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Zhang CX, Lin YL, Lu FF, Yu LN, Liu Y, Zhou JD, Kong N, Li D, Yan GJ, Sun HX, Cao GY. Krüppel-like factor 12 regulates aging ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis by repressing SPHK1 transcription and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) production. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105126. [PMID: 37543362 PMCID: PMC10463260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress triggered by aging, radiation, or inflammation impairs ovarian function by inducing granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis. However, the mechanism inducing GC apoptosis has not been characterized. Here, we found that ovarian GCs from aging patients showed increased oxidative stress, enhanced reactive oxygen species activity, and significantly decreased expression of the known antiapoptotic factor sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) in GCs. Interestingly, the expression of Krüppel-like factor 12 (KLF12) was significantly increased in the ovarian GCs of aging patients. Furthermore, we determined that KLF12 was significantly upregulated in hydrogen peroxide-treated GCs and a 3-nitropropionic acid-induced in vivo model of ovarian oxidative stress. This phenotype was further confirmed to result from inhibition of SPHK1 by KLF12. Interestingly, when endogenous KLF12 was knocked down, it rescued oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, supplementation with SPHK1 partially reversed oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. However, this function was lost in SPHK1 with deletion of the binding region to the KLF12 promoter. SPHK1 reversed apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide-KLF12 overexpression, a result further confirmed in an in vitro ovarian culture model and an in vivo 3-nitropropionic acid-induced ovarian oxidative stress model. Overall, our study reveals that KLF12 is involved in regulating apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in aging ovarian GCs and that sphingosine-1-phosphate/SPHK1 can rescue GC apoptosis by interacting with KLF12 in negative feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xue Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei-Fei Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Na Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji-Dong Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gui-Jun Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hai-Xiang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guang-Yi Cao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Wang KF, Shi ZW, Dong DM. CircATRNL1 protects against osteoarthritis by targeting miR-153-3p and KLF5. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107704. [PMID: 33971492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by chondrocyte injury. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including OA. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential role of circATRNL1 in OA pathology in vitro. METHODS Human chondrocytes were isolated and treated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to mimic OA in vitro. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs between IL and 1β-treated chondrocytes and normal chondrocytes. The expression of circATRNL1, miR-153-3p and KLF5 was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). For functional analyses, cell apoptosis was assessed using a flow cytometry assay. Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation was monitored by measuring the levels of ECM-associated proteins by Western blot. The potential target miRNAs of circATRNL1 were screened by bioinformatics analysis and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS The expression of circATRNL1 was decreased in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. CircATRNL1 overexpression ameliorated cell apoptosis and ECM degradation, which were promoted by IL-1β treatment. Mechanistic analysis revealed that circATRNL1 directly targeted miR-153-3p and that miR-153-3p could reverse the inhibitory effects of circATRNL1 overexpression on inflammatory responses, cell apoptosis and ECM degradation. KLF5 is a target of miR-153-3p. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results in this study suggested that circATRNL1 might ameliorate the development and progression of OA through regulating miR-153-3p/KLF5 axis. Our study increased the understanding of circRNAs as therapeutic targets in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zuo-Wei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Da-Ming Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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Qiu Y, Xu J, Yang L, Zhao G, Ding J, Chen Q, Zhang N, Yang R, Wang J, Li S, Zhang L. MiR-375 silencing attenuates pro-inflammatory macrophage response and foam cell formation by targeting KLF4. Exp Cell Res 2021; 400:112507. [PMID: 33545131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage mediated inflammation and foam cell formation play crucial roles in the development of atherosclerosis. MiR-375 is a small noncoding RNA that significantly implicated in multiple tumor regulation and has been emerged as a novel biomarker for type 2 diabetes. However, the exact role of miR-375 on macrophage activation remains unknown. In the present study, we observed that miR-375 expression showed an up-regulated expression in atherosclerotic aortas, as well as in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) isolated from ApoE deficiency mice and was gradually increased followed the Ox-LDL treated time. Functionally, miR-375 inhibition significantly decreased foam cell formation accompanied by up-regulated genes expression involved in cholesterol efflux but reduced genes expression implicated in cholesterol influx. Moreover, miR-375 silencing increased resolving M2 macrophage but reduced pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage markers expression. Such above effects can be reversed by miR-375 overexpression. Mechanistically, we noticed that miR-375 knockdown promoted KLF4 expression which was required for the ameliorated effect of miR-375 silencing on macrophage activation. Importantly, the consistent results in mRNA expression of M1 and M2 markers were observed in vivo, and miR-375-/-ApoE-/- mice significant decreased atherosclerotic lesions in the whole aorta and aortic sinus. Taken together, these evidences suggested that miR-375 knockdown attenuated macrophage activation partially through activation of KLF4-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qiu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.
| | - Lihong Yang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Guihua Zhao
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Ruike Yang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jijing Wang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Shuaibing Li
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Luming Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Function, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
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Zhou J, Zhang L, Zheng B, Zhang L, Qin Y, Zhang X, Yang Z, Nie Z, Yang G, Yu J, Wen J. Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge exerts anti-oxidative effects through inhibiting KLF10 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to high glucose. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 262:113208. [PMID: 32738388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Danshen) and its components have been widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases for hundreds of years in China, including hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and chronic heart failure. Salvia miltiorrhiza injection (SMI), an aqueous extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is one of most widely used traditional Chinese medicine injections. SMI is widely used in the treatment of diabetic vascular complications, However, the mechanisms remain to be defined. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate protective mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge against ROS generation in VSMCs of diabetic mice and patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Salvia miltiorrhiza injection (hereinafter referred to as SMI, 1.5 g mL-1), which was approved by the State Food and Drug Administration (approval number: Z32020161), was obtained from Shenlong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (batch number: 11040314). SMI or vehicle were intraperitoneally administrated to the HFD-fed db/db mice, artery was harvested after 24weeks later. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of KLF6, KLF5, KLF4, KLF10, KLF12, and HO-1. DCFH-DA staining detected intracellular ROS production. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments of KLF10 were used to investigate the effect of KLF10 on the expression of HO-1. Dual-luciferase reporter assay evaluated the effect of KLF10 on the activity of the HO-1 promoter. RESULTS KLF10 expression and ROS generation are significantly increased in the arteries of HFD-fed db/db mice, VSMCs of diabetic patients, as well as in high glucose-treated VSMCs. KLF10 overexpression suppresses, while its knockdown facilitates the expression of heme oxygenase (HO-1) mRNA and protein. Further, Salvia miltiorrhiza injection (SMI) abrogates KLF10 upregulation and reduces ROS generation induced by high glucose in VSMCs. Mechanistically, KLF10 negatively regulates the HO-1 gene transcription via directly binding to its promoter. Accordingly, SMI treatment of VSMCs reduces ROS generation through inhibiting KLF10 expression and thus relieving KLF10 repression of the expression of HO-1 gene, subsequently contributing to upregulation of HO-1. CONCLUSION SMI exerts anti-oxidative effects on VSMCs exposed to high glucose through inhibiting KLF10 expression and thus upregulating HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China; Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - LiHui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Central Laboratory Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Key Laboratory for Fractionation Mechanisms and Procedures, Baoding, Hebei, 07100, China
| | - XinHua Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - ZiYuan Nie
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory for Hematology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - GaoShan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, China
| | - Jing Yu
- The Second Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - JinKun Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China.
