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Pech-Santiago EO, Argüello-García R, Vázquez C, Saavedra E, González-Hernández I, Jung-Cook H, Rafferty SP, Ortega-Pierres MG. Giardia duodenalis: Flavohemoglobin is involved in drug biotransformation and resistance to albendazole. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010840. [PMID: 36166467 PMCID: PMC9514659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis, a major diarrheal disease in humans worldwide whose treatment relies mainly on metronidazole (MTZ) and albendazole (ABZ). The emergence of ABZ resistance in this parasite has prompted studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. G. duodenalis trophozoites convert ABZ into its sulfoxide (ABZSO) and sulfone (ABZSOO) forms, despite lacking canonical enzymes involved in these processes, such as cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). This study aims to identify the enzyme responsible for ABZ metabolism and its role in ABZ resistance in G. duodenalis. We first determined that the iron-containing cofactor heme induces higher mRNA expression levels of flavohemoglobin (gFlHb) in Giardia trophozoites. Molecular docking analyses predict favorable interactions of gFlHb with ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSOO. Spectral analyses of recombinant gFlHb in the presence of ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSOO showed high affinities for each of these compounds with Kd values of 22.7, 19.1 and 23.8 nM respectively. ABZ and ABZSO enhanced gFlHb NADH oxidase activity (turnover number 14.5 min-1), whereas LC-MS/MS analyses of the reaction products showed that gFlHb slowly oxygenates ABZ into ABZSO at a much lower rate (turnover number 0.01 min-1). Further spectroscopic analyses showed that ABZ is indirectly oxidized to ABZSO by superoxide generated from the NADH oxidase activity of gFlHb. In a similar manner, the superoxide-generating enzyme xanthine oxidase was able to produce ABZSO in the presence of xanthine and ABZ. Interestingly, we find that gFlHb mRNA expression is lower in albendazole-resistant clones compared to those that are sensitive to this drug. Furthermore, all albendazole-resistant clones transfected to overexpress gFlHb displayed higher susceptibility to the drug than the parent clones. Collectively these findings indicate a role for gFlHb in ABZ conversion to its sulfoxide and that gFlHb down-regulation acts as a passive pharmacokinetic mechanism of resistance in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edar O. Pech-Santiago
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Citlali Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iliana González-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Thakur N, Sharma AN, Hade MD, Chhaya A, Kumar A, Jolly RS, Dikshit KL. New Insights Into the Function of Flavohemoglobin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Role as a NADPH-Dependent Disulfide Reductase and D-Lactate-Dependent Mycothione Reductase. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:796727. [PMID: 35237528 PMCID: PMC8883573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.796727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) produces an unconventional flavohemoglobin (MtbFHb) that carries a FAD-binding site similar to D-lactate dehydrogenases (D-LDH) and oxidizes D-lactate into pyruvate. The molecular mechanism by which MtbFHb functions in Mtb remains unknown. We discovered that the D-LDH-type FAD-binding site in MtbFHb overlaps with another FAD-binding motif similar to thioredoxin reductases and reduces DTNB in the presence of NADPH similar to trxB of Mtb. These results suggested that MtbFHb is functioning as a disulfide oxidoreductase. Interestingly, D-lactate created a conformational change in MtbFHb and attenuated its ability to oxidize NADPH. Mass spectroscopy demonstrated that MtbFHb reduces des-myo-inositol mycothiol in the presence of D-lactate unlike NADPH, indicating that D-lactate changes the specificity of MtbFHb from di-thiol to di-mycothiol. When M. smegmatis carrying deletion in the fhbII gene (encoding a homolog of MtbFHb) was complemented with the fhb gene of Mtb, it exhibited four- to fivefold reductions in lipid peroxidation and significant enhancement in the cell survival under oxidative stress. These results were corroborated by reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced cell survival of wild-type M. smegmatis after overexpression of the fhb gene of Mtb. Since D-lactate is a by-product of lipid peroxidation and MtbFHb is a membrane-associated protein, D-lactate-mediated reduction of mycothiol disulfide by MtbFHb may uniquely equip Mtb to relieve the toxicity of D-lactate accumulation and protect the cell from oxidative damage, simultaneously balancing the redox environment under oxidative stress that may be vital for the pathogenesis of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Thakur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Ajay Chhaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Kanak L. Dikshit
