1
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Wijaya CS, Xu S. Reevaluating Golgi fragmentation and its implications in wound repair. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 13:4. [PMID: 38349608 PMCID: PMC10864233 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-024-00187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi Apparatus (GA) is pivotal in vesicle sorting and protein modifications within cells. Traditionally, the GA has been described as a perinuclear organelle consisting of stacked cisternae forming a ribbon-like structure. Changes in the stacked structure or the canonical perinuclear localization of the GA have been referred to as "GA fragmentation", a term widely employed in the literature to describe changes in GA morphology and distribution. However, the precise meaning and function of GA fragmentation remain intricate. This review aims to demystify this enigmatic phenomenon, dissecting the diverse morphological changes observed and their potential contributions to cellular wound repair and regeneration. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research, we hope to pave the way for future advancements in GA research and their important role in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sugiarto Wijaya
- Department of Burns and Wound Repair and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Department of Burns and Wound Repair and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- International Biomedicine-X Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and the Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, Zhejiang, 314400, China.
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2
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Zobaroğlu-Özer P, Bora-Akoğlu G. Split but merge: Golgi fragmentation in physiological and pathological conditions. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:214. [PMID: 38280063 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is a highly dynamic and tightly regulated cellular organelle with essential roles in the processing as well as the sorting of proteins and lipids. Its structure undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during normal physiological processes, including cell division, migration, polarization, differentiation, and cell death. Golgi dispersal or fragmentation also occurs in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, congenital disorders of glycosylation diseases, and cancer. In this review, current knowledge about both structural organization and morphological alterations in the Golgi in physiological and pathological conditions is summarized together with the methodologies that help to reveal its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Zobaroğlu-Özer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Gamze Bora-Akoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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3
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Walton K, Nawara TJ, Angermeier AR, Rosengrant H, Lee E, Wynn B, Victorova E, Belov G, Sztul E. Site-specific phosphorylations of the Arf activator GBF1 differentially regulate GBF1 function in Golgi homeostasis and secretion versus cytokinesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13609. [PMID: 37604968 PMCID: PMC10442430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse cellular processes, including membrane traffic, lipid homeostasis, cytokinesis, mitochondrial positioning, and cell motility are critically dependent on the Sec7 domain guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1. Yet, how the participation of GBF1 in a particular cellular function is regulated is unknown. Here, we show that the phosphorylation of specific highly conserved serine and tyrosine residues within the N-terminal domain of GBF1 differentially regulates its function in maintaining Golgi homeostasis and facilitating secretion versus its role in cytokinesis. Specifically, GBF1 mutants containing single amino acid substitutions that mimic a stably phosphorylated S233, S371, Y377, and Y515 or the S233A mutant that can't be phosphorylated are fully able to maintain Golgi architecture and support cargo traffic through the secretory pathway when assessed in multiple functional assays. However, the same mutants cause multi-nucleation when expressed in cells, and appear to inhibit the progression through mitosis and the resolution of cytokinetic bridges. Thus, GBF1 participates in distinct interactive networks when mediating Golgi homeostasis and secretion versus facilitating cytokinesis, and GBF1 integration into such networks is differentially regulated by the phosphorylation of specific GBF1 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Walton
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, MCLM 668, Birmingham, AL, 35233-2008, USA.
| | - Tomasz J Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, MCLM 668, Birmingham, AL, 35233-2008, USA
| | - Allyson R Angermeier
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, MCLM 668, Birmingham, AL, 35233-2008, USA
| | - Hadley Rosengrant
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, MCLM 668, Birmingham, AL, 35233-2008, USA
| | - Eunjoo Lee
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, MCLM 668, Birmingham, AL, 35233-2008, USA
| | - Bridge Wynn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, MCLM 668, Birmingham, AL, 35233-2008, USA
| | - Ekaterina Victorova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - George Belov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, MCLM 668, Birmingham, AL, 35233-2008, USA
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4
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Yang F, Chen L, Wen B, Wang X, Wang L, Ji K, Liu H. Golgi Reassembly Stacking Protein 2 Modulates Myometrial Contractility during Labor by Affecting ATP Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10116. [PMID: 37373263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of maintaining myometrial contractions during labor remains unclear. Autophagy has been reported to be activated in laboring myometrium, along with the high expression of Golgi reassembly stacking protein 2 (GORASP2), a protein capable of regulating autophagy activation. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of GORASP2 in uterine contractions during labor. Western blot confirmed the increased expression of GORASP2 in laboring myometrium. Furthermore, the knockdown of GORASP2 in primary human myometrial smooth muscle cells (hMSMCs) using siRNA resulted in reduced cell contractility. This phenomenon was independent of the contraction-associated protein and autophagy. Differential mRNAs were analyzed using RNA sequencing. Subsequently, KEGG pathway analysis identified that GORASP2 knockdown suppressed several energy metabolism pathways. Furthermore, reduced ATP levels and aerobic respiration impairment were observed in measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR). These findings suggest that GORASP2 is up-regulated in the myometrium during labor and modulates myometrial contractility mainly by maintaining ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lina Chen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Bolun Wen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Kaiyuan Ji
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Huishu Liu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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5
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Rajanala K, Wedegaertner PB. Gβγ signaling regulates microtubule-dependent control of Golgi integrity. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110630. [PMID: 36805843 PMCID: PMC10079639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Gβγ subunits regulate several non-canonical functions at distinct intracellular organelles. Previous studies have shown that Gβγ signaling at the Golgi is necessary to mediate vesicular protein transport function and to regulate mitotic Golgi fragmentation. Disruption of Golgi structure also occurs in response to microtubule depolymerizing agents, such as nocodazole. In this study, we use siRNA against Gβ1/2 or specific Gγ subunits to deplete their expression, and show that their knockdown causes a significant reduction in nocodazole-induced Golgi fragmentation. We establish that knockdown of Gβγ or inhibition of Gβγ with gallein resulted in decreased activation of protein kinase D (PKD) in response to nocodazole treatment. We demonstrate that restricting the amount of free Gβγ available for signaling by either inhibiting Gαi activation using pertussis toxin or by knockdown of the non-GPCR GEF, Girdin/GIV protein, results in a substantial decrease in nocodazole-induced Golgi fragmentation and PKD phosphorylation. Our results also indicate that depletion of Gβγ or inhibition with gallein or pertussis toxin significantly reduces the microtubule disruption-dependent Golgi fragmentation phenotype observed in cells transfected with mutant SOD1, a major causative protein in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These results provide compelling evidence that Gβγ signaling is critical for the regulation of Golgi integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Rajanala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Philip B Wedegaertner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America.
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6
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B.R. R, Shah N, Joshi P, Madhusudan MS, Balasubramanian N. Kinetics of Arf1 inactivation regulates Golgi organisation and function in non-adherent fibroblasts. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059669. [PMID: 36946871 PMCID: PMC10187640 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Arf1 belongs to the Arf family of small GTPases that localise at the Golgi and plasma membrane. Active Arf1 plays a crucial role in regulating Golgi organisation and function. In mouse fibroblasts, loss of adhesion triggers a consistent drop (∼50%) in Arf1 activation that causes the Golgi to disorganise but not fragment. In suspended cells, the trans-Golgi (GalTase) disperses more prominently than cis-Golgi (Man II), accompanied by increased active Arf1 (detected using GFP-ABD: ARHGAP10 Arf1 binding domain) associated with the cis-Golgi compartment. Re-adhesion restores Arf1 activation at the trans-Golgi as it reorganises. Arf1 activation at the Golgi is regulated by Arf1 Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GBF1, and BIG1/2. In non-adherent fibroblasts, the cis-medial Golgi provides a unique setting to test and understand the role GEF-mediated Arf1 activation has in regulating Golgi organisation. Labelled with Man II-GFP, non-adherent fibroblasts treated with increasing concentrations of Brefeldin-A (BFA) (which inhibits BIG1/2 and GBF1) or Golgicide A (GCA) (which inhibits GBF1 only) comparably decrease active Arf1 levels. They, however, cause a concentration-dependent increase in cis-medial Golgi fragmentation and fusion with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using selected BFA and GCA concentrations, we find a change in the kinetics of Arf1 inactivation could mediate this by regulating cis-medial Golgi localisation of GBF1. On loss of adhesion, a ∼50% drop in Arf1 activation over 120 min causes the Golgi to disorganise. The kinetics of this drop, when altered by BFA or GCA treatment causes a similar decline in Arf1 activation but over 10 min. This causes the Golgi to now fragment which affects cell surface glycosylation and re-adherent cell spreading. Using non-adherent fibroblasts this study reveals the kinetics of Arf1 inactivation, with active Arf1 levels, to be vital for Golgi organisation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari B.R.