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Li X, Tang Y, Chen C, Qiu D, Cao Y. PEGylated gold nanorods are not cytotoxic to human endothelial cells but affect kruppel-like factor signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 382:114758. [PMID: 31521728 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gold (Au) nanomaterials (NMs), particularly those with PEG surface functionalization, are generally considered to be biocompatible for biomedical applications due to relatively low cytotoxicity. Herein, we investigated the toxicity of PEGylated Au nanorods (NRs) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), a commonly used in vitro model for human endothelium. We found a previously unknown effect that up to 10 μg/mL Au NRs, albeit not cytotoxic, decreased the mRNA and protein levels of kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a transcription factor with well-documented vasoprotective effects. The results from PCR array showed that a number of genes associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases were altered by Au NRs, and several genes are downstream genes of KLF2 according to ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). These effects could be observed with or without the presence of inflammatory stimuli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which suggests a pre-existing inflammatory state is not required for Au NRs to alter KLF2 signaling pathway. We further identified that Au NRs significantly decreased eNOS mRNA/p-eNOS proteins as well as increased MCP-1 mRNA/sMCP-1 release, which are targets of KLF2. Combined, our data revealed a novel pathway that PEGylated Au NPs at non-cytotoxic concentrations might alter KLF leading to the increase of risk of cardiovascular diseases in human endothelial cells. Given the importance of KLF in vascular homeostasis, our data indicate that it is necessary to evaluate the influence of engineered NPs to KLF signaling pathways, especially for NPs with biomedical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Li
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuanfang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dexin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street 1, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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Li L, Rispoli R, Patient R, Ciau-Uitz A, Porcher C. Etv6 activates vegfa expression through positive and negative transcriptional regulatory networks in Xenopus embryos. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1083. [PMID: 30842454 PMCID: PMC6403364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
VEGFA signaling controls physiological and pathological angiogenesis and hematopoiesis. Although many context-dependent signaling pathways downstream of VEGFA have been uncovered, vegfa transcriptional regulation in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that the ETS transcription factor, Etv6, positively regulates vegfa expression during Xenopus blood stem cell development through multiple transcriptional inputs. In agreement with its established repressive functions, Etv6 directly inhibits expression of the repressor foxo3, to prevent Foxo3 from binding to and repressing the vegfa promoter. Etv6 also directly activates expression of the activator klf4; reflecting a genome-wide paucity in ETS-binding motifs in Etv6 genomic targets, Klf4 then recruits Etv6 to the vegfa promoter to activate its expression. These two mechanisms (double negative gate and feed-forward loop) are classic features of gene regulatory networks specifying cell fates. Thus, Etv6's dual function, as a transcriptional repressor and activator, controls a major signaling pathway involved in endothelial and blood development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Rossella Rispoli
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Roger Patient
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Aldo Ciau-Uitz
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Catherine Porcher
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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Choi H, Roh J. Role of Klf4 in the Regulation of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle in Rat Granulosa Cells during the Periovulatory Period. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E87. [PMID: 30587813 PMCID: PMC6337711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ovary, the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge suppresses the proliferation and induces the luteinization of preovulatory granulosa cells (GCs), which is crucial for the survival of terminally-differentiated GCs. Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) has been shown to play a role in regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis in various cell types. The rapid induction of Klf4 expressions by LH was observed in preovulatory GCs. To evaluate whether Klf4 affects GC proliferation and survival, primary rat GCs were isolated from pregnant mare serum gonadotropin-primed Sprague⁻Dawley rat ovaries and transfected with a Klf4 expression vector or Klf4-specific siRNA, followed by determination of the transcript levels of apoptosis-related and cell cycle-related genes. Cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis were analyzed by BrdU incorporation, a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, a bioluminescence caspase 3/7 assay, and flow cytometry. LH treatment increased Klf4 mRNA expression in preovulatory GCs. Transcripts of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and cell cycle promoters (Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D2) decreased, whereas those of the cell cycle inhibitor, p21, increased. Altering the expression of Klf4 by overexpression or knockdown consistently affected the expression of Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1. In agreement with this, Klf4 overexpression reduced cell viability, increased the fraction of apoptotic cells, and arrested cell cycle progression in G1 phase. We conclude that Klf4 increases the susceptibility of preovulatory GCs to apoptosis by down-regulating Bcl-2, and promotes LH-induced cell cycle exit. It appears to be a key regulator induced by the LH surge that determines the fate of GCs in preovulatory follicles during the luteal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonhae Choi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
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Ruang-Rit K, Park Y. Endocrine system in supernumerary molting of the flour beetle, Tribolium freemani, under crowded conditions. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 101:76-84. [PMID: 30149057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the flour beetle, Tribolium freemani, a crowded environment in the last larval instar delays the development into a pupa, but the beetle continues to engage in larval-larval molting, which is an adaptive response to avoid being the victim of cannibalism as an immobile pupa. To understand the endocrine mechanism involved in this developmental process, we investigated the components of the juvenile hormone and ecdysone signaling systems. We examined whether elevated juvenile hormone levels in the crowded condition is the sole causal factor for the supernumerary molting. RNA interference (RNAi) of the JH acid methyltransferase (TfMT3) for lowering juvenile hormone titer in the crowded condition could not rescue pupation and instead resulted in lethality with developmental arrest at the prepupal stage. Kruppel-homolog 1 (TfKr-h1), the immediate downstream JH signal, was highly upregulated even in the RNAi of TfMT3 in a crowded condition. RNAi of TfKr-h1 resulted in a phenocopy of the lethal TfMT3 RNAi in a crowded condition. In addition, RNAi of TfMT3 in a crowded condition resulted in lack of the major ecdysone peak in the prepupal stage. We conclude that while a crowded condition induces supernumerary molts by elevating juvenile hormone levels, it can also inhibit metamorphosis by disrupting additional endocrine processes. The current study suggests that crowded conditions affect multiple independent factors in the endocrine and the downstream signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissana Ruang-Rit
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States.
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Song X, Zhu M, Zhang F, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Jiang L, Hao Y, Chen S, Zhu Q, Huang W, Lu J, Gu J, Gong W, Li M, Liu Y. ZFX Promotes Proliferation and Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via the MAPK Pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 48:274-284. [PMID: 30007968 DOI: 10.1159/000491727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: The role of ZFX in tumourigenesis is unclear. We aimed to study ZFX expression, regulation, and function and the clinical implications of this protein in human pancreatic cancer (PCa). Methods: One hundred and twenty patients with histologically confirmed PCa who underwent surgery were recruited for this study. Tumour samples and PCa cell lines were used to examine ZFX. Various cell functions related to tumourigenesis were assessed. In vivo mouse tumour xenografts were used to confirm the in vitro results. Results: Patients with ZFX-positive tumours had worse overall survival than patients with ZFX-negative tumours. The depletion of ZFX using lentiviral shRNAs significantly inhibited cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and resulted in increased cell apoptosis and invasive repression. In vivo studies confirmed that ZFX promoted tumour growth. Mechanistically, MAPK pathway activation was involved in the oncogenic functions of ZFX. Conclusions: ZFX acts as a putative oncogene in PCa and could be a novel therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Song
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fahong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajuan Hao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shili Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maolan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Trakhtenberg EF, Li Y, Feng Q, Tso J, Rosenberg PA, Goldberg JL, Benowitz LI. Zinc chelation and Klf9 knockdown cooperatively promote axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2018; 300:22-29. [PMID: 29106981 PMCID: PMC5745290 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The inability of axons to regenerate over long-distances in the central nervous system (CNS) limits the recovery of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions after various CNS injuries and diseases. Although pre-clinical studies have identified a number of manipulations that stimulate some degree of axon growth after CNS damage, the extent of recovery remains quite limited, emphasizing the need for improved therapies. Here, we used traumatic injury to the mouse optic nerve as a model system to test the effects of combining several treatments that have recently been found to promote axon regeneration without the risks associated with manipulating known tumor suppressors or oncogenes. The treatments tested here include TPEN, a chelator of mobile (free) zinc (Zn2+); shRNA against the axon growth-suppressing transcription factor Klf9; and the atypical growth factor oncomodulin combined with a cAMP analog. Whereas some combinatorial treatments produced only marginally stronger effects than the individual treatments alone, co-treatment with TPEN and Klf9 knockdown had a substantially stronger effect on axon regeneration than either one alone. This combination also promoted a high level of cell survival at longer time points. Thus, Zn2+ chelation in combination with Klf9 suppression holds therapeutic potential for promoting axon regeneration after optic nerve injury, and may also be effective for treating other CNS injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Yiqing Li
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qian Feng
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Janice Tso
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Yuan Y, Tan H, Dai P. Krüppel-Like Factor 2 Regulates Degradation of Type II Collagen by Suppressing the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-13. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 42:2159-2168. [PMID: 28873368 DOI: 10.1159/000479991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) plays an essential role in the inhibition of endothelial cell and macrophage activation during the inflammatory process. However, the roles of KLF2 in chondrocytes and the pathological progression of osteoarthritis (OA) remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of KLF2 in the inhibition of cartilage matrix destruction in chondrocytes. METHODS RT-PCR and western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of KLF2 in human chondrocytes. Luciferase assay, ELISA assay and MMP-13 enzymatic activity assays were used to investigate the effects of KLF2 in regulating MMP-13 expression. Western blot analysis was used to examine the effects of KLF2 in suppressing degradation of type Ⅱ collagen. RESULTS KLF2 is expressed in primary chondrocytes and is downregulated in OA chondrocytes. Expression of KLF2 in primary chondrocytes was reduced in response to IL-1β. Overexpression of KLF2 robustly inhibited IL-1β-induced MMP-13 expression. Conversely, knockdown of KLF2 markedly exacerbated MMP-13 expression. Mechanistically, KLF2 could suppress the activation of MMP-13 promoter. However, knockdown of KLF2 could promote the activation of MMP-13 promoter. Importantly, overexpression of KLF2 ameliorated the degradation of type Ⅱ collagen while silencing of KLF2 exacerbated the degradation of type Ⅱ collagen induced by IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS KLF2 may be a potential therapeutic target for OA treatment.
