large, firm, elastic nodules distributed in a zosteriform pattern in the L1-L4 region. Based on autopsy findings, a very rare case of Cobb syndrome was diagnosed due to a spinal vascular malformation at the Th12-L4 level and L5 vertebral hemangioma. Cobb syndrome-associated cutaneous metastasis extending along the same metamere was complicated by immunohistochemically proven parathyroid hormone-related protein-producing advanced bladder carcinoma in this case.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen: Clinical Application and Research Status

The squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is a tumor marker that has gained increasing attention for its biological functions and significance in normal physiological and pathological processes. Not only SCCA but also circulating immune complexes of SCCA and immunoglobulin M (IgM) are involved in normal physiological and pathological processes, providing a background for numerous clinical studies aimed at assessing the potential role of SCCA, SCCA–IgM, and SCCA isoform complexes in clinical practice. Previous studies support the clinical value of SCCA as a tumor marker for either diagnosing squamous cancers or monitoring the response to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, tumor relapse, and treatment failure. However, these studies show contrasting results, making the diagnostic or prognostic value of SCCA controversial. To reduce clinical heterogeneity across studies and achieve a more accurate and reliable comparison of results, a standardized detection method, scoring system, and cutoff level need to be established. Moreover, despite the fact that performances of different methods are comparable, the dynamic observation of tumor marker kinetics should be conducted under the same method.

Multiple endocrine disorders manifested as gynecomastia in a patient with renal pelvis cancer

A 95‐year‐old man was diagnosed with left renal pelvis cancer which presented with rapid tumor growth, multiple metastases, and bilateral tender gynecomastia. Elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone were detected. The patient's condition rapidly deteriorated, and he passed away.

Serum tumour markers in germ cell tumours: From diagnosis to cure

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent the best and the only example of solid tumors curable in the large majority of patients. GCTs are one of the few malignancies for which specific biochemical markers have been identified: human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alfa-fetoprotein (AFP). Due to their specificity and sensitivity they constitute formidable tools in the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment for GCTs. As a tumor mass marker, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is also considered. Tumor markers are expressed in 15-20% of seminoma and 60-80% of non-seminoma. With the aim to increase sensitivity and specificity, recent studies have proposed miRNAs as serum biomarkers. This review will focus on role of serum tumor markers in diagnosis, staging, prognosis, monitoring of response, and finally follow-up of GCTs.