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Nikita Shah
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Prachi Joshi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - M. S. Madhusudan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Nagaraj Balasubramanian
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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7
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Sengupta R, Mihelc EM, Angel S, Lanman JK, Kuhn RJ, Stahelin RV. Contribution of the Golgi apparatus in morphogenesis of a virus-induced cytopathic vacuolar system. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202000887. [PMID: 36137747 PMCID: PMC9500387 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron tomography reveals four classes of cytopathic vesicles-II (CPV-II) stemming from the host Golgi apparatus after Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. The Golgi apparatus (GA) in mammalian cells is pericentrosomally anchored and exhibits a stacked architecture. During infections by members of the alphavirus genus, the host cell GA is thought to give rise to distinct mobile pleomorphic vacuoles known as CPV-II (cytopathic vesicle-II) via unknown morphological steps. To dissect this, we adopted a phased electron tomography approach to image multiple overlapping volumes of a cell infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and complemented it with localization of a peroxidase-tagged Golgi marker. Analysis of the tomograms revealed a pattern of progressive cisternal bending into double-lamellar vesicles as a central process underpinning the biogenesis and the morphological complexity of this vacuolar system. Here, we propose a model for the conversion of the GA to CPV-II that reveals a unique pathway of intracellular virus envelopment. Our results have implications for alphavirus-induced displacement of Golgi cisternae to the plasma membrane to aid viral egress operating late in the infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Sengupta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA .,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,The Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elaine M Mihelc
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie Angel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,The Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jason K Lanman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,The Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA .,The Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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8
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Colanzi A, Parashuraman S, Reis CA, Ungar D. Editorial: Does the golgi complex enable oncogenesis? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1000946. [PMID: 36111334 PMCID: PMC9468973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonino Colanzi, ; Setharaman Parashuraman, ; Celso A. Reis, ; Daniel Ungar,
| | - Setharaman Parashuraman
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Antonino Colanzi, ; Setharaman Parashuraman, ; Celso A. Reis, ; Daniel Ungar,
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health—i3S, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Antonino Colanzi, ; Setharaman Parashuraman, ; Celso A. Reis, ; Daniel Ungar,
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Antonino Colanzi, ; Setharaman Parashuraman, ; Celso A. Reis, ; Daniel Ungar,
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9
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Fine-tuning cell organelle dynamics during mitosis by small GTPases. Front Med 2022; 16:339-357. [PMID: 35759087 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, the allocation of genetic material concurs with organelle transformation and distribution. The coordination of genetic material inheritance with organelle dynamics directs accurate mitotic progression, cell fate determination, and organismal homeostasis. Small GTPases belonging to the Ras superfamily regulate various cell organelles during division. Being the key regulators of membrane dynamics, the dysregulation of small GTPases is widely associated with cell organelle disruption in neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Recent discoveries shed light on the molecular properties of small GTPases as sophisticated modulators of a remarkably complex and perfect adaptors for rapid structure reformation. This review collects current knowledge on small GTPases in the regulation of cell organelles during mitosis and highlights the mediator role of small GTPase in transducing cell cycle signaling to organelle dynamics during mitosis.
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10
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Rajanala K, Klayman LM, Wedegaertner PB. Gβγ regulates mitotic Golgi fragmentation and G2/M cell cycle progression. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:br2. [PMID: 34260268 PMCID: PMC8684744 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins (αβγ) function at the cytoplasmic surface of a cell’s plasma membrane to transduce extracellular signals into cellular responses. However, numerous studies indicate that G proteins also play noncanonical roles at unique intracellular locations. Previous work has established that G protein βγ subunits (Gβγ) regulate a signaling pathway on the cytoplasmic surface of Golgi membranes that controls the exit of select protein cargo. Now, we demonstrate a novel role for Gβγ in regulating mitotic Golgi fragmentation, a key checkpoint of the cell cycle that occurs in the late G2 phase. We show that small interfering RNA–mediated depletion of Gβ1 and Gβ2 in synchronized cells causes a decrease in the number of cells with fragmented Golgi in late G2 and a delay of entry into mitosis and progression through G2/M. We also demonstrate that during G2/M Gβγ acts upstream of protein kinase D and regulates the phosphorylation of the Golgi structural protein GRASP55. Expression of Golgi-targeted GRK2ct, a Gβγ-sequestering protein used to inhibit Gβγ signaling, also causes a decrease in Golgi fragmentation and a delay in mitotic progression. These results highlight a novel role for Gβγ in regulation of Golgi structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Rajanala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Lauren M Klayman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Philip B Wedegaertner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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11
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Mitotic HOOK3 phosphorylation by ERK1c drives microtubule-dependent Golgi destabilization and fragmentation. iScience 2021; 24:102670. [PMID: 34189435 PMCID: PMC8215223 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK1c is an alternatively spliced isoform of ERK1 that specifically regulates mitotic Golgi fragmentation, which allows division of the Golgi during mitosis. We have previously shown that ERK1c translocates to the Golgi during mitosis where it is activated by a resident MEK1b to induce Golgi fragmentation. However, the mechanism of ERK1c functions in the Golgi remained obscure. Here, we searched for ERK1c substrates and identified HOOK3 as a mediator of ERK1c-induced mitotic Golgi fragmentation, which requires a second phosphorylation by AuroraA for its function. In cycling cells, HOOK3 interacts with microtubules (MTs) and links them to the Golgi. Early in mitosis, HOOK3 is phosphorylated by ERK1c and later by AuroraA, resulting in HOOK3 detachment from the MTs, and elevated interaction with GM130. This detachment modulates Golgi stability and allows fragmentation of the Golgi. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism of Golgi apparatus destabilization early in mitosis to allow mitotic progression. HOOK3 is a Golgi fragmentation-related substrate of ERK1c ERK1c phosphorylates HOOK3 on Ser238 and then AuroraA phosphorylates Ser707 Doubly phosphorylated HOOK3 detaches from microtubules and interacts with GM130 These changes destabilize the Golgi during mitosis and induce its fragmentation
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12
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Ghannoum S, Antos K, Leoncio Netto W, Gomes C, Köhn-Luque A, Farhan H. CellMAPtracer: A User-Friendly Tracking Tool for Long-Term Migratory and Proliferating Cells Associated with FUCCI Systems. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020469. [PMID: 33671785 PMCID: PMC7927118 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental biological process of key importance in health and disease. Advances in imaging techniques have paved the way to monitor cell motility. An ever-growing collection of computational tools to track cells has improved our ability to analyze moving cells. One renowned goal in the field is to provide tools that track cell movement as comprehensively and automatically as possible. However, fully automated tracking over long intervals of time is challenged by dividing cells, thus calling for a combination of automated and supervised tracking. Furthermore, after the emergence of various experimental tools to monitor cell-cycle phases, it is of relevance to integrate the monitoring of cell-cycle phases and motility. We developed CellMAPtracer, a multiplatform tracking system that achieves that goal. It can be operated as a conventional, automated tracking tool of single cells in numerous imaging applications. However, CellMAPtracer also allows adjusting tracked cells in a semiautomated supervised fashion, thereby improving the accuracy and facilitating the long-term tracking of migratory and dividing cells. CellMAPtracer is available with a user-friendly graphical interface and does not require any coding or programming skills. CellMAPtracer is compatible with two- and three-color fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator (FUCCI) systems and allows the user to accurately monitor various migration parameters throughout the cell cycle, thus having great potential to facilitate new discoveries in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Ghannoum
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (K.A.); Tel.: +46-76-577-0129 (S.G.)
| | - Kamil Antos
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90736 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (K.A.); Tel.: +46-76-577-0129 (S.G.)
| | - Waldir Leoncio Netto
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (W.L.N.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Cecil Gomes
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Alvaro Köhn-Luque
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (W.L.N.); (A.K.-L.)