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Wang Y, Liang H, Zhou G, Hu X, Liu Z, Jin F, Yu M, Sang J, Zhou Y, Fu Z, Zhang CY, Zhang W, Zen K, Chen X. HIC1 and miR-23~27~24 clusters form a double-negative feedback loop in breast cancer. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:421-432. [PMID: 28009350 PMCID: PMC5344204 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a major regulator of the initiation and progression of human cancers, including breast cancer. However, the cooperative effects and transcriptional regulation of multiple miRNAs, especially miRNAs that are present in clusters, remain largely undiscovered. Here we showed that all members of the miR-23~27~24 clusters are upregulated and function as oncogenes in breast cancer and simultaneously target HIC1. Furthermore, we found that HIC1 functions as a transcriptional repressor to negatively control the expression of miR-23~27~24 clusters and forms a double-negative (overall positive) feedback loop. This feedback regulatory pathway is important because overexpression of miR-23~27~24 clusters can remarkably accelerate tumor growth, whereas restoration of HIC1 significantly blocks tumor growth in vivo. A mathematical model was created to quantitatively illustrate the regulatory circuit. Our finding highlights the cooperative effects of miRNAs in a cluster and adds another layer of complexity to the miRNA regulatory network. This study may also provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Geyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangfang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfeng Sang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
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Zhao J, Natarajan SK, Chronos N, Singh JP. Cerivastatin represses atherogenic gene expression through the induction of KLF2 via isoprenoid metabolic pathways. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2016; 20:825-39. [PMID: 26556845 DOI: 10.1515/cmble-2015-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier clinical studies have reported that cerivastatin has an anti-atherosclerotic effect that is unique among the statins. In our study, human THP-1 macrophage cells were used to study the effects of various statins on the expressions of the atherosclerotic genes and Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Cerivastatin significantly inhibited the two atherosclerotic genes, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) at both the mRNA and protein levels, while the other statins did not. Accordingly, cerivastatin was also the most potent inducer of KLF2 transcription in the macrophages. An siRNA-induced reduction in KLF2 expression blocked the inhibition of MCP-1 and CCR2 by cerivastatin. When the cells were further treated with mevalonate, farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), the effects of cerivastatin on KLF2, MCP-1 and CCR2 were obviously reversed. Thus, the results showed that cerivastatin was a potent inhibitor of the inflammation genes MCP-1 and CCR2 through the induction of KLF2. The regulation of MCP-1, CCR2 and KLF2 by cerivastatin was isoprenoid pathway dependent. Our studies suggest that the effect of cerivastatin on atherosclerotic genes and KLF2 expression may contribute to the cardioprotection observed in reported clinical studies.
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Zhou J, Zhu G, Huang J, Li L, Du Y, Gao Y, Wu D, Wang X, Hsieh JT, He D, Wu K. Non-canonical GLI1/2 activation by PI3K/AKT signaling in renal cell carcinoma: A novel potential therapeutic target. Cancer Lett 2015; 370:313-23. [PMID: 26577809 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most lethal urologic malignancy; however, the molecular events supporting RCC carcinogenesis and progression remain poorly understood. In this study, based on the analysis of gene expression profile data from human clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and the corresponding normal tissues, we discovered that Hedgehog (HH) pathway component genes GLI1 and GLI2 were significantly elevated in ccRCC. Survival analysis of a large cohort of ccRCC samples demonstrated that the expression of GLI1 and GLI2 was negatively correlated with patient overall survival. Clinical sample-based VHL mutation and cell model-based VHL manipulation studies all indicated that the activation of GLI1 and GLI2 was not affected by VHL status. Further signaling pathway dissections demonstrated that GLI1 and GLI2 were activated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, but not mediated by the canonical HH/SMO/GLI signaling. Up-regulation of GLI1 and GLI2 promoted RCC proliferation and clonogenic ability, whereas, a combination of GLIs inhibitor Gant61 and AKT inhibitor Perifosine synergistically suppressed RCC growth and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this study identifies that GLI1 and GLI2 are critical for RCC carcinogenesis, and also provides an alternative therapeutic strategy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuefeng Du
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Novodvorsky P, Watson O, Gray C, Wilkinson RN, Reeve S, Smythe C, Beniston R, Plant K, Maguire R, M. K. Rothman A, Elworthy S, van Eeden FJM, Chico TJA. klf2ash317 Mutant Zebrafish Do Not Recapitulate Morpholino-Induced Vascular and Haematopoietic Phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141611. [PMID: 26506092 PMCID: PMC4624238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives The zinc-finger transcription factor Krϋppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) transduces blood flow into molecular signals responsible for a wide range of responses within the vasculature. KLF2 maintains a healthy, quiescent endothelial phenotype. Previous studies report a range of phenotypes following morpholino antisense oligonucleotide-induced klf2a knockdown in zebrafish. Targeted genome editing is an increasingly applied method for functional assessment of candidate genes. We therefore generated a stable klf2a mutant zebrafish and characterised its cardiovascular and haematopoietic development. Methods and Results Using Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) we generated a klf2a mutant (klf2ash317) with a 14bp deletion leading to a premature stop codon in exon 2. Western blotting confirmed loss of wild type Klf2a protein and the presence of a truncated protein in klf2ash317 mutants. Homozygous klf2ash317 mutants exhibit no defects in vascular patterning, survive to adulthood and are fertile, without displaying previously described morphant phenotypes such as high-output cardiac failure, reduced haematopoetic stem cell (HSC) development or impaired formation of the 5th accessory aortic arch. Homozygous klf2ash317 mutation did not reduce angiogenesis in zebrafish with homozygous mutations in von Hippel Lindau (vhl), a form of angiogenesis that is dependent on blood flow. We examined expression of three klf family members in wildtype and klf2ash317 zebrafish. We detected vascular expression of klf2b (but not klf4a or biklf/klf4b/klf17) in wildtypes but found no differences in expression that might account for the lack of phenotype in klf2ash317 mutants. klf2b morpholino knockdown did not affect heart rate or impair formation of the 5th accessory aortic arch in either wildtypes or klf2ash317 mutants. Conclusions The klf2ash317 mutation produces a truncated Klf2a protein but, unlike morpholino induced klf2a knockdown, does not affect cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Novodvorsky
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Watson
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Gray
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N. Wilkinson
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Reeve
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Beniston
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Plant
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Maguire
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stone Elworthy
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fredericus J. M. van Eeden
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. A. Chico
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kramann R, Fleig SV, Schneider RK, Fabian SL, DiRocco DP, Maarouf O, Wongboonsin J, Ikeda Y, Heckl D, Chang SL, Rennke HG, Waikar SS, Humphreys BD. Pharmacological GLI2 inhibition prevents myofibroblast cell-cycle progression and reduces kidney fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2935-51. [PMID: 26193634 DOI: 10.1172/jci74929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and proliferation of scar-secreting myofibroblasts, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. The hedgehog (Hh) pathway transcriptional effectors GLI1 and GLI2 are expressed in myofibroblast progenitors; however, the role of these effectors during fibrogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that GLI2, but not GLI1, drives myofibroblast cell-cycle progression in cultured mesenchymal stem cell-like progenitors. In animals exposed to unilateral ureteral obstruction, Hh pathway suppression by expression of the GLI3 repressor in GLI1+ myofibroblast progenitors limited kidney fibrosis. Myofibroblast-specific deletion of Gli2, but not Gli1, also limited kidney fibrosis, and induction of myofibroblast-specific cell-cycle arrest mediated this inhibition. Pharmacologic targeting of this pathway with darinaparsin, an arsenical in clinical trials, reduced fibrosis through reduction of GLI2 protein levels and subsequent cell-cycle arrest in myofibroblasts. GLI2 overexpression rescued the cell-cycle effect of darinaparsin in vitro. While darinaparsin ameliorated fibrosis in WT and Gli1-KO mice, it was not effective in conditional Gli2-KO mice, supporting GLI2 as a direct darinaparsin target. The GLI inhibitor GANT61 also reduced fibrosis in mice. Finally, GLI1 and GLI2 were upregulated in the kidneys of patients with high-grade fibrosis. Together, these data indicate that GLI inhibition has potential as a therapeutic strategy to limit myofibroblast proliferation in kidney fibrosis.
