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Lyso-Lipid-Induced Oligodendrocyte Maturation Underlies Restoration of Optic Nerve Function. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0429-21.2022. [PMID: 35027445 PMCID: PMC8805197 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0429-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein hyperdeimination and deficiency of lyso-phospholipids (LPC 18:1) has been associated with the pathology of demyelinating disease in both humans and mice. We uncovered interesting biology of LPC 18:1, in which LPC 18:1 induced optic nerve function restoration through oligodendrocyte maturation and remyelination in mouse model systems. Our in vitro studies show LPC 18:1 protection against neuron-ectopic hyperdeimination and stimulation of oligodendrocyte maturation, while in vivo investigations recorded optic nerve function improvement following optic nerve injections of LPC 18:1, in contrast with LPC 18:0. Thus, just a change in a single bond renders a dramatic alternation in biological function. The incorporation of isobaric C13-histidine in newly synthesized myelin proteins and quantitative proteome shifts are consistent with remyelination underlying restoration in optic nerve function. These results suggest that exogenous LPC 18:1 may provide a therapeutic avenue for stemming vision loss in demyelinating diseases.
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Innate and Autoimmunity in the Pathogenesis of Inherited Retinal Dystrophy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030630. [PMID: 32151065 PMCID: PMC7140441 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (RDs) are heterogenous in many aspects including genes involved, age of onset, rate of progression, and treatments. While RDs are caused by a plethora of different mutations, all result in the same outcome of blindness. While treatments, both gene therapy-based and drug-based, have been developed to slow or halt disease progression and prevent further blindness, only a small handful of the forms of RDs have treatments available, which are primarily for recessively inherited forms. Using immunohistochemical methods coupled with electroretinography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography, we show that in rhodopsin mutant mice, the involvement of both the innate and the autoimmune systems could be a strong contributing factor in disease progression and pathogenesis. Herein, we show that monocytic phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine release along with protein citrullination, a major player in forms of autoimmunity, work to enhance the progression of RD associated with a rhodopsin mutation.
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Alghamdi M, Al Ghamdi KA, Khan RH, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. An interplay of structure and intrinsic disorder in the functionality of peptidylarginine deiminases, a family of key autoimmunity-related enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4635-4662. [PMID: 31342121 PMCID: PMC11105357 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translation modification of proteins, where the proteinaceous arginine residues are converted to non-coded citrulline residues. The immune tolerance to such citrullinated protein can be lost, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Citrullination is a chemical reaction mediated by peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADs), which are a family of calcium-dependent cysteine hydrolase enzymes that includes five isotypes: PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, PAD4, and PAD6. Each PAD has specific substrates and tissue distribution, where it modifies the arginine to produce a citrullinated protein with altered structure and function. All mammalian PADs have a sequence similarity of about 70-95%, whereas in humans, they are 50-55% homologous in their structure and amino acid sequences. Being calcium-dependent hydrolases, PADs are inactive under the physiological level of calcium, but could be activated due to distortions in calcium homeostasis, or when the cellular calcium levels are increased. In this article, we analyze some of the currently available data on the structural properties of human PADs, the mechanisms of their calcium-induced activation, and show that these proteins contain functionally important regions of intrinsic disorder. Citrullination represents an important trigger of multiple physiological and pathological processes, and as a result, PADs are recognized to play a number of important roles in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, we also review the current state of the art in the development of PAD inhibitors with good potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory Department, University Medical Services Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Al Ghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan H Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Institutskaya Str., 142290, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
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Pathological consequences of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in tear fluid and therapeutic potential of pooled human immune globulin-eye drops in dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2019; 18:80-97. [PMID: 31606460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of Anti-Citrullinated Protein autoantibodies (ACPAs) in the pathology of dry eye disease (DED) and the therapeutic potential of pooled human immune globulin-eye drops in these patients. METHODS We investigated the presence of citrullinated proteins and ACPAs in ocular surface wash (OSW) and conjunctival impressions from patients with DED and determined the pathological consequences of OSW with high ACPA using in vitro experiments and in vivo murine models. We performed a randomized, double-masked, pilot clinical trial to determine the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of using pooled human immune globulin-eye drops to treat DED patients with ACPAs in OSW. RESULTS We found that neutrophils are a source of citrullinated proteins on the ocular surface of DED patients. We detected significantly higher immunoglobulin amount and presence of several species of ACPAs in OSW from DED patients. We also found that OSW with high ACPA contributes to production of NETs, and that ACPAs cause ocular surface disease in murine eyes, both of which are reduced with addition of Immune globulins. As compared to Vehicle treatment, pooled human immune globulin-eye drops (IVIG 4 mg/mL) twice a day for 8 weeks caused significant reduction in signs and symptoms of DED with no difference in tolerability or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report demonstrating ACPAs in OSW of DED patients and their contribution to ocular surface disease. The first-in-human clinical trial suggests that pooled immune globulin-eye drops are a potential new class of biologic therapies for Dry Eye patients.
