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Matsuzawa Adachi M, Sugawara H, Ishii A, Chiba E, Hamamoto K, Demitsu T, Yamada S. Malignancy-related Hypercalcemia Caused by Metameric Cutaneous Metastasis of Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein-producing Bladder Carcinoma with Squamous Cell Differentiation: An Autopsy Case of Cobb Syndrome. Intern Med 2023; 62:3075-3084. [PMID: 36858515 PMCID: PMC10641195 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0893-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A 74-year-old woman was admitted with hypercalcemia and prolonged disturbance of consciousness. The left buttock to the anterior aspect of the left thigh was swollen and erythematous, with a collection of 1.0-cm large, firm, elastic nodules distributed in a zosteriform pattern in the L1-L4 region. Based on autopsy findings, a very rare case of Cobb syndrome was diagnosed due to a spinal vascular malformation at the Th12-L4 level and L5 vertebral hemangioma. Cobb syndrome-associated cutaneous metastasis extending along the same metamere was complicated by immunohistochemically proven parathyroid hormone-related protein-producing advanced bladder carcinoma in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Matsuzawa Adachi
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Comprehensive Medicine 1, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugawara
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Comprehensive Medicine 1, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Comprehensive Medicine 1, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Emiko Chiba
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Kohei Hamamoto
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Toshio Demitsu
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Comprehensive Medicine 2, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
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2
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Duan ZX, Huang P, Tu C, Liu Q, Li SQ, Long ZL, Li ZH. MicroRNA-15a-5p Regulates the Development of Osteoarthritis by Targeting PTHrP in Chondrocytes. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:3904923. [PMID: 30949498 PMCID: PMC6425345 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3904923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A growing body of research has demonstrated that the degeneration of chondrocytes is the primary cause of osteoarthritis (OA). Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) can alleviate the degeneration of chondrocytes via promotion of chondrocyte proliferation and inhibition of terminal differentiation, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the microRNAs (miRNAs) that may target PTHrP and regulate the proliferation and terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. METHODS Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict which miRNAs target PTHrP. We collected human knee cartilage specimens to acquire the primary chondrocytes, which we then used to test the expression and function of the targeted miRNAs. To explore the effects of miR-15a-5p on the putative binding sites, specific mimics or inhibitors were transfected into the chondrocytes. Furthermore, a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and chondrocyte degeneration-related factors were used to verify the possible mechanism. RESULTS The expression of PTHrP was upregulated in the OA chondrocytes, whilst miR-15a-5p was downregulated in the OA chondrocytes. A negative correlation was observed between PTHrP and miR-15a-5p. The knockdown of miR-15a-5p promoted the growth of chondrocytes and inhibited calcium deposition, whilst overexpression of miR-15a-5p reversed this trend. The effect of miR-15a-5p overexpression was neutralised by PTHrP. Dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that PTHrP can be used as a novel targeting molecule for miR-15a-5p. CONCLUSIONS miR-15a-5p promotes the degeneration of chondrocytes by targeting PTHrP and, in addition to helping us understand the development of OA, may be a potential biomarker of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-xi Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Shuang-qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ze-ling Long
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Zhi-hong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, China
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Tanaka N, Ohno S, Honda K, Tanimoto K, Doi T, Ohno-Nakahara M, Tafolla E, Kapila S, Tanne K. Cyclic Mechanical Strain Regulates the PTHrP Expression in Cultured Chondrocytes via Activation of the Ca2+ Channel. J Dent Res 2016; 84:64-8. [PMID: 15615878 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between mechanical stimulation and chondrocyte homeostasis has been reported. However, the participation of PTHrP (parathyroid-hormone-related protein) in the mechano-regulation of chondrocyte metabolism remains unclear. We determined whether mechanical stimulation of chondrocytes induces the expression of PTHrP and, further, whether the mechano-modulation of PTHrP is dependent on the maturational status of chondrocytes. Cyclic mechanical strain was applied to rat growth plate chondrocytes at the proliferating, matrix-forming, and hypertrophic stages at 30 cycles/min. Cyclic mechanical strain significantly increased PTHrP mRNA levels in chondrocytes at the proliferating and matrix-forming stages only. The induction of PTHrP was dependent on loading magnitude at the proliferating stage. Using specific ion channel blockers, we determined that mechano-induction of PTHrP was inhibited by nifedipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker. These results suggest that mechanical induction of PTHrP possibly provides the environment for greater chondrocyte replication and matrix formation that would subsequently affect cartilage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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4
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Gessi M, Monego G, Lauriola L, Maggiano N, Ranelletti FO. Parathyroid Hormone-related Peptide (hPTHrP) and Parathyroid Hormone-related Peptide Receptor Type 1 (PTHR1) Expression in Human Thymus. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:955-62. [PMID: 15879577 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6548.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (hPTHrP) is expressed in human tissues and regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis by an autocrine/paracrine loop. In rodent thymus, both parathormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) are expressed by thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The present study demonstrated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry that hPTHrP and parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor type 1 (PTHR1) were expressed in human thymus at both RNA and protein levels. hPTHrP was expressed mainly in the thymic medulla by epithelial (cytokeratin-positive), mature dendritic (CD40+/86+) and plasmacytoid interleukin (IL)-3Rα+ cells. This protein was also present in some cells forming Hassall's bodies and a few subcapsular and cortical TECs. PTHR1 was expressed by scattered subcapsular and cortical TECs and by rare TECs in the medulla. Thymocytes did not express either hPTHrP or PTHR1. Primary cultures of human TECs revealed the presence of both hPTHrP and PTHR1 mRNAs, confirming the capacity of TECs to synthesize both peptides. Moreover, synthetic (1–39) hPTHrP peptide administered on cultured TECs induced the expression of IL-6 mRNA, suggesting that hPTHrP can regulate thymic functions by inducing in TECs the expression of IL-6, which is involved in the development and maturation of thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gessi
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Hung IH, Schoenwolf GC, Lewandoski M, Ornitz DM. A combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 mutant alleles identifies unique and redundant roles in skeletal development. Dev Biol 2016; 411:72-84. [PMID: 26794256 PMCID: PMC4801039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is a critical regulator of skeletal development. Fgf9 and Fgf18 are the only FGF ligands with identified functions in embryonic bone growth. Mice lacking Fgf9 or Fgf18 have distinct skeletal phenotypes; however, the extent of overlapping or redundant functions for these ligands and the stage-specific contributions of FGF signaling to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are not known. To identify separate versus shared roles for FGF9 and FGF18, we generated a combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 null alleles. Analysis of embryos lacking alleles of Fgf9 and Fgf18 shows that both encoded ligands function redundantly to control all stages of skeletogenesis; however, they have variable potencies along the proximodistal limb axis, suggesting gradients of activity during formation of the appendicular skeleton. Congenital absence of both Fgf9 and Fgf18 results in a striking osteochondrodysplasia and revealed functions for FGF signaling in early proximal limb chondrogenesis. Additional defects were also noted in craniofacial bones, vertebrae, and ribs. Loss of alleles of Fgf9 and Fgf18 also affect the expression of genes encoding other key intrinsic skeletal regulators, including IHH, PTHLH (PTHrP), and RUNX2, revealing potential direct, indirect, and compensatory mechanisms to coordinate chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Hung
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States; Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Gary C Schoenwolf
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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Kim KR, Kim HJ, Lee SK, Ma GT, Park KK, Chung WY. 15-deoxy-δ12,14-prostaglandin j2 inhibits osteolytic breast cancer bone metastasis and estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122764. [PMID: 25859665 PMCID: PMC4393227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the major cause of cancer death in women worldwide. The most common site of metastasis is bone. Bone metastases obstruct the normal bone remodeling process and aberrantly enhance osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, which results in osteolytic lesions. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is an endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) that has anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity at micromolar concentrations through PPARγ-dependent and/or PPARγ-independent pathways. We investigated the inhibitory activity of 15d-PGJ2 on the bone loss that is associated with breast cancer bone metastasis and estrogen deficiency caused by cancer treatment. 15d-PGJ2 dose-dependently inhibited viability, migration, invasion, and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) production in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. 15d-PGJ2 suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) mRNA levels and normalized osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA levels in hFOB1.19 osteoblastic cells treated with culture medium from MDA-MB-231 cells or PTHrP, which decreased the RANKL/OPG ratio. 15d-PGJ2 blocked RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and inhibited the formation of resorption pits by decreasing the activities of cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinases, which are secreted by mature osteoclasts. 15d-PGJ2 exerted its effects on breast cancer and bone cells via PPARγ-independent pathways. In Balb/c nu/nu mice that received an intracardiac injection of MDA-MB-231 cells, subcutaneously injected 15d-PGJ2 substantially decreased metastatic progression, cancer cell-mediated bone destruction in femora, tibiae, and mandibles, and serum PTHrP levels. 15d-PGJ2 prevented the destruction of femoral trabecular structures in estrogen-deprived ICR mice as measured by bone morphometric parameters and serum biochemical data. Therefore, 15d-PGJ2 may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer-associated bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742–711, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 120–752, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 120–752, Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120–749, Korea
| | - Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 120–752, Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120–749, Korea
| | - Gwang Taek Ma
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120–749, Korea
| | - Kwang Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 120–752, Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120–749, Korea
| | - Won Yoon Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 120–752, Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120–749, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Hou R, Wang YW, Liang HF, Zhang ZG, Liu ZM, Zhang BH, Zhang BX, Chen XP. Animal and cellular models of hepatocellular carcinoma bone metastasis: establishment and characterisation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1931-43. [PMID: 25820528 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasingly high occurrence of bone metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients highlights the importance of fundamental research on HCC bone metastasis, which has been limited in its success due to the lack of a model system. PURPOSE Establishment of animal and cellular models of HCC bone metastasis and discovery of HCC bone metastasis-related genes. METHODS Luciferase-transfected HCC cell lines HCCLM3, MHCC97H, and SMMC-7721 were used to inoculate nude mice intracardially. Formation of bone metastases was examined by bioluminescence imaging, SPECT, and pathology study. Metastatic cells in bone were isolated and subcultured. Differences between bone metastatic cells and their parental cells were studied by in vitro/in vivo assays. RESULTS Mouse model of HCC bone metastasis was successfully established. Injected tumour cells formed metastases in the skull, the spine, the hind limbs, and the sternum, causing osteolytic lesions via act of MMP-1 and recruitment of osteoclasts. Four bone metastatic cell lines were extracted from HCCLM3-inoculated mice and were demonstrated to exhibit a much stronger ability to form bone metastases as well as other phenotypes, including enhanced in vitro migration/invasion and colony formation. Moreover, the expression of PTHrP, MMP-1, and CTGF was significantly elevated in bone metastatic cells compared to parental HCC cells. CONCLUSION The nude mouse model and bone metastatic cell lines together provide an effective simulation of HCC bone metastasis. This model system will become powerful tool with which to explore the mechanisms and therapies of HCC bone metastasis. Additionally, PTHrP, MMP-1, and CTGF are candidate genes related to HCC bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hui-Fang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhan-Guo Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhi-Min Liu
- Department of Surgery, Sixth Subsidiary Sun Yat-sen University Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin-Hao Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bi-Xiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Okagawa T, Hiramatsu Y. [Parathyroid Hormone-related Peptide (PTHrP) Producing Lung Cancer Presenting Hypercalcemia; Report of a Case]. Kyobu Geka 2015; 68:237-239. [PMID: 25743561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An 82-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with hemoptysis and weight loss. Chest computed tomography(CT) showed a 90 mm mass with cavity formation in the right lower lobe adjacent to chest wall. Laboratory data revealed hypercalcemia and elevation of parathyroid hormone-related protein C (PTHrP). He was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma of lung by transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) [cT3aN1M0]. Nausea and anorexia due to hypercalcemia became worse and a right middle and lower lobectomy was performed because of difficult control of symptoms by medicine and worsening of his general condition. His symptoms were improved immediately after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Okagawa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toyota Kosei Hospital, Toyota, Japan
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Iida T, Satoh S, Kaneto H, Sasaki H, Naganawa Y, Ishigami K, Nakagaki S, Shimizu H, Konishi Y, Kon S. [A case of hypercalcemia associated with parathyroid hormone-related protein produced by the recurrence of B-cell lymphoma of the pancreas]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2014; 111:2163-2173. [PMID: 25373378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An 87-year-old woman was diagnosed with primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the pancreas by endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration. Complete remission was achieved after treatment with six courses of R-CHOP chemotherapy. However, two and a half years later, she was readmitted because of weakness during walking. At this time, laboratory tests revealed hypercalcemia associated with high plasma levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), but bone lesions were not detected. Although computed tomography only revealed splenomegaly, we suspected a recurrence of her malignant lymphoma because she also had marked elevation of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Bone marrow examination revealed the involvement of Burkitt's lymphoma cells with malignant transformation. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that hypercalcemia was caused by a paraneoplastic syndrome related to PTHrP-producing B-cell lymphoma cells. Unfortunately, the patient's general condition rapidly deteriorated, and she died soon after admission. Our case is unusual because of the presentation of bone marrow relapse of malignant lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Muroran City General Hospital
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10
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Inoue D. [Role for PTHrP in bone and cartilage metabolism]. Clin Calcium 2014; 24:863-869. [PMID: 24870837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) is a widely distributed cytokine, which shares the cognate receptor PTHR1 with PTH. Originally identified as a causal factor of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy twenty years ago, PTHrP is now recognized as a critical physiological regulator of various biological processes, including bone and cartilage metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Third Department of Medicine, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Japan
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Boras-Granic K, Dann P, VanHouten J, Karaplis A, Wysolmerski J. Deletion of the nuclear localization sequences and C-terminus of PTHrP impairs embryonic mammary development but also inhibits PTHrP production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90418. [PMID: 24785493 PMCID: PMC4006745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) can be secreted from cells and interact with its receptor, the Type 1 PTH/PTHrP Receptor (PTHR1) in an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine fashion. PTHrP can also remain inside cells and be transported into the nucleus, where its functions are unclear, although recent experiments suggest that it may broadly regulate cell survival and senescence. Disruption of either the PTHrP or PTHR1 gene results in many abnormalities including a failure of embryonic mammary gland development in mice and in humans. In order to examine the potential functions of nuclear PTHrP in the breast, we examined mammary gland development in PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice, which express a mutant form of PTHrP that lacks the C-terminus and nuclear localization signals and which can be secreted but cannot enter the nucleus. Interestingly, we found that PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice had defects in mammary mesenchyme differentiation and mammary duct outgrowth that were nearly identical to those previously described in PTHrP-/- and PTHR1-/- mice. However, the mammary buds in PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice had severe reductions in mutant PTHrP mRNA levels, suggesting that the developmental defects were due to insufficient production of PTHrP by mammary epithelial cells and not loss of PTHrP nuclear function. Examination of the effects of nuclear PTHrP in the mammary gland in vivo will require the development of alternative animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Boras-Granic
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joshua VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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SUWA HIROHIKO, HIRANO MASATO, KAWARADA KOUJI, NAGAYAMA MOTOHIKO, EHARA MICHIKO, MURAKI TOMONARI, SHISA HAYASE, SUGIYAMA AIKO, SUGIMOTO MASAHIRO, HIAI HIROSHI, KITANO MOTOO, TANUMA JUNICHI. Pthlh, a promising cancer modifier gene in rat tongue carcinogenesis. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:3-12. [PMID: 24253735 PMCID: PMC3868494 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibly to the induction of rat tongue cancer (TC) by oral 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) exposure is a polygenic trait. Among several quantitative trait loci identified by crosses between TC-susceptible Dark Agouti (DA) rats and TC-resistant Wistar-Furth (WF) rats, we focused on tongue cancer susceptibility locus (Tcas3) of chromosome 4. We examined tongue carcinogenesis in the reciprocal congenic strains DA.WF-Tcas3 and WF.DA-Tcas3 and in their parental strains. The Tcas3DA allele, and not the Tcas3WF allele, significantly favored tumor latency, incidence and TC number/size. In genomic DNA of TCs induced in (DA x WF) F1 rats, the resistant Tcas3WF allele was frequently and selectively lost, particularly in larger tumors. Thus, we searched the possible candidate genes in the Tcas3 region using microarray analysis of TCs in F1 rats and revealed significant upregulation of 2 cancer-related genes, parathyroid hormone-like hormone (Pthlh) and Kras2. The relevance of the WF allele of Pthlh as a cancer modifier was indicated by 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms specific to this strain. In contrast, no consistent strain-specific variations were found in Kras2. Moreover, the plasma Ca2+ level was consistently higher in DA rats when compared to the level in WF rats bearing TCs; moreover, the Pthlh-mRNA expression level was >30-fold higher in TCs when compared to this level in the normal tongue mucosa. Immunostaining experiments showed strong PTHrP protein expression in TCs of DA rats, and the signal was intensified in larger TCs. Kras2 was also upregulated in TCs, but to a lesser degree than PTHrP. Thus, Pthlh is a promising candidate modifier gene in the development and progression of rat TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- HIROHIKO SUWA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - MASATO HIRANO
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - KOUJI KAWARADA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - MOTOHIKO NAGAYAMA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - MICHIKO EHARA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - TOMONARI MURAKI
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - HAYASE SHISA