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Kaul D, Sharma S, Garg A. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP2) gene expression is regulated by miR-2909. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 55:89-93. [PMID: 25976474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reversible decoupling of glycolysis from aerobic-respiration has been widely recognized to be a crucial step in tailoring immune response by the human cells. In this context, the study reported here revealed for the first time that cooperativity between Apoptosis Antagonizing Transcription Factor (AATF) mRNA and miR-2909 within cellular AATF RNome ensures the regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression in a cyclic fashion and this phenomenon is substantiated when the immune cells face high glucose threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kaul
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - A Garg
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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McMillin M, Galindo C, Pae HY, Frampton G, Di Patre PL, Quinn M, Whittington E, DeMorrow S. Gli1 activation and protection against hepatic encephalopathy is suppressed by circulating transforming growth factor β1 in mice. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1260-6. [PMID: 25046848 PMCID: PMC4253574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurologic disorder that develops during liver failure. Few studies exist investigating systemic-central signalling during HE outside of inflammatory signalling. The transcription factor Gli1, which can be modulated by hedgehog signalling or transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) signalling, has been shown to be protective in various neuropathies. We measured Gli1 expression in brain tissues from mice and evaluated how circulating TGFβ1 and canonical hedgehog signalling regulate its activation. METHODS Mice were injected with azoxymethane (AOM) to induce liver failure and HE in the presence of Gli1 vivo-morpholinos, the hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine, Smoothened vivo-morpholinos, a Smoothened agonist, or TGFβ-neutralizing antibodies. Molecular analyses were used to assess Gli1, hedgehog signalling, and TGFβ1 signalling in the liver and brain of AOM mice and HE patients. RESULTS Gli1 expression was increased in brains of AOM mice and in HE patients. Intra-cortical infusion of Gli1 vivo-morpholinos exacerbated the neurologic deficits of AOM mice. Measures to modulate hedgehog signalling had no effect on HE neurological decline. Levels of TGFβ1 increased in the liver and serum of mice following AOM administration. TGFβ neutralizing antibodies slowed neurologic decline following AOM administration without significantly affecting liver damage. TGFβ1 inhibited Gli1 expression via a SMAD3-dependent mechanism. Conversely, inhibiting TGFβ1 increased Gli1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Cortical activation of Gli1 protects mice from induction of HE. TGFβ1 suppresses Gli1 in neurons via SMAD3 and promotes the neurologic decline. Strategies to activate Gli1 or inhibit TGFβ1 signalling might be developed to treat patients with HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Cheryl Galindo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Hae Yong Pae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Pier Luigi Di Patre
- Department of Pathology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States; Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Quinn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Eric Whittington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, TX, United States; Digestive Disease Research Center, TX, United States; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States.
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19
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Abstract
Unlike other organs, the adult heart has limited regenerative potential owing to the inability of postnatal cardiomyocytes to undergo proliferative growth. As a result, ischemic heart disease continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elucidating the molecular pathways of cardiomyocyte differentiation and proliferation holds great promise for human health. In a recent paper we employed a multidisciplinary approach to identify a novel pathway required for cardiomyocyte growth and differentiation. Starting with the dissection of a new regulatory sequence required for cardiac specific expression, we identified the cognate DNA binding protein as KLF13, a tissue-restricted member of the newly identified KLF family of zinc-finger proteins. We took advantage of the ease in manipulating Xenopus embryos to genetically alter KLF13 levels thus demonstrating a requirement for KLF13 in cardiac progenitor cell proliferation and heart morphogenesis. Furthermore, we combined biochemical approaches with genetic manipulations in Xenopus to show that KLF13 is a GATA4 interacting protein and a genetic modifier of GATA4 function. Cyclin D1 was identified as a direct transcriptional target for KLF13 that may account for the proliferation defects observed in embryos with downregulated KLF13 levels. Thus, tissue-specific regulators of the cell cycle may be potential congenital heart disease causing genes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nemer
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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20
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Lv L, Deng H, Li Y, Zhang C, Liu X, Liu Q, Zhang D, Wang L, Pu Y, Zhang H, He Y, Wang Y, Yu Y, Yu T, Zhu J. The DNA methylation-regulated miR-193a-3p dictates the multi-chemoresistance of bladder cancer via repression of SRSF2/PLAU/HIC2 expression. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1402. [PMID: 25188512 PMCID: PMC4540198 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance hinders the curative cancer chemotherapy. To define the role of the DNA methylation-regulated microRNA (miR) genes in the chemoresistance of bladder cancer, we performed both DNA methylomic and miRomic analyses of a multi-chemosensitive (5637) versus a multi-chemoresistant (H-bc) cell line and found that miR-193a-3p is hypermethylated/silenced in 5637 and hypomethylated/expressed in H-bc cells. A forced reversal of its level turned around the chemoresistance in the cultured cells and the tumor xenografts in nude mice. Three of its targets: SRSF2, PLAU and HIC2, work in concert to relay the miR-193a-3p's impact on the bladder cancer chemoresistance by modulating the activities of the following five signaling pathways: DNA damage, Notch, NF-κB, Myc/Max, and Oxidative Stress. In addition to the mechanistic insights in how the newly identified miR-193a-3p/SRSF2,PLAU,HIC2/five signaling pathway axis regulates the chemoresistance of bladder cancer cells, our study provides a new set of diagnostic targets for the guided personalized chemotherapy of bladder cancer.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/toxicity
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- DNA Damage
- DNA Methylation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Plasminogen Activators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Plasminogen Activators/genetics
- Plasminogen Activators/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ribonucleoproteins/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism
- Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lv
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - H Deng
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, MHBI (Shanghai) Biotech Inc., GuiPing Road 333, Building 4/104, Shanghai Juke Biotech Park, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - D Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - L Wang
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Y Pu
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - H Zhang
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y He
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - T Yu
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - J Zhu
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Felthaus O, Gosau M, Klein S, Prantl L, Reichert TE, Schmalz G, Morsczeck C. Dexamethasone-related osteogenic differentiation of dental follicle cells depends on ZBTB16 but not Runx2. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:695-705. [PMID: 24816988 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dental follicle cells (DFCs) can be artificially differentiated into mineralizing cells. With a dexamethasone-based differentiation protocol, transcription factors ZBTB16 and NR4A3 are highly upregulated but Runx2 and other osteogenic marker genes are not. Previous studies have suggested the involvement of a Runx2-independent differentiation pathway. The objective of this study is to further elucidate this mechanism. Differentiation of DFCs was examined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and ALP activity measurement, by Alizarin Red S staining and by real-time reverse transcription plus the polymerase chain reaction. ZBTB16 was overexpressed by using a transient transfection method. Resulting genome-wide gene expression changes were assessed by microarray. ZBTB16 and Runx2 were inhibited by short interfering RNA transfection. Promoter binding of ZBTB16 was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Downregulation of Runx2 had no effect on dexamethasone-induced differentiation but was effective on BMP2-induced differentiation. Downregulation of ZBTB16, however, impaired dexamethasone-induced differentiation. Genes that were upregulated by dexamethasone induction were also upregulated by ZBTB16 overexpression. Genes that were not upregulated during dexamethasone-induced differentiation were also not regulated by ZBTB16 overexpression. ZBTB16 bound directly to the promoter regions of osterix and NR4A3 but not that of Runx2. Overexpression of ZBTB16 led to changes in the gene expression profile, whereby upregulated genes were overrepresented in osteogenesis-associated biological processes. Our findings suggest that, in DFCs, a Runx2-independent differentiation mechanism exists that is regulated by ZBTB16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Felthaus
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Shi J, Liu C, Zhang A, Cui N, Wang B, Chen B, Ma Z. [Roles of KLF5 in inhibition TNFα-induced SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell apoptosis]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2014; 94:2004-2007. [PMID: 25312658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression levels and roles of Krüpple-like factor 5 (KLF5) in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. METHODS SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells were stimulated by TNFα at different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20 µg/L) for specified durations (0, 6, 12, 24, 36 h). Western blot was performed to detect KLF5 protein levels. Then Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis genes. Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR were used to observe the effects of exogenous KLF5 on TNFα-induced apoptosis of SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell. RESULTS KLF5 expression levels significantly decreased in TNFα-stimulated SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Quantitative RT-PCR results showed that TNFα up-regulate apoptosis gene caspase 3, caspase 9 and bax expression levels and down-regulate bcl-1 level in SK-BR-3 cells. Adenovirus expression vectors of pAd-GFP and pAd-GFP-KLF5 were constructed and used to infect SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Over-expression of GFP-KLF5 inhibited apoptosis in TNFα-stimulated SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION TNFα reduces KLF5 expression in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells and KLF5 participates in TNFα-induced SK-BR-3 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