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Uhlorn BL, Gamez ER, Li S, Campos SK. Attenuation of cGAS/STING activity during mitosis. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201900636. [PMID: 32661021 PMCID: PMC7368095 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes cytosolic DNA associated with microbial infections and cellular stress via the cGAS/STING pathway, leading to activation of phospho-IRF3 and downstream IFN-I and senescence responses. To prevent hyperactivation, cGAS/STING is presumed to be nonresponsive to chromosomal self-DNA during open mitosis, although specific regulatory mechanisms are lacking. Given a role for the Golgi in STING activation, we investigated the state of the cGAS/STING pathway in interphase cells with artificially vesiculated Golgi and in cells arrested in mitosis. We find that whereas cGAS activity is impaired through interaction with mitotic chromosomes, Golgi integrity has little effect on the enzyme's production of cGAMP. In contrast, STING activation in response to either foreign DNA (cGAS-dependent) or exogenous cGAMP is impaired by a vesiculated Golgi. Overall, our data suggest a secondary means for cells to limit potentially harmful cGAS/STING responses during open mitosis via natural Golgi vesiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Uhlorn
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eduardo R Gamez
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel K Campos
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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14
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Carlton JG, Jones H, Eggert US. Membrane and organelle dynamics during cell division. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:151-166. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Ghaemi B, Moshiri A, Herrmann IK, Hajipour MJ, Wick P, Amani A, Kharrazi S. Supramolecular Insights into Domino Effects of Ag@ZnO-Induced Oxidative Stress in Melanoma Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46408-46418. [PMID: 31729218 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that cancer cell death accompanied by organelle dysfunction might be a promising approach for cancer therapy. The Golgi apparatus has a key role in cell function and may initiate signaling pathways to mitigate stress and, if irreparable, start apoptosis. It has been shown that Golgi disassembly and fragmentation under oxidative stress act as indicators for stress-mediated cell death pathways through cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The present study shows that UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by Ag@ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) transform the Golgi structures from compressed perinuclear ribbons into detached vesicle-like structures distributed in the entire cytoplasm of melanoma cells. This study also demonstrates that Ag@ZnO NP-induced Golgi fragmentation cooccurs with G2 block of cell cycle progression, preventing cells from entering the mitosis phase. Additionally, the increased intracellular ROS production triggered by Ag@ZnO NPs upon UV exposure promoted autophagy. Taken together, Ag@ZnO NPs induce stress-related Golgi fragmentation and autophagy, finally leading to melanoma cell apoptosis. Intracellular oxidative stress generated by Ag@ZnO NPs upon UV irradiation may thus represent a targeted approach to induce cancer cell death through organelle destruction in melanoma cells, while fibroblast cells remained largely unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Ghaemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM) , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , 1417755469 Tehran , Iran
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , 1985717413 Tehran , Iran
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology , IRCCS Instituto Giannina Gaslini , 16147 Genova , Italy
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Javad Hajipour
- Precision Health Program , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Amir Amani
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center , North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences , 9414975516 Bojnurd , Iran
| | - Sharmin Kharrazi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM) , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , 1417755469 Tehran , Iran
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16
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León-Espinosa G, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. The Golgi Apparatus of Neocortical Glial Cells During Hibernation in the Syrian Hamster. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:92. [PMID: 31824270 PMCID: PMC6882278 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernating mammals undergo torpor periods characterized by a general decrease in body temperature, metabolic rate, and brain activity accompanied by complex adaptive brain changes that appear to protect the brain from extreme conditions of hypoxia and low temperatures. These processes are accompanied by morphological and neurochemical changes in the brain including those in cortical neurons such as the fragmentation and reduction of the Golgi apparatus (GA), which both reverse a few hours after arousal from the torpor state. In the present study, we characterized – by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy – the GA of cortical astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells in the Syrian hamster, which is a facultative hibernator. We also show that after artificial induction of hibernation, in addition to neurons, the GA of glia in the Syrian hamster undergoes important structural changes, as well as modifications in the intensity of immunostaining and distribution patterns of Golgi structural proteins at different stages of the hibernation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, CEU San Pablo University, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Li J, Zhang F, Li Y, Yang W, Lin R. Chloroplast-Localized Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase1 Is Involved in the Mitotic Cell Cycle in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2436-2448. [PMID: 31350548 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase1 (PPO1) catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to form protoporphyrin IX in the plastid tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway and is also essential for plastid RNA editing in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis ppo1-1 mutation was previously shown to be seedling lethal; however, in this study, we showed that the heterozygous ppo1-1/+ mutant exhibited reproductive growth defects characterized by reduced silique length and seed set, as well as aborted pollen development. In this mutant, the second mitotic division was blocked during male gametogenesis, whereas female gametogenesis was impaired at the one-nucleate stage. Before perishing at the seedling stage, the homozygous ppo1-1 mutant displayed reduced hypocotyl and root length, increased levels of reactive oxygen species accumulation and elevated cell death, especially under light conditions. Wild-type seedlings treated with acifluorfen, a PPO1 inhibitor, showed similar phenotypes to the ppo1-1 mutants, and both plants possessed a high proportion of 2C nuclei and a low proportion of 8C nuclei compared with the untreated wild type. Genome-wide RNA-seq analysis showed that a number of genes, including cell cycle-related genes, were differentially regulated by PPO1. Consistently, PPO1 was highly expressed in the pollen, anther, pistil and root apical meristem cells actively undergoing cell division. Our study reveals a role for PPO1 involved in the mitotic cell cycle during gametogenesis and seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weicai Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Tyr198 is the Essential Autophosphorylation Site for STK16 Localization and Kinase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194852. [PMID: 31574902 PMCID: PMC6801969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STK16, reported as a Golgi localized serine/threonine kinase, has been shown to participate in multiple cellular processes, including the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGN protein secretion and sorting, as well as cell cycle and Golgi assembly regulation. However, the mechanisms of the regulation of its kinase activity remain underexplored. It was known that STK16 is autophosphorylated at Thr185, Ser197, and Tyr198 of the activation segment in its kinase domain. We found that STK16 localizes to the cell membrane and the Golgi throughout the cell cycle, but mutations in the auto-phosphorylation sites not only alter its subcellular localization but also affect its kinase activity. In particular, the Tyr198 mutation alone significantly reduced the kinase activity of STK16, abolished its Golgi and membrane localization, and affected the cell cycle progression. This study demonstrates that a single site autophosphorylation of STK16 could affect its localization and function, which provides insights into the molecular regulatory mechanism of STK16's kinase activity.