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- *Correspondence: Kanak L. Dikshit,
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He H, Tang J, Chen J, Hu J, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Shuai L, Cao L, Liu Z, Xia Z, Ding X, Hu S, Zhang Y, Rang J, Xia L. Flaviolin-Like Gene Cluster Deletion Optimized the Butenyl-Spinosyn Biosynthesis Route in Saccharopolyspora pogona. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2740-2752. [PMID: 34601869 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reduction and optimization of the microbial genome is an important strategy for constructing synthetic biological chassis cells and overcoming obstacles in natural product discovery and production. However, it is of great challenge to discover target genes that can be deleted and optimized due to the complicated genome of actinomycetes. Saccharopolyspora pogona can produce butenyl-spinosyn during aerobic fermentation, and its genome contains 32 different gene clusters. This suggests that there is a large amount of potential competitive metabolism in S. pogona, which affects the biosynthesis of butenyl-spinosyn. By analyzing the genome of S. pogona, six polyketide gene clusters were identified. From those, the complete deletion of clu13, a flaviolin-like gene cluster, generated a high butenyl-spinosyn-producing strain. Production of this strain was 4.06-fold higher than that of the wildtype strain. Transcriptome profiling revealed that butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis was not primarily induced by the polyketide synthase RppA-like but was related to hypothetical protein Sp1764. However, the repression of sp1764 was not enough to explain the enormous enhancement of butenyl-spinosyn yields in S. pogona-Δclu13. After the comparative proteomic analysis of S. pogona-Δclu13 and S. pogona, two proteins, biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BccA) and response regulator (Reg), were investigated, whose overexpression led to great advantages of butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis. In this way, we successfully discovered three key genes that obviously optimize the biosynthesis of butenyl-spinosyn. Gene cluster simplification performed in conjunction with multiomics analysis is of great practical significance for screening dominant chassis strains and optimizing secondary metabolism. This work provided an idea about screening key factors and efficient construction of production strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jianli Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jinjuan Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zirong Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ling Shuai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Li Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhudong Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ziyuan Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shengbiao Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jie Rang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410083, China
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Nitric Oxide Does Not Inhibit but Is Metabolized by the Cytochrome bcc- aa3 Supercomplex. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228521. [PMID: 33198276 PMCID: PMC7697965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known active site ligand and inhibitor of respiratory terminal oxidases. Here, we investigated the interaction of NO with a purified chimeric bcc-aa3 supercomplex composed of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bcc and Mycobacterium smegmatisaa3-type terminal oxidase. Strikingly, we found that the enzyme in turnover with O2 and reductants is resistant to inhibition by the ligand, being able to metabolize NO at 25 °C with an apparent turnover number as high as ≈303 mol NO (mol enzyme)−1 min−1 at 30 µM NO. The rate of NO consumption proved to be proportional to that of O2 consumption, with 2.65 ± 0.19 molecules of NO being consumed per O2 molecule by the mycobacterial bcc-aa3. The enzyme was found to metabolize the ligand even under anaerobic reducing conditions with a turnover number of 2.8 ± 0.5 mol NO (mol enzyme)−1 min−1 at 25 °C and 8.4 µM NO. These results suggest a protective role of mycobacterial bcc-aa3 supercomplexes against NO stress.