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Ina, Saitama, Japan
| | - AIKO SUGIYAMA
- Malignancy Control Research Laboratory, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - MASAHIRO SUGIMOTO
- Malignancy Control Research Laboratory, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - HIROSHI HIAI
- Malignancy Control Research Laboratory, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - MOTOO KITANO
- Division of Pathology, Saitama Cooperative Hospital, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - JUN-ICHI TANUMA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
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13
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Matsumoto M, Wakiyama S, Shiba H, Gocho T, Misawa T, Ishida Y, Itsubo M, Suzuki M, Yanaga K. Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma producing parathyroid hormone-related protein: report of a case. Surg Today 2013; 44:1577-83. [PMID: 24013836 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-013-0714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHCC) is an uncommon form of primary liver cancer. A 57-year-old man was readmitted to our hospital for treatment of recurrent CHCC, 12 months after central bisegmentectomy and 4 months after limited hepatic resection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple hepatic nodules. Laboratory data showed increased serum levels of α-fetoprotein (AFP), calcium, and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), to 5,571 ng/mL, 17.0 mg/dL, and 16.1 pmol/L, respectively. Palliative mass reduction surgery was indicated by the fact that the hypercalcemia was difficult to manage medically. Thus, we performed lateral segmentectomy with partial resection of segment 7 and the caudate lobe, and microwave coagulation therapy for multiple recurrent CHCC. Thereafter, the serum PTH-rP and AFP levels decreased remarkably and the hypercalcemia was controlled for the next 3 months. He died of disease progression 9 months after the last hepatic surgery. To our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of CHCC producing PTH-rP in the English-language literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinori Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan,
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14
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Kuo PL, Liao SH, Hung JY, Huang MS, Hsu YL. MicroRNA-33a functions as a bone metastasis suppressor in lung cancer by targeting parathyroid hormone related protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3756-66. [PMID: 23458685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is a common site of metastasis for lung cancer, and is associated with significant morbidity and a dismal prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly implicated in regulating the progression of malignancies. METHODS The efficacy of miR-33a or anti-miR-33a plasmid was assessed by Real-time PCR. Luciferase assays were using One-Glo Luciferase Assay System. Measurement of secreted factors was determined by ELISA kit. RESULTS We have found that miR-33a, which is downregulated in lung cancer cells, directly targets PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein), a potent stimulator of osteoclastic bone resorption, leading to decreased osteolytic bone metastasis. We also found that miR-33a levels are inversely correlated with PTHrP expression between human normal bronchial cell line and lung cancer cell lines. The reintroduction of miR-33a reduces the stimulatory effect of A549 on the production of osteoclastogenesis activator RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand) and M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor) on osteoblasts, while the expression of PTHrP is decreased in A549 cells. miR-33a overexpression also reduces the inhibitory activity of A549 on the production of OPG (osteoprotegerin), an osteoclastogenesis inhibitor. In addition, miR-33a-mediated PTHrP downregulation results in decreased IL-8 secretion in A549, which contributes to decreased lung cancer-mediated osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. CONCLUSIONS These findings have led us to conclude that miR-33a may be a potent tumor suppressor, which inhibits direct and indirect osteoclastogenesis through repression of PTHrP. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE miR-33a may even predict a poor prognosis for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Yoshino Y, Itikawa M, Yokoyama A, Oda N, Hayakawa N, Suzuki A, Ito M, Kiriyama Y, Urano M, Kuroda M. [Case report: a case of PTH-rP producing apocrine adenocarcinoma]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2011; 100:3329-3332. [PMID: 22250426 DOI: 10.2169/naika.100.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Yoshino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University Hospital, Japan
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16
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Xing R, Zheng H, Liu X, Yan L, An J, Yang Z, Zhu Z. [Preparation and identification of recombinant adenoviruses carrying short hairpin RNA targeting parathyroid hormone related protein of goat]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2011; 27:1555-1563. [PMID: 22393710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) has important biological functions in calcium metabolism. The aim of this study was to silence the expression of PTHrP by RNA interference and recombinant adenovirus, and to provide a material to investigate the relative functions of PTHrP in goat mammary gland epithelial cell. The Block-iT shRNA interference system was used in this experiment. We designed and synthesized two pairs of complementary single-strand DNA oligonucleotides (shRNA-322/357) targeting two different sites of PTHrP mRNA. Then the oligonucleotides were inserted into shuttle vector pENTR/CMV-GFP/U6. After detection of the interference efficiency by Western blotting, we chose pENTR/CMV-GFP/U6-322 and adenovirus backbone vector pAD/PL-DEST to produce recombinant vector pAD/PL-DEST/CMV-GFP/U6-322. The first generation recombinant adenovirus particles (AD-PTHrP-322) were produced and further amplified by transfecting HEK-293 cells. The titer of the recombinant adenovirus reached 2.0 x 1(9) PFU/mL determined by TCID50 assays. The result of real-time quantitative PCR indicated that mRNA expression levels of gene were reduced 29.2%, 68.1% and 82.6% (P < 0.05), respectively, when goat mammary gland epithelial cells were infected with AD-PTHrP-322 after 24, 48 and 72 h, in which PTHrP. Western blotting also showed that the expression of PTHrP was reduced by infecting the cells with AD-PTHrP-322. AD-PTHrP-322 has been proved with significant interference effect on expression of PTHrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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17
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Williams K, Abanquah D, Joshi-Gokhale S, Otero A, Lin H, Guthalu NK, Zhang X, Mozar A, Bisello A, Stewart AF, Garcia-Ocaña A, Vasavada RC. Systemic and acute administration of parathyroid hormone-related peptide(1-36) stimulates endogenous beta cell proliferation while preserving function in adult mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2867-77. [PMID: 21800111 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A major focus in the treatment of diabetes is to identify factors that stimulate endogenous beta cell growth while preserving function. The first 36 amino acids of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) are sufficient to enhance proliferation and function in rodent and human beta cells in vitro. This study examined whether acute and systemic administration of the amino-terminal PTHrP(1-36) peptide can achieve similar effects in rodent beta cells in vivo. METHODS Adult male mice were injected with 40, 80 or 160 μg of PTHrP(1-36) per kg body weight or with vehicle for 25 days. Glucose and beta cell homeostasis, as well as expression of differentiation markers and cell cycle genes were analysed. RESULTS All three doses of PTHrP(1-36) significantly enhanced beta cell proliferation in vivo at day 25, with 160 μg/kg PTHrP(1-36) increasing proliferation as early as day 5. Importantly, the two higher doses of PTHrP(1-36) caused a significant 30% expansion of beta cell mass, with a short-term improvement in glucose tolerance. PTHrP(1-36) did not cause hypercalcaemia, or change islet number, beta cell size, beta cell death or expression of differentiation markers. Analysis of islet G1/S cell cycle proteins revealed that chronic overabundance of PTHrP(1-139) in the beta cell significantly increased the cell cycle activator cyclin D2 and decreased levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor (p16( Ink4a ) [Ink4a also known as Cdkn2a]), but acute treatment with PTHrP(1-36) did not. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Acute and systemic administration of PTHrP(1-36) increases rodent beta cell proliferation and mass without negatively affecting function or survival. These findings highlight the future potential therapeutic effectiveness of this peptide under diabetes-related pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, BST-E1157, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Planck T, Parikh H, Brorson H, Mårtensson T, Åsman P, Groop L, Hallengren B, Lantz M. Gene expression in Graves' ophthalmopathy and arm lymphedema: similarities and differences. Thyroid 2011; 21:663-74. [PMID: 21510802 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and lymphedema share some pathogenetic mechanisms, such as edema, inflammation, and adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine similarities and differences between chronic GO and chronic lymphedema. METHODS Intraorbital adipose tissue was collected from patients with active (n = 10) or chronic GO (n = 10) and thyroid-healthy controls (n = 10). Arm subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from patients with chronic arm lymphedema (n = 10), where the unaffected arm served as a control. Gene expression was studied using microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The following genes were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) in lymphedema but not in GO and have functions in wound healing, fibrosis, fat metabolism, inflammation, differentiation, development, adhesion, and the cytoskeleton: ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 1 (ABCG1), actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta (ACTA2), secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), tenascin C (TNC), pentraxin-related gene, rapidly induced by IL-1 beta (PTX3), and carboxypeptidase X (M14 family), member 1 (CPMX1). In chronic GO, but not in lymphedema, adipocyte-related immediate early genes known to be overexpressed in patients with active GO were upregulated but at a lower level than previously shown for the active phase. Genes of the Wnt pathway, such as secreted frizzled-related protein 1, 2, and 3, were up- and downregulated in both chronic GO and lymphedema. Parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) was downregulated (p = 0.01) and apolipoprotein L domain containing 1 (APOLD1) was upregulated (p = 0.05) in both active and chronic GO. CONCLUSIONS There are more differences than similarities between chronic ophthalmopathy and chronic lymphedema, but both conditions exhibit less inflammation and adipogenesis compared to the active phases. In lymphedema, fibrosis dominates. PTHLH, which can inhibit adipogenesis, is downregulated both in active and chronic ophthalmopathy, indicating the possibility of an increased risk of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Planck
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, CRC, Malmö, Sweden.