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23
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Chen PY, Yen JH, Kao RH, Chen JH. Down-regulation of the oncogene PTTG1 via the KLF6 tumor suppressor during induction of myeloid differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71282. [PMID: 23977008 PMCID: PMC3745464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes is involved in processes that are responsible for cellular proliferation and the inhibition of myeloid differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Pituitary Tumor-Transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), an oncogenic transcription factor, is abundantly expressed in various human cancers and hematopoietic malignancies. However, its expression in normal leukocytes and most normal tissues is very low or undetectable. The mechanism by which PTTG1 overexpression modifies myeloid cell development and promotes leukemogenesis remain unclear. To investigate the mechanistic links between PTTG1 overexpression and leukemia cell differentiation, we utilized phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a well-known agent that triggers monocyte/macrophage differentiation, to analyze the expression patterns of PTTG1 in PMA-induced myeloid differentiation. We found that PTTG1 is down-regulated at the transcriptional level in PMA-treated HL-60 and THP1 cells. In addition, we identified a binding site for a tumor suppressor protein, Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6), in the PTTG1 promoter. We found that KLF6 could directly bind and repress PTTG1 expression. In HL-60 and THP1 cells, KLF6 mRNA and protein levels are up-regulated with a concordant reduction of PTTG1 expression upon treatment with PMA. Furthermore, KLF6 knockdown by shRNA abolished the suppression of PTTG1 and reduced the activation of the differentiation marker CD11b in PMA-primed cells. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor significantly blocked the potentiation of PMA-mediated KLF6 induction and the down-regulation of PTTG1, indicating that PTTG1 is suppressed via the activation of PKC/ERK/KLF6 pathway. Our findings suggest that drugs that increase the KLF6 inhibition of PTTG1 may have a therapeutic application in AML treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Ho Kao
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hshiung Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Starke RM, Ali MS, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, Gonzalez F, Hasan DM, Rosenwasser RH, Owens GK, Koch WJ, Dumont AS. Cigarette smoke modulates vascular smooth muscle phenotype: implications for carotid and cerebrovascular disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71954. [PMID: 23967268 PMCID: PMC3743809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation in the cerebral circulation and pathogenesis of stroke has not been determined. Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, but potential mechanisms are unclear, and its role in SMC phenotypic modulation has not been established. METHODS AND RESULTS In cultured cerebral vascular SMCs, exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) resulted in decreased promoter activity and mRNA expression of key SMC contractile genes (SM-α-actin, SM-22α, SM-MHC) and the transcription factor myocardin in a dose-dependent manner. CSE also induced pro-inflammatory/matrix remodeling genes (MCP-1, MMPs, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB). CSE increased expression of KLF4, a known regulator of SMC differentiation, and siKLF4 inhibited CSE induced suppression of SMC contractile genes and myocardin and activation of inflammatory genes. These mechanisms were confirmed in vivo following exposure of rat carotid arteries to CSE. Chromatin immune-precipitation assays in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that CSE promotes epigenetic changes with binding of KLF4 to the promoter regions of myocardin and SMC marker genes and alterations in promoter acetylation and methylation. CONCLUSION CSE exposure results in phenotypic modulation of cerebral SMC through myocardin and KLF4 dependent mechanisms. These results provides a mechanism by which cigarette smoke induces a pro-inflammatory/matrix remodeling phenotype in SMC and an important pathway for cigarette smoke to contribute to atherosclerosis and stroke.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation/drug effects
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/cytology
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/chemically induced
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/genetics
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/pathology
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Histone Deacetylase 2/metabolism
- Histones/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Tobacco Products/analysis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Starke
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Muhammad S. Ali
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pascal M. Jabbour
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stavropoula I. Tjoumakaris
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fernando Gonzalez
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David M. Hasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rosenwasser
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gary K. Owens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron S. Dumont
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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25
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Song Y, Li X, Wang D, Fu C, Zhu Z, Zou MH, Zhu Y. Transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 plays a vital role in endothelial colony forming cells differentiation. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:514-24. [PMID: 23667185 PMCID: PMC3841418 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) participate in post-natal vasculogenesis. We previously reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes human ECFC differentiation through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. However, the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of ECFC differentiation still remain largely elusive. Here, we investigated the role of transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in the regulation of ECFC function. METHODS AND RESULTS Human ECFCs were isolated from cord blood and cultured. Treatment with VEGF significantly increased endothelial markers in ECFCs and their capacity for migration and tube formation. The mRNA and protein levels of KLF2 were also significantly up-regulated. This up-regulation was abrogated by AMPK inhibition or by knockdown of KLF2 with siRNA. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of KLF2 promoted ECFC differentiation by enhancing expression of endothelial cell markers, reducing expression of progenitor cell markers, and increasing the capacity for tube formation in vitro, indicating the important role of KLF2 in ECFC-mediated angiogenesis. Histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) was phosphorylated by AMPK activity induced by VEGF and the AMPK agonist AICAR (5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide). In vivo angiogenesis assay revealed that overexpression of KLF2 in bone-marrow-derived pro-angiogenic progenitor cells promoted vessel formation when the cells were implanted in C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSION Up-regulation of KLF2 by AMPK activation constitutes a novel mechanism of ECFC differentiation, and may have therapeutic value in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenglai Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenjiu Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd. BSEB 314, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
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26
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Coni S, Antonucci L, D'Amico D, Di Magno L, Infante P, De Smaele E, Giannini G, Di Marcotullio L, Screpanti I, Gulino A, Canettieri G. Gli2 acetylation at lysine 757 regulates hedgehog-dependent transcriptional output by preventing its promoter occupancy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65718. [PMID: 23762415 PMCID: PMC3675076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogenic Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates postnatal cerebellar development and its aberrant activation leads to medulloblastoma. The transcription factors Gli1 and Gli2 are the activators of Hh pathway and their function is finely controlled by different covalent modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. We show here that Gli2 is endogenously acetylated and that this modification represents a key regulatory step for Hedgehog signaling. The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) coactivator p300, but not other HATs, acetylates Gli2 at the conserved lysine K757 thus inhibiting Hh target gene expression. By generating a specific anti acetyl-Gli2(Lys757) antisera we demonstrated that Gli2 acetylation is readily detectable at endogenous levels and is attenuated by Hh agonists. Moreover, Gli2 K757R mutant activity is higher than wild type Gli2 and is no longer enhanced by Hh agonists, indicating that acetylation represents an additional level of control for signal dependent activation. Consistently, in sections of developing mouse cerebella Gli2 acetylation correlates with the activation status of Hedgehog signaling. Mechanistically, acetylation at K757 prevents Gli2 entry into chromatin. Together, these data illustrate a novel mechanism of regulation of the Hh signaling whereby, in concert with Gli1, Gli2 acetylation functions as a key transcriptional checkpoint in the control of morphogen-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Coni
- CNRS UMR 7277, Inserm 1091, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Centre de Biochimie, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide D'Amico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Magno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Infante
- Center for Life Nano, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, ItalyScience@Sapienza
- * E-mail: (AG); (GC)
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, ItalyScience@Sapienza
- * E-mail: (AG); (GC)
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- * E-mail: (AG); (GC)
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AG); (GC)
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27