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19
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Ayala I, Crispino R, Colanzi A. GRASP65 controls Golgi position and structure during G2/M transition by regulating the stability of microtubules. Traffic 2019; 20:785-802. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC)National Research Council (CNR) Naples Italy
| | - Roberta Crispino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) Pozzuoli Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC)National Research Council (CNR) Naples Italy
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20
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Mascanzoni F, Ayala I, Colanzi A. Organelle Inheritance Control of Mitotic Entry and Progression: Implications for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31396510 PMCID: PMC6664238 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC), in addition to its well-known role in membrane traffic, is also actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry and progression. In particular, during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the Golgi ribbon is unlinked into isolated stacks. Importantly, this ribbon cleavage is required for G2/M transition, indicating that a “Golgi mitotic checkpoint” controls the correct segregation of this organelle. Then, during mitosis, the isolated Golgi stacks are disassembled, and this process is required for spindle formation. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that also proper mitotic segregation of other organelles, such as mitochondria, endosomes, and peroxisomes, is required for correct mitotic progression and/or spindle formation. Collectively, these observations imply that in addition to the control of chromosomes segregation, which is required to preserve the genetic information, the cells actively monitor the disassembly and redistribution of subcellular organelles in mitosis. Here, we provide an overview of the major structural reorganization of the GC and other organelles during G2/M transition and of their regulatory mechanisms, focusing on novel findings that have shed light on the basic processes that link organelle inheritance to mitotic progression and spindle formation, and discussing their implications for tissue homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Mascanzoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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21
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Makhoul C, Gosavi P, Gleeson PA. Golgi Dynamics: The Morphology of the Mammalian Golgi Apparatus in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:112. [PMID: 31334231 PMCID: PMC6616279 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate cells the Golgi consists of individual stacks fused together into a compact ribbon structure. The function of the ribbon structure of the Golgi has only begun to be appreciated (De Matteis et al., 2008; Gosavi and Gleeson, 2017; Wei and Seemann, 2017). Recent advances have identified a role for the Golgi in the regulation of a broad range of cellular processes and of particular interest is that the modulation of the Golgi ribbon is associated with regulation of a number of signaling pathways (Makhoul et al., 2018). Various cell responses, such as inflammation, and various disorders and diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer, are associated with the loss of the Golgi ribbon and the appearance of a dispersed or semi-dispersed Golgi. Often the dispersed Golgi is referred to as a “fragmented” morphology. However, the description of a dispersed Golgi ribbon as “fragmented” is inadequate as it does not accurately define the morphological state of the Golgi. This issue is particularly relevant as there are an increasing number of reports describing Golgi fragmentation under physiological and pathological conditions. Knowledge of the precise Golgi architecture is relevant to an appreciation of the functional status of the Golgi apparatus and the underlying molecular mechanism for the contribution of the Golgi to different cellular processes. Here we propose a classification to define the various morphological states of the non-ribbon architecture of the Golgi in mammalian cells as a guide to more precisely define the relationship between the morphological and functional status of this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Makhoul
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prajakta Gosavi
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Tormanen K, Ton C, Waring BM, Wang K, Sütterlin C. Function of Golgi-centrosome proximity in RPE-1 cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215215. [PMID: 30986258 PMCID: PMC6464164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The close physical proximity between the Golgi and the centrosome is a unique feature of mammalian cells that has baffled scientists for years. Several knockdown and overexpression studies have linked the spatial relationship between these two organelles to the control of directional protein transport, directional migration, ciliogenesis and mitotic entry. However, most of these conditions have not only separated these two organelles, but also caused extensive fragmentation of the Golgi, making it difficult to dissect the specific contribution of Golgi-centrosome proximity. In this study, we present our results with stable retinal pigment epithelial (RPE-1) cell lines in which GM130 was knocked out using a CRISPR/Cas9 approach. While Golgi and centrosome organization appeared mostly intact in cells lacking GM130, there was a clear separation of these organelles from each other. We show that GM130 may control Golgi-centrosome proximity by anchoring AKAP450 to the Golgi. We also provide evidence that the physical proximity between these two organelles is dispensable for protein transport, cell migration, and ciliogenesis. These results suggest that Golgi-centrosome proximity per se is not necessary for the normal function of RPE-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Tormanen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Celine Ton
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara M. Waring
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Rasika S, Passemard S, Verloes A, Gressens P, El Ghouzzi V. Golgipathies in Neurodevelopment: A New View of Old Defects. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:396-416. [PMID: 30878996 DOI: 10.1159/000497035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is involved in a whole spectrum of activities, from lipid biosynthesis and membrane secretion to the posttranslational processing and trafficking of most proteins, the control of mitosis, cell polarity, migration and morphogenesis, and diverse processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and the stress response. In keeping with its versatility, mutations in GA proteins lead to a number of different disorders, including syndromes with multisystem involvement. Intriguingly, however, > 40% of the GA-related genes known to be associated with disease affect the central or peripheral nervous system, highlighting the critical importance of the GA for neural function. We have previously proposed the term "Golgipathies" in relation to a group of disorders in which mutations in GA proteins or their molecular partners lead to consequences for brain development, in particular postnatal-onset microcephaly (POM), white-matter defects, and intellectual disability (ID). Here, taking into account the broader role of the GA in the nervous system, we refine and enlarge this emerging concept to include other disorders whose symptoms may be indicative of altered neurodevelopmental processes, from neurogenesis to neuronal migration and the secretory function critical for the maturation of postmitotic neurons and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmyalakshmi Rasika
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,
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24
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Zanetti TA, Biazi BI, Baranoski A, D'Epiro GFR, Corveloni AC, Semprebon SC, Coatti GC, Mantovani MS. Response of HepG2/C3A cells supplemented with sodium selenite to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:209-215. [PMID: 30262281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in the onset of various pathological processes, and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) is known to have antioxidant activity. This study evaluated the cellular response of human HepG2/C3A cells supplemented with Na2SeO3 when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced OS. We analyzed cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and genotoxicity in comparison with molecular data of mRNA and protein expression. The MTT and comet assays revealed that Na2SeO3 conferred cytoprotective and anti-genotoxic effects. In contrast, RTCA (Real-Time Cell Analysis) and flow cytometry analysis revealed that Na2SeO3 did not inhibit H2O2-induced anti-proliferative effects or cell cycle arrest (G2/M). Cells exposed simultaneously to Na2SeO3 and H2O2 showed overexpression of GPX1 mRNA, indicating that Na2SeO3 influenced the cellular antioxidant system. Furthermore, downregulation of CAT mRNA and SOD1 and PRX2 proteins induced by H2O2, was minimal after the Na2SeO3+H2O2 treatment. Although normalization of CCN2B mRNA expression by Na2SeO3 was observed after the Na2SeO3+H2O2 treatment, this was not observed for other genes such as CDKN1A, CDKN1C, and CDKN2B, which are related to cell cycle control, nor for GADD45A, which is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage. Furthermore, both CDKN1B and CDKN1C expression were downregulated in HepG2/C3A cells treated with Na2SeO3 only. Our results indicate that cellular response to Na2SeO3 involved the modulation of the antioxidant system. Na2SeO3 was unable completely recover HepG2/C3A cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage, as evidenced by analysis of cell proliferation kinetics, cell cycle assay, and expression of key genes involved in cell cycle progression and response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Isabela Biazi
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adrivanio Baranoski
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Fernanda Rocha D'Epiro
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Corveloni
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristine Semprebon
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Castello Coatti
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center. Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão - Travessa 13, n. 106, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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25
