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Galvão I, Sousa LP, Teixeira MM, Pinho V. PI3K Isoforms in Cell Signalling and Innate Immune Cell Responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:147-164. [PMID: 36243843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are enzymes involved in signalling and modification of the function of all mammalian cells. These enzymes phosphorylate the 3-hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol, resulting in lipid products that act as second messengers responsible for coordinating many cellular functions, including activation, chemotaxis, proliferation and survival. The identification of the functions that are mediated by a specific PI3K isoform is complex and depends on the specific cell type and inflammatory context. In this chapter we will focus on the role of PI3K isoforms in the context of innate immunity, focusing on the mechanisms by which PI3K signalling regulates phagocytosis, the activation of immunoglobulin, chemokine and cytokines receptors, production of ROS and cell migration, and how PI3K signalling plays a central role in host defence against infections and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Galvão
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Resolution of Inflammation Laboratory, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Signalling in Inflammation Laboratory, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Resolution of Inflammation Laboratory, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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2
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PI3K Isoforms in Vascular Biology, A Focus on the Vascular System-Immune Response Connection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:289-309. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Sabbah DA, Hajjo R, Bardaweel SK, Zhong HA. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors: a recent update on inhibitor design and clinical trials (2016-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:877-892. [PMID: 33970742 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1924150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway plays a central role in regulating cell growth and proliferation and thus has been considered as effective anticancer drug targets. Many PI3K inhibitors have been developed and progressed to various stages of clinical trials, and some have been approved as anticancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the drug design and clinical development of PI3K inhibitors over the past 4 years. We review the selectivity and potency of 47 PI3K inhibitors. Structural determinants for increasing selectivity toward PI3K subtype-selectivity or mutant selectivity are discussed. Future research direction and current clinical development in combination therapy of inhibitors involved in PI3Ks are also discussed.Area covered: This review covers clinical trial reports and patent literature on PI3K inhibitors and their selectivity published between 2016 and 2020.Expert opinion: To PI3Kα mutants (E542K, E545K, and H1047R), it is highly desirable to design and develop mutant-specific PI3K inhibitors. It is also necessary to develop subtype-selective PI3Kα inhibitors to minimize toxicity. To reduce drug resistance and to improve efficacy, future studies should include combination therapy of PI3K inhibitors with existing anticancer drugs from different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sanaa K Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Haizhen A Zhong
- DSC 362, Department of Chemistry, The University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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4
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Aydin E, Faehling S, Saleh M, Llaó Cid L, Seiffert M, Roessner PM. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment: What Do We Need to Consider When Treating Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With PI3K Inhibitors? Front Immunol 2021; 11:595818. [PMID: 33552053 PMCID: PMC7857022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and their downstream proteins constitute a signaling pathway that is involved in both normal cell growth and malignant transformation of cells. Under physiological conditions, PI3K signaling regulates various cellular functions such as apoptosis, survival, proliferation, and growth, depending on the extracellular signals. A deterioration of these extracellular signals caused by mutational damage in oncogenes or growth factor receptors may result in hyperactivation of this signaling cascade, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Although higher activation of PI3K pathway is common in many types of cancer, it has been therapeutically targeted for the first time in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), demonstrating its significance in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and malignant B-cell expansion. The biological activity of the PI3K pathway is not only limited to cancer cells but is also crucial for many components of the tumor microenvironment, as PI3K signaling regulates cytokine responses, and ensures the development and function of immune cells. Therefore, the success or failure of the PI3K inhibition is strongly related to microenvironmental stimuli. In this review, we outline the impacts of PI3K inhibition on the tumor microenvironment with a specific focus on CLL. Acknowledging the effects of PI3K inhibitor-based therapies on the tumor microenvironment in CLL can serve as a rationale for improved drug development, explain treatment-associated adverse events, and suggest novel combinatory treatment strategies in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Aydin
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Faehling
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariam Saleh
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Llaó Cid
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Bioscience, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp M Roessner
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation: Focus on PI3K Modulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010137. [PMID: 31947676 PMCID: PMC7022557 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation in the central nervous system involves mostly microglia in response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage, which react, promoting a self-limiting inflammatory response aimed to restore homeostasis. However, prolonged, uncontrolled inflammation may result in the production by microglia of neurotoxic factors that lead to the amplification of the disease state and tissue damage. In particular, specific inducers of inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases activate inflammatory processes that result in the production of a number of mediators and cytokines that enhance neurodegenerative processes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute a family of enzymes regulating a wide range of activity, including signal transduction. Recent studies have focused attention on the intracellular role of PI3K and its contribution to neurodegenerative processes. This review illustrates and discusses recent findings about the role of this signaling pathway in the modulation of microglia neuroinflammatory responses linked to neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss the modulation of PI3K as a potential therapeutic approach helpful for developing innovative therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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6