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Chiam K, Ryan NK, Ricciardelli C, Day TK, Buchanan G, Ochnik AM, Murti K, Selth LA, Butler LM, Tilley WD, Bianco-Miotto T. Characterization of the prostate cancer susceptibility gene KLF6 in human and mouse prostate cancers. Prostate 2013; 73:182-93. [PMID: 22782870 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krüppel-like factor (KLF) 6 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer, but the mechanisms contributing to its loss of expression are poorly understood. We characterized KLF6 expression and DNA methylation status during prostate tumorigenesis in humans and mice. METHODS KLF6 expression was assessed in matched human non-malignant (NM) and tumor prostate tissues (n = 22) by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and in three independent human prostate cancer cohorts bioinformatically. QPCR for KLF6 expression and methylation-sensitive PCR (MSP) were performed in human prostate LNCaP cancer cells after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. Klf6 protein levels and DNA promoter methylation were assessed in TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) tumors by immunohistochemistry and MSP, respectively. RESULTS KLF6 splice variants expression was increased (P = 0.0015) in human prostate tumors compared to NM tissues. Overall, KLF6 was decreased in metastatic compared to primary prostate cancers and reduced expression in primary tumors was associated with a shorter time to relapse (P = 0.0028). Treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in up-regulation of KLF6 expression (two-fold; P = 0.002) and a decrease in DNA methylation of the KLF6 promoter in LNCaP cells. Klf6 protein levels significantly decreased with progression in the TRAMP model of prostate cancer (P < 0.05), but there was no difference in Klf6 promoter methylation. CONCLUSION KLF6 expression was decreased in both clinical prostate cancer and the TRAMP model with disease progression, but this could not be explained by DNA methylation of the KLF6 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiam
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide and Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Kelleher FC, Cain JE, Healy JM, Watkins DN, Thomas DM. Prevailing importance of the hedgehog signaling pathway and the potential for treatment advancement in sarcoma. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:153-68. [PMID: 22906929 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog signaling pathway is important in embryogenesis and post natal development. Constitutive activation of the pathway due to mutation of pathway components occurs in ~25% of medulloblastomas and also in basal cell carcinomas. In many other malignancies the therapeutic role for hedgehog inhibition though intriguing, based on preclinical data, is far from assured. Hedgehog inhibition is not an established part of the treatment paradigm of sarcoma but the scientific rationale for a possible benefit is compelling. In chondrosarcoma there is evidence of hedgehog pathway activation and an ontologic comparison between growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and different chondrosarcoma subtypes. Immunostaining epiphyseal growth plate for Indian hedgehog is particularly positive in the zone of pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes which correlates ontologically with conventional chondrosarcoma. In Ewing sarcoma/PNET tumors the Gli1 transcription factor is a direct target of the EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein present in 85% of cases. In many cases of rhabdomyosarcomas there is increased expression of Gli1 (Ragazzini et al., 2004). Additionally, a third of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas have loss of Chr.9q22 that encompasses the patched locus (Bridge et al., 2000). The potential to treat osteosarcoma by inhibition of Gli2 and the role of the pathway in ovarian fibromas and other connective tissue tumors is also discussed (Nagao et al., 2011; Hirotsu et al., 2010). Emergence of acquired secondary resistance to targeted therapeutics is an important issue that is also relevant to hedgehog inhibition. In this context secondary resistance of medulloblastomas to treatment with a smoothened antagonist in two tumor mouse models is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal C Kelleher
- Sarcoma Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 12 St. Andrew's Place, A'Beckitt Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Lin YT, Ding JY, Li MY, Yeh TS, Wang TW, Yu JY. YAP regulates neuronal differentiation through Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1877-88. [PMID: 22659622 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tight regulation of cell numbers by controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis is important during development. Recently, the Hippo pathway has been shown to regulate tissue growth and organ size in Drosophila. In mammalian cells, it also affects cell proliferation and differentiation in various tissues, including the nervous system. Interplay of several signaling cascades, such as Notch, Wnt, and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathways, control cell proliferation during neuronal differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether the Hippo pathway coordinates with other signaling cascades in regulating neuronal differentiation. Here, we used P19 cells, a mouse embryonic carcinoma cell line, as a model to study roles of YAP, a core component of the Hippo pathway, in neuronal differentiation. P19 cells can be induced to differentiate into neurons by expressing a neural bHLH transcription factor gene Ascl1. Our results showed that YAP promoted cell proliferation and inhibited neuronal differentiation. Expression of Yap activated Shh but not Wnt or Notch signaling activity during neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, expression of Yap increased the expression of Patched homolog 1 (Ptch1), a downstream target of the Shh signaling. Knockdown of Gli2, a transcription factor of the Shh pathway, promoted neuronal differentiation even when Yap was over-expressed. We further demonstrated that over-expression of Yap inhibited neuronal differentiation in primary mouse cortical progenitors and Gli2 knockdown rescued the differentiation defect in Yap over-expressing cells. In conclusion, our study reveals that Shh signaling acts downstream of YAP in regulating neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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30
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Marschall JS, Wilhelm T, Schuh W, Huber M. MEK/Erk-based negative feedback mechanism involved in control of Steel Factor-triggered production of Krüppel-like factor 2 in mast cells. Cell Signal 2011; 24:879-88. [PMID: 22182511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase, c-kit (Steel Factor (SF) receptor) controls survival, proliferation, chemotaxis, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in mast cells (MCs). Activation of c-kit results, amongst others, in induction of the PI3K and MEK/Erk pathways. Comparison of two MEK inhibitors, the specific, widely used U0126 and the more selective PD0325901, in different MC models revealed severe differences on SF-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α as well as the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Expression of the latter in MCs was not investigated so far. Whereas SF-induced expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and KLF2 was unaltered by U0126, it was significantly augmented by PD0325901. The effect of PD0325901 was corroborated by a second selective MEK inhibitor, PD184352 (Cl-1040), indicating the presence of MEK/Erk-based negative feedback mechanism(s) downstream of c-kit activation. Further analysis of KLF2 production revealed a positive function of PI3K. Depending on additional stimuli (e.g. antigen, IGF-1, LPS, thapsigargin), SF-triggered KLF2 expression was differentially modified, most likely controlled by the respective ratio between MEK/Erk and PI3K pathway activation. Moreover, the statin, simvastatin, was demonstrated to upregulate expression of KLF2 in MCs. In conclusion, data obtained by solely using the MEK inhibitor U0126 have to be carefully corroborated by using more selective inhibitors, such as PD0325901 or PD184352. SF-induced expression of the transcription factor KLF2 and its regulation by the MEK/Erk and PI3K pathways could impact on physiological as well as pathophysiological MC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Marschall
- RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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31
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Plaisant M, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Gabrielson M, Loubat A, Dani C, Peraldi P. Inhibition of hedgehog signaling decreases proliferation and clonogenicity of human mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16798. [PMID: 21304817 PMCID: PMC3033417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. We have previously shown that hMSC were endowed with a basal level of Hedgehog signaling that decreased after differentiation of these cells. Since hMSC differentiation is associated with growth-arrest we investigated the function of Hh signaling on cell proliferation. Here, we show that inhibition of Hh signaling, using the classical inhibitor cyclopamine, or a siRNA directed against Gli-2, leads to a decrease in hMSC proliferation. This phenomenon is not linked to apoptosis but to a block of the cells in the G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle. At the molecular level, it is associated with an increase in the active form of pRB, and a decrease in cyclin A expression and MAP kinase phosphorylation. Inhibition of Hh signaling is also associated with a decrease in the ability of the cells to form clones. By contrast, inhibition of Hh signaling during hMSC proliferation does not affect their ability to differentiate. This study demonstrates that hMSC are endowed with a basal Hedgehog signaling activity that is necessary for efficient proliferation and clonogenicity of hMSC. This observation unravels an unexpected new function for Hedgehog signaling in the regulation of human mesenchymal stem cells and highlights the critical function of this morphogen in hMSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Plaisant
- CNRS UMR6543, Institute of Biology, Development and Cancer, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
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Shimizu Y, Takeuchi T, Mita S, Notsu T, Mizuguchi K, Kyo S. Krüppel-like factor 4 mediates anti-proliferative effects of progesterone with G₀/G₁ arrest in human endometrial epithelial cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:745-50. [PMID: 20479568 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the progesterone receptor (PR) inhibits cell proliferation in various reproductive tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of cell proliferation by PR remain poorly understood. It is well established that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a family of zinc fingercontaining transcription factors, induces cell cycle arrest in epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated whether KLF4 served as a target of PR activation during cell proliferation using human endometrial epithelial cells. PR agonists, progesterone and dienogest, were found to produce a lasting increase in the expression of KLF4 mRNA, followed by a decrease in cyclin D1 mRNA, and inhibit cell proliferation with G₀/G₁ arrest. KLF4 knockdown using KLF4 small interferingRNA abrogated the inhibition of cell proliferation by PR agonists. In addition, forced expression of KLF4 inhibited cyclin D1 promoter transactivation. These results suggest that PR agonists induce KLF4 expression and then inhibit cyclin D1 expression, and consequently inhibit cell proliferation in human endometrial epithelial cells. In terms of human reproductive tissue, KLF4 may be a factor concerning cell cycle, directly responsive to PR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimizu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Jimba-aza-Uenohara, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan.