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19
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Ibaragi S, Shimo T, Iwamoto M, Hassan NMM, Kodama S, Isowa S, Sasaki A. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide regulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene expression in bone metastatic breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:5029-5036. [PMID: 21187486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) cells often metastasize to bone where they express large amounts of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). In this study, we investigated the possibility that PTHrP may have roles in breast cancer bone metastasis independently of, or in addition to, its roles in osteoclastic function. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse model of bone metastasis was prepared by inoculating mice with suspensions of the human BC cell line MDA-MB-231 tumor cells via the left cardiac ventricle. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression in the bone microenvironment was examined by Western blot and Real-time RT-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis, as well as by confocal microscopy. RESULTS The invading MDA-MB-231 cells contained conspicuous amounts of both PTHrP and MMP-13, an important matrix-degrading enzyme; and treatment of the cells in culture with exogenous PTHrP markedly stimulated MMP13 gene expression. Analysis of signaling mechanisms showed that PTHrP treatment led to rapid increases in the levels of phosphorylated protein kinase C (PKCα) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Pharmacologic inhibition of ERK1/2 and PKC as well as of PKA activities counteracted the PTHrP-dependent stimulation of MMP13 expression. Indeed, pharmacologic activation of PKA or PKC was sufficient for stimulation of MMP13 expression. CONCLUSION Consistent with these findings, the inhibition of PKC prevented PTHrP-induced activation of ERK1/2, whereas 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a stimulator of PKC, up-regulated the PTHrP-induced activation of ERK1/2. Taken together, our data indicate that the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells may carry out bone destruction and favor their own metastatic behavior by producing MMP-13. Given that the cells expressed PTHrP and that this factor stimulated MMP-13 expression, metastatic bone destruction may result from a PTHrP autocrine loop involving a PKC-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Chen J, Gupta T, Barasz JA, Kalajzic Z, Yeh WC, Drissi H, Hand AR, Wadhwa S. Analysis of microarchitectural changes in a mouse temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis model. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:1091-8. [PMID: 19896116 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the natural progression of the disease process of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA), which affects approximately 1% of the US population. The goal of this study was to examine the early microarchitectural and molecular changes in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone in biglycan/fibromodulin (Bgn/Fmod) double-deficient mice, which develop TMJ-OA at 6 months. METHODS TMJs from 3-month-old (n=44) and 9-month-old (n=52) wild-type (WT n=46) and Bgn/Fmod (n=50) double-deficient mice were evaluated. Micro-CT analysis of the subchondral bone (n=24), transmission electron microscopy for condylar cartilage fibril diameters (n=26), and real-time PCR analysis for gene expression for bone and cartilage maturation markers (n=45) was performed. RESULTS A statistically significant increase in collagen fibril diameter of the condylar cartilage and a decrease in expression of Parathyroid related protein in the mandibular condylar head were observed in the 3-month Bgn/Fmod double-deficient mice compared to WT controls. The 9-month Bgn/Fmod double-deficient mouse demonstrated an increase in bone volume and total volume in subchondral bone, and an increase in the expression of Collagen Type X and Aggrecan in the mandibular condylar head compared to the WT controls. CONCLUSION We found that changes in the microarchitecture of the condylar cartilage preceded changes in the subchondral bone during OA in the TMJ in Bgn/Fmod double-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Farmington, 06030, United States
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21
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Hosokawa Y, Yamada Y, Iwamoto R, Kurokawa R, Ihara A, Yamamoto K, Sakaguchi K, Nakatsuka SI, Minami Y, Matsuzawa Y. Thyroid follicular adenoma producing parathyroid hormone-related protein with a normal serum calcium level. Intern Med 2009; 48:1957-61. [PMID: 19915296 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 64-year-old woman had normal serum calcium and plasma parathyroid hormone levels, despite an extremely high plasma parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) level. She underwent medical screening at our hospital and several neck tumors were detected by ultrasonography. After surgical resection of these tumors, her plasma PTHrP level was normalized. Histological examination showed that the resected tumors were thyroid follicular adenomas, while immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining with a monoclonal antibody for PTHrP. This is a rare case of thyroid follicular adenoma producing PTHrP in a patient with a normal serum calcium level despite elevation of plasma PTHrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Hosokawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka.
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22
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Takaoka S, Yamane Y, Nishiki M, Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T. Primary pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma associated with elevated IL-6, leukocytosis, hypercalcemia, phagocytosis, reactive lymphadenopathy and glomerular mesangial cell proliferation via the production of PTH-rP and G-CSF. Intern Med 2008; 47:275-9. [PMID: 18277029 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an autopsied case of a 74-year-old man with primary pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) associated with leukocytosis, hypercalcemia, phagocytosis in the bone marrow, reactive lymphadenopathy and mesangial cell proliferation in the glomerulus. Laboratory examination revealed increased serum levels of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rP), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (s-IL2R). An autopsy showed moderately differentiated SCC at the left lower lobe of the lung, of which tumor cells distinctly showed cytoplasmic immunoreactivity to anti-G-CSF and anti-PTH-rP antibodies. Thus, pulmonary SCC seemed to produce both G-CSF and PTH-rP, causing leukocytosis, hypercalcemia, and IL-6 production from the bone. IL-6 also might have stimulated the proliferation of SCC and glomerular mesangial cells, and induced phagocytosis, reactive lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly by interacting with the mononuclear phagocytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takaoka
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Abstract
We have previously shown that growth plate chondrocytes expressed the long form of leptin receptor, and that within the growth plate, leptin stimulated cell proliferation and differentiation and epiphyseal growth in a balanced manner. These three cell processes are known to be regulated by the interactions of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) protein. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of leptin on the PTHrP/Ihh feedback loop. The effect of leptin was investigated in vivo in pair-fed experiments in ICR mice, and ex vivo in mandibular condyle explants incubated with leptin. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization showed that in the pair-fed in vivo system as well as in the organ culture, leptin increased the level of PTHrP and reduced that of Ihh. Leptin may affect chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by activating the PTHrP/Ihh growth-restraining feedback loop in the postnatal growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gat-Yablonski
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Halapas A, Lembessis P, Mourouzis I, Pantos C, Cokkinos DV, Sourla A, Koutsilieris M. Experimental hyperthyroidism increases expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and type-1 parathyroid hormone receptor in rat ventricular myocardium of the Langendorff ischaemia-reperfusion model. Exp Physiol 2007; 93:237-46. [PMID: 17911357 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is released under ischaemic conditions and it improves contractile function of stunned myocardium. The actions of PTHrP are mediated primarily by the type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH.1R), while PTHrP and PTH.1R expression levels are increased in ventricular hypertrophy associated with experimental hyperthyroidism. Since chronic administration of thyroxine (T4) improves postischaemic recovery in isolated heart models subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion stress, we tested the hypothesis that experimentally induced hyperthyroidism is associated with elevated expression of PTHrP and PTH.1R in rat myocardium. Hyperthyroid and control male Wistar rats were subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion stress using the Langendorff technique, and the PTHrP and PTH.1R expression was assessed by relative quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. In the Langendorff model, the recovery of left ventricular developed pressure at the end of the stablization period and 45 min into the reperfusion period was used to assess the cardioprotective actions of T4 administration. Our data show that hyperthyroid animals had increased tolerance to the ischaemia-reperfusion stress and that this was associated with an increase of PTHrP and PTH.1R expression levels compared with those of control animals. In the control animals, the expression of PTHrP was increased 45 min into the reperfusion phase, while the PTH.1R expression pattern was significantly and gradually decreased throughout the ischaemia and reperfusion phases. In the hyperthyroid animals, the PTHrP and PTH.1R expression pattern was significantly higher throughout the ischaemia and reperfusion phases compared with that of control hearts. Our data suggest that increasing levels of PTHrP and PTH.1R expression can mediate, at least in part, the T4 administration-induced cardioprotection in rat ventricular myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Halapas