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Lajqi T, Lang GP, Haas F, Williams DL, Hudalla H, Bauer M, Groth M, Wetzker R, Bauer R. Memory-Like Inflammatory Responses of Microglia to Rising Doses of LPS: Key Role of PI3Kγ. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2492. [PMID: 31781091 PMCID: PMC6856213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity and immune tolerance have been identified as long-term response patterns of the innate immune system. The causes of these opposing reactions remain elusive. Here, we report about differential inflammatory responses of microglial cells derived from neonatal mouse brain to increasing doses of the endotoxin LPS. Prolonged priming with ultra-low LPS doses provokes trained immunity, i.e., increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators in comparison to the unprimed control. In contrast, priming with high doses of LPS induces immune tolerance, implying decreased production of inflammatory mediators and pronounced release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Investigation of the signaling processes and cell functions involved in these memory-like immune responses reveals the essential role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ), one of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase species highly expressed in innate immune cells. Together, our data suggest profound influence of preceding contacts with pathogens on the immune response of microglia. The impact of these interactions—trained immunity or immune tolerance—appears to be shaped by pathogen dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trim Lajqi
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guang-Ping Lang
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabienne Haas
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery and Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, CF DNA Sequencing, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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7
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Liu S, Jin R, Xiao AY, Chen R, Li J, Zhong W, Feng X, Li G. Induction of Neuronal PI3Kγ Contributes to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Long-Term Functional Impairment in a Murine Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1320-1334. [PMID: 31187475 PMCID: PMC6985432 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) expressed in immune cells is linked to neuroinflammation in several neurological diseases. However, the expression and role of PI3Kγ in preclinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) have not been investigated. In WT mice, we found that TBI induced rapid and extensive expression of PI3Kγ in neurons within the perilesional cortex and the ipsilateral hippocampal subfields (CA1, CA3), which peaked between 1 and 3 days and declined significantly 7 days after TBI. Intriguingly, the induction of neuronal PI3Kγ in these subregions of the brain spatiotemporally coincided with both the TBI-induced activation of the neuronal ER stress pathway (p-eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP) and neuronal cell death (marked by TUNEL-positive neurons) 3 days after TBI. Further, we show that the absence of PI3Kγ in knockout mice profoundly reduced the TBI-induced activation of the ER stress pathway and neuronal cell death. White matter disruption is a better predictor of long-term clinical outcomes than focal lesion size. We show that PI3Kγ deficiency not only reduced brain tissue loss but also alleviated white matter injury (determined by axonal injury and demyelination) up to 28 days after TBI. Importantly, PI3Kγ-knockout mice exhibited greater functional recovery including forepaw use, sensorimotor balance and coordination, and spatial learning and memory up to 28 days after TBI. These results unveil a previously unappreciated role for neuronal PI3Kγ in the regulation of ER stress associated with neuronal cell death, white matter damage, and long-term functional impairment after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Adam Y Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Jarvis Li
- Hershey High School, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Guohong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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8
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Human PI3Kγ deficiency and its microbiota-dependent mouse model reveal immunodeficiency and tissue immunopathology. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4364. [PMID: 31554793 PMCID: PMC6761123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-gamma (PI3Kγ) is highly expressed in leukocytes and is an attractive drug target for immune modulation. Different experimental systems have led to conflicting conclusions regarding inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of PI3Kγ. Here, we report a human patient with bi-allelic, loss-of-function mutations in PIK3CG resulting in absence of the p110γ catalytic subunit of PI3Kγ. She has a history of childhood-onset antibody defects, cytopenias, and T lymphocytic pneumonitis and colitis, with reduced peripheral blood memory B, memory CD8+ T, and regulatory T cells and increased CXCR3+ tissue-homing CD4 T cells. PI3Kγ-deficient macrophages and monocytes produce elevated inflammatory IL-12 and IL-23 in a GSK3α/β-dependent manner upon TLR stimulation. Pik3cg-deficient mice recapitulate major features of human disease after exposure to natural microbiota through co-housing with pet-store mice. Together, our results emphasize the physiological importance of PI3Kγ in restraining inflammation and promoting appropriate adaptive immune responses in both humans and mice.
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9
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Function, Regulation and Biological Roles of PI3Kγ Variants. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090427. [PMID: 31480354 PMCID: PMC6770443 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) γ is the only class IB PI3K member playing significant roles in the G-protein-dependent regulation of cell signaling in health and disease. Originally found in the immune system, increasing evidence suggest a wide array of functions in the whole organism. PI3Kγ occur as two different heterodimeric variants: PI3Kγ (p87) and PI3Kγ (p101), which share the same p110γ catalytic subunit but differ in their associated non-catalytic subunit. Here we concentrate on specific PI3Kγ features including its regulation and biological functions. In particular, the roles of its non-catalytic subunits serving as the main regulators determining specificity of class IB PI3Kγ enzymes are highlighted.