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Roy A, Veroli MV, Prasad S, Wang QJ. Protein Kinase D2 Modulates Cell Cycle By Stabilizing Aurora A Kinase at Centrosomes. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1785-1797. [PMID: 30018032 PMCID: PMC9923726 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aurora A kinase (AURKA) is a master cell-cycle regulator that is often dysregulated in human cancers. Its overexpression has been associated with genome instability and oncogenic transformation. The protein kinase D (PKD) family is an emerging therapeutic target of cancer. Aberrant PKD activation has been implicated in tumor growth and survival, yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study identified, for the first time, a functional crosstalk between PKD2 and Aurora A kinase in cancer cells. The data demonstrate that PKD2 is catalytically active during the G2-M phases of the cell cycle, and inactivation or depletion of PKD2 causes delay in mitotic entry due to downregulation of Aurora A, an effect that can be rescued by overexpression of Aurora A. Moreover, PKD2 localizes in the centrosome with Aurora A by binding to γ-tubulin. Knockdown of PKD2 caused defects in centrosome separation, elongated G2 phase, mitotic catastrophe, and eventually cell death via apoptosis. Mechanistically, PKD2 interferes with Fbxw7 function to protect Aurora A from ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent degradation. Taken together, these results identify PKD as a cell-cycle checkpoint kinase that positively modulates G2-M transition through Aurora A kinase in mammalian cells.Implications: PKD2 is a novel cell-cycle regulator that promotes G2-M transition by modulating Aurora A kinase stability in cancer cells and suggests the PKD2/Aurora A kinase regulatory axis as new therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1785-97. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhiraj Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Veroli
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Biotechnology and Immunotherapeutics, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106
| | - Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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26
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Singh V, Erady C, Balasubramanian N. Cell-matrix adhesion controls Golgi organization and function through Arf1 activation in anchorage-dependent cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.215855. [PMID: 30054383 PMCID: PMC6127727 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-matrix adhesion regulates membrane trafficking controlling anchorage-dependent signaling. While a dynamic Golgi complex can contribute to this pathway, its regulation by adhesion remains unclear. Here we report that loss of adhesion dramatically disorganized the Golgi in mouse and human fibroblast cells. Golgi integrity is restored rapidly upon integrin-mediated re-adhesion to FN and is disrupted by integrin blocking antibody. In suspended cells, the cis, cis-medial and trans-Golgi networks differentially disorganize along the microtubule network but show no overlap with the ER, making this disorganization distinct from known Golgi fragmentation. This pathway is regulated by an adhesion-dependent reduction and recovery of Arf1 activation. Constitutively active Arf1 disrupts this regulation and prevents Golgi disorganization due to loss of adhesion. Adhesion-dependent Arf1 activation regulates its binding to the microtubule minus-end motor protein dynein to control Golgi reorganization, which is blocked by ciliobrevin. Adhesion-dependent Golgi organization controls its function, regulating cell surface glycosylation due to loss of adhesion, which is blocked by constitutively active Arf1. This study, hence, identified integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion to be a novel regulator of Arf1 activation, controlling Golgi organization and function in anchorage-dependent cells.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion activates Arf1, which then recruits dynein to regulate Golgi organization and function along the microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Chaitanya Erady
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Nagaraj Balasubramanian
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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27
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Serebrenik YV, Hellerschmied D, Toure M, López-Giráldez F, Brookner D, Crews CM. Targeted protein unfolding uncovers a Golgi-specific transcriptional stress response. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1284-1298. [PMID: 29851555 PMCID: PMC5994893 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, organelle-specific stress-response mechanisms are vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The Golgi apparatus, an essential organelle of the secretory system, is the major site of protein modification and sorting within a cell and functions as a platform for spatially regulated signaling. Golgi homeostasis mechanisms that regulate organelle structure and ensure precise processing and localization of protein substrates remain poorly understood. Using a chemical biology strategy to induce protein unfolding, we uncover a Golgi-specific transcriptional response. An RNA-sequencing profile of this stress response compared with the current state-of-the-art Golgi stressors, nigericin and xyloside, demonstrates the enhanced precision of Golgi targeting achieved with our system. The data set further reveals previously uncharacterized genes that we find to be essential for Golgi structural integrity. These findings highlight the Golgi's ability to sense misfolded proteins and establish new aspects of Golgi autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy V. Serebrenik
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Doris Hellerschmied
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Momar Toure
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | - Dennis Brookner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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28
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Baumann J, Ignashkova TI, Chirasani SR, Ramírez-Peinado S, Alborzinia H, Gendarme M, Kuhnigk K, Kramer V, Lindemann RK, Reiling JH. Golgi stress-induced transcriptional changes mediated by MAPK signaling and three ETS transcription factors regulate MCL1 splicing. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:42-52. [PMID: 29118074 PMCID: PMC5746065 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretory pathway is a major determinant of cellular homoeostasis. While research into secretory stress signaling has so far mostly focused on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), emerging data suggest that the Golgi itself serves as an important signaling hub capable of initiating stress responses. To systematically identify novel Golgi stress mediators, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of cells exposed to three different pharmacological compounds known to elicit Golgi fragmentation: brefeldin A, golgicide A, and monensin. Subsequent gene-set enrichment analysis revealed a significant contribution of the ETS family transcription factors ELK1, GABPA/B, and ETS1 to the control of gene expression following compound treatment. Induction of Golgi stress leads to a late activation of the ETS upstream kinases MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, resulting in enhanced ETS factor activity and the transcription of ETS family target genes related to spliceosome function and cell death induction via alternate MCL1 splicing. Further genetic analyses using loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments suggest that these transcription factors operate in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Baumann
- BioMed X Innovation Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kyra Kuhnigk
- BioMed X Innovation Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralph K Lindemann
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck Biopharma, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan H Reiling
- BioMed X Innovation Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Višnjar T, Chesi G, Iacobacci S, Polishchuk E, Resnik N, Robenek H, Kreft M, Romih R, Polishchuk R, Kreft ME. Uroplakin traffic through the Golgi apparatus induces its fragmentation: new insights from novel in vitro models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12842. [PMID: 28993693 PMCID: PMC5634464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Uroplakins (UPs) play an essential role in maintaining an effective urothelial permeability barrier at the level of superficial urothelial cell (UC) layer. Although the organization of UPs in the apical plasma membrane (PM) of UCs is well known, their transport in UCs is only partially understood. Here, we dissected trafficking of UPs and its differentiation-dependent impact on Golgi apparatus (GA) architecture. We demonstrated that individual subunits UPIb and UPIIIa are capable of trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the GA in UCs. Moreover, UPIb, UPIIIa or UPIb/UPIIIa expressing UCs revealed fragmentation and peripheral redistribution of Golgi-units. Notably, expression of UPIb or UPIb/UPIIIa triggered similar GA fragmentation in MDCK and HeLa cells that do not express UPs endogenously. The colocalization analysis of UPIb/UPIIIa-EGFP and COPI, COPII or clathrin suggested that UPs follow constitutively the post-Golgi route to the apical PM. Depolymerisation of microtubules leads to complete blockade of the UPIb/UPIIIa-EGFP post-Golgi transport, while disassembly of actin filaments shows significantly reduced delivery of UPIb/UPIIIa-EGFP to the PM. Our findings show the significant effect of the UPs expression on the GA fragmentation, which enables secretory Golgi-outpost to be distributed as close as possible to the sites of cargo delivery at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Višnjar
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Giancarlo Chesi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, (NA), Italy
| | - Simona Iacobacci
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, (NA), Italy
| | - Elena Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, (NA), Italy
| | - Nataša Resnik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Horst Robenek
- Institute for experimental musculoskeletal medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marko Kreft
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia & LN-MCP, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana & Celica Biomedical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, (NA), Italy.