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Hollingsworth TJ, Radic MZ, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Giorgianni F, Wang Y, Iannaccone A. Murine Retinal Citrullination Declines With Age and is Mainly Dependent on Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3808-3815. [PMID: 30073354 PMCID: PMC6074612 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that serves many normal physiological functions. Studies have shown that this PTM—along with expression of the catalyzing enzymes, peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs)—are increased in autoimmune and age-related pathologies. PAD2 retinal expression has been previously documented in rat and human. Herein, we report on the expression levels and patterns of PAD2, PAD4, and retinal citrullination in the murine retina with age. Methods Wild-type (WT) and Pad4-/- (PAD4KO) mice ages 0.5, 0.75, 1, 3, 6, and 9 months were investigated after euthanasia and eye enucleation. Retinal lysates from 3-month-old mice were probed for PAD4 by western blot. Whole eyes were fixed, cryosectioned, and probed using an anti-PAD2/4 antibody (Ab), a specific anti-PAD4 Ab, and F95 anti-citrullinated peptide Ab. Fluorescent intensities were quantified with ImageJ. Results WT retinas show different levels of PAD4 expression in distinct retinal layers, with the most intense labeling in inner retinal layers, while PAD4KO mice lacked retinal PAD4. Using a nonspecific anti-PAD2/4 Ab, PAD reactivity observed in PAD4KO mice was attributed to PAD2. In WT, both PAD2 and PAD4 expression levels decrease significantly with age while low-level residual PAD2 expression was seen in PAD4KO mice. Citrullination levels in WT retinas paralleled PAD4 expression, with PAD4KO mice exhibiting consistently minimal citrullination. Conclusions Both PAD2 and PAD4 expression and citrullination decrease with age in the murine retina. However, in the absence of PAD4, retinal citrullination is nearly abolished, indicating that PAD4 is a main effector for retinal citrullination under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hollingsworth
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Marko Z Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Yanming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alessandro Iannaccone
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Ding D, Enriquez-Algeciras M, Valdivia AO, Torres J, Pole C, Thompson JW, Chou TH, Perez-Pinzon M, Porciatti V, Udin S, Nestler E, Bhattacharya SK. The Role of Deimination in Regenerative Reprogramming of Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:2618-2639. [PMID: 30051351 PMCID: PMC6348056 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurons from the adult central nervous system (CNS) demonstrate limited mRNA transport and localized protein synthesis versus developing neurons, correlating with lower regenerative capacity. We found that deimination (posttranslational conversion of protein-bound arginine into citrulline) undergoes upregulation during early neuronal development while declining to a low basal level in adults. This modification is associated with neuronal arborization from amphibians to mammals. The mRNA-binding proteins (ANP32a, REF), deiminated in neurons, have been implicated in local protein synthesis. Overexpression of the deiminating cytosolic enzyme peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 in nervous systems results in increased neuronal transport and neurite outgrowth. We further demonstrate that enriching deiminated proteins rescues transport deficiencies both in primary neurons and mouse optic nerve even in the presence of pharmacological transport blockers. We conclude that deimination promotes neuronal outgrowth via enhanced transport and local protein synthesis and represents a new avenue for neuronal regeneration in the adult CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ding
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 1638 N.W. 10th Avenue, #706, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Mabel Enriquez-Algeciras
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 1638 N.W. 10th Avenue, #706, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Anddre Osmar Valdivia
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 1638 N.W. 10th Avenue, #706, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Juan Torres
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 1638 N.W. 10th Avenue, #706, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Cameron Pole
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - John W Thompson
- Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Tsung-Han Chou
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 1638 N.W. 10th Avenue, #706, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Miguel Perez-Pinzon