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias Goudi-Athens, 115 27 Greece
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Segawa T, Ogawa M, Ikeda H, Nakamura M. [Lymphocytic hypophysitis associated with consciousness disturbance due to hypernatremia and hypercalcemia]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 96:2284-2287. [PMID: 18044167 DOI: 10.2169/naika.96.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Segawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka
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Gilmore JL, Scott JA, Bouizar Z, Robling A, Pitfield SE, Riese DJ, Foley J. Amphiregulin-EGFR signaling regulates PTHrP gene expression in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 110:493-505. [PMID: 17882547 PMCID: PMC2730887 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is an autocrine/paracrine factor produced by breast cancer cells that is speculated to play a major role in permitting breast cancer cells to grow into the bone microenvironment by stimulating the bone resorption axis. It has been previously shown that EGFR signaling induces the production of PTHrP in several primary and transformed epithelial cell types. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between EGFR and PTHrP gene expression in human breast cancer cells. Of a panel of 7 breast epithelial and cancer cell lines, the osteolytic, EGFR- positive lines (MDA-MB-231 and NS2T2A1) exhibited higher levels of PTHrP transcript expression. Amphiregulin mRNA levels in all lines were approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of TGFalpha or HB-EGF. In the EGFR bearing lines, the receptor was phosphorylated at tyrosine 992 under basal conditions, and the addition of 100 nM amphiregulin did not lead to the phosphorylation of other tyrosine residues typically phosphorylated by the prototypical ligand EGF. Treatment of the EGFR positive lines with the EGFR inhibitor PD153035 and amphiregulin-neutralizing antibodies reduced PTHrP mRNA levels by 50-70%. Stable EGFR expression in the MCF7 line failed to increase basal PTHrP mRNA levels; however, treatment of this cell line with exogenous EGF or amphiregulin increased PTHrP transcription 3-fold. Transient transfection analysis suggests that the MAPK pathway and ETS transcription factors mediate EGFR coupling to PTHrP gene expression. Taken together, it appears that autocrine stimulation of EGFR signaling by amphiregulin is coupled to PTHrP gene expression via EGFR Tyr992 and MAPK, and that this pathway may contribute to PTHrP expression by breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gilmore
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Gessi M, Monego G, Calviello G, Lanza P, Giangaspero F, Silvestrini A, Lauriola L, Ranelletti FO. Human parathyroid hormone-related protein and human parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 are expressed in human medulloblastomas and regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in medulloblastoma-derived cell lines. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:135-45. [PMID: 17372745 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human parathyroid hormone-related protein (hPTHrP), identified in patients with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia and expressed by different cell types during development and adult life, plays important roles in many human neoplasms. Immunohistochemical and RT-PCR analyses of hPTHrP and human parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR-1) in primary medulloblastoma confirmed their expression in both classic and desmoplastic variants at RNA and protein levels. To evaluate the functional role of hPTHrP, DAOY and D283 medulloblastoma and U87MG glioma cells, expressing high levels of hPTHrP and PTHR-1, were treated with anti-sense oligonucleotides for hPTHrP. Anti-sense treatment produced in all cell lines a decrease of cell proliferation and clonogenic activity and an increase of apoptosis, while addition of exogenous hPTHrP (1-37) prevented these effects. Anti-sense induced the increase of Caspase-3, Fas (CD95) mRNAs and Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio after 12 h of cell treatment. Exogenous hPTHrP (1-37) increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in DAOY cells as revealed by FURA. Anti-sense treated cells showed a significant decrease of steady-state levels of intracellular Ca(2+), which was reverted by addition of exogenous hPTHrP (1-37). This study indicates that hPTHrP and PTHR-1 are expressed in medulloblastoma and could promote tumor growth, protecting cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gessi
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Baumgarten AJ, Fiebig HH, Burger AM. Molecular analysis of xenograft models of human cancer cachexia--possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2007; 4:223-31. [PMID: 17878525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of all cancer patients develop cachexia, a paraneoplastic syndrome that is characterized by wasting of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Cytokines, including TNF-alpha, interleukins-1, -6, and interferon-A are known mediators of the cachectic process. The latter however represent only one of many imbalanced systems in cancer cachexia. The aim of this study was to further delineate the pathogenesis of cachexia by molecular profiling. Human renal cancer xenografts that do and do not induce cachexia in mice were used as disease models. Cachexia-associated gene expression was studied on Human Genome U95 Affymetrix arrays and revealed several new genes such as TNF-alpha ligand superfamily protein, interferon-A treatment inducible protein, and DKFZ5641I1922. The expression of the IL-8 gene was also elevated in cachexia inducing xenografts (CIX). At the protein level, TNF-alpha was found expressed only in CIX, whereas IL-1 and IL-6 were not cachexia specific. Levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein were elevated in CIX and accompanied by hypercalcemia. COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 were also found to be over expressed. By using the COX-2 inhibitors rofecoxib and nimesulide, we were able to delay tumor-mediated wasting in vivo. Overall, our results suggest that cachexia is a multigenetic disease that will require complex combinations of drugs for an effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel J Baumgarten
- Institute for Experimental Oncology, Oncotest GmbH, Am Flughafen 12-14, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Tanaka Y, Okada Y. [Progress in therapy and diagnosis: Hypercalcemia due to parathyroid hormone-related protein producing neoplasms]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 96:669-74. [PMID: 17506302 DOI: 10.2169/naika.96.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Imoto Y, Muguruma N, Kimura T, Kaji M, Miyamoto H, Okamura S, Ito S, Nakasono M, Hirokawa M, Sano T. [A case of parathyroid hormone-related peptide producing gallbladder carcinoma presenting humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 104:401-6. [PMID: 17337878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) in neoplastic syndrome has been most commonly reported in squamous cell carcinoma. Gallbladder carcinoma with HHM is uncommon. In this report, we describe a male case of gallbladder carcinoma with marked hypercalcemia and a high level of serum parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). An immunohistochemical examination using PTHrP was also positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Imoto
- Department of Digestive and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokushima Graduate School
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31
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de Freitas PHL, Kojima T, Ubaidus S, Li M, Shang G, Takagi R, Maeda T, Oda K, Ozawa H, Amizuka N. Histological assessments on the abnormalities of mouse epiphyseal chondrocytes with short term centrifugal loading. Biomed Res 2007; 28:191-203. [PMID: 17878599 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.28.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the morphological changes in chondrocytes after exposure to experimental hypergravity. Tibial epiphyseal cartilages of 17-days-old mouse fetuses were exposed to centrifugation at 3G for 16 h mimicking hypergravitational environment (experimental group), or subjected to stationary cultures (control group). Centrifugation did not affect the sizes of epiphyseal cartilage, chondrocyte proliferation, type X collagen-positive hypertrophic zone, and the mRNA expressions of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and fibroblast growth factor receptor III. However, centrifuged chondrocytes showed abnormal morphology and aberrant spatial arrangements, resulting in disrupted chondrocytic columns. Through histochemical assessments, actin filaments were shown to distribute evenly along cell membranes of control proliferative chondrocytes, while chondrocytes subjected to centrifugal force developed a thicker layer of actin filaments. Transmission electron microscopic observations revealed spotty electron-dense materials underlying control chondrocytes' cell membranes, while experimental chondrocytes showed their thick layer. In the intracolumnar regions of the control cartilage, longitudinal electron-dense fibrils were associated with short cytoplasmic processes of normal chondrocytes, indicating assumed cell-tomatrix interactions. These extracellular fibrils were disrupted in the centrifuged samples. Summarizing, altered actin filaments associated with cell membranes, irregular cell shape and disappearance of intracolumnar extracellular fibrils suggest that hypergravity disturbs cell-to-matrix interactions in our cartilage model.