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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30
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Gupta S, Ray K. Somatic PI3K activity regulates transition to the spermatocyte stages in Drosophila testis. J Biosci 2017; 42:285-297. [PMID: 28569252 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-017-9678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis, involving multiple transit amplification divisions and meiosis, occurs within an enclosure formed by two somatic cells. As the cohort of germline cells divide and grow, the surface areas of the somatic cells expand maintaining a tight encapsulation throughout the developmental period. Correlation between the somatic cell growth and germline development is unclear. Here, we report standardization of a quantitative assay developed for estimating the somatic roles of target molecules on germline division and differentiation in Drosophila testis. Using the assay, we studied the somatic roles of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). It revealed that the expression of PI3KDN is likely to facilitate the early germline development at all stages, and an increase in the somatic PI3K activity during the early stages delays the transition to spermatocyte stage. Together, these results suggest that somatic cell growth plays an important role in regulating the rate of germline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400 005, India
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31
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Calton CM, Bronnimann MP, Manson AR, Li S, Chapman JA, Suarez-Berumen M, Williamson TR, Molugu SK, Bernal RA, Campos SK. Translocation of the papillomavirus L2/vDNA complex across the limiting membrane requires the onset of mitosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006200. [PMID: 28463988 PMCID: PMC5412990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) L2 protein acts as a chaperone to ensure that the viral genome (vDNA) traffics from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and eventually the nucleus, where HPV replication occurs. En route to the nucleus, the L2/vDNA complex must translocate across limiting intracellular membranes. The details of this critical process remain poorly characterized. We have developed a system based on subcellular compartmentalization of the enzyme BirA and its cognate substrate to detect membrane translocation of L2-BirA from incoming virions. We find that L2 translocation requires transport to the TGN and is strictly dependent on entry into mitosis, coinciding with mitotic entry in synchronized cells. Cell cycle arrest causes retention of L2/vDNA at the TGN; only release and progression past G2/M enables translocation across the limiting membrane and subsequent infection. Microscopy of EdU-labeled vDNA reveals a rapid and dramatic shift in vDNA localization during early mitosis. At late G2/early prophase vDNA egresses from the TGN to a pericentriolar location, accumulating there through prometaphase where it begins to associate with condensed chromosomes. By metaphase and throughout anaphase the vDNA is seen bound to the mitotic chromosomes, ensuring distribution into both daughter nuclei. Mutations in a newly defined chromatin binding region of L2 potently blocked translocation, suggesting that translocation is dependent on chromatin binding during prometaphase. This represents the first time a virus has been shown to functionally couple the penetration of limiting membranes to cellular mitosis, explaining in part the tropism of HPV for mitotic basal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Calton
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Bronnimann
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ariana R. Manson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shuaizhi Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Janice A. Chapman
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marcela Suarez-Berumen
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tatum R. Williamson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sudheer K. Molugu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ricardo A. Bernal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samuel K. Campos
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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32
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Han H, He Y, Hu J, Lau R, Lee H, Ji C. Disrupted ER-to-Golgi Trafficking Underlies Anti-HIV Drugs and Alcohol-Induced Cellular Stress and Hepatic Injury. Hepatol Commun 2017. [PMID: 28626835 PMCID: PMC5473515 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) are involved in anti‐human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs and alcohol‐induced liver disease in a significant number of patients infected with HIV. However, the precise mechanism by which the drugs and alcohol cause ER stress remains elusive. We found that ritonavir‐boosted lopinavir (RL) activated two canonical UPR branches without activation of the third canonical activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) branch in either HepG2 cells or primary mouse hepatocytes. In the RL‐treated cells, ATF6 localization in the Golgi apparatus required for its activation was reduced; this was followed by Golgi fragmentation and dislocation/redistribution of Golgi‐resident enzymes. Severities of Golgi fragmentation induced by other anti‐HIV drugs varied and were correlated with the ER stress response. In the liver of mice fed RL, alcohol feeding deteriorated the Golgi fragmentation, which was correlated with ER stress, elevated alanine aminotransferase, and liver steatosis. The Golgi stress response (GSR) markers GCP60 and HSP47 were increased in RL‐treated liver cells, and knockdown of transcription factor for immunoglobulin heavy‐chain enhancer 3 of the GSR by small interfering RNA worsened RL‐induced cell death. Cotreatment of pharmacological agent H89 with RL inhibited the RL‐induced Golgi enzyme dislocation and ER stress. Moreover, the coat protein complex II (COPII) complexes that mediate ER‐to‐Golgi trafficking accumulated in the RL‐treated liver cells; this was not due to interference of RL with the initial assembly of the COPII complexes. RL also inhibited Golgi fragmentation and reassembly induced by short treatment and removal of brefeldin A. Conclusion: Our study indicates that ER‐to‐Golgi trafficking is disrupted by anti‐HIV drugs and/or alcohol, and this contributes to subsequent ER stress and hepatic injury. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:122‐139)
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yuxin He
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jay Hu
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rhema Lau
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Harrison Lee
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cheng Ji
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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33
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STK16 regulates actin dynamics to control Golgi organization and cell cycle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44607. [PMID: 28294156 PMCID: PMC5353726 DOI: 10.1038/srep44607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STK16 is a ubiquitously expressed, myristoylated, and palmitoylated serine/threonine protein kinase with underexplored functions. Recently, it was shown to be involved in cell division but the mechanism remains unclear. Here we found that human STK16 localizes to the Golgi complex throughout the cell cycle and plays important roles in Golgi structure regulation. STK16 knockdown or kinase inhibition disrupts actin polymers and causes fragmented Golgi in cells. In vitro assays show that STK16 directly binds to actin and regulates actin dynamics in a concentration- and kinase activity-dependent way. In addition, STK16 knockdown or kinase inhibition not only delays mitotic entry and prolongs mitosis, but also causes prometaphase and cytokinesis arrest. Therefore, we revealed STK16 as a novel actin binding protein that resides in the Golgi, which regulates actin dynamics to control Golgi structure and participate in cell cycle progression.
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34
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Biazi BI, D'Epiro GFR, Zanetti TA, de Oliveira MT, Ribeiro LR, Mantovani MS. Risk Assessment via Metabolism and Cell Growth Inhibition in a HepG2/C3A Cell Line Upon Treatment with Arpadol and its Active Component Harpagoside. Phytother Res 2016; 31:387-394. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Isabela Biazi
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | - Gláucia Fernanda Rocha D'Epiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | - Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tempesta de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
| | - Lucia Regina Ribeiro
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Av. Prof. Montenegro, Distrito de Rubião Junior Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380 Londrina Paraná Brazil
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35
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Ayala I, Colanzi A. Alterations of Golgi organization in Alzheimer's disease: A cause or a consequence? Tissue Cell 2016; 49:133-140. [PMID: 27894594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central organelle of the secretory pathway involved in the post-translational modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. In mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus is composed of stacks of cisternae organized in polarized manner, which are interconnected by membrane tubules to constitute the Golgi ribbon, located in the proximity of the centrosome. Besides the processing and transport of cargo, the Golgi complex is actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry, cytoskeleton organization and dynamics, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis, representing a signalling platform for the control of several cellular functions, including signalling initiated by receptors located at the plasma membrane. Alterations of the conventional Golgi organization are associated to many disorders, such as cancer or different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we examine the functional implications of modifications of Golgi structure in neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on the role of Golgi fragmentation in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The comprehension of the mechanism that induces Golgi fragmentation and of its downstream effects on neuronal function have the potential to contribute to the development of more effective therapies to treat or prevent some of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Petrone A, Adamo ME, Cheng C, Kettenbach AN. Identification of Candidate Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) Substrates in Mitosis by Quantitative Phosphoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2448-61. [PMID: 27134283 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.059394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is an essential regulator of many mitotic processes including the reorganization of the cytoskeleton, chromosome segregation, and formation and separation of daughter cells. Deregulation of Cdk1 activity results in severe defects in these processes. Although the role of Cdk1 in mitosis is well established, only a limited number of Cdk1 substrates have been identified in mammalian cells. To increase our understanding of Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation pathways in mitosis, we conducted a quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis in mitotic HeLa cells using two small molecule inhibitors of Cdk1, Flavopiridol and RO-3306. In these analyses, we identified a total of 24,840 phosphopeptides on 4,273 proteins, of which 1,215 phosphopeptides on 551 proteins were significantly reduced by 2.5-fold or more upon Cdk1 inhibitor addition. Comparison of phosphopeptide quantification upon either inhibitor treatment revealed a high degree of correlation (R(2) value of 0.87) between the different datasets. Motif enrichment analysis of significantly regulated phosphopeptides revealed enrichment of canonical Cdk1 kinase motifs. Interestingly, the majority of proteins identified in this analysis contained two or more Cdk1 inhibitor-sensitive phosphorylation sites, were highly connected with other candidate Cdk1 substrates, were enriched at specific subcellular structures, or were part of protein complexes as identified by the CORUM database. Furthermore, candidate Cdk1 substrates were enriched in G2 and M phase-specific genes. Finally, we validated a subset of candidate Cdk1 substrates by in vitro kinase assays. Our findings provide a valuable resource for the cell signaling and mitosis research communities and greatly increase our knowledge of Cdk1 substrates and Cdk1-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Petrone