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Bhandari DR, Seo KW, Roh KH, Jung JW, Kang SK, Kang KS. REX-1 expression and p38 MAPK activation status can determine proliferation/differentiation fates in human mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10493. [PMID: 20463961 PMCID: PMC2864743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background REX1/ZFP42 is a well-known embryonic stem cell (ESC) marker. However, the role of REX1, itself, is relatively unknown because the function of REX1 has only been reported in the differentiation of ESCs via STAT signaling pathways. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) isolated from young tissues and cancer cells express REX1. Methodology/Principal Finding Human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (hAD-MSCs) strongly express REX1 and have a lower activation status of p38 MAPK, but bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs) have weak REX1 expression and higher activation of p38 MAPK. These results indicated that REX1 expression in hMSCs was positively correlated with proliferation rates but inversely correlated with the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. In hUCB-MSCs, the roles of REX1 and p38 MAPK were investigated, and a knockdown study was performed using a lentiviral vector-based small hairpin RNA (shRNA). After REX1 knockdown, decreased cell proliferation was observed. In REX1 knocked-down hUCB-MSCs, the osteogenic differentiation ability deteriorated, but the adipogenic potential increased or was similar to that observed in the controls. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in hUCB-MSCs significantly increased after REX1 knockdown. After p38 MAPK inhibitor treatment, the cell growth in REX1 knocked-down hUCB-MSCs almost recovered, and the suppressed expression levels of CDK2 and CCND1 were also restored. The expression of MKK3, an upstream regulator of p38 MAPK, significantly increased in REX1 knocked-down hUCB-MSCs. The direct binding of REX1 to the MKK3 gene was confirmed by a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Conclusions/Significance These findings showed that REX1 regulates the proliferation/differentiation of hMSCs through the suppression of p38 MAPK signaling via the direct suppression of MKK3. Therefore, p38 MAPK and REX-1 status can determine the cell fate of adult stem cells (ASCs). These results were the first to show the role of REX1 in the proliferation/differentiation of ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilli Ram Bhandari
- Adult Stem Cell Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tumor Biology, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Seo
- Adult Stem Cell Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tumor Biology, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwan Roh
- Adult Stem Cell Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tumor Biology, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- Adult Stem Cell Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tumor Biology, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tumor Biology, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kise Y, Morinaka A, Teglund S, Miki H. Sufu recruits GSK3beta for efficient processing of Gli3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:569-74. [PMID: 19622347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling activates the transcription factor Gli by suppressing the function of the suppressor of fused (Sufu) protein in mammals. Here, a novel role of mammalian Sufu is identified where it mediates the phosphorylation of Gli3 by GSK3beta, essential for Gli3 processing to generate a transcriptional repressor for Hh-target genes. Studies using Sufu(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts and siRNA targeting Sufu demonstrate the requirement of Sufu for Gli3 processing. In addition, Sufu can bind to GSK3beta as well as Gli3, and mediates formation of the trimolecular complex Gli3/Sufu/GSK3beta. Thus, Sufu stimulates Gli3 phosphorylation by GSK3beta and Gli3 processing. Furthermore, Sonic Hh stimulation dissociates the Sufu/GSK3beta complex from Gli3, resulting in the blockade of Gli3 processing. Collectively, Sufu presumably functions as a GSK3beta recruiter for Hh-dependent regulation of Gli3 processing. Such a function is very similar to that of Costal2 in Drosophila, suggesting a functional complementation through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kise
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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35
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Jiang W, Deng W, Bailey SK, Nail CD, Frost AR, Brouillette WJ, Muccio DD, Grubbs CJ, Ruppert JM, Lobo-Ruppert SM. Prevention of KLF4-mediated tumor initiation and malignant transformation by UAB30 rexinoid. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:289-98. [PMID: 19197145 PMCID: PMC2776760 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.3.7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor KLF4 acts in post-mitotic epithelial cells to promote differentiation and functions in a context-dependent fashion as an oncogene. In the skin KLF4 is co-expressed with the nuclear receptors RARgamma and RXRalpha, and formation of the skin permeability barrier is a shared function of these three proteins. We utilized a KLF4-transgenic mouse model of skin cancer in combination with cultured epithelial cells to examine functional interactions between KLF4 and retinoic acid receptors. In cultured cells, activation of a conditional, KLF4-estrogen receptor fusion protein by 4-hydroxytamoxifen resulted in rapid upregulation of transcripts for nuclear receptors including RARgamma and RXRalpha. We tested retinoids in epithelial cell transformation assays, including an RAR-selective agonist (all-trans RA), an RXR-selective agonist (9-cis UAB30, rexinoid), and a pan agonist (9-cis RA). Unlike for several other genes, transformation by KLF4 was inhibited by each retinoid, implicating distinct nuclear receptor heterodimers as modulators of KLF4 transforming activity. When RXRalpha expression was suppressed by RNAi in cultured cells, transformation was promoted and the inhibitory effect of 9-cis UAB30 was attenuated. Similarly as shown for other mouse models of skin cancer, rexinoid prevented skin tumor initiation resulting from induction of KLF4 in basal keratinocytes. Rexinoid permitted KLF4 expression and KLF4-induced cell cycling, but attenuated the KLF4-induced misexpression of cytokeratin 1 in basal cells. Neoplastic lesions including hyperplasia, dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma-like lesions were prevented for up to 30 days. Taken together, the results identify retinoid receptors including RXRalpha as ligand-dependent inhibitors of KLF4-mediated transformation or tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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36
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Lee J, Wu X, Pasca di Magliano M, Peters EC, Wang Y, Hong J, Hebrok M, Ding S, Cho CY, Schultz PG. A Small-Molecule Antagonist of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1916-9. [PMID: 17886323 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongkook Lee
- Dept. of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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37
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Bai A, Hu H, Yeung M, Chen J. Krüppel-Like Factor 2 Controls T Cell Trafficking by Activating L-Selectin (CD62L) and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Transcription. J Immunol 2007; 178:7632-9. [PMID: 17548599 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a member of zinc-finger transcription factors. Based on its expression in naive and memory T cells and the activated phenotype of few T cells in mice lacking KLF2 in the lymphoid lineage, KLF2 is postulated to regulate T cell homeostasis by promoting cell quiescence. In this study, we show that in reporter gene assays KLF2 directly activates the promoters of both CD62L and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), whose expression is critical for T cell egress from the thymus and homing to the lymph nodes. Correspondingly, exogenous KLF2 expression in primary T cells significantly up-regulates both CD62L and S1P1. Following adoptive transfer, KLF2-transduced T cells are much more efficient in homing to lymphoid organs than nontransduced T cells. These findings suggest that KLF2 regulates T cell homeostasis at least partly by controlling CD62L and S1P1 expression, and therefore T cell egress from the thymus and circulation in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Bai
- Center for Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 40 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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38
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Cho SY, Park PJ, Shin HJ, Kim YK, Shin DW, Shin ES, Lee HH, Lee BG, Baik JH, Lee TR. (-)-Catechin suppresses expression of Kruppel-like factor 7 and increases expression and secretion of adiponectin protein in 3T3-L1 cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1166-72. [PMID: 17164435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00436.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific secretory hormone that can increase insulin sensitivity and promote adipocyte differentiation. Administration of adiponectin to obese or diabetic mice reduces plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels. Green tea polyphenols possess many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, and antidiabetic activities. To investigate whether green tea polyphenols have an effect on the regulation of adiponectin, we measured expression and secretion levels of adiponectin protein after treatment of each green tea polyphenols in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We found that (-)-catechin enhanced the expression and secretion of adiponectin protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of (-)-catechin increased insulin-dependent glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes and augmented the expression of adipogenic marker genes, including PPARgamma, CEBPalpha, FAS, and SCD-1, when (-)-catechin was treated during adipocyte differentiation. In search of the molecular mechanism responsible for inducible effect of (-)-catechin on adiponectin expression, we found that (-)-catechin markedly suppresses the expression of Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) protein, which has recently been reported to inhibit the expression of adiponectin and other adipogenesis related genes, including leptin, PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, and aP2 in adipocytes. KLF7 is a transcription factor in adipocyte and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Taken together, these data suggest that the upregulation of adiponectin protein by (-)-catechin may involve, at least in part, suppression of KLF7 in 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Young Cho
- Research and Development Center, AmorePacific Corporation, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 449-729, Korea
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Sterling JA, Oyajobi BO, Grubbs B, Padalecki SS, Munoz SA, Gupta A, Story B, Zhao M, Mundy GR. The hedgehog signaling molecule Gli2 induces parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression and osteolysis in metastatic human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7548-53. [PMID: 16885353 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is a major factor involved in tumor-induced osteolysis caused by breast cancers that have metastasized to bone. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate PTHrP production by breast cancer cells are not entirely clear. We hypothesized that Gli2, a downstream transcriptional effector of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, regulates PTHrP expression in metastatic breast cancer because the Hh pathway regulates physiologic PTHrP expression in the developing growth plate. Here, we show that Gli2 is expressed in several human cancer cell lines that cause osteolytic lesions in vivo and produce PTHrP (MDA-MB-231, RWGT2, and PC-3) but is not expressed in nonosteolytic cancer cell lines that do not secrete PTHrP (MCF-7, ZR-75, and T47D). Transient expression of Gli2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells increased PTHrP promoter-luciferase activity dose dependently. Stable expression of Gli2 in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in an increase in PTHrP protein in the conditioned medium. Alternatively, MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with Gli2-EnR, a repressor of Gli2 activity, exhibited a 72% to 93% decrease in PTHrP mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR when compared with control cells. To examine the effects of Gli2 on breast cancer-mediated osteolysis in vivo, athymic nude mice were inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing Gli2 or the empty vector. Following tumor cell inoculation via the left cardiac ventricle, Gli2-expressing tumors caused significantly more osteolysis. Together, these data suggest that PTHrP expression and osteolysis in vivo in human breast cancer cells is driven at least in part by Gli2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Sterling
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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40