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Iguchi H. [Molecular mechanism and potential targets for bone metastasis]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2007; 34:1-10. [PMID: 17220661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of bone metastasis has been increasing in all cancers in recent years. Bone metastasis is associated with substantial morbidity, including bone pain, pathological fracture, neurological deficit and/or hypercalcemia. Thus, the management of bone metastasis in patients is a clinically significant issue. In the process of bone metastasis, the primary mechanism responsible for bone destruction is cancer cell-mediated stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption, which results in osteolysis and release of various growth factors from the bone matrix. These growth factors are prerequisites for successful colonization and subsequent invasive growth of cancer cells in bone, which is called a "vicious cycle." Thus, it is important to elucidate what molecules are involved in this step of bone destruction, and the understanding of these molecular mechanisms could lead to develop molecular-target therapies for bone metastasis. Bisphosphonates introduced in the treatment for bone metastasis have been shown to reduce skeletal morbidity. In Japan, the most potent bisphosphonate, zoledronate (ZOMETA), was introduced in this past April, and a phase III clinical trial of humanized anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody (Denosumab) against bone metastasis is under way as a global study. These new agents, which are targeted to osteoclasts, are considered to be standard management in the care of bone metastasis patients in combination with chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Iguchi
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Shikoku Cancer Center
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Nemoto K, Matsuzawa I, Kimura G, Nishimura T. [Production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and parathyroid hormone-related protein in squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis accompanied with inferior vena cava thrombus]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 2006; 97:852-5. [PMID: 17154030 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol1989.97.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A 54-year-old man with general fatigue and lumbago was admitted for further examination of hypercalcemia and leukocytosis. CT showed a huge renal tumor and extension of the tumor thrombus to the inferior vena cava (IVC). Moreover, the serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and the C-terminal of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) were elevated. Under the diagnosis of advanced renal tumor, we performed nephro-ureterectomy and throbectomy. Pathological examination revealed squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. To our knowledge, this is the first case in Japan that of the simultaneous production of G-CSF and PTHrP in squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis accompanied with IVC thrombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Nemoto
- Department of Urology, Kitamurayama Public Hospital
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Hwang CS, Park SY, Yu SH, Park JY, Park CT, Han KO. Hypercalcemia induced by ovarian clear cell carcinoma producing all transcriptional variants of parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene during pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103:740-4. [PMID: 16956653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) appears as the major causative agent responsible for the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM). However, the use of promoters and splicing patterns of PTHrP gene in HHM have not been reported yet. CASE A 35-year-old woman was diagnosed as an ovarian clear cell carcinoma with HHM caused by elevated serum PTHrP after delivery. An immunohistochemical study showed PTHrP expression in the tumor tissue. The Southern blot analysis following RT-PCR confirmed the presence of all types of PTHrP mRNA transcripts produced by a combination of three promoters, one 5' alternative splicing and three alternative 3' splicing events. CONCLUSION An ovarian clear cell carcinoma induced PTHrP-related HHM, which resulted from the high expression of all isoforms for PTHrP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Cheil Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kusumoto H, Haraguchi M, Nozuka Y, Oda Y, Tsuneyoshi M, Iguchi H. Characteristic features of disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow due to gastric cancer: the pathogenesis of bone destruction. Oncol Rep 2006; 16:735-40. [PMID: 16969487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Disseminated carcinimatosis of the bone marrow is accompanied by solid tumors, and gastric cancer accounts for the majority. The prognosis of this condition is poor, however, the pathogenesis for wide-spread bone lesions has yet to be elucidated. In 9 patients with gastric cancer demonstrating disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow, the characteristic clinicopathological features were examined. Immunohistochemistry for receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and parathyroid hormone-related protein was also performed on gastric cancer tissue and bone marrow specimens to identify the factors responsible for the occurrence of bone lesions in patients presenting with this condition. The characteristic features of disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow due to gastric cancer include a yonger patient age, an elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase and/or lactate dehydrogenase levels, wide-spread bone metastases with osteolytic bone destruction, a low incidence of hypercalcemia and a histological gastric cancer type of either signet ring cell carcinoma or poorly diffentiated adenocarcinoma. The expression of RANKL, which is one of the master regulators of osteoclastic bone resorption in bone metastasis, was also found in gastric cancer cells obtained from such patients. The RANKL expressed in gastric cancer may therefore play a critical role in the promotion of osteoclast formation, which has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kusumoto
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Although IGF-I has been identified as an important growth factor for the skeleton, the role of IGF-I on embryonic bone development remains unknown. Here we show that, in IGF-I-deficient (IGF-I(-/-)) mice, skeletal malformations, including short-limbed dwarfism, were evident at days post coitus (dpc) 14.5 to 18.5, accompanied by delays of mineralization in the spinal column, sternum, and fore paws. Reduced chondrocyte proliferation and increased chondrocyte apoptosis were identified in both the spinal ossification center and the growth plate of long bones. Abnormal chondrocyte differentiation and delayed initiation of mineralization was characterized by small size and fewer numbers of type X collagen expressing hypertrophic chondrocytes and lower osteocalcin expression. The Indian hedgehog-PTHrP feedback loop was altered; expression of Indian hedgehog was reduced in IGF-I(-/-) mice in long bones and in the spine, whereas expression of PTHrP was increased. Our results indicate that IGF-I plays an important role in skeletal development by promoting chondrocyte proliferation and maturation while inhibiting apoptosis to form bones of appropriate size and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, 111N, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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Sterling JA, Oyajobi BO, Grubbs B, Padalecki SS, Munoz SA, Gupta A, Story B, Zhao M, Mundy GR. The hedgehog signaling molecule Gli2 induces parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression and osteolysis in metastatic human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7548-53. [PMID: 16885353 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is a major factor involved in tumor-induced osteolysis caused by breast cancers that have metastasized to bone. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate PTHrP production by breast cancer cells are not entirely clear. We hypothesized that Gli2, a downstream transcriptional effector of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, regulates PTHrP expression in metastatic breast cancer because the Hh pathway regulates physiologic PTHrP expression in the developing growth plate. Here, we show that Gli2 is expressed in several human cancer cell lines that cause osteolytic lesions in vivo and produce PTHrP (MDA-MB-231, RWGT2, and PC-3) but is not expressed in nonosteolytic cancer cell lines that do not secrete PTHrP (MCF-7, ZR-75, and T47D). Transient expression of Gli2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells increased PTHrP promoter-luciferase activity dose dependently. Stable expression of Gli2 in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in an increase in PTHrP protein in the conditioned medium. Alternatively, MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with Gli2-EnR, a repressor of Gli2 activity, exhibited a 72% to 93% decrease in PTHrP mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR when compared with control cells. To examine the effects of Gli2 on breast cancer-mediated osteolysis in vivo, athymic nude mice were inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing Gli2 or the empty vector. Following tumor cell inoculation via the left cardiac ventricle, Gli2-expressing tumors caused significantly more osteolysis. Together, these data suggest that PTHrP expression and osteolysis in vivo in human breast cancer cells is driven at least in part by Gli2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Sterling
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Dharmaraj P, Ball S, Johnstone H, Bailey S, Clifford SC, Hale J, Cheetham TD. Hypercalcaemia in relapsed medulloblastoma 8 years post-diagnosis; evidence to support PTHrP production by medulloblastoma cells. Horm Res 2006; 66:268-72. [PMID: 16946619 DOI: 10.1159/000095545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 19-year-old male presented with symptomatic hypercalcaemia as the first manifestation of relapsed metastatic medulloblastoma. Management at the time of the initial presentation 8 years earlier was with surgical excision and craniospinal radiotherapy. His biochemistry at the time of relapse and studies of medulloblastoma cell lines provide an insight into the pathogenesis of his hypercalcaemia. METHODS Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was measured by immunoradiometric assay in blood, and in conditioned and control media from three medulloblastoma cell lines following 72 h growth. RESULTS The histology at initial presentation (11 years of age) and at the time of relapse (with bone marrow infiltration and widespread bony metastases) demonstrated medulloblastoma. Ionised calcium concentrations at relapse were 2.89 mmol/l and serum PTHrP levels were increased at the same time (2.7 pmol/l; normal range: 0.7-1.8 pmol/l). There was evidence of PTHrP production by one cell line (MHH-MED-8A) while results for both other lines tested were below the limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS Relapse 8 years after diagnosis is unusual in medulloblastoma and for this relapse to manifest as hypercalcaemia is also very uncommon. Our investigations suggest that the clinical picture was a reflection of PTHrP production by medulloblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dharmaraj