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 1638 N.W. 10th Avenue, #706, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Susan Udin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York, Buffalo, 553 Biomedical Res. Building, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Eric Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 1638 N.W. 10th Avenue, #706, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology/Neuroscience Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Magnadóttir B, Bragason BT, Bricknell IR, Bowden T, Nicholas AP, Hristova M, Guðmundsdóttir S, Dodds AW, Lange S. Peptidylarginine deiminase and deiminated proteins are detected throughout early halibut ontogeny - Complement components C3 and C4 are post-translationally deiminated in halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:1-19. [PMID: 30395876 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational protein deimination is mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which are calcium dependent enzymes conserved throughout phylogeny with physiological and pathophysiological roles. Protein deimination occurs via the conversion of protein arginine into citrulline, leading to structural and functional changes in target proteins. In a continuous series of early halibut development from 37 to 1050° d, PAD, total deiminated proteins and deiminated histone H3 showed variation in temporal and spatial detection in various organs including yolksac, muscle, skin, liver, brain, eye, spinal cord, chondrocytes, heart, intestines, kidney and pancreas throughout early ontogeny. For the first time in any species, deimination of complement components C3 and C4 is shown in halibut serum, indicating a novel mechanism of complement regulation in immune responses and homeostasis. Proteomic analysis of deiminated target proteins in halibut serum further identified complement components C5, C7, C8 C9 and C1 inhibitor, as well as various other immunogenic, metabolic, cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins. Post-translational deimination may facilitate protein moonlighting, an evolutionary conserved phenomenon, allowing one polypeptide chain to carry out various functions to meet functional requirements for diverse roles in immune defences and tissue remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergljót Magnadóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Birkir Thor Bragason
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ian R Bricknell
- Aquaculture Research Institute School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Timothy Bowden
- Aquaculture Research Institute School of Food & Agriculture, University of Maine, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
| | - Sigríður Guðmundsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Alister W Dodds
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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Iannaccone A, Radic MZ. Increased Protein Citrullination as a Trigger for Resident Immune System Activation, Intraretinal Inflammation, and Promotion of Anti-retinal Autoimmunity: Intersecting Paths in Retinal Degenerations of Potential Therapeutic Relevance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1185:175-179. [PMID: 31884608 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present evidence that protein citrullination, a proinflammatory and immune system-activating posttranslational modification (PTM) of arginine residues mediated by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs), is elevated in mouse models of retinal degenerations. Together with the fact that the animal models that we investigated (and their human counterparts) exhibit also anti-retinal autoantibodies, we propose that retinal citrullination is an immunogenic trigger that activates the immune system both locally and systemically, contributing to disease pathogenesis. Consistent with this possibility, we show that PAD compromise reduces the severity of Mertk-related retinal degeneration. Thus, PAD inhibition may be as a potential treatment strategy for retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Z Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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9
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Magnadóttir B, Hayes P, Hristova M, Bragason BT, Nicholas AP, Dodds AW, Guðmundsdóttir S, Lange S. Post-translational protein deimination in cod (Gadus morhua L.) ontogeny novel roles in tissue remodelling and mucosal immune defences? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:157-170. [PMID: 29908202 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are calcium dependent enzymes with physiological and pathophysiological roles conserved throughout phylogeny. PADs promote post-translational deimination of protein arginine to citrulline, altering the structure and function of target proteins. Deiminated proteins were detected in the early developmental stages of cod from 11 days post fertilisation to 70 days post hatching. Deiminated proteins were present in mucosal surfaces and in liver, pancreas, spleen, gut, muscle, brain and eye during early cod larval development. Deiminated protein targets identified in skin mucosa included nuclear histones; cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin and beta-actin; metabolic and immune related proteins such as galectin, mannan-binding lectin, toll-like receptor, kininogen, Beta2-microglobulin, aldehyde dehydrogenase, bloodthirsty and preproapolipoprotein A-I. Deiminated histone H3, a marker for anti-pathogenic neutrophil extracellular traps, was particularly elevated in mucosal tissues in immunostimulated cod larvae. PAD-mediated protein deimination may facilitate protein moonlighting, allowing the same protein to exhibit a range of biological functions, in tissue remodelling and mucosal immune defences in teleost ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergljót Magnadóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Polly Hayes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, WC1E 6HX, London, UK.