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Mark E Adamo
- §Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Chao Cheng
- ¶Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755; §Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756;
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Antón-Fernández A, León-Espinosa G, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. Changes in the Golgi Apparatus of Neocortical and Hippocampal Neurons in the Hibernating Hamster. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:157. [PMID: 26696838 PMCID: PMC4678224 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hibernating animals have been used as models to study several aspects of the plastic changes that occur in the metabolism and physiology of neurons. These models are also of interest in the study of Alzheimer's disease because the microtubule-associated protein tau is hyperphosphorylated during the hibernation state known as torpor, similar to the pretangle stage of Alzheimer's disease. Hibernating animals undergo torpor periods with drops in body temperature and metabolic rate, and a virtual cessation of neural activity. These processes are accompanied by morphological and neurochemical changes in neurons, which reverse a few hours after coming out of the torpor state. Since tau has been implicated in the structural regulation of the neuronal Golgi apparatus (GA) we have used Western Blot and immunocytochemistry to analyze whether the GA is modified in cortical neurons of the Syrian hamster at different hibernation stages. The results show that, during the hibernation cycle, the GA undergo important structural changes along with differential modifications in expression levels and distribution patterns of Golgi structural proteins. These changes were accompanied by significant transitory reductions in the volume and surface area of the GA elements during torpor and arousal stages as compared with euthermic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Antón-Fernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSICMadrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSICMadrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEUMadrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSICMadrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasMadrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSICMadrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain
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Lee IJ, Lee CW, Lee JH. CaMKKβ-AMPKα2 signaling contributes to mitotic Golgi fragmentation and the G2/M transition in mammalian cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:598-611. [PMID: 25590814 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.991557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Before a cell enters mitosis, the Golgi apparatus undergoes extensive fragmentation. This is required for the correct partitioning of the Golgi apparatus into daughter cells, and inhibition of this process leads to cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays critical roles in regulating growth and reprogramming metabolism. Recent studies have suggested that AMPK promotes mitotic progression and Golgi disassembly, and that this seems independent of the cellular energy status. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these events is not well understood. Here, we show that both treatment with compound C and depletion of AMPKα2 (but not AMPKα1) delays the G2/M transition in synchronized HeLa cells, as evidenced by flow cytometry and mitotic index analysis. Furthermore, knockdown of AMPKα2 specifically delays further fragmentation of isolated Golgi stacks. Interestingly, pAMPKα(Thr172) signals transiently appear in the perinuclear region of late G2/early prophase cells, partially co-localizing with the Golgi matrix protein, GM-130. These Golgi pAMPKα(Thr172) signals were also specifically abolished by AMPKα2 knockdown, indicating specific spatio-temporal activation of AMPKα2 at Golgi complex during late G2/early prophases. We also found that the specific CaMKKβ inhibitor, STO-609, reduces the pAMPKα (Thr172) signals in the perinuclear region of G2 phase cells and delays mitotic Golgi fragmentation. Taken together, these data suggest that AMPKα2 is the major catalytic subunit of AMPKα which regulates Golgi fragmentation and G2/M transition, and that the CaMKKβ activates AMPKα2 during late G2 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jeong Lee
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Ajou University School of Medicine ; Suwon , Korea
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus-complex is a highly dynamic organelle which is considered the "heart" of intracellular transportation. Since its discovery by Camillo Golgi in 1873, who described it as the "black reaction," and despite the enormous volume of publications about Golgi, this apparatus remains one of the most enigmatic of the cytoplasmic organelles. A typical mammalian Golgi consists of a parallel series of flattened, disk-shaped cisternae which align into stacks. The tremendous volume of Golgi-related incoming and outgoing traffic is mediated by different motor proteins, including members of the dynein, kinesin, and myosin families. Yet in spite of the strenuous work it performs, Golgi contrives to maintain its monolithic morphology and orchestration of matrix and residential proteins. However, in response to stress, alcohol, and treatment with many pharmacological drugs over time, Golgi undergoes a kind of disorganization which ranges from mild enlargement to critical scattering. While fragmentation of the Golgi was confirmed in cancer by electron microscopy almost fifty years ago, it is only in recent years that we have begun to understand the significance of Golgi fragmentation in the biology of tumors. Below author would like to focus on how Golgi fragmentation opens the doors for cascades of fatal pathways which may facilitate cancer progression and metastasis. Among the issues addressed will be the most important cancer-specific hallmarks of Golgi fragmentation, including aberrant glycosylation, abnormal expression of the Ras GTPases, dysregulation of kinases, and hyperactivity of myosin motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Wortzel I, Hanoch T, Porat Z, Hausser A, Seger R. Mitotic Golgi translocation of ERK1c is mediated by a PI4KIIIβ-14-3-3γ shuttling complex. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4083-95. [PMID: 26459638 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi fragmentation is a highly regulated process that allows division of the Golgi complex between the two daughter cells. The mitotic reorganization of the Golgi is accompanied by a temporary block in Golgi functioning, as protein transport in and out of the Golgi stops. Our group has previously demonstrated the involvement of the alternatively spliced variants ERK1c and MEK1b (ERK1 is also known as MAPK3, and MEK1 as MAP2K1) in mitotic Golgi fragmentation. We had also found that ERK1c translocates to the Golgi at the G2 to M phase transition, but the molecular mechanism underlying this recruitment remains unknown. In this study, we narrowed the translocation timing to prophase and prometaphase, and elucidated its molecular mechanism. We found that CDK1 phosphorylates Ser343 of ERK1c, thereby allowing the binding of phosphorylated ERK1c to a complex that consists of PI4KIIIβ (also known as PI4KB) and the 14-3-3γ dimer (encoded by YWHAB). The stability of the complex is regulated by protein kinase D (PKD)-mediated phosphorylation of PI4KIIIβ. The complex assembly induces the Golgi shuttling of ERK1c, where it is activated by MEK1b, and induces Golgi fragmentation. Our work shows that protein shuttling to the Golgi is not completely abolished at the G2 to M phase transition, thus integrating several independent Golgi-regulating processes into one coherent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Wortzel
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tamar Hanoch
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Angelika Hausser
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart 70550, Germany
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Milev MP, Hasaj B, Saint-Dic D, Snounou S, Zhao Q, Sacher M. TRAMM/TrappC12 plays a role in chromosome congression, kinetochore stability, and CENP-E recruitment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:221-34. [PMID: 25918224 PMCID: PMC4411272 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The TRAPP subunit TrappC12/TTC15, here renamed TRAMM, plays a role in the regulation of kinetochore stability and CENP-E recruitment during mitosis. Chromosome congression requires the stable attachment of microtubules to chromosomes mediated by the kinetochore, a large proteinaceous structure whose mechanism of assembly is unknown. In this paper, we present the finding that a protein called TRAMM (formerly known as TrappC12) plays a role in mitosis. Depletion of TRAMM resulted in noncongressed chromosomes and arrested cells in mitosis. Small amounts of TRAMM associated with chromosomes, and its depletion affected the localization of some kinetochore proteins, the strongest effect being seen for CENP-E. TRAMM interacts with CENP-E, and depletion of TRAMM prevented the recruitment of CENP-E to the kinetochore. TRAMM is phosphorylated early in mitosis and dephosphorylated at the onset of anaphase. Interestingly, this phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle correlates with its association/disassociation with CENP-E. Finally, we demonstrate that a phosphomimetic form of TRAMM recruited CENP-E to kinetochores more efficiently than did the nonphosphorylatable mutant. Our study identifies a moonlighting function for TRAMM during mitosis and adds a new component that regulates kinetochore stability and CENP-E recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav P Milev