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Hang XM, Power D, Flik G, Balment RJ. Measurement of PTHrP, PTHR1, and CaSR expression levels in tissues of sea bream (Sparus aurata) using quantitative PCR. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1040:340-4. [PMID: 15891056 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) method has been established to measure the mRNA expression levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR1), and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in sea bream (Sparus aurata), using the housekeeping gene, beta-actin, as endogenous control. TaqMan primers and probes were designed using the Primer Express program, according to the published/unpublished sequences of the three target genes and beta-actin of sea bream. Different tissues including gill, kidney, duodenum, hindgut, rectum, liver, heart, brain, pituitary, skin, muscle, and gonad were removed and immediately snap-frozen from three juvenile sea bream (100-150 g) cultured in sea water. The mRNAs were extracted and reverse-transcribed into cDNAs, which were subsequently examined by the ABI 5700 system using an optimized Q-PCR method. Triplicate measures of each sample indicated consistency of the technique. However, the mRNA expression levels for each transcript in these tissues were variable between fish and also relatively low. Nevertheless, this methodology can be used in the future studies of factors that may alter gene expression in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Hang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Shimo T, Kubota S, Yoshioka N, Ibaragi S, Isowa S, Eguchi T, Sasaki A, Takigawa M. Pathogenic role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in osteolytic metastasis of breast cancer. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1045-59. [PMID: 16813525 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of CTGF/CCN2 in osteolytic metastasis by breast cancer cells and its mechanism of action were studied. Osteolytic metastasis accompanied by CCN2 and PTHrP overproduction was efficiently inhibited by an anti-CCN2 antibody. Furthermore, we found that CCN2 was induced by PTHrP through PKA-, PKC-, and ERK-mediated pathways therein. INTRODUCTION Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a mediator of local angiogenesis induced by breast cancer, but its role in osteolytic metastasis has not been evaluated. PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) is another critical factor in the development of the osteolytic metastasis. Using both in vivo and in vitro approaches, we studied whether/how neutralization of CCN2 prevented bone metastasis and how PTHrP signaling is related. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse model of bone metastasis by human breast cancer cell line MDA231 was treated with a CCN2-neutralizing antibody, and osteolytic bone metastases were assessed on radiographs and immunohistochemistry. Ccn2 gene expression and transcription were examined by Northern blot and luciferase analysis. Immunoblot analysis and kinase inhibitors were used to identify the signaling pathways implicated. Anti-angiogenic/osteoclastogenic effects of ccn2 downregulation were also evaluated. RESULTS Treatment of mice with a CCN2-neutralizing antibody greatly decreased osteolytic bone metastasis, microvasculature, and osteoclasts involved. The antibody also suppressed the growth of subcutaneous tumor in vivo and proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Downregulation of ccn2 also repressed osteoclastogenesis. CCN2 expression was specifically observed in cancer cells producing PTHrP and type I PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) invaded the bone marrow, and PTHrP strongly upregulated ccn2 in MDA231 cells in vitro. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) was necessary and sufficient for the stimulation of ccn2 by PTHrP. Indeed, inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), PKC, or PKA by specific inhibitors counteracted the stimulation of ccn2 expression. Incubation of MDA231 cells with PTHrP induced the activation of ERK1/2. Consistent with these findings, inhibition of PKC prevented PTHrP-induced ERK1/2 activation, whereas 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA), a stimulator of PKC, upregulated it. CONCLUSIONS CCN2 was critically involved in osteolytic metastasis and was induced by PKA- and PKC-dependent activation of ERK1/2 signaling by PTHrP. Thus, CCN2 may be a new molecular target for anti-osteolytic therapy to shut off the PTHrP-CCN2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathological Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Giannakoulas G, Karvounis H, Koliakos G, Damvopoulou T, Karamitsos T, Papadopoulos C, Dalamanga E, Hatzitolios A, Parcharidis G, Louridas G. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is reduced in severe chronic heart failure. Peptides 2006; 27:1894-7. [PMID: 16500729 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the cardiovascular system, parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is expressed in various cells such as cardiac vascular smooth muscle cells, coronary endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes and acts as an autocrine/paracrine substance. We compared PTHrP levels in 35 consecutive patients with severe CHF (33 male, mean age 66.2 +/- 8.9 years) with 26 normal controls (24 male, mean age 63.1 +/- 8.6 years). PTHrP levels were reduced in severe CHF patients (11.10 +/- 1.37 fmol/ml) compared with the controls (20.62 +/- 3.30 fmol/ml, p = 0.005). PTHrP values decreased as a function of New York Heart Association classification. These results suggest that PTHrP levels decrease in proportion to the severity of heart failure and could potentially be used to monitor progression of disease non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Giannakoulas
- First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Ardeshirpour L, Dann P, Pollak M, Wysolmerski J, VanHouten J. The calcium-sensing receptor regulates PTHrP production and calcium transport in the lactating mammary gland. Bone 2006; 38:787-93. [PMID: 16377269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactating mammals must supply large amounts of calcium to the mammary gland where it is transported across mammary epithelial cells and into milk. This demand for calcium is associated with transient loss of bone mass, triggered, in part, by the secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) from the mammary gland into the circulation. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that signals in response to extracellular calcium ions. It is responsible for coordinating calcium homeostasis by regulating parathyroid hormone secretion in the parathyroid glands and by regulating calcium handling in the renal tubules. Previous studies had shown that the CaR is expressed on mammary epithelial cells during lactation, and it had been suggested that CaR signaling in the mammary gland helps to coordinate its production of PTHrP and calcium transport into milk. In this study, we examined mammary gland PTHrP production and calcium transport in CaR(+/-) mice, a genetic model of CaR insufficiency. We found that haploinsufficiency for the CaR resulted in increased PTHrP production both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, CaR haploinsufficiency impaired calcium transport into milk in vivo and transepithelial calcium transport by mammary epithelial cells in vitro. These data provide genetic confirmation that the CaR regulates PTHrP production and calcium transport in the lactating mammary gland. This allows the mammary gland to become a calcium-sensing organ and to participate in systemic calcium homeostasis during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Ardeshirpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S120, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8020, USA
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Fisher JL, Thomas-Mudge RJ, Elliott J, Hards DK, Sims NA, Slavin J, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT. Osteoprotegerin Overexpression by Breast Cancer Cells Enhances Orthotopic and Osseous Tumor Growth and Contrasts with That Delivered Therapeutically. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3620-8. [PMID: 16585187 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) acts as a decoy receptor for receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), which is a pivotal molecule required for osteoclast formation. In vitro OPG inhibits osteoclast formation and in vivo (administered as Fc-OPG) it reduces hypercalcemia and the establishment of osteolytic lesions in mouse models of tumor cell growth in bone. Osteolysis can be induced by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) produced by breast cancer cells that results in an increased osteoblastic RANKL/OPG ratio. We examined the effect of local tumor production of OPG on the ability of breast cancer cells to establish and grow in bone and mammary fat pad. MCF-7 cells or MCF-7 cells overexpressing PTHrP were transfected with full-length OPG and inoculated into the proximal tibiae of athymic nude mice. Mice injected with cells overexpressing PTHrP and OPG showed enhanced tumor growth, increased osteolysis (2-fold compared with MCF-7 cells overexpressing PTHrP), and altered histology that was reflective of a less differentiated (more aggressive) phenotype compared with MCF-7 cells. In contrast, administration of recombinant Fc-OPG reduced tumor growth and limited osteolysis even in mice inoculated with OPG overexpressing cells. Similarly, OPG overexpression by breast cancer cells enhanced tumor growth following orthotopic inoculation. These results indicate that OPG overexpression by breast cancer cells increases tumor growth in vivo and that there are strikingly different responses between therapeutically administered Fc-OPG and full-length OPG produced by tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Fisher
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
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Gianni-Barrera R, Gariboldi M, De Cecco L, Manenti G, Dragani TA. Specific gene expression profiles distinguish among functional allelic variants of the mouse Pthlh gene in transfected human cancer cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:4501-4. [PMID: 16547502 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mouse parathyroid hormone-like hormone (Pthlh) gene encodes three allelic variants characterized by amino acid substitutions that are associated with susceptibility (Pthlh(Pro)) or resistance (Pthlh(Thr) and Pthlh(SerAspTyr)) to two-stage skin carcinogenesis and to modulation of cell migration in vitro in transfected human cancer cells. cDNA microarray hybridization analysis of 8473 transcript clones revealed a similar gene expression profile for the Pthlh(Thr) and Pthlh(SerAspTyr) alleles but a distinct pattern for the Pthlh(Pro) allele, suggesting an association between a specific gene expression profile and biological function of the Pthlh alleles. Some of the genes modulated by the Pthlh alleles, e.g., ANXA1, CCL2, FN1 and TFF3, play a role in cell migration and may represent candidate targets for this Pthlh function. Our study demonstrates the potential usefulness of gene expression profiling of genetic variants for the functional characterization of candidate cancer modifier genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gianni-Barrera