| | - Birkir Thor Bragason
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Alister W Dodds
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sigríður Guðmundsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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10
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Li H, Liu W, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N, Albert DM, Senanayake T, Vinogradov S, Henkin J, Zhang HF. Sustaining Intravitreal Residence With L-Arginine Peptide-Conjugated Nanocarriers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5142-5150. [PMID: 28986592 PMCID: PMC5634351 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic agents is becoming a standard treatment for neovascular retinal diseases. Sustained release of therapeutics by injecting colloidal carriers is a promising approach to reduce the injection frequency, which reduces treatment burdens and the risk of complications on patients. Such sustained release often requires carriers to have micrometer-scale dimension that, however, can potentially promote glaucoma and inflammation. Small, polycationic particles can be immobilized in vitreous through multiple cooperative ionic interactions with hyaluronic acid of the vitreous interior, but such particles are generally toxic. Here, we synthesized and examined a biocompatible dextran-based nanocarrier (<50 nm in diameter) conjugated with cationic peptides containing L-arginine with minimal toxicity, aiming to provide sustained release of therapeutic drugs in vitreous. Methods We synthesized the nanocarriers with condensed cholesteryl dextran (CDEX) as core material. Cationic peptides containing 1 to 4 arginine groups, along with fluorescence tags, were conjugated to the CDEX surface. We monitored the carrier diffusion rate ex vivo and half-lives in vivo in rodent vitreous using fluorescence imaging. We evaluated the toxicity by histological examinations at the second, third, eighth, and thirty-sixth week. Results The diffusion rate of nanocarriers was inversely related to zeta potential values in freshly isolated vitreous humor. We observed increased half-lives in vivo with increasing zeta potential (up to 240 days). Histological examinations confirmed no adverse effects on ocular morphology and organization. Conclusions We demonstrated the potential of L-arginine peptide-conjugated nanocarriers toward safe and sustained therapeutic release system for posterior eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Daniel M Albert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Thulani Senanayake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Serguei Vinogradov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Jack Henkin
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Sienkiewicz AE, Rosenberg BN, Edwards G, Carreon TA, Bhattacharya SK. Aberrant glycosylation in the human trabecular meshwork. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:130-42. [PMID: 24458570 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the difference in protein glycosylation and glycosylation enzyme levels between glaucomatous and control trabecular meshwork (TM). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Glaucomatous and normal donor (n = 12 each) TM tissues, lectin fluorescence, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate analyses, and quantitative MS were used to determine the glycosylation levels. Primary TM cells and glycosylation inhibitors were used to determine their effect on cell shape and motility. RESULTS In contrast to elevated levels of glycoproteins determined by lectin fluorescence, simultaneous hyper- and hypo-glycosylation in glaucomatous TM was revealed by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate analyses. Analyses of enzymes showed elevation of beta-glycosidase 1 and decrease in galactosyltransferase family 6 domain containing protein 1 in the glaucomatous TM. Quantitative MS identified select protein level changes between glaucomatous and normal TM. Primary TM cells were treated with inhibitors to elicit hypo-glycosylation, which affected cell shape, motility, and fluorescent tracer transport across a layer of TM cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Global protein glycosylation is aberrant in glaucomatous TM compared to controls. The results presented here suggest that the alteration in global TM protein glycosylation encompassing cellular and extracellular matrix proteins contributes to glaucoma pathology likely mediated through changes in properties of TM cells.
