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Tuzimski T, Petruczynik A. Review of Chromatographic Methods Coupled with Modern Detection Techniques Applied in the Therapeutic Drugs Monitoring (TDM). Molecules 2020; 25:E4026. [PMID: 32899296 PMCID: PMC7504794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a tool used to integrate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics knowledge to optimize and personalize various drug therapies. The optimization of drug dosing may improve treatment outcomes, reduce toxicity, and reduce the risk of developing drug resistance. To adequately implement TDM, accurate and precise analytical procedures are required. In clinical practice, blood is the most commonly used matrix for TDM; however, less invasive samples, such as dried blood spots or non-invasive saliva samples, are increasingly being used. The choice of sample preparation method, type of column packing, mobile phase composition, and detection method is important to ensure accurate drug measurement and to avoid interference from matrix effects and drug metabolites. Most of the reported procedures used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. High-performance chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) methods are also used when a simpler and more cost-effective methodology is desired for clinical monitoring. The application of high-performance chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) with and without derivatization processes and high-performance chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) techniques for the analysis of various drugs in biological samples for TDM have been described less often. Before chromatographic analysis, samples were pretreated by various procedures-most often by protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction, rarely by microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. The aim of this article is to review the recent literature (2010-2020) regarding the use of liquid chromatography with various detection techniques for TDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tuzimski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Petruczynik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Notari S, Tempestilli M, Fabbri G, Libertone R, Antinori A, Ammassari A, Agrati C. UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of sofosbuvir, sofosbuvir metabolite (GS-331007) and daclatasvir in plasma of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1073:183-190. [PMID: 29276983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) represent the major advance in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treatment leading to extremely high eradication rates in HCV mono- and HIV/HCV co-infected patients. In this scenery, availability of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is of interest to assess plasma concentrations to prevent either therapeutic failure due to suboptimal medication adherence and drug-drug interactions or avoid adverse events. Aim of this study was to develop and validate an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of sofosbuvir, sofosbuvir metabolite (GS-331007), and daclatasvir in human plasma. A simple protein precipitation was applied by adding 200 μL acetonitrile with internal standard 6,7-Dimethyl- 2,3-di(2-pyridyl) quinoxaline to 100 μL plasma sample. Drug separation was performed on analytical C-18 Luna Omega column (50 mm × 2.1 mm I.D.) with particle size of 1.6 μm. The mobile phase consisting of water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile at flow 0.4 mL/min and a gradient run time of 3.5 min. The injection volume was 10 μL. Anti-HCV drugs were detected in positive electrospray ionization mode. The full scan mass spectral analyses of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, daclatasvir and quinaxoline showed protonated molecule ions and transitions m/z: 530.098 → 243.02, 260.93 → 112.94, 739.4 → 339.27 and 313.03 → 77.99 respectively. The linearity of standard curves was excellent (r2 > 0.99), the absolute recovery of anti-HCV drugs ranged between 95 and 98%, and both imprecision and inaccuracy were <15% according to FDA guidelines. The UPLC-MS/MS method was applied to 16 plasma samples of as many HIV/HCV co-infected patients treated with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir. While sofosbuvir was not detectable in all samples, the median plasma concentrations of daclatasvir and GS-331007 were 223.6 ± 319.56 ng/mL and 537.11 ± 242.09 ng/mL, respectively. In conclusion, we describe an UPLC-MS/MS method allowing the simultaneous quantification of sofosbuvir, GS-331007 and daclatasvir in plasma samples. The method was sensitive, specific, robust, and time-saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Notari
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Tempestilli
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Fabbri
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Libertone
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Ammassari
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Panda SS, Sharma K, Mohanty B, Bera RKVV, Acharjya SK, Beg S. Integrated quality by design (QbD) and design of experiments (DoE) approach for UFLC determination of telaprevir in rat serum. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1387558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Suman Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Khusbu Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Bijeta Mohanty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Venkata Varaha Bera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Sasmita Kumari Acharjya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Product Development Research, Jubilant Generics Ltd., Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Panda SS, Bera VVRK, Beg S, Sahu SK. Ultrafast Liquid Chromatographic Method Development and its Validation for Quantification of Telaprevir in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Using Quality by Design Approach. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1193-202. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Agnesod D, De Nicolò A, Simiele M, Mohamed Abdi A, Boglione L, Di Perri G, D'Avolio A. Development and validation of a useful UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of total and phosphorylated-ribavirin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HCV+ patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 90:119-26. [PMID: 24366212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current standard-of-care therapy in HCV consists in ribavirin (RBV) plus pegylated-interferon-α 2a or 2b and, for HCV-1 infected patients, also directly acting antivirals (DAAs). Despite the increase in the number of patients who reach sustained virological response (SVR) for HCV-1, a great inter-individual variability in the response to therapy remains. Whether new drugs are available in combination with RBV and Peg-IFN for HCV-1, the treatment of the other viral genotypes remains the same: this issue highlights the lasting importance of RBV and Peg-IFN in anti-HCV treatment. Moreover, a strong limiting factor to the usefulness of anti-HCV treatment remains the occurrence of adverse events, first of all hemolytic anemia, which have increased with the addition of DAAs, but is mainly an RBV-dependent effect. For these reasons, the monitoring of RBV exposure in the various compartments should be important. Since the routinely determination of RBV in the target cells as the hepatocytes is impracticable for of its invasiveness, the quantification in easier to obtain cells could be a good choice. In this work, we developed and validated an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay method to quantify RBV concentrations in peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs). QCs were prepared with RBV and RBV-monophosphate (RMP). Each sample was divided into two aliquots, which undergone the same extraction procedure: one was treated with acid phosphatase to convert RBV phosphorylated metabolites into free RBV, the other one was not-treated. The extracts were analyzed with reverse-phase column with UPLC-MS/MS. Calibration curves fitted a least squares model (weighed 1/X) for ribavirin levels in a range from 0.1 ng to 200 ng (mean r(2)=0.9993). Accuracy, intra-day and inter-day precision of the methods were in accordance with FDA guidelines. Moreover, phosphorylated QCs were used to assess the correct determination of total RBV concentration. We tested this method by monitoring RBV concentrations in PBMCs from 20 HCV+ patients, receiving alpha interferon-plus RBV combination therapy. This method showed to be reliable, precise, accurate and suitable for evaluation of intracellular RBV concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Agnesod
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic; Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Amedeo De Nicolò
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic; Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Simiele
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic; Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Adnan Mohamed Abdi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic; Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucio Boglione
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic; Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic; Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic; Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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