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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VanHouten JN, Yu N, Rimm D, Dotto J, Arnold A, Wysolmerski JJ, Udelsman R. Hypercalcemia of malignancy due to ectopic transactivation of the parathyroid hormone gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:580-3. [PMID: 16263810 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The physiology of PTH is well described, but regulation of PTH gene expression remains enigmatic. This is, at least in part, because of a lack of suitable cell culture systems. OBJECTIVE, DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We report a case of severe hyperparathyroidism resulting from the ectopic production of PTH by a pancreatic malignancy. Cells from the primary tumor (PEPP1 cells) were established in culture to examine the etiology of ectopic PTH gene expression in this patient. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We failed to find amplification or rearrangement of the PTH gene but documented hypomethylation of the PTH promoter in tumor tissue. We found that PEPP1 cells support expression of a reporter gene containing regulatory sequences from the human PTH gene promoter. Therefore, this is the first report documenting ectopic PTH production by a tumor as the result of transactivation of the PTH gene. PEPP1 cells may be useful for future studies aimed at elucidating the details of PTH gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S131, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8020, USA
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Chen X, Macica CM, Dreyer BE, Hammond VE, Hens JR, Philbrick WM, Broadus AE. Initial characterization of PTH-related protein gene-driven lacZ expression in the mouse. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:113-23. [PMID: 16355280 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 07/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The PTHrP gene generates low-abundance mRNA and protein products that are not easily localized by in situ hybridization histochemistry or immunohistochemistry. We report here a PTHrP-lacZ knockin mouse in which beta-gal activity seems to provide a simple and sensitive read-out of PTHrP gene expression. INTRODUCTION PTH-related protein (PTHrP) is widely expressed in fetal and adult tissues, typically as low-abundance mRNA and protein products that maybe difficult to localize by conventional methods. We created a PTHrP-lacZ knockin mouse as a means of surveying PTHrP gene expression in general and of identifying previously unrecognized sites of PTHrP expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We created a lacZ reporter construct under the control of endogenous PTHrP gene regulatory sequences. The AU-rich instability sequences in the PTHrP 3' untranslated region (UTR) were replaced with SV40 sequences, generating products with lacZ/beta gal kinetics rather than those of PTHrP. A nuclear localization sequence was not present in the construct. RESULTS We characterized beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity in embryonic whole mounts and in the skeleton in young and adult animals. In embryos, we confirmed widespread PTHrP expression in many known sites and in several novel epidermal appendages (nail beds and footpads). In costal cartilage, beta-gal activity localized to the perichondrium but not the underlying chondrocytes. In the cartilaginous molds of forming long bones, beta-gal activity was first evident at the proximal and distal ends. Shortly after birth, the developing secondary ossification center formed in the center of this PTHrP-rich chondrocyte population. As the secondary ossification center developed, it segregated this population into two distinct PTHrP beta-gal+ subpopulations: a subarticular subpopulation immediately subjacent to articular chondrocytes and a proliferative chondrocyte subpopulation proximal to the chondrocyte columns in the growth plate. These discrete populations remained into adulthood. beta-gal activity was not identified in osteoblasts but was present in many periosteal sites. These included simple periosteum as well as fibrous tendon insertion sites of the so-called bony and periosteal types; the beta-gal-expressing cells in these sites were in the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum or its apparent equivalents at tendon insertion sites. Homozygous PTHrP-lacZ knockin mice had the expected chondrodysplastic phenotype and a much expanded region of proximal beta-gal activity in long bones, which appeared to reflect in large part the effects of feedback signaling by Indian hedgehog on proximal cell proliferation and PTHrP gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The PTHrP-lacZ mouse seems to provide a sensitive reporter system that may prove useful as a means of studying PTHrP gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Chen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA
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Tenta R, Sourla A, Lembessis P, Koutsilieris M. Bone-related growth factors and zoledronic acid regulate the PTHrP/PTH.1 receptor bioregulation systems in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. Anticancer Res 2006; 26:283-91. [PMID: 16475708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are known to inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast differentiation and are currently used in the treatment of Paget's disease, osteoporosis, metastatic and osteolytic bone disease and hypercalcaemia of malignancy. The parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH.1R) bioregulation systems mediate a wide range of local paracrine/autocrine and intracrine functions in various tissues and modify the actions of pharmaceutical agents on target tissues, both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, bone microenvironment-related growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), can modify the actions of various pharmaceutical agents, including cytotoxic drugs in malignant cell lines. Whether IGF-1, TGF beta 1, bFGF, IL-6 and zoledronic acid affect the expressions of PTHrP and PTH.1R in MG-63 osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells was investigated in this study. Relative quantitative-PCR (expression at mRNA level) and immunofluorescence analysis (localization of the expression at protein level) were employed to assess PTHrP and PTH.IR expressions. Our data showed that primarily IGF-1, TGF beta 1 and IL-6 (up to 25 ng/ml for 48 h) increased PTHrP mRNA expression and modified its perinuclear localization, while zoledronic acid (up to 100 microM for 48 h) inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed PTHrP expression in the MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. These growth factors were incapable of reversing the zoledronic acid decrease of the expression of PTHrP in the MG-63 cells, suggesting that zoledronic acid and the growth factors affect PTHrP expression via an independent intracellular signal transduction pathway in these cells. However, no appreciable modulation of the PTH.1R expression by IGF-1, TGF beta 1, bFGF, IL-6 or zoledronic acid was detected in MG-63 cells. Therefore, we conclude that PTHrP expression possibly mediates the action of bone microenvironment-related growth factors and of zoledronic acid in MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Tenta
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi-Athens 11527, Greece
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Florez JC, Burton DW, Arnell PM, Deftos LJ, Klibanski A. Hypercalcemia and local production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by a perisellar rhabdomyosarcoma after remote pituitary irradiation. Endocr Pract 2005; 11:184-9. [PMID: 16239205 DOI: 10.4158/ep.11.3.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case of metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma originating from the sphenoid sinus in a patient previously treated with conventional irradiation for a prolactinoma, presenting as hypercalcemia in the setting of a normal level of serum parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). METHODS We report the case of a patient who underwent remote pituitary irradiation for a prolactinoma and then presented decades later with hypercalcemia of unknown cause. His clinical course, the initial biochemical and radiologic investigations, and the results of examination of pathology specimens are reviewed. RESULTS The patient was found to have a mass in the sphenoid sinus. The pathologic features were consistent with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Although he had a normal serum PTHrP level, staining of his tumor with an antibody against PTHrP revealed local production of PTHrP at the tumor margins. His bone marrow biopsy specimen showed 100% involvement with rhabdomyosarcoma. CONCLUSION PTHrP staining of pathology specimens might explain hypercalcemia of undetermined cause in patients with a known malignant lesion, in whom elevated serum PTHrP levels cannot be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Florez
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Trivett MK, Potter IC, Power G, Zhou H, Macmillan DL, Martin TJ, Danks JA. Parathyroid hormone-related protein production in the lamprey Geotria australis: developmental and evolutionary perspectives. Dev Genes Evol 2005; 215:553-63. [PMID: 16034601 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-005-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the distribution of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and its mRNA in tissues of the lamprey Geotria australis, a representative of one of the two surviving groups of an early and jawless stage in vertebrate evolution. For this purpose, antibodies to N-terminal and mid-molecule human PTHrP were used to determine the locations of the antigen. Sites of mRNA production were demonstrated by in situ hybridisation with a digoxigenin-labelled riboprobe to exon VI of the human PTHrP gene. The results revealed that antigen and its mRNA were widely distributed among similar sites of tissue localisation to those described for mammalian and avian species. However, some novel sites of localisation, such as in the gill and notochord, were also found. Some differences in PTHrP localisation were noted among individuals at different intervals of the life cycle, indicating that the distributions of PTHrP, and possibly its roles, change with the stage of development in this species. The widespread tissue distribution in G. australis implies diverse physiological roles for this protein. The presence of PTHrP in the lamprey, a representative of a group of vertebrates, which apparently evolved over 540 million years ago, strongly suggests that it is a protein of ancient origin. In addition, the successful use of antibodies and probes based on the human sequence in the lamprey also provides evidence that the PTHrP molecule may have been conserved from lampreys through to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie K Trivett
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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