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12
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Three isozymes of peptidylarginine deiminase in the chicken: molecular cloning, characterization, and tissue distribution. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 167:65-73. [PMID: 24161753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD; EC 3.5.3.15) is a post-translational modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline (deimination) in a calcium ion dependent manner. Although PADI genes are widely conserved among vertebrates, their function in the chicken is poorly understood. Here, we cloned and sequenced three chicken PADI cDNAs and analyzed the expression of their proteins in various tissues. Immunoblotting analysis showed that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 were present in cells of several central neuron system tissues including the retina; the chicken PAD2 protein was not detected in any tissue. We expressed recombinant chicken PADs in insect cells and characterized their enzymatic properties. The chicken PAD1 and PAD3 recombinant proteins required calcium ions as an essential cofactor for their catalytic activity. The two recombinant proteins showed similar substrate specificities toward synthetic arginine derivatives. By contrast to them, chicken PAD2 did not show any activity. We found that one of the conserved active centers in mammalian PADs had been altered in chicken PAD2; we prepared a reverse mutant but we did not detect an activity. We conclude that chicken PAD1 and PAD3 might play specific roles in the nervous system, but that chicken PAD2 might not be functional under normal physiological conditions.
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Bonilha VL, Shadrach KG, Rayborn ME, Li Y, Pauer GJT, Hagstrom SA, Bhattacharya SK, Hollyfield JG. Retinal deimination and PAD2 levels in retinas from donors with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp Eye Res 2013; 111:71-8. [PMID: 23562679 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deimination is a form of protein posttranslational modification carried out by the peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) enzymes. PAD2 is the principal deiminase expressed in the retina. Elevated levels of PAD2 and protein deimination are present in a number of human neurological diseases, with or without ocular manifestation. To define the association of deimination with the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we studied protein deimination and PAD2 levels in retinas of AMD donor eyes compared to age-matched non-AMD retinas. Eyes from non-AMD and AMD donors were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer. Retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from donor eyes were processed for immunohistochemical detection and western blotting using antibodies to PAD2 and citrulline residues. The ganglion cell, inner plexiform, inner nuclear and outer nuclear layers were labeled by both PAD2 and citrulline antibodies. Changes in the localization of deiminated residues and PAD2 were evident as the retinal layers were remodeled coincident with photoreceptor degeneration in AMD retinas. Immunodetection of either PAD2 or citrulline residues could not be evaluated in the RPE layer due to the high autofluorescence levels in this layer. Interestingly, higher deimination immunoreactivity was detected in AMD retinal lysates. However, no significant changes in PAD2 were detected in the AMD and non-AMD retinas and RPE lysates. Our observations show increased levels of protein deimination but not PAD2 in AMD retinas and RPE, suggesting a reduced rate of turnover of deiminated proteins in these AMD retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Cole Eye Institute(i31), Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Enriquez-Algeciras M, Ding D, Mastronardi FG, Marc RE, Porciatti V, Bhattacharya SK. Deimination restores inner retinal visual function in murine demyelinating disease. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:646-56. [PMID: 23281397 DOI: 10.1172/jci64811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive loss of visual function frequently accompanies demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and is hypothesized to be the result of damage to the axons and soma of neurons. Here, we show that dendritic impairment is also involved in these diseases. Deimination, a posttranslational modification, was reduced in the retinal ganglion cell layer of MS patients and in a transgenic mouse model of MS (ND4 mice). Reduced deimination accompanied a decrease in inner retinal function in ND4 mice, indicating loss of vision. Local restoration of deimination dramatically improved retinal function and elongation of neurites in isolated neurons. Further, neurite length was decreased by downregulation of deimination or siRNA knockdown of the export-binding protein REF, a primary target for deimination in these cells. REF localized to dendrites and bound selective mRNAs and translation machinery to promote protein synthesis. Thus, protein deimination and dendritic outgrowth play key roles in visual function and may be a general feature of demyelinating diseases.