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Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate central nervous system, including the eye. This pathway is mediated by the Gli transcription factors (Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) that differentially activate and repress the expression of specific downstream target genes. In this study, we investigated the roles of the three vertebrate Glis in mediating midline Shh signaling in early ocular development. We examined the ocular phenotypes of Shh and Gli combination mutant mouse embryos and monitored proximodistal and dorsoventral patterning by the expression of specific eye development regulatory genes using in situ hybridization. We show that midline Shh signaling relieves the repressor activity of Gli3 adjacent to the midline and then promotes eye pattern formation through the nonredundant activities of all three Gli proteins. Gli3, in particular, is required to specify the dorsal optic stalk and to define the boundary between the optic stalk and the optic cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marosh Furimsky
- Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute and University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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41
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Das H, Kumar A, Lin Z, Patino WD, Hwang PM, Feinberg MW, Majumder PK, Jain MK. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulates proinflammatory activation of monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6653-8. [PMID: 16617118 PMCID: PMC1458936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508235103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating activation of monocytes remain incompletely understood. Herein we provide evidence that Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) inhibits proinflammatory activation of monocytes. In vitro, KLF2 expression in monocytes is reduced by cytokine activation or differentiation. Consistent with this observation, KLF2 expression in circulating monocytes is reduced in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions such as coronary artery disease. Adenoviral overexpression of KLF2 inhibits the LPS-mediated induction of proinflammatory factors, cytokines, and chemokines and reduces phagocytosis. Conversely, short interfering RNA-mediated reduction in KLF2 increased inflammatory gene expression. Reconstitution of immunodeficient mice with KLF2-overexpressing monocytes significantly reduced carrageenan-induced acute paw edema formation. Mechanistically, KLF2 inhibits the transcriptional activity of both NF-kappaB and activator protein 1, in part by means of recruitment of transcriptional coactivator p300/CBP-associated factor. These observations identify KLF2 as a novel negative regulator of monocytic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranmoy Das
- *Program in Cardiovascular Transcriptional Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ajay Kumar
- *Program in Cardiovascular Transcriptional Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhiyong Lin
- *Program in Cardiovascular Transcriptional Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Willmar D. Patino
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824; and
| | - Paul M. Hwang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824; and
| | - Mark W. Feinberg
- *Program in Cardiovascular Transcriptional Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Mukesh K. Jain
- *Program in Cardiovascular Transcriptional Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Blaess S, Corrales JD, Joyner AL. Sonic hedgehog regulates Gli activator and repressor functions with spatial and temporal precision in the mid/hindbrain region. Development 2006; 133:1799-809. [PMID: 16571630 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The midbrain and anterior hindbrain offer an ideal system in which to study the coordination of tissue growth and patterning in three dimensions. Two organizers that control anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) development are known, and the regulation of AP patterning by Fgf8 has been studied in detail. Much less is known about the mechanisms that control mid/hindbrain development along the DV axis. Using a conditional mutagenesis approach, we have determined how the ventrally expressed morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh) directs mid/hindbrain development over time and space through positive regulation of the Gli activators (GliA) and inhibition of the Gli3 repressor (Gli3R). We have discovered that Gli2A-mediated Shh signaling sequentially induces ventral neurons along the medial to lateral axis, and only before midgestation. Unlike in the spinal cord, Shh signaling plays a major role in patterning of dorsal structures (tectum and cerebellum). This function of Shh signaling involves inhibition of Gli3R and continues after midgestation. Gli3R levels also regulate overall growth of the mid/hindbrain region, and this largely involves the suppression of cell death. Furthermore, inhibition of Gli3R by Shh signaling is required to sustain expression of the AP organizer gene Fgf8. Thus, the precise spatial and temporal regulation of Gli2A and Gli3R by Shh is instrumental in coordinating mid/hindbrain development in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blaess
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Chanchevalap S, Nandan MO, McConnell BB, Charrier L, Merlin D, Katz JP, Yang VW. Kruppel-like factor 5 is an important mediator for lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:1216-23. [PMID: 16500892 PMCID: PMC1383625 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterially-derived endotoxin that elicits a strong proinflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells. It is well established that LPS activates this response through NF-κB. In addition, LPS signals through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We previously demonstrated that the Krüppel-like factor 5 [KLF5; also known as intestine-enriched Krüppel-like factor (IKLF)] is activated by the MAPK. In the current study, we examined whether KLF5 mediates the signaling cascade elicited by LPS. Treatment of the intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC6, with LPS resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in KLF5 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Concurrently, mRNA levels of the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-κB were increased by LPS treatment. Pretreatment with the MAPK inhibitor, U0126, or the LPS antagonist, polymyxin B, resulted in an attenuation of KLF5, p50 and p65 NF-κB subunit mRNA levels from LPS treatment. Importantly, suppression of KLF5 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in a reduction in p50 and p65 subunit mRNA levels and NF-κB DNA binding activity in response to LPS. LPS treatment also led to an increase in secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 from IEC6, both of which were reduced by siRNA inhibition of KLF5. In addition, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels were increased in LPS-treated IEC6 cells and this increase was associated with increased adhesion of Jurkat lymphocytes to IEC6. The induction of ICAM-1 expression and T cell adhesion to IEC6 by LPS were both abrogated by siRNA inhibition of KLF5. These results indicate that KLF5 is an important mediator for the proinflammatory response elicited by LPS in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengthong Chanchevalap
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandayam O. Nandan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Beth B. McConnell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laetitia Charrier
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Didier Merlin
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 404 727 5638; Fax: +1 404 727 5767;
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45
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Kim SC, Kim YS, Jetten AM. Krüppel-like zinc finger protein Gli-similar 2 (Glis2) represses transcription through interaction with C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1). Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:6805-15. [PMID: 16326862 PMCID: PMC1301595 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glis2 is a member of the Gli-similar (Glis) subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors. It functions as an activator and repressor of gene transcription. To identify potential co-activators or co-repressors that mediate these actions of Glis2, we performed yeast two-hybrid analysis using Glis2 as bait. C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) was identified as one of the proteins that interact with Glis2. This interaction was confirmed by mammalian two-hybrid analysis. CtBP1 did not interact with other members of the Glis subfamily suggesting that this interaction is specific for Glis2. Pulldown analysis with GST-CtBP1 demonstrated that CtBP1 physically interacts with Glis2. Analysis of CtBP1 and Glis2 deletion mutants identified several regions important for this interaction. CtBP1 repressed transcriptional activation induced by Glis2(1–171). Repression by Glis2 appears to involve the recruitment of both CtBP1 and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). Confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that Glis2 localized to nuclear speckles while in most cells CtBP1 was found diffusely in both cytoplasm and nucleus. However, when CtBP1 and Glis2 were co-expressed, CtBP1 was restricted to nuclear speckles and co-localized with Glis2. Our observations suggest that the co-repressor CtBP1 and HDAC3 are part of transcription silencing complex that mediates the transcriptional repression by Glis2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anton M. Jetten
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 919 541 2768; Fax: +1 919 541 4133;
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Fujiu K, Manabe I, Ishihara A, Oishi Y, Iwata H, Nishimura G, Shindo T, Maemura K, Kagechika H, Shudo K, Nagai R. Synthetic retinoid Am80 suppresses smooth muscle phenotypic modulation and in-stent neointima formation by inhibiting KLF5. Circ Res 2005; 97:1132-41. [PMID: 16224062 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000190613.22565.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype plays a central role in neointima formation. We recently demonstrated that Am80, a synthetic retinoic acid receptor alpha-specific agonist, inhibits the activity of the transcription factor KLF5, which is essential for neointima formation after vascular injury. In the present study, we aimed to further analyze the mechanism by which Am80 inhibits KLF5 and the effects of inhibiting KLF5 on SMCs and vascular lesion formation, as well as to evaluate potential of Am80 for use in the prevention of in-stent neointima formation. We found that Am80 inhibited both the expression and transcriptional function of KLF5. Of particular interest was our finding that KLF5 forms a transcriptionally active complex with unliganded RAR/RXR heterodimer on the PDGF-A promoter; Am80 disrupts this complex, thereby inhibiting KLF5-dependent transcriptional activation. Knocking down KLF5 using small interfering RNA suppressed serum-induced downregulation of SMC differentiation marker gene expression in cultured SMCs, and haploinsufficiency of KLF5 in mice attenuated phenotypic modulation of SMCs after vascular injury, indicating that KLF5 plays a key role in the control of SMC phenotype. Am80 augmented expression of the SMC differentiation marker genes in culture and within the vessel walls, and oral administration of Am80 significantly inhibited in-stent neointima formation in a rabbit stent-placement model. Taken together, these results demonstrate that KLF5 plays an important role in the control of SMC phenotype after vascular injury and suggest the feasibility of using Am80, delivered systemically and/or with a drug eluting stent, to prevent in-stent neointima formation.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Animals
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Benzoates/therapeutic use
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Phenotype
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/chemistry
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/chemistry
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/genetics
- Stents/adverse effects
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/therapeutic use
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hilton MJ, Tu X, Cook J, Hu H, Long F. Ihh controls cartilage development by antagonizing Gli3, but requires additional effectors to regulate osteoblast and vascular development. Development 2005; 132:4339-51. [PMID: 16141219 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Indian hedgehog (Ihh) controls multiple aspects of endochondral skeletal development, including proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes, osteoblast development and cartilage vascularization. Although it is known that Gli transcription factors are key effectors of hedgehog signaling, it has not been established which Gli protein mediates Ihh activity in skeletal development. Here, we show that removal of Gli3 in Ihh-null mouse embryos restored normal proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes, but only partially rescued the defects in osteoblast development and cartilage vascularization. Remarkably, in both Ihh-/- and Ihh-/-; Gli3-/- embryos, vascularization promoted osteoblast development in perichondrial progenitor cells. Our results not only establish Gli3 as a critical effector for Ihh activity in the developing skeleton, but also identify an osteogenic role for a vasculature-derived signal, which integrates with Ihh and Wnt signals to determine the osteoblast versus chondrocyte fate in the mesenchymal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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