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De Simone G, di Masi A, Vita GM, Polticelli F, Pesce A, Nardini M, Bolognesi M, Ciaccio C, Coletta M, Turilli ES, Fasano M, Tognaccini L, Smulevich G, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C, Bruno S, Ascenzi P. Mycobacterial and Human Nitrobindins: Structure and Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:229-246. [PMID: 32295384 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Nitrobindins (Nbs) are evolutionary conserved all-β-barrel heme-proteins displaying a highly solvent-exposed heme-Fe(III) atom. The physiological role(s) of Nbs is almost unknown. Here, the structural and functional properties of ferric Mycobacterium tuberculosis Nb (Mt-Nb(III)) and ferric Homo sapiens Nb (Hs-Nb(III)) have been investigated and compared with those of ferric Arabidopsis thaliana Nb (At-Nb(III), Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorins (Rp-NP(III)s), and mammalian myoglobins. Results: Data here reported demonstrate that Mt-Nb(III), At-Nb(III), and Hs-Nb(III) share with Rp-NP(III)s the capability to bind selectively nitric oxide, but display a very low reactivity, if any, toward histamine. Data obtained overexpressing Hs-Nb in human embryonic kidney 293 cells indicate that Hs-Nb localizes mainly in the cytoplasm and partially in the nucleus, thanks to a nuclear localization sequence encompassing residues Glu124-Leu154. Human Hs-Nb corresponds to the C-terminal domain of the human nuclear protein THAP4 suggesting that Nb may act as a sensor possibly modulating the THAP4 transcriptional activity residing in the N-terminal region. Finally, we provide strong evidence that both Mt-Nb(III) and Hs-Nb(III) are able to scavenge peroxynitrite and to protect free l-tyrosine against peroxynitrite-mediated nitration. Innovation: Data here reported suggest an evolutionarily conserved function of Nbs related to their role as nitric oxide sensors and components of antioxidant systems. Conclusion: Human THAP4 may act as a sensing protein that couples the heme-based Nb(III) reactivity with gene transcription. Mt-Nb(III) seems to be part of the pool of proteins required to scavenge reactive nitrogen and oxygen species produced by the host during the immunity response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Marco Nardini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Centro di Ricerche Pediatriche R.E. Invernizzi, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Emily Samuela Turilli
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Mauro Fasano
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tognaccini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
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Thakur N, Kumar A, Dikshit KL. Type II flavohemoglobin of Mycobacterium smegmatis oxidizes d-lactate and mediate electron transfer. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:868-875. [PMID: 29428388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two distantly related flavohemoglobins (FHbs), MsFHbI and MsFHbII, having crucial differences in their heme and reductase domains, co-exist in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Function of MsFHbI is associated with nitric-oxide detoxification but physiological relevance of MsFHbII remains unknown. This study unravels some unique spectral and functional characteristics of MsFHbII. Unlike conventional type I FHbs, MsFHbII lacks nitric-oxide dioxygenase and NADH oxidase activities but utilizes d-lactate as an electron donor to mediate electron transfer. MsFHbII carries a d-lactate dehydrogenase type FAD binding motif in its reductase domain and oxidizes d-lactate in a FAD dependent manner to reduce the heme iron, suggesting that the globin is acting as an electron acceptor. Importantly, expression of MsFHbII in Escherichia coli imparted protection under oxidative stress, suggesting its important role in stress management of its host. Since M. smegmatis lacks the gene encoding for d-lactate dehydrogenase and d-lactate is produced during aerobic metabolism and also as a by-product of lipid peroxidation, the ability of MsFHbII to metabolize d-lactate may provide it a unique ability to balance the oxidative stress generated due to accumulation of d-lactate in the cell and at the same time sequester electrons and pass it to the respiratory apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Thakur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanak L Dikshit
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector 25, South Block, Chandigarh, India.
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Wisecaver JH, Alexander WG, King SB, Todd Hittinger C, Rokas A. Dynamic Evolution of Nitric Oxide Detoxifying Flavohemoglobins, a Family of Single-Protein Metabolic Modules in Bacteria and Eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1979-87. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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