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Sala V, Margaria JP, Murabito A, Morello F, Ghigo A, Hirsch E. Therapeutic Targeting of PDEs and PI3K in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). Curr Heart Fail Rep 2017; 14:187-196. [PMID: 28451983 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-017-0331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) is a prevalent disease with considerable individual and societal burden. HFpEF patients often suffer from multiple pathological conditions thatcomplicate management and adversely affect outcome, including pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To date, no treatment proved to be fully effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in HFpEF, possibly due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS The emerging view proposes chronic systemic inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis, as a prominent cause of HFpEF, rather than a mere co-existent disease. In the last decade, efforts from pharmaceutical companies attempted to target pharmacologically enzymes which play key roles in systemic and lung inflammation, such as the cyclic nucleotide-degrading enzymes phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and phosphoinositide-3 phosphate kinases (PI3Ks), especially to limit COPD. In this review, we will summarize major successes and drawbacks of hitting these enzymes to tackle inflammation in HFpEF-associated co-morbidities, with a major focus on the results of completed and ongoing clinical trials. Finally, we will discuss the potential of repurposing and/or developing new PDE and PI3K inhibitors for HFpEF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- S.C. Medicina d'Urgenza, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Jean Piero Margaria
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Murabito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fulvio Morello
- S.C. Medicina d'Urgenza, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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11
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Chiu H, Mallya S, Nguyen P, Mai A, Jackson LV, Winkler DG, DiNitto JP, Brophy EE, McGovern K, Kutok JL, Fruman DA. The Selective Phosphoinoside-3-Kinase p110δ Inhibitor IPI-3063 Potently Suppresses B Cell Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:747. [PMID: 28713374 PMCID: PMC5491903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The class I phosphoinoside-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are important enzymes that relay signals from cell surface receptors to downstream mediators driving cellular functions. Elevated PI3K signaling is found in B cell malignancies and lymphocytes of patients with autoimmune disease. The p110δ catalytic isoform of PI3K is a rational target since it is critical for B lymphocyte development, survival, activation, and differentiation. In addition, activating mutations in PIK3CD encoding p110δ cause a human immunodeficiency known as activated PI3K delta syndrome. Currently, idelalisib is the only selective p110δ inhibitor that has been FDA approved to treat certain B cell malignancies. p110δ inhibitors can suppress autoantibody production in mouse models, but limited clinical trials in human autoimmunity have been performed with PI3K inhibitors to date. Thus, there is a need for additional tools to understand the effect of pharmacological inhibition of PI3K isoforms in lymphocytes. In this study, we tested the effects of a potent and selective p110δ inhibitor, IPI-3063, in assays of B cell function. We found that IPI-3063 potently reduced mouse B cell proliferation, survival, and plasmablast differentiation while increasing antibody class switching to IgG1, almost to the same degree as a pan-PI3K inhibitor. Similarly, IPI-3063 potently inhibited human B cell proliferation in vitro. The p110γ isoform has partially overlapping roles with p110δ in B cell development, but little is known about its role in B cell function. We found that the p110γ inhibitor AS-252424 had no significant impact on B cell responses. A novel dual p110δ/γ inhibitor, IPI-443, had comparable effects to p110δ inhibition alone. These findings show that p110δ is the dominant isoform mediating B cell responses and establish that IPI-3063 is a highly potent molecule useful for studying p110δ function in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honyin Chiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sharmila Mallya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Phuongthao Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Annie Mai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Leandra V Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - David G Winkler
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Erin E Brophy
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Karen McGovern
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jeffery L Kutok
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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12
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The Multifaceted Roles of PI3Kγ in Hypertension, Vascular Biology, and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111858. [PMID: 27834808 PMCID: PMC5133858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3Kγ is a multifaceted protein, crucially involved in cardiovascular and immune systems. Several studies described the biological and physiological functions of this enzyme in the regulation of cardiovascular system, while others stressed its role in the modulation of immunity. Although PI3Kγ has been historically investigated for its role in leukocytes, the last decade of research also dedicated efforts to explore its functions in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we report an overview recapitulating how PI3Kγ signaling participates in the regulation of vascular functions involved in blood pressure regulation. Moreover, we also summarize the main functions of PI3Kγ in immune responses that could be potentially important in the interaction with the cardiovascular system. Considering that vascular and immune mechanisms are increasingly emerging as intertwining players in hypertension, PI3Kγ could be an intriguing pathway acting on both sides. The availability of specific inhibitors introduces a perspective of further translational research and clinical approaches that could be exploited in hypertension.