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15
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Tezel G. Immune regulation toward immunomodulation for neuroprotection in glaucoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 13:23-31. [PMID: 23084793 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the immune system functions to preserve and restore tissue homeostasis, accumulating risk factors, prolonged glial activation, and sustained release of pro-inflammatory mediators in glaucoma may lead to a failure in the regulation of stress-induced immune response, and innate immune cells, autoreactive T cells, autoantibodies, and excess complement attack may exhibit potent stimuli that harm retinal ganglion cell somas, axons, and synapses. Identification of the cellular and molecular components of immune response pathways can provide immunomodulatory treatment strategies to attenuate neuroinflammation, protect neural tissue from collateral injury, and enhance endogenous recovery processes. This review highlights the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms regulating neuroinflammation in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülgün Tezel
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Ding D, Enriquez-Algeciras M, Dave KR, Perez-Pinzon M, Bhattacharya SK. The role of deimination in ATP5b mRNA transport in a transgenic mouse model of multiple sclerosis. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:230-6. [PMID: 22261716 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2011.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deimination refers to conversion of protein-bound arginine into citrulline. An mRNA carrier, RNA binding export factor (REF), present on mitochondria undergoes loss of deimination with impaired ATP5b mRNA transport in ND4 mice (model of multiple sclerosis) compared with the controls. We present evidence of (1) reduced ATP5b mRNA binding strength of non-deiminated REF compared with deiminated REF, (2) impaired ATP5b mRNA transport in ND4 mice and (3) reduced mitochondrial ATP synthase activity on inhibition of deimination in PC12 cells. Impaired deimination of REF and defect in mitochondrial mRNA transport are critical factors in mitochondrial dysfunction in ND4 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ding
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Jones JE, Slack JL, Fang P, Zhang X, Subramanian V, Causey CP, Coonrod SA, Guo M, Thompson PR. Synthesis and screening of a haloacetamidine containing library to identify PAD4 selective inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:160-5. [PMID: 22004374 DOI: 10.1021/cb200258q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase activity (PAD) is increased in cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. Although the link between abnormal PAD activity and disease is clear, the relative contribution of the individual PADs to human disease is not known; there are 5 PAD isozymes in humans. Building on our previous development of F- and Cl-amidine as potent pan-PAD irreversible inhibitors, we describe herein a library approach that was used to identify PAD-selective inhibitors. Specifically, we describe the identification of Thr-Asp-F-amidine (TDFA) as a highly potent PAD4 inactivator that displays ≥15-fold selectivity for PAD4 versus PAD1 and ≥50-fold versus PADs 2 and 3. This compound is active in cells and can be used to inhibit PAD4 activity in cellulo. The structure of the PAD4·TDFA complex has also been solved, and the structure and mutagenesis data indicate that the enhanced potency is due to interactions between the side chains of Q346, R374, and R639. Finally, we converted TDFA into a PAD4-selective ABPP and demonstrated that this compound, biotin-TDFA, can be used to selectively isolate purified PAD4 in vitro. In total, TDFA and biotin-TDFA represent PAD4-selective chemical probes that can be used to study the physiological roles of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Jones
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jessica L. Slack
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | | | - Xuesen Zhang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 122 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Corey P. Causey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Scott A. Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 122 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Rogers RS, Dharsee M, Ackloo S, Sivak JM, Flanagan JG. Proteomics analyses of human optic nerve head astrocytes following biomechanical strain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.012302. [PMID: 22126795 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the role of glial cell activation in the human optic nerve caused by raised intraocular pressure, and their potential role in the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. To do this we present a proteomics study of the response of cultured, optic nerve head astrocytes to biomechanical strain, the magnitude and mode of strain based on previously published quantitative models. In this case, astrocytes were subjected to 3 and 12% stretches for either 2 h or 24 h. Proteomic methods included nano-liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, and iTRAQ labeling. Using controls for both stretch and time, a six-plex iTRAQ liquid chromatography- tandem MS (LC/MS/MS) experiment yielded 573 proteins discovered at a 95% confidence limit. The pathways included transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor, caspase 3, and tumor protein p53, which have all been implicated in the activation of astrocytes and are believed to play a role in the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Confirmation of the iTRAQ analysis was performed by Western blotting of various proteins of interest including ANXA 4, GOLGA2, and αB-Crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan S Rogers