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Benedeta Hasaj
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Djenann Saint-Dic
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sary Snounou
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Michael Sacher
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
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Sohail M, Zhang M, Litchfield D, Wang L, Kung S, Xie J. Differential expression, distinct localization and opposite effect on Golgi structure and cell differentiation by a novel splice variant of human PRMT5. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2444-52. [PMID: 26151339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing contributes greatly to the proteomic diversity of metazoans. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) methylates arginines of Golgi components and other factors exerting diverse effects on cell growth/differentiation, but the underlying molecular basis for its subcellular distribution and diverse roles has not been fully understood. Here we show the detailed properties of an evolutionarily emerged splice variant of human PRMT5 (PRMT5S) that is distinct from the original isoform (PRMT5L). The isoforms are differentially expressed among mammalian cells and tissues. The PRMT5S is distributed all over the cell but PRMT5L mainly colocalizes with Giantin, a Golgi marker. PRMT5 knockdown led to an enlarged Giantin pattern, which was prevented by the expression of either isoform. Rescuing PRMT5S also increased the percentage of cells with an interphase Giantin pattern compacted at one end of the nucleus, consistent with its cell cycle-arresting effect, while rescuing PRMT5L increased that of the mitotic Giantin patterns of dynamically fragmented structures. Moreover, the isoforms are differentially expressed during neuronal or dendritic cell differentiation, and their ectopic expression showed an opposite effect on dendritic cell differentiation. Furthermore, besides their differential regulation of gene expression, both isoforms also similarly regulate over a thousand genes particularly those involved in apoptosis and differentiation. Taking these properties together, we propose that their differential expression and subcellular localization contribute to spatial and temporal regulation of arginine methylation and gene expression to exert different effects. The novel PRMT5S likely contributes to the observed diverse effects of PRMT5 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Manli Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - David Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sam Kung
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jiuyong Xie
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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43
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Rocha DD, Espejo VR, Rainier JD, La Clair JJ, Costa-Lotufo LV. Fluorescent kapakahines serve as non-toxic probes for live cell Golgi imaging. Life Sci 2015; 136:163-7. [PMID: 26141988 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is an ongoing need for fluorescent probes that specifically-target select organelles within mammalian cells. This study describes the development of probes for the selective labeling of the Golgi apparatus and offers applications for live cell and fixed cell imaging. MAIN METHODS The kapakahines, characterized by a common C(3)-N(1') dimeric tryptophan linkage, comprise a unique family of bioactive marine depsipeptide natural products. We describe the uptake and subcellular localization of fluorescently-labeled analogs of kapakahine E. Using confocal microscopy, we identify a rapid and selective localization within the Golgi apparatus. Comparison with commercial Golgi stains indicates a unique localization pattern, which differs from currently available materials, therein offering a new tool to monitor the Golgi in live cells without toxic side effects. KEY FINDINGS This study identifies a fluorescent analog of kapakahine E that is rapidly uptaken in cells and localizes within the Golgi apparatus. SIGNIFICANCE The advance of microscopic methods is reliant on the parallel discovery of next generation molecular probes. This study describes the advance of stable and viable probe for staining the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo D Rocha
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vinson R Espejo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jon D Rainier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - James J La Clair
- Xenobe Research Institute, P.O. Box 3052, San Diego, CA 92163-1052, USA.
| | - Letícia V Costa-Lotufo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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44
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Regulating the large Sec7 ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factors: the when, where and how of activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3419-38. [PMID: 24728583 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells require selective sorting and transport of cargo between intracellular compartments. This is accomplished at least in part by vesicles that bud from a donor compartment, sequestering a subset of resident protein "cargos" destined for transport to an acceptor compartment. A key step in vesicle formation and targeting is the recruitment of specific proteins that form a coat on the outside of the vesicle in a process requiring the activation of regulatory GTPases of the ARF family. Like all such GTPases, ARFs cycle between inactive, GDP-bound, and membrane-associated active, GTP-bound, conformations. And like most regulatory GTPases the activating step is slow and thought to be rate limiting in cells, requiring the use of ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEFs). ARF GEFs are characterized by the presence of a conserved, catalytic Sec7 domain, though they also contain motifs or additional domains that confer specificity to localization and regulation of activity. These domains have been used to define and classify five different sub-families of ARF GEFs. One of these, the BIG/GBF1 family, includes three proteins that are each key regulators of the secretory pathway. GEF activity initiates the coating of nascent vesicles via the localized generation of activated ARFs and thus these GEFs are the upstream regulators that define the site and timing of vesicle production. Paradoxically, while we have detailed molecular knowledge of how GEFs activate ARFs, we know very little about how GEFs are recruited and/or activated at the right time and place to initiate transport. This review summarizes the current knowledge of GEF regulation and explores the still uncertain mechanisms that position GEFs at "budding ready" membrane sites to generate highly localized activated ARFs.
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45
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Huang Y, Sramkoski RM, Jacobberger JW. The kinetics of G2 and M transitions regulated by B cyclins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80861. [PMID: 24324638 PMCID: PMC3851588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cyclins regulate G2-M transition. Because human somatic cells continue to cycle after reduction of cyclin B1 (cycB1) or cyclin B2 (cycB2) by RNA interference (RNAi), and because cycB2 knockout mice are viable, the existence of two genes should be an optimization. To explore this idea, we generated HeLa BD™ Tet-Off cell lines with inducible cyclin B1- or B2-EGFP that were RNAi resistant. Cultures were treated with RNAi and/or doxycycline (Dox) and bromodeoxyuridine. We measured G2 and M transit times and 4C cell accumulation. In the absence of ectopic B cyclin expression, knockdown (kd) of either cyclin increased G2 transit. M transit was increased by cycB1 kd but decreased by cycB2 depletion. This novel difference was further supported by time-lapse microscopy. This suggests that cycB2 tunes mitotic timing, and we speculate that this is through regulation of a Golgi checkpoint. In the presence of endogenous cyclins, expression of active B cyclin-EGFPs did not affect G2 or M phase times. As previously shown, B cyclin co-depletion induced G2 arrest. Expression of either B cyclin-EGFP completely rescued knockdown of the respective endogenous cyclin in single kd experiments, and either cyclin-EGFP completely rescued endogenous cyclin co-depletion. Most of the rescue occurred at relatively low levels of exogenous cyclin expression. Therefore, cycB1 and cycB2 are interchangeable for ability to promote G2 and M transition in this experimental setting. Cyclin B1 is thought to be required for the mammalian somatic cell cycle, while cyclin B2 is thought to be dispensable. However, residual levels of cyclin B1 or cyclin B2 in double knockdown experiments are not sufficient to promote successful mitosis, yet residual levels are sufficient to promote mitosis in the presence of the dispensible cyclin B2. We discuss a simple model that would explain most data if cyclin B1 is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - R. Michael Sramkoski
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James W. Jacobberger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Jiang Q, Wang L, Guan Y, Xu H, Niu Y, Han L, Wei YP, Lin L, Chu J, Wang Q, Yang Y, Pei L, Wang JZ, Tian Q. Golgin-84-associated Golgi fragmentation triggers tau hyperphosphorylation by activation of cyclin-dependent kinase-5 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1352-63. [PMID: 24368089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tau hyperphosphorylation is a critical event in Alzheimer's disease, in which the neuronal Golgi fragmentation occurs earlier than tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the intrinsic link between Golgi impairment and tau pathology is missing. By electron microscopy and western blotting, we observed in the present study that the neuronal Golgi fragmentation was increased age-dependently with a correlated tau hyperphosphorylation in the brains of C57BL/6 mice aged from 4 to 16 months. Simultaneously, golgin-84 and Golgi reassembly stacking protein 65, 2 important Golgi matrix proteins, were decreased in the brains of elder mice. Further studies in HEK293/tau cells showed that Golgi-disturbing agents, brefeldin A and nocodazole induced tau hyperphosphorylation. Knockdown of golgin-84, not Golgi reassembly stacking protein 65, by small interfering RNA was sufficient to induce tau hyperphosphorylation, while over-expressing golgin-84 arrested the brefeldin A-induced Golgi fragmentation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrated that cyclin-dependent kinase-5 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase were activated after golgin-84 knockdown, and simultaneous inhibition of these kinases abolished the golgin-84 deficit-induced tau hyperphosphorylation. These data suggest Golgi fragmentation could be an upstream event triggering tau hyperphosphorylation through golgin-84 deficit-induced activation of cyclin-dependent kinase-5 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Present address: Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Guan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Niu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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