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13
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Gross C. Defective phosphoinositide metabolism in autism. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1161-1173. [PMID: 27376697 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are essential components of lipid membranes and crucial regulators of many cellular functions, including signal transduction, vesicle trafficking, membrane receptor localization and activity, and determination of membrane identity. These functions depend on the dynamic and highly regulated metabolism of phosphoinositides and require finely balanced activity of specific phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. There is increasing evidence from genetic and functional studies that these enzymes are often dysregulated or mutated in autism spectrum disorders; in particular, phosphoinositide 3-kinases and their regulatory subunits appear to be affected frequently. Examples of autism spectrum disorders with defective phosphoinositide metabolism are fragile X syndrome and autism disorders associated with mutations in the phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), but recent genetic analyses also suggest that select nonsyndromic, idiopathic forms of autism may have altered activity of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. Isoform-specific inhibitors for some of the phosphoinositide kinases have already been developed for cancer research and treatment, and a few are being evaluated for use in humans. Altogether, this offers exciting opportunities to explore altered phosphoinositide metabolism as a therapeutic target in individuals with certain forms of autism. This review summarizes genetic and functional studies identifying defects in phosphoinositide metabolism in autism and related disorders, describes published preclinical work targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinases in neurological diseases, and discusses the opportunities and challenges ahead to translate these findings from animal models and human cells into clinical application in humans. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gross
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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14
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Abstract
Communication between cells in a multicellular organism occurs by the production of ligands (proteins, peptides, fatty acids, steroids, gases, and other low-molecular-weight compounds) that are either secreted by cells or presented on their surface, and act on receptors on, or in, other target cells. Such signals control cell growth, migration, survival, and differentiation. Signaling receptors can be single-span plasma membrane receptors associated with tyrosine or serine/threonine kinase activities, proteins with seven transmembrane domains, or intracellular receptors. Ligand-activated receptors convey signals into the cell by activating signaling pathways that ultimately affect cytosolic machineries or nuclear transcriptional programs or by directly translocating to the nucleus to regulate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benson Lu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ron Evans
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4340
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15
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Khalil BD, Hsueh C, Cao Y, Abi Saab WF, Wang Y, Condeelis JS, Bresnick AR, Backer JM. GPCR Signaling Mediates Tumor Metastasis via PI3Kβ. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2944-53. [PMID: 27013201 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of PI3K signaling has been implicated strongly in human cancer. Although studies on the role of PI3K signaling in breast tumorigenesis and progression have focused most intensively on PI3Kα, a role for PI3Kβ has begun to emerge. The PI3Kβ isoform is unique among class IA PI3K enzymes in that it is activated by both receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). In previous work, we identified a mutation that specifically abolishes PI3Kβ binding to Gβγ (p110(526KK-DD)). Expression of this mutant in p110β-silenced breast cancer cells inhibits multiple steps of the metastatic cascade in vitro and in vivo and causes a cell autonomous defect in invadopodial matrix degradation. Our results identify a novel link between GPCRs and PI3Kβ in mediating metastasis, suggesting that disruption of this link might offer a novel therapeutic target to prevent the development of metastatic disease. Cancer Res; 76(10); 2944-53. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem D Khalil
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Christine Hsueh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yanyan Cao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Widian F Abi Saab
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yarong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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16
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Salamon RS, Backer JM. Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate: tool of choice for class I PI 3-kinases. Bioessays 2014; 35:602-11. [PMID: 23765576 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Class I PI 3-kinases signal by producing the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5) trisphosphate, which in turn acts by recruiting downstream effectors that contain specific lipid-binding domains. The class I PI 3-kinases comprise four distinct catalytic subunits linked to one of seven different regulatory subunits. All the class I PI 3-kinases produce the same signaling lipid, PIP3, and the different isoforms have overlapping expression patterns and are coupled to overlapping sets of upstream activators. Nonetheless, studies in cultured cells and in animals have demonstrated that the different isoforms are coupled to distinct ranges of downstream responses. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which the production of a common product, PIP3, can produce isoform-specific signaling by PI 3-kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schnur Salamon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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17
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O'Hayre M, Degese MS, Gutkind JS. Novel insights into G protein and G protein-coupled receptor signaling in cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 27:126-35. [PMID: 24508914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a central role in signal transmission, thereby controlling many facets of cellular function. Overwhelming evidence now implicates GPCRs, G proteins and their downstream signaling targets in cancer initiation and progression, where they can influence aberrant cell growth and survival, largely through activation of AKT/mTOR, MAPKs, and Hippo signaling pathways. GPCRs also play critical roles in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells via activation of Rho GTPases and cytoskeletal changes, and angiogenesis to supply the tumor with nutrients and provide routes for metastasis. Lastly, GPCRs contribute to the establishment and maintenance of a permissive tumor microenvironment. Understanding GPCR involvement in cancer malignancy may help identify novel therapeutic opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan O'Hayre
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria S Degese
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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