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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19
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Dual immunofluorescence study of citrullinated proteins in Parkinson diseased substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett 2011; 495:26-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bhattacharya SK, Gomes J, Cebulla CM. Toward failure analyses in systems biology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 2:507-517. [PMID: 20836044 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Parallels between designed and biological systems with respect to formal failure analyses have been presented. Failure analysis in designed systems depends on an identified, limited set of parameters or operation variables with high predictive value. In contrast, the biological systems pose problems in identification of operation variables and the identified variables may not be accurate predictors of failure. The difficulty in parameter identification is because of large numbers of components and the inability to envelope variables at each compartment or contour level. Contour level maps for biological systems are currently non-existent, and most failure models are based on very limited, unilateral operation variables (a mutant gene). Operation variable identification within each contour level will enhance failure analyses of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Gomes
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Tezel G. The immune response in glaucoma: a perspective on the roles of oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res 2010; 93:178-86. [PMID: 20709058 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative insults and glial activation during glaucomatous neurodegeneration initiate an immune response to restore tissue homeostasis and facilitate tissue cleaning and healing. However, increasing risk factors over a chronic and cumulative period may lead to a failure in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune response pathways and represent a route for conversion of the beneficial immunity into a neuroinflammatory degenerative process contributing to disease progression. Oxidative stress developing through the pathogenic cellular processes of glaucoma, along with the aging-related component of oxidative stress, likely plays a critical role in shifting the physiological equilibrium. This review aims to provide a perspective on the complex interplay of cellular events during glaucomatous neurodegeneration by proposing a unifying scheme that integrates oxidative stress-related risk factors with the altered regulation of immune response in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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22
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Bhattacharya SK. Towards a matrix mechanics framework for dynamic protein network. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2010; 4:139-44. [PMID: 20805933 PMCID: PMC2923300 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-009-9051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein–protein interaction networks are currently visualized by software generated interaction webs based upon static experimental data. Current state is limited to static, mostly non-compartmental network and non time resolved protein interactions. A satisfactory mathematical foundation for particle interactions within a viscous liquid state (situation within the cytoplasm) does not exist nor do current computer programs enable building dynamic interaction networks for time resolved interactions. Building mathematical foundation for intracellular protein interactions can be achieved in two increments (a) trigger and capture the dynamic molecular changes for a select subset of proteins using several model systems and high throughput time resolved proteomics and, (b) use this information to build the mathematical foundation and computational algorithm for a compartmentalized and dynamic protein interaction network. Such a foundation is expected to provide benefit in at least two spheres: (a) understanding physiology enabling explanation of phenomenon such as incomplete penetrance in genetic disorders and (b) enabling several fold increase in biopharmaceutical production using impure starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 1638 NW 10th Avenue, Suite 706A, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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